388:
181:
566:
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204:
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organisms from which the chalk came mostly form low-magnesium calcite skeletons, so the sediments were already in the form of highly stable low-magnesium calcite when deposited. This is in contrast with most other limestones, which formed from high-magnesium calcite or aragonite that rapidly converted to the more stable low-magnesium calcite after deposition, resulting in the early
56:
623:
231:. These fragments mostly take the form of calcite plates ranging from 0.5 to 4 microns in size, though about 10% to 25% of a typical chalk is composed of fragments that are 10 to 100 microns in size. The larger fragments include intact plankton skeletons and skeletal fragments of larger organisms, such as
760:
Chalk was traditionally used in recreation. In field sports, such as tennis played on grass, powdered chalk was used to mark the boundary lines of the playing field or court. If a ball hits the line, a cloud of chalk or pigment dust will be visible. In recent years, powdered chalk has been replaced
327:
at depths between 100 and 600 metres (330 and 1,970 ft), during a time of nonseasonal (likely arid) climate that reduced the amount of erosion from nearby exposed rock. The lack of nearby erosion explains the high purity of chalk. The coccolithophores, foraminifera, and other microscopic
1507:
Thakker, M., Shukla, P. and Shah, D.O., 2015. Surface and colloidal properties of chalks: A novel approach using surfactants to convert normal chalks into dustless chalks. Colloids and
Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 480, pp. 236–244.
588:, which was originally made of mineral chalk, since it readily crumbles and leaves particles that stick loosely to rough surfaces, allowing it to make writing that can be readily erased. Blackboard chalk manufacturers now may use mineral chalk, other
332:
of such limestones. In chalk, absence of this calcium carbonate conversion process prevented early cementation, which partially accounts for chalk's high porosity. Chalk is also the only form of limestone that commonly shows signs of compaction.
1377:
Tewksbury, B. J.; Hogan, J. P.; Kattenhorn, S. A.; Mehrtens, C. J.; Tarabees, E. A. (1 June 2014). "Polygonal faults in chalk: Insights from extensive exposures of the Khoman
Formation, Western Desert, Egypt".
1835:
387:
1671:
Baxter, P. M.; Davis, W. B.; Jackson, J. (January 1981). "Toothpaste abrasive requirements to control naturally stained pellicle.: The relation of cleaning power to toothpaste abrasivity".
687:. Additionally, the small particles of chalk make it a substance ideal for cleaning and polishing. For example, toothpaste commonly contains small amounts of chalk, which serves as a mild
1801:
Sieveking, G. De G.; Bush, P.; Ferguson, J.; Craddock, P. T.; Hughes, M. J.; Cowell, M. R. (August 1972). "Prehistoric flint mines and their identification as sources of raw material".
1203:"Pliocene–Pleistocene sedimentary–tectonic development of the Mesaoria (Mesarya) Basin in an incipient, diachronous collisional setting: facies evidence from the north of Cyprus"
788:, or loose chalk was rammed into blocks and laid in mortar. There are still houses standing which have been constructed using chalk as the main building material. Most are pre-
1708:
1828:
1413:
Henderson, Robert A.; McNAMARA, Kenneth J. (October 1985). "Taphonomy and ichnology of cephalopod shells in a
Maastrichtian chalk from Western Australia".
1860:
269:
mineral) is also sometimes present, as nodules or as small pellets interpreted as fecal pellets. In some chalk beds, the calcite has been converted to
2058:
1248:
Prothero, Donald R. (9 July 2018). "The Story of the Earth in 25 Rocks: Tales of
Important Geological Puzzles and the People Who Solved Them".
1620:
1560:
1725:. International Conference on Condensed Matter and Applied Physics (Icc 2015). AIP Conference Proceedings. Vol. 1728. p. 020139.
2104:
2040:
168:" for writing and drawing on various types of surfaces, although these can also be manufactured from other carbonate-based minerals, or
1984:
1928:
1013:
1066:
287:
Chalk is highly porous, with typical values of porosity ranging from 35 to 47 per cent. While it is similar in appearance to both
1293:"Geologic models and evaluation of undiscovered conventional and continuous oil and gas resources: Upper Cretaceous Austin Chalk"
64:
1920:
1705:
694:
French chalk (also known as tailor's chalk) is traditionally a hard chalk used to make temporary markings on cloth, mainly by
1156:
950:
925:
542:
95:
125:, where deposits underlie parts of France, and steep cliffs are often seen where they meet the sea in places such as the
1589:
1529:
1353:"Nature and distribution of Niobrara lithologies in the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway of the Rocky Mountain region"
843:
180:
1320:
Stephenson, Lloyd W.; Monroe, Watson H. (1938). "Stratigraphy of Upper
Cretaceous Series in Mississippi and Alabama".
803:. However, because of the toxicity of the mercury, the use of such mixtures for fingerprinting was abandoned in 1967.
1202:
604:, use of carbonate-based chalk produces larger particles and thus less dust, and it is marketed as "dustless chalk".
1090:"Geological evolution of the Chalk Group in the northern Dutch North Sea: inversion, sedimentation and redeposition"
885:
1478:
3106:
691:. Polishing chalk is chalk prepared with a carefully controlled grain size, for very fine polishing of metals.
483:
of the North
American interior. Chalk is also found in western Egypt (Khoman Formation) and western Australia (
215:
distinguished by its light colour, softness, and high porosity. It is composed mostly of tiny fragments of the
1089:
2157:
2137:
2097:
855:
2066:
2582:
789:
31:
2079:
The "White Rocks" is the name given to cliffs to the east of
Portrush in County Antrim, Northern Ireland.
2547:
1261:
660:
546:
453:
429:
329:
1509:
1124:
2000:
Sodhi, G.S.; Kaur, J. (September 2001). "Powder method for detecting latent fingerprints: a review".
1726:
1612:
1422:
1387:
1214:
1103:
984:
1876:"Effect of Magnesium Carbonate Use on Repeated Open-Handed and Pinch Grip Weight-Assisted Pull-Ups"
1449:
1094:
770:
706:
634:
324:
2832:
600:). While gypsum-based blackboard chalk is the lowest cost to produce, and thus widely used in the
2378:
2090:
1776:
1450:"Ocean Drilling Program Leg 192 Preliminary Report: Basement drilling of the Ontong Java Plateau"
1230:
1129:
800:
480:
367:
organisms as water is expelled upwards during compaction. Flint is often deposited around larger
356:
270:
1874:
Bacon, N. T.; Ryan, G. A.; Wingo, J. E.; Richardson, M. T.; Pangallo, T.; Bishop, P. A. (2018).
1333:
1976:
1969:
1352:
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2017:
1980:
1949:
1924:
1897:
1854:
1688:
1653:
1616:
1606:
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946:
921:
837:
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637:
chalk is commonly used as a drying agent to obtain better grip by gymnasts and rock climbers.
565:
82:
3030:
2742:
2529:
2398:
2009:
1887:
1810:
1768:
1734:
1680:
1645:
1548:
1543:
Rohleder, Johannes (2001). "The beginnings: Calcium carbonate in glazing putty and rubber".
1430:
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of France is mostly underlain by chalk deposits, which contain artificial caves used for
1730:
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122:
102:
2013:
1522:"How chalk is made - material, making, used, processing, procedure, product, industry"
996:
3095:
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2807:
2368:
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1780:
1649:
1133:
852: – Military term for a group of paratroopers that deploys from a single aircraft
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1187:(3rd ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Geological Institute. 1972. p. 165.
831:
538:
532:
511:
472:
449:
441:
284:, and in a few cases the dolomitized chalk has been dedolomitized back to calcite.
258:
224:
197:
126:
471:
Chalk deposits are also found in
Cretaceous beds on other continents, such as the
203:
2894:
2785:
2765:
2755:
2682:
2632:
2557:
2403:
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153:
60:
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1591:
Chemistry for
Engineers and Manufacturers: Chemistry of manufacturing processes
773:— is applied to the hands and feet to remove perspiration and reduce slipping.
3060:
3045:
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2925:
2910:
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766:
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are one such example, but perhaps the most famous is the extensive complex at
742:
714:
585:
425:
396:
372:
320:
316:
236:
165:
55:
1772:
1636:
Clayman, Charles B. (5 December 1980). "The
Carbonate Affair: Chalk One Up".
1521:
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2199:
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710:
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589:
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323:
Epoch (between 100 and 61 million years ago). It was deposited on extensive
292:
266:
240:
212:
141:
118:
106:
2021:
1953:
1901:
113:
and originally formed deep under the sea by the compression of microscopic
1692:
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17:
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3025:
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2920:
2915:
2837:
2822:
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2413:
2348:
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2184:
2174:
2132:
879:
746:
730:
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688:
651:
Chalk and other forms of limestone may be used for their properties as a
616:
612:
520:
220:
193:
114:
1305:
1292:
1041:
920:(Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute.
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873:
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695:
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516:
421:
368:
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296:
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254:
189:
169:
619:, are primarily made of gypsum rather than calcium carbonate chalk.
1151:(2d ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. p. 508.
776:
Chalk may also be used as a house construction material instead of
402:
was named for these deposits. The name Cretaceous was derived from
2945:
2867:
2862:
2727:
2692:
2612:
2567:
2051:
Notes From Deep Time: A Journey Through Our Past and Future Worlds
1711:
2011-11-04 at Wikiwix, from the 1879 book "The Workshop Companion"
777:
734:
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572:
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403:
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340:
336:
202:
185:
179:
149:
145:
2082:
1608:
Lime and Limestone: Chemistry and Technology, Production and Uses
945:(4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall.
2717:
2662:
2577:
2509:
699:
611:(shaped into larger sticks and often coloured), used to draw on
433:
300:
130:
30:
This article is about the sedimentary rock. For other uses, see
2086:
975:
Hancock, Jake M. (January 1975). "The petrology of the Chalk".
584:
Most people first encounter chalk in school where it refers to
1975:. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing. p.
864: – Traditional building material of chalky limestone rock
1721:
Kumar, Sublania Harish; J., Singh K.; K., Somani A. (2016).
676:
413:. Some deposits of chalk were formed after the Cretaceous.
157:
1147:
Blatt, Harvey; Middleton, Gerard; Murray, Raymond (1980).
253:, with just 2% to 4% of other minerals. These are usually
452:. Some of the highest chalk cliffs in the world occur at
1088:
Van Der Voert, E.; Heijnen, L.; Reijmer, J.J.G. (2019).
1042:"Chalk: A biological limestone formed from shell debris"
1297:
U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report
502:
of rock under the Pacific Ocean at Stewart Arch in the
395:
Chalk is so common in Cretaceous marine beds that the
1948:. Vol. 4. London: Longmans, Green. p. 389.
1638:
JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association
1459:. Ocean Drilling Program and Texas A&M University
1575:
1171:
2903:
2741:
2528:
2118:
72:
1968:
840: – Christian tradition of blessing one's home
765:. In gymnastics, rock-climbing, weightlifting and
737:mines, where the prime object was to remove flint
729:are a notable example of ancient chalk pits. Such
1946:Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain
784:: quarried chalk was cut into blocks and used as
359:, embedded in chalk. It is probably derived from
1917:Rammed earth: design and construction guidelines
436:, England, as well as their counterparts of the
315:In Western Europe, chalk was formed in the Late
140:Chalk is mined for use in industry, such as for
1299:. Scientific Investigations Report. 2012–5159.
1286:
1284:
1201:Palamakumbura, R.N.; Robertson, A.H.F. (2018).
1196:
1194:
379:(i.e. replaced molecule by molecule by flint).
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
911:
909:
683:. Small doses of chalk can also be used as an
2098:
1761:Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark
1723:Estimatation of talc properties after milling
888: – Limestone deposits listed by location
549:, due to the need for chalk products such as
424:stratigraphic unit deposited during the late
391:Chalk from the White Cliffs of Dover, England
8:
1457:Ocean Drilling Program Preliminary Report 92
943:Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy
39:
1334:10.1306/3D933022-16B1-11D7-8645000102C1865D
1125:1871.1/76ca3535-823f-483f-9a38-cb070ab65e32
184:"Nitzana Chalk curves" situated at Western
2105:
2091:
2083:
977:Proceedings of the Geologists' Association
541:from chalk deposits both above ground and
343:) is very common as bands parallel to the
54:
1891:
1880:International Journal of Exercise Science
1304:
1123:
1035:
1033:
1031:
876: – Powdered-pigment-based art medium
295:, chalk is identifiable by its hardness,
211:Chalk is a fine-textured, earthy type of
1008:
1006:
916:Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). "Chalk".
834: – Rivers rising from chalk bedrock
280:
276:
249:
246:Chalk is typically almost pure calcite,
905:
828: – Tool for marking straight lines
261:, though collophane (cryptocrystalline
2041:"Rock of ages: How chalk made England"
1859:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1852:
1270:
1259:
1018:Craven & Pendle Geological Society
894: – Graffiti indicating open Wi-Fi
509:There are layers of chalk, containing
38:
1532:from the original on 3 November 2017.
644:mainly contains chalk as a filler in
592:of calcium carbonate, or the mineral
7:
1841:from the original on 29 October 2013
1594:. University of Wisconsin – Madison.
745:manufacture. The surface remains at
607:Coloured chalks, pastel chalks, and
1915:Walker, Peter; et al. (2005).
1754:"Chalk reservoirs of the North Sea"
1448:Shipboard Scientific Party (2001).
733:may also mark the sites of ancient
383:Geology and geographic distribution
192:, are chalk deposits formed in the
2039:Gordon, Helen (23 February 2021).
1815:10.1111/j.1475-4754.1972.tb00061.x
1685:10.1111/j.1365-2842.1981.tb00471.x
1576:Blatt, Middleton & Murray 1980
1510:doi:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2015.01.054
1435:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1985.tb00710.x
1172:Blatt, Middleton & Murray 1980
630:blows surplus chalk from his hand.
25:
545:. Chalk mining boomed during the
207:Open chalk pit, Seale, Surrey, UK
1706:Information on polishing powders
1650:10.1001/jama.1980.03310220052030
1605:Oates, J. A. H. (11 July 2008).
870: – Type of landscape design
816: – Reusable writing surface
65:Southern England Chalk Formation
1921:Building Research Establishment
846: – Scottish legal practice
822: – Method of shaping chalk
2002:Forensic Science International
1673:Journal of Oral Rehabilitation
792:though a few are more recent.
515:, in the Nicosia Formation of
1:
2014:10.1016/S0379-0738(00)00465-5
1347:Longman, M.W.; Luneau, B.A.;
997:10.1016/S0016-7878(75)80061-7
882: – Colored chalk variant
299:content, and its reaction to
121:. Chalk is common throughout
858: – List of manmade gear
844:Chalking the door (eviction)
698:. It is now usually made of
675:, chalk is used for raising
671:of quicklime with water. In
428:Period. It forms the famous
1553:10.1007/978-3-0348-8245-3_6
1149:Origin of sedimentary rocks
63:is a part of the extensive
3123:
1944:Whitaker, William (1872).
886:List of types of limestone
705:Chalk beds form important
530:
519:, which formed during the
29:
1291:Pearson, Krystal (2012).
1227:10.1017/S0016756816001072
1116:10.1017/S0016756818000572
569:Chalk in different colors
440:on the other side of the
77:
53:
44:
1773:10.37570/bgsd-1981-30-12
1752:Hardman, R.F.P. (1982).
1588:Blount, Bertram (1990).
117:that had settled to the
109:composed of the mineral
2158:Basaltic trachyandesite
2138:Alkali feldspar granite
1067:"Introducing the Chalk"
795:A mixture of chalk and
655:. Chalk is a source of
219:shells or skeletons of
164:. It is also used for "
1971:The Rammed Earth House
1967:Easton, David (1996).
1919:. Bracknell, England:
1357:The Mountain Geologist
1269:Cite journal requires
769:, chalk — now usually
725:In southeast England,
702:(magnesium silicate).
631:
581:
570:
498:age has been found in
392:
208:
200:
32:Chalk (disambiguation)
2548:Banded iron formation
1613:John Wiley & Sons
1254:10.7312/prot18260-021
661:thermal decomposition
625:
576:
568:
547:Industrial Revolution
454:Jasmund National Park
430:White Cliffs of Dover
390:
206:
183:
1547:. pp. 138–159.
1479:"Chalk Mines | KURG"
707:petroleum reservoirs
319:Epoch and the early
1731:2016AIPC.1728b0139K
1427:1985Letha..18..305H
1392:2014Geo....42..479T
1306:10.3133/sir20125159
1219:2018GeoM..155..997P
1207:Geological Magazine
1185:Glossary of Geology
1108:2019GeoM..156.1265V
1095:Geological Magazine
989:1975PrGA...86..499H
941:Boggs, Sam (2006).
918:Glossary of geology
771:magnesium carbonate
679:in soils with high
635:Magnesium carbonate
577:Child drawing with
481:Niobrara Formations
325:continental shelves
160:in soils with high
41:
27:Soft carbonate rock
2904:Specific varieties
1615:. pp. 111–3.
1489:on 2 February 2017
801:fingerprint powder
717:of North America.
632:
582:
571:
393:
209:
201:
105:. It is a form of
94:is a soft, white,
3089:
3088:
2334:Nepheline syenite
1739:10.1063/1.4946190
1622:978-3-527-61201-7
1562:978-3-0348-9490-6
1545:Calcium Carbonate
838:Chalking the door
89:
88:
83:calcium carbonate
16:(Redirected from
3114:
3107:Sewing equipment
3031:Rapakivi granite
2743:Metamorphic rock
2530:Sedimentary rock
2399:Quartz monzonite
2107:
2100:
2093:
2084:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2065:. Archived from
2054:
2053:by Helen Gordon.
2026:
2025:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1974:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1895:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1858:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1840:
1833:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1767:(3–4): 119–137.
1758:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1718:
1712:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1518:
1512:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1485:. Archived from
1475:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1454:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1400:10.1130/G35362.1
1374:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1288:
1279:
1278:
1272:
1267:
1265:
1257:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1198:
1189:
1188:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1127:
1102:(7): 1265–1284.
1085:
1079:
1078:
1073:. Archived from
1063:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1040:King, Hobart M.
1037:
1026:
1025:
1024:on 20 June 2009.
1020:. Archived from
1010:
1001:
1000:
972:
957:
956:
938:
932:
931:
913:
850:Chalk (military)
763:titanium dioxide
602:developing world
586:blackboard chalk
446:Champagne region
355:, or linings to
283:
252:
229:coccolithophores
166:blackboard chalk
58:
47:Sedimentary rock
42:
21:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3085:
2899:
2843:Pseudotachylite
2737:
2524:
2456:Tephriphonolite
2114:
2111:
2072:
2070:
2057:
2049:. Adapted from
2038:
2035:
2033:Further reading
2030:
2029:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1931:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1851:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1829:"Archived copy"
1827:
1826:
1822:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1785:
1783:
1756:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1704:
1700:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1526:www.madehow.com
1520:
1519:
1515:
1506:
1502:
1492:
1490:
1483:www.kurg.org.uk
1477:
1476:
1472:
1462:
1460:
1452:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1361:
1359:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1290:
1289:
1282:
1268:
1258:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1213:(5): 997–1022.
1200:
1199:
1192:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1170:
1166:
1159:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1077:on 3 June 2012.
1065:
1064:
1060:
1050:
1048:
1039:
1038:
1029:
1012:
1011:
1004:
974:
973:
960:
953:
940:
939:
935:
928:
915:
914:
907:
902:
897:
809:
799:can be used as
782:wattle and daub
723:
615:, streets, and
598:calcium sulfate
590:mineral sources
563:
535:
529:
504:Solomon Islands
485:Miria Formation
385:
361:sponge spicules
313:
282:
278:
274:
251:
247:
178:
135:English Channel
68:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3120:
3118:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3094:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3036:Rhomb porphyry
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2878:Talc carbonate
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2747:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2534:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2471:Trachyandesite
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2394:Quartz diorite
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2124:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2113:Types of rocks
2112:
2110:
2109:
2102:
2095:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2069:on 7 June 2009
2055:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2008:(3): 172–176.
1992:
1985:
1959:
1936:
1929:
1907:
1886:(4): 479–492.
1866:
1820:
1809:(2): 151–176.
1793:
1744:
1713:
1698:
1663:
1628:
1621:
1597:
1580:
1578:, p. 445.
1568:
1561:
1535:
1513:
1500:
1470:
1440:
1421:(4): 305–322.
1405:
1386:(6): 479–482.
1369:
1339:
1312:
1280:
1271:|journal=
1240:
1190:
1176:
1174:, p. 576.
1164:
1157:
1139:
1080:
1058:
1027:
1002:
983:(4): 499–535.
958:
951:
933:
926:
904:
903:
901:
898:
896:
895:
889:
883:
877:
871:
865:
859:
856:Climbing chalk
853:
847:
841:
835:
829:
823:
817:
810:
808:
805:
722:
719:
713:and along the
609:sidewalk chalk
579:sidewalk chalk
562:
559:
531:Main article:
528:
525:
384:
381:
312:
309:
177:
174:
156:, for raising
148:and builder's
123:Western Europe
103:carbonate rock
87:
86:
75:
74:
70:
69:
59:
51:
50:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3119:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2996:Litchfieldite
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2961:Hyaloclastite
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2808:Litchfieldite
2806:
2804:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2369:Phonotephrite
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2274:Hyaloclastite
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2108:
2103:
2101:
2096:
2094:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1993:
1988:
1986:9780930031794
1982:
1978:
1973:
1972:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1940:
1937:
1932:
1930:9781860817342
1926:
1923:. p. 5.
1922:
1918:
1911:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1870:
1867:
1862:
1856:
1837:
1830:
1824:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1797:
1794:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1755:
1748:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1702:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1667:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1629:
1624:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1601:
1598:
1593:
1592:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1569:
1564:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1539:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1504:
1501:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1474:
1471:
1458:
1451:
1444:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1409:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1373:
1370:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1343:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1322:AAPG Bulletin
1316:
1313:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1263:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1165:
1160:
1154:
1150:
1143:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1084:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1059:
1047:
1043:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1009:
1007:
1003:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
959:
954:
948:
944:
937:
934:
929:
923:
919:
912:
910:
906:
899:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
875:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
842:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
820:Chalk carving
818:
815:
812:
811:
806:
804:
802:
798:
793:
791:
787:
783:
779:
774:
772:
768:
764:
758:
756:
752:
751:Grimes Graves
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
721:Previous uses
720:
718:
716:
712:
708:
703:
701:
697:
692:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
649:
647:
643:
638:
636:
629:
624:
620:
618:
614:
610:
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
580:
575:
567:
560:
558:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
534:
526:
524:
522:
518:
514:
513:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
438:Cap Blanc Nez
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
414:
412:
408:
405:
401:
398:
389:
382:
380:
378:
375:which may be
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
331:
326:
322:
318:
310:
308:
307:on contact).
306:
305:effervescence
303:(it produces
302:
298:
294:
290:
285:
272:
268:
264:
260:
259:clay minerals
256:
244:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
205:
199:
195:
191:
187:
182:
175:
173:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
138:
136:
133:coast of the
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
101:
97:
93:
84:
80:
76:
71:
66:
62:
57:
52:
49:
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
3006:Luxullianite
2986:Lapis lazuli
2931:Blue Granite
2858:Serpentinite
2833:Metapsammite
2583:Conglomerate
2562:
2505:Trondhjemite
2483:Trachybasalt
2424:Pantellerite
2324:Monzogranite
2269:Hornblendite
2254:Granodiorite
2120:Igneous rock
2071:. Retrieved
2067:the original
2062:
2059:"Landscapes"
2050:
2046:The Guardian
2044:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1970:
1962:
1945:
1939:
1916:
1910:
1883:
1879:
1869:
1843:. Retrieved
1823:
1806:
1803:Archaeometry
1802:
1796:
1784:. Retrieved
1764:
1760:
1747:
1722:
1716:
1701:
1679:(1): 19–26.
1676:
1672:
1666:
1644:(22): 2554.
1641:
1637:
1631:
1607:
1600:
1590:
1583:
1571:
1544:
1538:
1525:
1516:
1503:
1491:. Retrieved
1487:the original
1482:
1473:
1461:. Retrieved
1456:
1443:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1383:
1379:
1372:
1360:. Retrieved
1356:
1349:Landon, S.M.
1342:
1325:
1321:
1315:
1296:
1262:cite journal
1243:
1210:
1206:
1184:
1179:
1167:
1148:
1142:
1099:
1093:
1083:
1075:the original
1070:
1061:
1049:. Retrieved
1045:
1022:the original
1017:
980:
976:
942:
936:
917:
832:Chalk stream
794:
775:
759:
724:
704:
693:
650:
639:
633:
606:
583:
536:
533:Chalk mining
512:Globorotalia
510:
508:
489:
473:Austin Chalk
470:
450:wine storage
442:Dover Strait
415:
410:
406:
394:
335:
314:
286:
245:
225:foraminifera
210:
198:Tethys Ocean
139:
127:Dover cliffs
91:
90:
45:
36:
2895:Whiteschist
2786:Greenschist
2766:Cataclasite
2756:Amphibolite
2683:Phosphorite
2633:Itacolumite
2558:Calcarenite
2404:Quartzolite
2339:Nephelinite
2309:Lamprophyre
2264:Harzburgite
2222:Napoleonite
2195:Charnockite
2190:Carbonatite
2180:Blairmorite
2143:Anorthosite
2063:White Rocks
1463:15 February
1046:Geology.com
892:Warchalking
868:Hill figure
673:agriculture
665:slaked lime
646:linseed oil
543:underground
500:drill cores
477:Selma Group
418:Chalk Group
339:(a type of
330:cementation
237:echinoderms
176:Description
154:agriculture
100:sedimentary
73:Composition
61:Beachy Head
3096:Categories
3061:Teschenite
3046:Shonkinite
3021:Pietersite
3016:Novaculite
2926:Borolanite
2911:Adamellite
2828:Metapelite
2796:Calcflinta
2761:Blueschist
2751:Anthracite
2733:Wackestone
2713:Travertine
2658:Lumachelle
2638:Jaspillite
2593:Diamictite
2515:Websterite
2500:Troctolite
2476:Benmoreite
2436:Shonkinite
2409:Rhyodacite
2389:Pyroxenite
2359:Peridotite
2319:Lherzolite
2294:Kimberlite
2284:Ignimbrite
2279:Icelandite
2259:Granophyre
2168:Shoshonite
2073:1 December
1845:24 October
1493:27 January
1158:0136427103
1071:Chalk East
952:0131547283
927:0922152349
900:References
826:Chalk line
814:Blackboard
767:tug of war
743:stone tool
715:Gulf Coast
667:following
462:Møns Klint
426:Cretaceous
409:, meaning
397:Cretaceous
377:silicified
373:Echinoidea
321:Palaeocene
317:Cretaceous
223:, such as
18:Chalkstone
3076:Variolite
3066:Theralite
3056:Tachylite
3041:Rodingite
3011:Mangerite
2991:Larvikite
2976:Jasperoid
2971:Jadeitite
2936:Epidosite
2890:Tectonite
2883:Soapstone
2848:Quartzite
2818:Migmatite
2803:Itabirite
2781:Granulite
2723:Turbidite
2703:Sylvinite
2698:Siltstone
2688:Sandstone
2673:Oil shale
2653:Limestone
2628:Gritstone
2623:Greywacke
2618:Geyserite
2608:Evaporite
2598:Diatomite
2573:Claystone
2538:Argillite
2451:Tachylyte
2419:Comendite
2364:Phonolite
2354:Pegmatite
2329:Monzonite
2304:Lamproite
2299:Komatiite
2239:Foidolite
2200:Enderbite
2163:Mugearite
1781:149452185
1134:134798076
790:Victorian
731:bell pits
727:deneholes
711:North Sea
669:quenching
657:quicklime
628:Jan Hojer
617:driveways
613:sidewalks
551:quicklime
537:Chalk is
492:Oligocene
490:Chalk of
365:siliceous
363:or other
357:fractures
311:Formation
293:diatomite
267:phosphate
241:bryozoans
213:limestone
152:, and in
142:quicklime
119:sea floor
107:limestone
3051:Taconite
3026:Pyrolite
2951:Ganister
2921:Aphanite
2916:Appinite
2838:Phyllite
2823:Mylonite
2791:Hornfels
2771:Eclogite
2668:Mudstone
2643:Laterite
2603:Dolomite
2520:Wehrlite
2495:Trachyte
2488:Hawaiite
2466:Tonalite
2461:Tephrite
2414:Rhyolite
2379:Porphyry
2349:Obsidian
2234:Essexite
2185:Boninite
2175:Basanite
2133:Andesite
2022:11473799
1902:29541333
1855:cite web
1836:Archived
1786:27 April
1709:Archived
1530:Archived
1362:28 April
1351:(1998).
1235:16436977
880:Sanguine
807:See also
747:Cissbury
689:abrasive
640:Glazing
626:Climber
521:Pliocene
422:European
371:such as
271:dolomite
233:molluscs
221:plankton
194:Mesozoic
115:plankton
3071:Unakite
3001:Llanite
2966:Ijolite
2941:Felsite
2873:Suevite
2708:Tillite
2648:Lignite
2588:Coquina
2553:Breccia
2446:Syenite
2374:Picrite
2289:Ijolite
2249:Granite
2217:Diorite
2212:Diabase
2128:Adakite
1954:2531996
1893:5841679
1727:Bibcode
1693:6935391
1658:7431595
1423:Bibcode
1415:Lethaia
1388:Bibcode
1380:Geology
1215:Bibcode
1104:Bibcode
1051:1 March
1014:"Chalk"
985:Bibcode
797:mercury
755:Norfolk
739:nodules
709:in the
696:tailors
685:antacid
681:acidity
496:Neogene
466:Denmark
460:and at
458:Germany
369:fossils
349:nodules
345:bedding
275:CaMg(CO
263:apatite
217:calcite
162:acidity
129:on the
111:calcite
79:Calcite
2981:Kenyte
2956:Gossan
2853:Schist
2813:Marble
2776:Gneiss
2678:Oolite
2543:Arkose
2441:Sovite
2431:Scoria
2384:Pumice
2344:Norite
2314:Latite
2244:Gabbro
2229:Dunite
2207:Dacite
2153:Basalt
2148:Aplite
2020:
1983:
1952:
1927:
1900:
1890:
1779:
1691:
1656:
1619:
1559:
1233:
1155:
1132:
949:
924:
874:Pastel
862:Clunch
786:ashlar
594:gypsum
555:bricks
527:Mining
517:Cyprus
479:, and
444:. The
400:Period
347:or as
297:fossil
289:gypsum
255:quartz
196:era's
190:Israel
170:gypsum
146:bricks
96:porous
3102:Chalk
2946:Flint
2868:Slate
2863:Skarn
2728:Varve
2693:Shale
2613:Flint
2568:Chert
2563:Chalk
1839:(PDF)
1832:(PDF)
1777:S2CID
1757:(PDF)
1453:(PDF)
1231:S2CID
1130:S2CID
778:brick
761:with
735:flint
663:, or
642:putty
539:mined
420:is a
411:chalk
407:creta
404:Latin
353:seams
341:chert
337:Flint
239:, or
186:Negev
150:putty
92:Chalk
40:Chalk
2718:Tufa
2663:Marl
2578:Coal
2510:Tuff
2075:2005
2018:PMID
1981:ISBN
1950:OCLC
1925:ISBN
1898:PMID
1861:link
1847:2013
1788:2021
1689:PMID
1654:PMID
1617:ISBN
1557:ISBN
1495:2017
1465:2023
1364:2021
1275:help
1153:ISBN
1053:2021
947:ISBN
922:ISBN
741:for
700:talc
653:base
561:Uses
553:and
434:Kent
416:The
301:acid
291:and
265:, a
257:and
248:CaCO
131:Kent
3081:Wad
2010:doi
2006:120
1888:PMC
1811:doi
1769:doi
1735:doi
1681:doi
1646:doi
1642:244
1549:doi
1431:doi
1396:doi
1330:doi
1301:doi
1250:doi
1223:doi
1211:155
1120:hdl
1112:doi
1100:156
993:doi
780:or
753:in
659:by
494:to
487:).
464:in
456:in
432:in
351:in
227:or
3098::
2061:.
2043:.
2016:.
2004:.
1979:.
1977:15
1896:.
1884:11
1882:.
1878:.
1857:}}
1853:{{
1834:.
1807:14
1805:.
1775:.
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1763:.
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1555:.
1528:.
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1481:.
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1419:18
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1260:{{
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1030:^
1016:.
1005:^
991:.
981:86
979:.
961:^
908:^
757:.
677:pH
648:.
557:.
523:.
506:.
475:,
468:.
273:,
243:.
235:,
188:,
172:.
158:pH
144:,
137:.
98:,
2106:e
2099:t
2092:v
2077:.
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277:3
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