1958:
156:
1936:
453:
2132:
1970:
612:, they had divided into schizotheriines and chalicotheriines. (Earlier chalicotheres are often referred to the family Eomoropidae; it is not yet clear whether they had claws or how the two subfamilies diverged.) Both subfamilies were successful over many millions of years, and reached their greatest diversity in the Miocene. Advanced schizotheriines (
124:
514:
lived only in moist, closed-canopy forests, never reached the
Americas, and developed very unusual anatomy for an ungulate. Their shorter necks and horse-like heads did not show adaptations to reach high. Instead, they developed very long forelimbs with mobile shoulder joints and hooklike claws. The
519:
monkey. Some early paleontologists thought the claws were used to dig up roots and tubers, but their teeth were designed for soft foods, and studies of tooth wear show they ate fruit and seeds. Their forelimbs were specialized to reach, grasp, and strip or sweep plants to the mouth. They could not
539:
Chalicothere fossils are uncommon even in areas where other taxa of similar size are well-preserved, which suggests they were mostly solitary animals, and unlike horses, rhinos, and brontotheres, never evolved species that lived in herds. Only two species of chalicothere are known from complete
494:
had relatively equal length limbs, and lived in a variety of forest, woodland, and savannah habitats in Asia, Africa, and North
America. They developed long necks and skull adaptations that suggest they had long, extensible tongues to reach browse, like those of
503:
do, and used their front claws to pull branches within reach of the tongue. The claws were retractable, and they walked normally on the bottom of the foot. Studies of tooth wear suggest they ate leaves, twigs, fruit, and bark.
607:
Chalicotheres can be first identified with certainty around 46 million years ago, in the Eocene of Asia. The family is thought to have evolved there, but appeared in North
America by the Eocene. By the late
1036:"A Juvenile Mandible with Deciduous Teeth of Ancylotherium Pentelicum (Perissodactyla, Chalicotheriidae, Schizotheriinae), Collected by Barnum Brown from the Late Miocene of Samos (Greece)"
548:
from the middle
Miocene of Europe. Fossils of other species range from very fragmentary to moderately complete. Chalicotheres ranged in size from an antelope to a large draft horse.
473:
Unlike modern perissodactyls, chalicotheres had clawed feet. They had, lower incisors that cropped food against a toothless pad in the upper jaw, low-crowned molar teeth, and were
576:. As the early evolution of perissodactyls is still unresolved, their closest relatives among other perissodactyl groups is obscure. They are generally placed as part of the clade
720:(Perissodactyla, Chalicotheriidae, Schizotheriinae) from the Miocene (MN5) Lagerstatte of Sandelzhausen (Germany): description, comparison, and paleoecological significance"
912:"Disparate occurrences of a chalicotheriine and a schizotheriine chalicothere (Mammalia, Chalicotheriidae) at the Late Miocene hominid locality Hammerschmiede (Germany)"
773:"Potential Bark and Fruit Browsing as Revealed by Stereomicrowear Analysis of the Peculiar Clawed Herbivores Known as Chalicotheres (Perissodactyla, Chalicotherioidea)"
440:(an extinct even-toed ungulate now known to be unrelated to chalicotheres). It was only in 1890 that a complete chalicothere skeleton found at Sansan was described by
1341:"New Material of Moropus (Perissodactyla, Chalicotheriidae, Schizotheriinae) from the Early Hemingfordian Rose Creek Member of the John Day Formation, Oregon, U.s.a."
2059:
2046:
418:
in southern France was excavated for fossils, yielding remains of chalicotheres. In 1837, postcranial remains from the deposit were given the name "
1403:"The first Central American chalicothere (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) and the paleobiogeographic implications for small-bodied schizotheriines"
1261:
839:
2197:
2177:
1612:
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retract the huge front claws, and knuckle-walked on their forelimbs. The chalicotheriines' anatomical design, posture, and locomotion show
2122:
414:
from the same locality, which he did not recognise as belonging to the same species as the ungual phalanges. Beginning in the 1930s, the
431:
138:
2192:
2121:
1114:
1015:
365:. They are noted for their unusual morphology compared to other ungulates, such as their clawed forelimbs. Members of the subfamily
616:) entered North America via the Bering land bridge at the Oligicene-Miocene boundary, and expanded southward into Central America.
369:
developed elongate gorilla-like forelimbs that are thought to have been used to grasp vegetation. They are thought to have been
2182:
477:
on trees and shrubs throughout their history. They evolved in two different directions, which became separate subfamilies, the
155:
1494:
T. Tsubamoto, Zin-Maung-Maung-Thein, Thaung-Htike, N. Egi, Chit-Sein, Maung-Maung, M. Takai
Discovery of chalicothere and
1450:"Occurrences of warm-adapted mammals in north China over the Quaternary Period and their paleo-environmental significance"
869:
1948:
1498:
from the upper part (lower
Pleistocene) of the Irrawaddy Formation, Myanmar Asian Paleoprimatology, 4 (2006), pp. 137-142
870:"Middle Miocene Chalicotheriinae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from France, with a discussion on chalicotheriine phylogeny"
2156:
910:
Kampouridis, Panagiotis; Hartung, Josephina; Lechner, Thomas S.; Kargopoulos, Nikolaos; Böhme, Madelaine (June 2024).
415:
649:
from the Early
Pleistocene of Eastern and Southern Africa, also possibly known from the Early Pleistocene of China.
2187:
1974:
1147:
1605:
515:
pelvis and hindlimbs were specialized to stand upright, and to sit for hours while feeding, like the living
2152:
1557:"A juvenile skull of Ancylotherium (Mammalia, Perissodactyla, Chalicotheriidae) from the Pliocene of China"
2172:
1986:
2137:
2085:
1716:
292:
2024:
1935:
1508:
Handa, Naoto; Nakatsukasa, Masato; Kunimatsu, Yutaka; Tsubamoto, Takehisa; Nakaya, Hideo (2021-12-02).
317:
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703:. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Vol. 230. Washington: Smithsonian. pp. 8, 71, 76.
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1510:"The Chalicotheriidae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from the upper Miocene Nakali Formation, Kenya"
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499:. Strong hindlimbs and an elongated pelvis suggest they could have reared upright as modern
482:
444:, showing the skulls/teeth and the postcranial remains belonged to the same unusual animal.
366:
322:
280:
1242:"The Fossil Record of Chalicotheres (Mammalia: Perissodactyla: Chalicotheriidae) in Greece"
820:"The Fossil Record of Chalicotheres (Mammalia: Perissodactyla: Chalicotheriidae) in Greece"
1853:
667:
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478:
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1862:
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1308:
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885:
849:
772:
754:
645:
436:
392:, Germany in early 19th century. These remains were considered to belong to gigantic
338:
238:
81:
1325:
1171:
1083:
434:
described chalicothere skull remains from Sansan as belonging to the ungulate genus
1210:
804:
525:
524:
with other large browsers that feed selectively in a bipedal position, such as the
441:
385:
1580:
1533:
1363:
2120:
1555:
Chen, Shao-kun; Deng, Tao; Pang, Li-bo; He, Wen; Chen, Shan-qin (November 2012).
1426:
1253:
1059:
831:
2018:
1869:
1828:
1699:
533:
452:
408:. Also in 1833, Kaup described chalicothere teeth as belonging to the new genus
326:
56:
43:
2009:
1132:"Skulls of the Eocene Perissodactyls (Mammalia) "Homogalax" and "Isectolophus""
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66:
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984:
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was created from a revision of this article dated 30 December 2017
1771:
609:
426:, who like Cuvier thought the remains represented those of a giant pangolin/
167:
106:
50:
17:
1008:
The
Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals
868:
Anquetin, JéRéMy; Antoine, Pierre-Olivier; Tassy, Pascal (November 2007).
2003:
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529:
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342:
132:
111:
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from the Early
Pleistocene of Myanmar, as well as the schizotheriine
516:
382:
350:
346:
334:
197:
177:
39:
1980:
976:
771:
Semprebon, Gina M.; Sise, Paul J.; Coombs, Margery C. (March 2011).
123:
623:
onwards, disappearing from North
America and Europe by end of the
569:
451:
592:
study alternatively recovered Ancylopoda as sister to all modern
544:
from the early Miocene of North America, and the chalicotheriine
2038:
500:
1984:
1594:
619:
Never common animals, the chalicotheres declined from the late
588:(which includes tapirs and rhinoceroses) than Equoidea. A 2004
1130:
Holbrook, Luke T.; Lucas, Spencer G.; Emry, Robert J. (2004).
1590:
1248:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 501–517,
826:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 501–517,
2118:
1148:
10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0951:SOTEPM]2.0.CO;2
361:, a term which is also applied to the broader grouping of
1284:"The origin of chalicotheres (Perissodactyla, Mammalia)"
961:"Large Mammalian Clawed Herbivores: A Comparative Study"
668:"HESPEROTHERIUM - A NEW GENUS OF THE LAST CHALICOTHERES"
381:
The earliest remains chalicotheres were discovered were
1240:
Tsoukala, Evangelia (2022), Vlachos, Evangelos (ed.),
818:
Tsoukala, Evangelia (2022), Vlachos, Evangelos (ed.),
627:. The youngest chalicotheres are the chalicotheriines
1946:
596:(which includes Equoidea and Ceratomorpha), with the
254:
1993:
1852:
1797:
1788:
1740:
1697:
1664:
1401:Wood, Aaron R.; Ridgwell, Nicole M. (2015-05-04).
1187:"Phylogenetic Systematics of Basal Perissodactyls"
1098:
965:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
600:as the most distantly related within the order
373:on foliage as well as possibly bark and fruit.
2131:
1606:
8:
1339:COOMBS, MARGERY C.; HUNT, ROBERT M. (2015).
733:(1). Berlin / Heidelberg: Springer: 85–129.
584:. Many studies considered them as closer to
1981:
1794:
1672:
1661:
1613:
1599:
1591:
1010:. London: Marshall Editions. p. 260.
122:
31:
1454:Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences
1307:
935:
874:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
404:in 1833 alternatively attributed them to
2148:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
456:Life restoration of the chalicotheriine
1953:
714:Coombs, Margery C. (13 February 2009).
658:
1101:Mammal Evolution: an illustrated guide
700:Arrangement of the Families of Mammals
1282:Hooker, J. J.; Dashzeveg, D. (2004).
1029:
1027:
7:
1105:. New York: Facts on File. pp.
905:
903:
766:
764:
572:, as well as extinct relatives like
556:Chalicotheres are part of the order
488:Schizotherine chalicotheres such as
1246:Fossil Vertebrates of Greece Vol. 2
824:Fossil Vertebrates of Greece Vol. 2
666:Zhan-Xiang, Q. I. U. (2002-12-15).
1407:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1344:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1191:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1136:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1040:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
959:Coombs, Margery Chalifoux (1983).
432:Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville
139:National Museum of Natural History
25:
2130:
1968:
1956:
1934:
1309:10.1111/j.0031-0239.2004.00421.x
886:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00327.x
580:alongside their close relatives
154:
1448:Tong, HaoWen (September 2007).
1211:10.1080/02724634.1999.10011129
1097:Savage, RJG; Long, MR (1986).
777:Journal of Mammalian Evolution
540:skeletons, the schizotheriine
1:
1581:10.1016/j.geobios.2012.06.002
1534:10.1080/08912963.2021.1876042
1364:10.1080/02724634.2015.1009992
1427:10.1080/02724634.2014.923893
1254:10.1007/978-3-030-68442-6_15
1185:Froehlich, David J. (1999).
1060:10.1080/02724634.2012.710281
832:10.1007/978-3-030-68442-6_15
727:Paläontologische Zeitschrift
2198:Taxa named by Theodore Gill
2178:Prehistoric mammal families
1034:COOMBS, MARGERY C. (2013).
718:Metaschizotherium bavaricum
2214:
937:10.1007/s12542-024-00685-x
507:Chalicotheriines, such as
1931:
1675:
1660:
1628:
1474:10.1007/s11430-007-0096-7
789:10.1007/s10914-010-9149-3
747:10.1007/s12542-009-0004-x
321:, "beast") is an extinct
277:
272:
253:
246:
151:Scientific classification
149:
130:
121:
34:
27:Family of extinct mammals
2193:Eocene first appearances
1006:Palmer, D., ed. (1999).
560:, which includes modern
357:. They are often called
136:(Schizotheriinae) at the
697:Gill, Theodore (1872).
38:Temporal range: middle
2183:Piacenzian extinctions
2126:
2106:Listen to this article
672:Vertebrata PalAsiatica
470:
2125:
2086:Paleobiology Database
455:
2157:More spoken articles
377:History of discovery
1975:Prehistoric mammals
1573:2012Geobi..45..527C
1526:2021HBio...33.3522H
1466:2007ScChD..50.1327T
1419:2015JVPal..35E3893W
1356:2015JVPal..35E9992C
1300:2004Palgy..47.1363H
1203:1999JVPal..19..140F
1052:2013JVPal..33..233C
928:2024PalZ...98..313K
739:2009PalZ...83...85C
2127:
1514:Historical Biology
716:"The chalicothere
471:
295:and Peterson, 1914
2188:Clawed herbivores
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2073:Open Tree of Life
1987:Taxon identifiers
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1943:
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1920:
1884:Metaschizotherium
1520:(12): 3522–3529.
1263:978-3-030-68441-9
841:978-3-030-68441-9
635:Early Pleistocene
402:Johann Jakob Kaup
363:Chalicotherioidea
355:Early Pleistocene
331:odd-toed ungulate
301:
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221:Chalicotherioidea
16:(Redirected from
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1995:Chalicotheriidae
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483:Chalicotheriinae
367:Chalicotheriinae
333:(perissodactyl)
304:Chalicotheriidae
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281:Chalicotheriinae
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234:Chalicotheriidae
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49:48.6–1.806
35:Chalicotheriidae
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479:Schizotheriinae
459:Anisodon grande
450:
379:
315:, "gravel" and
291:
289:Schizotheriinae
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1912:Tylocephalonyx
1908:
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1887:
1880:
1873:
1866:
1858:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1839:
1836:Nestoritherium
1832:
1825:
1822:Hesperotherium
1818:
1815:Chalicotherium
1811:
1803:
1801:
1792:
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1742:Lophiodontidae
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1652:Perissodactyla
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1567:(6): 527–534.
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1413:(3): e923893.
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1197:(1): 140–159.
1177:
1142:(4): 951–956.
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1115:
1089:
1046:(1): 233–238.
1023:
1016:
998:
951:
922:(2): 313–329.
899:
880:(3): 577–608.
860:
840:
810:
760:
706:
689:
657:
656:
654:
651:
640:Nestoritherium
630:Hesperotherium
602:Perissodactyla
594:perissodactyls
582:Lophiodontidae
558:Perissodactyla
553:
550:
465:Chalicotherium
449:
446:
424:Édouard Lartet
416:Sansan deposit
411:Chalicotherium
400:in 1822 while
398:Georges Cuvier
378:
375:
337:that lived in
299:
298:
275:
274:
270:
269:
263:
259:Chalicotherium
251:
250:
244:
243:
228:
224:
223:
215:
211:
210:
208:Perissodactyla
205:
201:
200:
195:
191:
190:
185:
181:
180:
175:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
147:
146:
144:Washington, DC
133:Moropus elatus
128:
127:
119:
118:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
54:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2210:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2173:Chalicotheres
2171:
2170:
2168:
2158:
2154:
2139:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1976:
1966:
1964:
1954:
1950:
1937:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1905:Schizotherium
1902:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1863:Ancylotherium
1860:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1779:Paralophiodon
1776:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1653:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1616:
1611:
1609:
1604:
1602:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1551:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1444:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1397:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1342:
1335:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1288:Palaeontology
1285:
1278:
1275:
1265:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1236:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1181:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1126:
1123:
1118:
1116:0-8160-1194-X
1112:
1108:
1103:
1102:
1093:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1017:1-84028-152-9
1013:
1009:
1002:
999:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
955:
952:
947:
943:
938:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
906:
904:
900:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
864:
861:
851:
847:
843:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
814:
811:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
767:
765:
761:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
721:
719:
710:
707:
702:
701:
693:
690:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
662:
659:
652:
650:
648:
647:
646:Ancylotherium
642:
641:
636:
632:
631:
626:
622:
617:
615:
611:
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
551:
549:
547:
543:
537:
535:
531:
527:
526:ground sloths
523:
518:
513:
511:
505:
502:
498:
493:
492:
486:
484:
480:
476:
468:
466:
461:
460:
454:
447:
445:
443:
439:
438:
437:Anoplotherium
433:
429:
425:
421:
420:Macrotherium"
417:
413:
412:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
384:
376:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
359:chalicotheres
356:
352:
351:Middle Eocene
348:
344:
340:
339:North America
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
319:
314:
313:
309:
305:
297:
294:
290:
282:
276:
271:
266:
261:
260:
252:
249:
245:
240:
235:
229:
226:
225:
222:
216:
214:Superfamily:
213:
212:
209:
206:
203:
202:
199:
196:
193:
192:
189:
186:
183:
182:
179:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
157:
152:
148:
145:
140:
135:
134:
129:
125:
120:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
52:
45:
41:
33:
30:
19:
1994:
1963:Paleontology
1910:
1903:
1898:Phyllotillon
1896:
1889:
1882:
1875:
1868:
1861:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1789:
1777:
1770:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1731:Paleomoropus
1729:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1688:Protomoropus
1686:
1681:Pappomoropus
1679:
1564:
1560:
1550:
1517:
1513:
1503:
1495:
1490:
1457:
1453:
1443:
1410:
1406:
1396:
1347:
1343:
1334:
1291:
1287:
1277:
1267:, retrieved
1245:
1235:
1194:
1190:
1180:
1139:
1135:
1125:
1100:
1092:
1043:
1039:
1007:
1001:
968:
964:
954:
919:
915:
877:
873:
863:
853:, retrieved
823:
813:
783:(1): 33–55.
780:
776:
730:
726:
717:
709:
699:
692:
675:
671:
661:
644:
638:
628:
618:
613:
606:
598:brontotheres
586:Ceratomorpha
574:brontotheres
566:rhinoceroses
555:
545:
541:
538:
534:giant pandas
508:
506:
489:
487:
472:
463:
457:
442:Henri Filhol
435:
419:
409:
380:
358:
316:
310:
303:
302:
278:
273:Subfamilies
257:
233:
131:
29:
18:Chalicothere
2019:Wikispecies
1870:Borissiakia
1829:Kalimantsia
1758:Eolophiodon
1700:Eomoropidae
971:(7): 1–96.
522:convergence
462:, formerly
448:Description
430:. In 1849,
406:deinotheres
388:found near
327:herbivorous
44:Pleistocene
2167:Categories
2153:Audio help
2144:2017-12-30
1877:Chemositia
1765:Lophiaspis
1751:Atalanodon
1724:Litolophus
1667:Ancylopoda
1622:Ancylopoda
1269:2024-08-22
855:2023-08-06
678:(4): 317.
653:References
637:of China,
578:Ancylopoda
390:Eppelsheim
284:Gill, 1872
248:Type genus
1772:Lophiodon
1717:Grangeria
1710:Eomoropus
1632:Kingdom:
1542:0891-2963
1496:Dorcabune
1482:1006-9313
1435:0272-4634
1388:129074972
1372:0272-4634
1318:1475-4983
1219:0272-4634
1156:0272-4634
1068:0272-4634
985:0065-9746
946:0031-0220
894:1096-3642
850:239830368
797:1064-7554
755:140194075
684:2096-9899
633:from the
610:Oligocene
590:cladistic
552:Evolution
394:pangolins
386:phalanges
349:from the
174:Kingdom:
168:Eukaryota
42:to early
2155: ·
2010:Q1081383
2004:Wikidata
1808:Anisodon
1646:Mammalia
1640:Chordata
1638:Phylum:
1634:Animalia
1380:24740217
1326:83720739
1172:86289060
1084:85723812
1076:23361086
546:Anisodon
530:gorillas
510:Anisodon
497:giraffes
481:and the
475:browsers
428:edentate
371:browsers
227:Family:
198:Mammalia
188:Chordata
184:Phylum:
178:Animalia
164:Domain:
2142: (
2113:minutes
2078:4942722
2052:3239457
2039:4525698
1949:Portals
1891:Moropus
1843:Winamia
1650:Order:
1644:Class:
1569:Bibcode
1561:Geobios
1522:Bibcode
1462:Bibcode
1415:Bibcode
1352:Bibcode
1296:Bibcode
1227:4523976
1199:Bibcode
1164:4524789
1107:198–199
1048:Bibcode
993:3137420
924:Bibcode
805:2323516
735:Bibcode
625:Miocene
621:Neogene
614:Moropus
562:equines
542:Moropus
491:Moropus
353:to the
343:Eurasia
335:mammals
318:therion
293:Holland
204:Order:
194:Class:
2065:102487
1540:
1480:
1433:
1386:
1378:
1370:
1324:
1316:
1260:
1225:
1217:
1170:
1162:
1154:
1113:
1082:
1074:
1066:
1014:
991:
983:
944:
892:
848:
838:
803:
795:
753:
682:
570:tapirs
568:, and
532:, and
517:gelada
467:grande
383:ungual
347:Africa
345:, and
323:family
312:chalix
306:(from
267:, 1833
241:, 1872
40:Eocene
2091:43076
2060:IRMNG
1384:S2CID
1376:JSTOR
1322:S2CID
1223:JSTOR
1168:S2CID
1160:JSTOR
1080:S2CID
1072:JSTOR
989:JSTOR
846:S2CID
801:S2CID
751:S2CID
723:(PDF)
501:goats
308:Greek
2047:GBIF
1538:ISSN
1478:ISSN
1431:ISSN
1368:ISSN
1314:ISSN
1258:ISBN
1215:ISSN
1152:ISSN
1111:ISBN
1064:ISSN
1012:ISBN
981:ISSN
942:ISSN
916:PalZ
890:ISSN
836:ISBN
793:ISSN
680:ISSN
265:Kaup
239:Gill
57:PreꞒ
2034:EoL
1577:doi
1530:doi
1470:doi
1423:doi
1360:doi
1304:doi
1250:doi
1207:doi
1144:doi
1056:doi
973:doi
932:doi
882:doi
878:151
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785:doi
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485:.
422:by
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