1652:
150:(master), literally "master of the chapel choir", designates the leader of an ensemble of musicians. Originally used to refer to somebody in charge of music in a chapel, the term has evolved considerably in its meaning and is today used for denoting the leader of a musical ensemble, often smaller ones used for TV, radio, and theatres.
268:
and dismissed almost all of the latter's extensive musical establishment. But Prince Anton was hardly alone in doing this; during this same period, "the steady decline in the number of orchestras supported by aristocratic families represented a ... change that affected all composers and their works."
884:
distinction in contemporary usage. He suggests that "Kapellmeister" has unfairly acquired a sense of routine or failure to project glamour: "a
Kapellmeister now describes a pale, meek figure beating time. A policeman on duty at the podium directing the musical traffic, no more." In fact, Thielemann,
164:
often designated the director of music for a monarch or nobleman. For
English speakers, it is this sense of the term that is most often encountered, since it appears frequently in biographical writing about composers who worked in German-speaking countries. During that period, in Italy, the position
835:(conductor). When used today it designates the director or chief conductor of an orchestra or choir. It suggests involvement in orchestra or choir policy (for example, selecting repertoire, concert schedules, and guest conductors) as well as conducting. In military settings it refers to a
234:) had lived long enough to see his son become a Kapellmeister. The term also implied the possession of considerable musical skill. When the 18th-century actor and musician Joachim Daniel Preisler heard the famous soprano
885:
who is fully aware of the historical usage of the term, would himself prefer to be called a "Kapellmeister": "it implies such virtues as knowledge of a work, great ability, and dedication to the cause of music".
133:
307:
In April 1791, Mozart applied to become the
Kapellmeister at St. Stephen's Cathedral and was designated by the City Council to take over this job following the death of the then-ailing incumbent,
1350:
957:
304:. It seems that Mozart's prestige, along with the fact that he frequently appeared in public directing other musicians, led to the use of "Kapellmeister" as a term of respect.
254:
By the end of the 18th century, many of the nobility had declined in their economic power relative to the newly prosperous middle class. Eventually, the maintenance of a
260:
became too expensive for most nobles, which led to a decline in the number of
Kapellmeister positions. A well-known instance occurred in 1790, when Prince
273:(1770–1827) never worked as a Kapellmeister but was supported by a somewhat unreliable combination of noble patronage, publication, and concert income.
1655:
781:
169:) largely referred to directors of music assigned to cathedrals and sacred institutions rather than those under royal or aristocratic patronage.
1036:
Haydn himself was retained in an essentially honorary role, but was free to pursue independent plans, his journeys to
England; for details see
643:
483:
1456:
1418:
1200:
1172:
1129:
1099:
888:
The term "Kapellmeister
Tradition" is commonly used to describe these qualities, as exemplified by such historically important conductors as
615:
1487:
979:
573:
1027:, p. 324. Preisler's assumption that Weber's skills came from Mozart's training is not specifically supported by modern scholarship.
523:
177:
800:(1786–1826) was Kapellmeister at the Bresault theater (1804–1807) and Kapellmeister at Dresden for Count Heinrich Vitzthum (1816–1826).
701:
212:
226:
Becoming a
Kapellmeister was a mark of success for professional musicians. For instance, Joseph Haydn once remarked that he was glad
1684:
1188:
116:
81:
429:
807:
479:
375:
284:
never was a
Kapellmeister in the sense given above. In 1787, he was given a paid position in the court of the Austrian Emperor
265:
327:, to refer to the orchestra or choir, are sometimes encountered in English language works about composers who held the title.
250:
is her brother-in-law and has taught her so well that she accompanies from a score and plays interludes like a
Kapellmeister.
984:
1679:
1674:
927:
741:
503:
285:
1293:
1037:
840:
791:
717:
697:
261:
857:(general music director, usually also the chief conductor). An opera company may have several Kapellmeister, ranked as
1398:
747:
449:
629:
516:(1683–1729) held the position of Kapellmeister at the electoral Saxon court in Dresden from 1717 until his death.
201:
351:
Equivalent positions existed in other
European countries and were referred to with equivalent names. In Finnish
1480:
721:
126:
1576:
1406:
995:
653:
281:
239:
551:
529:
513:
499:
269:
This was a difficult time for musicians, who needed to find new ways to support themselves. For instance,
193:
909:
777:
519:
173:
1589:
1440:
1251:
873:
852:
797:
619:
385:
270:
208:
1351:"Otmar Suitner: Conductor who was the last surviving product of Germany's 'Kapellmeister' tradition"
794:(1759–1845), grandson of Johann Sebastian, was also Kapellmeister of the Prussian Queen (1805–1811).
1473:
761:
751:
673:
639:
593:
583:
579:
381:
1223:
1607:
1531:
1382:
849:. In other German opera houses, the term generally refers to a deputy conductor reporting to the
545:
535:
489:
415:
197:
952:
425:
1452:
1414:
1196:
1168:
1125:
1095:
914:
469:
395:
189:
1164:
1119:
294:(chamber composer), but authority in matters musical at the court was exercised primarily by
1634:
1622:
1617:
1553:
1394:
1289:
367:
99:
93:
40:
1558:
1314:
780:(1755–1806) was Kapellmeister of the Prussian Queen (1789) and after 1790 Kapellmeister of
1603:
1428:
1356:
1152:
737:
677:
308:
295:
242:'s sister-in-law) perform in her home, he paid her the following compliment in his diary:
419:
1217:
1639:
1538:
1500:
1255:
1087:
893:
889:
803:
727:
711:
589:
569:
435:
172:
A Kapellmeister position was a senior one and involved supervision of other musicians.
311:. This never took place, since Mozart died (December 1791) before Hofmann did (1793).
1668:
1598:
1521:
1157:
897:
707:
691:
686:(1732–1809) had two Kapellmeister positions: first, from (probably) 1757 to 1761 for
667:
633:
599:
532:(1685–1759) served as Kapellmeister from 1710 to 1712 for George, Elector of Hanover.
502:(1681–1767) served as Kapellmeister for 16 years, starting in 1705, for the court of
405:
235:
227:
220:
1121:
The Cello Suites: J. S. Bach, Pablo Casals, and the Search for a Baroque Masterpiece
900:, in the sense that they have "paid their dues" on their way to international fame.
1594:
922:
687:
683:
459:
216:
181:
185:
999:
1448:
1315:"The Gewandhausorchester: from town band to institution of international renown"
1115:
817:
443:
231:
1061:
For extensive discussion of the use of "Kapellmeister" to describe Mozart, see
158:
In German-speaking countries during the approximate period 1500–1800, the word
1571:
1526:
1516:
1511:
1496:
836:
813:
785:
771:
561:
829:
In contemporary German, the term "Kapellmeister" has become less common than
17:
1390:
647:
493:
409:
1465:
298:. In reviews, diaries, and advertising, Mozart was commonly referred to as
1413:. Translated by Vernon Gotwals. Milwaukee: University of Wisconsin Press.
1612:
663:
609:
565:
453:
439:
207:
A Kapellmeister might also be the director of music for a church. Thus,
1548:
507:
473:
389:
989:
755:
555:
463:
399:
1627:
730:(1741–1801) was the last Kapellmeister in the Electoral court of
492:(1677–1731), a second cousin of J. S. Bach, was Kapellmeister at
731:
623:
472:(1653–1728) was Kapellmeister from 1688 to 1698 at the court of
1469:
336:
specified that the Kapellmeister worked at a nobleman's court (
398:(1517–1580) was Kapellmeister at the court of the Electors of
73:
105:
634:
Maria Theresa, Archduchess of Austria and Holy Roman Empress
64:
55:
46:
1092:
A history of orchestral conducting: in theory and practice
522:(1685–1750) worked from 1717 to 1723 as Kapellmeister for
958:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
1409:(1963) . "Biographical Notes Concerning Joseph Haydn".
694:
family. (He was Vice-Kapellmeister from 1761 to 1766.)
384:(c. 1505–1577) was Kapellmeister at the court of the
117:
102:
82:
67:
43:
930:, approximate British equivalent to royal and noble
740:(1750–1825) was Royal and Imperial Kapellmeister to
622:, served as Kapellmeister in the Electoral court of
70:
58:
52:
582:(1704–1759) was Kapellmeister starting in 1740 for
108:
61:
49:
1401:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
1349:
1238:Collins German–English, English–German Dictionary.
1156:
1277:Collins German–English, English–German Dictionary
564:(c. 1700–1773) was Kapellmeister at the court of
376:Ferdinand I, King of Bohemia, Hungary and Croatia
632:(1714–1787) was Kapellmeister starting 1754 for
1431:(2009). "Reception". In David Wyn Jones (ed.).
592:(1711–1788) was Kapellmeister to the Prince of
462:(1653–1704) was Kapellmeister to the bishop of
184:worked for many years as Kapellmeister for the
355:is still the primary word used of conductors.
176:worked from 1717 to 1723 as Kapellmeister for
1481:
1195:. Kessinger Publishing. pp. 11, et seq.
765:
657:
603:
539:
8:
864:
858:
850:
844:
843:traditionally holds the old-fashioned title
830:
676:(1731–1798), Kapellmeister of the legendary
359:Composers who held the post of Kapellmeister
343:
337:
331:
299:
289:
255:
159:
145:
139:
31:
1159:Johann Sebastian Bach: The Learned Musician
554:(1688–1758) was Kapellmeister from 1722 at
374:1500–1554) was Kapellmeister in Vienna for
215:, where his young choristers included both
188:family, a high-ranking noble family of the
1651:
1488:
1474:
1466:
1335:
1012:
363:(listed chronologically by date of birth)
1656:List of principal conductors by orchestra
1074:
1062:
1024:
944:
618:(Lodewijk) (1712–1773), grandfather of
644:Charles II Eugene, Duke of Württemberg
484:Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden
348:held a somewhat less senior position.
1451:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
1049:
876:has offered a nuanced account of the
816:(1851–1915) was Kapellmeister at the
720:(1739–1799) was Kapellmeister to the
438:(1587–1653) was Kapellmeister to the
125:
7:
1348:Martin Anderson (19 February 2010).
1252:"Richard Wagner's legacy in Dresden"
1124:. Grove Press. pp. 61, et seq.
770:) in Stockholm at the court of king
196:served as Kapellmeister for George,
1435:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1290:"History – The three Gewandhauses"
1219:Richard Wagner: His Life and Works
408:(1540s–1599) was Kapellmeister at
25:
1433:Oxford Composer Companions: Haydn
1411:Haydn: Two Contemporary Portraits
806:(1813–1883) was Kapellmeister to
750:(1752–1814) was Kapellmeister to
710:(1737–1806) was Kapellmeister at
700:(1736–1809) was Kapellmeister at
482:(died 1746) was Kapellmeister to
452:(1644–1704) was Kapellmeister in
428:(1585–1673) was Kapellmeister to
418:(1571–1621) was Kapellmeister at
1650:
1094:. Pendragon Press. p. 218.
524:Leopold, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen
430:John George I, Elector of Saxony
98:
39:
27:Person in charge of music-making
1387:Mozart: A Documentary Biography
1250:Silke Dartlick (27 June 2013).
808:Frederick Augustus II of Saxony
764:(1756–1792) was Kapellmeister (
702:St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna
480:Johann Caspar Ferdinand Fischer
213:St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna
178:Prince Leopold of Anhalt-Cöthen
1317:. Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra
1:
961:(5th ed.). HarperCollins
742:Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor
504:Erdmann II, Count of Promnitz
371:
315:Similar terms and equivalents
1294:Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra
841:Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra
839:. The music director of the
792:Wilhelm Friedrich Ernst Bach
718:Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf
698:Johann Georg Albrechtsberger
690:, then from 1761 on for the
666:, in Italy: from 1780, with
600:Giacomo Matteo Ignazio Cirri
200:(who eventually became King
301:(Herr) Kapellmeister Mozart
1701:
1240:2nd edition, pp. 356, 405.
928:Master of the King's Music
748:Johann Friedrich Reichardt
548:in Rome from 1715 to 1719.
450:Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber
1648:
1585:
1567:
1507:
1222:. J. B. Millet. pp.
1216:Jullien, Adolphe (1892).
1163:. W. W. Norton. pp.
1038:Anton I, Prince Esterházy
670:; after his death, alone.
630:Christoph Willibald Gluck
586:(Frederick II of Prussia)
211:was the Kapellmeister at
202:George I of Great Britain
1685:German words and phrases
1407:Griesinger, Georg August
722:Prince-Bishop of Breslau
678:Mannheim court orchestra
412:from 1585 to about 1596.
1577:Conductorless orchestra
996:Oxford University Press
846:Gewandhauskapellmeister
782:Prince Henry of Prussia
767:Ordinarie Capellmästere
654:Giovanni Battista Cirri
596:in the 1750s and 1760s.
466:from 1690 to his death.
127:[kaˈpɛlˌmaɪstɐ]
1279:. 2nd edition, p. 380.
1189:Terry, Charles Sanford
865:
859:
851:
845:
831:
766:
658:
612:, in Italy, from 1759.
604:
552:Johann Friedrich Fasch
540:
530:George Frideric Handel
514:Johann David Heinichen
500:Georg Philipp Telemann
344:
338:
332:
300:
290:
256:
252:
194:George Frideric Handel
160:
146:
140:
32:
1441:Thielemann, Christian
992:UK English Dictionary
910:Cantor (Christianity)
818:Church of Saint-Merri
778:Christian Kalkbrenner
546:St. Peter's Cathedral
520:Johann Sebastian Bach
486:, from at least 1695.
402:in Dresden from 1568.
264:succeeded his father
244:
174:Johann Sebastian Bach
1680:German music history
1675:Occupations in music
874:Christian Thielemann
866:Zweite Kapellmeister
853:Generalmusikdirektor
798:Carl Maria von Weber
662:in the cathedral of
620:Ludwig van Beethoven
616:Ludwig van Beethoven
608:in the Cathedral of
271:Ludwig van Beethoven
1445:My Life with Wagner
1383:Deutsch, Otto Erich
1338:, pp. 102–105.
1275:Peter Terrell, ed.
1236:Peter Terrell, ed.
1077:, pp. 393–395.
860:Erste Kapellmeister
762:Joseph Martin Kraus
752:Frederick the Great
674:Christian Cannabich
659:maestro di cappella
642:(1714–1774) served
605:maestro di cappella
594:Saxe-Hildburghausen
584:Frederick the Great
580:Carl Heinrich Graun
541:maestro di cappella
382:Mattheus Le Maistre
1118:(4 January 2011).
1088:Galkin, Elliott W.
1065:, pp. 306–307
869:(Second...), etc.
825:Contemporary usage
810:from 1843 to 1849.
744:from 1788 to 1824.
734:from 1774 to 1794.
724:from 1770 to 1795.
714:from 1760 to 1761.
650:from 1753 to 1768.
574:Charles III Philip
536:Domenico Scarlatti
490:Johann Ludwig Bach
416:Michael Praetorius
392:from 1554 to 1568.
386:Electors of Saxony
378:from 1527 to 1545.
319:Variant spellings
277:The case of Mozart
198:Elector of Hanover
167:maestro di capella
1662:
1661:
1458:978-1-780-22837-2
1420:978-0-299-02794-0
1336:Thielemann (2015)
1202:978-0-7661-4677-8
1193:Bach: A Biography
1174:978-0-393-32256-9
1131:978-0-8021-4524-6
1101:978-0-918728-47-0
1013:Griesinger (1963)
1002:on 10 March 2021.
915:Collegium Musicum
820:in Paris, France.
470:Agostino Steffani
396:Antonio Scandello
291:Kammercompositeur
190:Habsburg monarchy
16:(Redirected from
1692:
1654:
1653:
1640:Women conductors
1635:Black conductors
1490:
1483:
1476:
1467:
1462:
1447:. Translated by
1436:
1429:Jones, David Wyn
1424:
1402:
1395:Peter Branscombe
1389:. Translated by
1369:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1353:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1286:
1280:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1247:
1241:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1162:
1153:Wolff, Christoph
1149:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1016:
1010:
1004:
1003:
998:. Archived from
977:
971:
970:
968:
966:
949:
868:
862:
856:
848:
834:
769:
661:
656:(1724–1808) was
640:Niccolò Jommelli
607:
602:(1711–1787) was
543:
538:(1685–1757) was
373:
368:Arnold von Bruck
347:
341:
335:
333:Hofkapellmeister
303:
293:
259:
163:
154:Historical usage
149:
143:
137:
136:
135:
129:
124:
115:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
97:
86:
80:
79:
76:
75:
72:
69:
66:
63:
60:
57:
54:
51:
48:
45:
35:
21:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1644:
1581:
1563:
1503:
1494:
1459:
1439:
1427:
1421:
1405:
1381:
1378:
1373:
1372:
1362:
1360:
1357:The Independent
1347:
1346:
1342:
1334:
1330:
1320:
1318:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1298:
1296:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1274:
1270:
1260:
1258:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1235:
1231:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1203:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1102:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1073:
1069:
1060:
1056:
1048:
1044:
1035:
1031:
1023:
1019:
1011:
1007:
985:"kapellmeister"
983:
980:"kapellmeister"
978:
974:
964:
962:
953:"Kapellmeister"
951:
950:
946:
941:
906:
827:
738:Antonio Salieri
426:Heinrich Schütz
361:
317:
309:Leopold Hofmann
296:Antonio Salieri
279:
262:Anton Esterházy
246:The well-known
156:
138:), from German
132:
131:
130:
122:
101:
92:
91:
84:
42:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1698:
1696:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1667:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1601:
1592:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1485:
1478:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1457:
1437:
1425:
1419:
1403:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1340:
1328:
1306:
1281:
1268:
1256:Deutsche Welle
1242:
1229:
1208:
1201:
1191:(April 2003).
1180:
1173:
1144:
1130:
1107:
1100:
1079:
1075:Deutsch (1965)
1067:
1063:Deutsch (1965)
1054:
1052:, p. 324.
1042:
1029:
1025:Deutsch (1965)
1017:
1005:
972:
943:
942:
940:
937:
936:
935:
932:Kapellmeisters
925:
920:
917:
912:
905:
902:
894:Clemens Krauss
890:Otto Klemperer
872:The conductor
826:
823:
822:
821:
811:
804:Richard Wagner
801:
795:
789:
775:
759:
745:
735:
728:Andrea Luchesi
725:
715:
705:
695:
681:
671:
651:
637:
627:
613:
597:
590:Giuseppe Bonno
587:
577:
559:
549:
533:
527:
517:
511:
497:
487:
477:
467:
457:
447:
436:Samuel Scheidt
433:
423:
413:
403:
393:
379:
360:
357:
353:kapellimestari
345:Konzertmeister
316:
313:
278:
275:
155:
152:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1697:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1657:
1647:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1544:Kapellmeister
1542:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1522:Concertmaster
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1491:
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1015:, p. 16.
1014:
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908:
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899:
898:Erich Kleiber
895:
891:
886:
883:
882:Kapellmeister
879:
875:
870:
867:
861:
855:
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754:at the royal
753:
749:
746:
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733:
729:
726:
723:
719:
716:
713:
709:
708:Michael Haydn
706:
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689:
685:
682:
679:
675:
672:
669:
668:Ignazio Cirri
665:
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638:
635:
631:
628:
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414:
411:
407:
406:Jacob Regnart
404:
401:
397:
394:
391:
387:
383:
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369:
366:
365:
364:
358:
356:
354:
349:
346:
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334:
328:
326:
322:
321:capellmeister
314:
312:
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305:
302:
297:
292:
287:
283:
276:
274:
272:
267:
263:
258:
251:
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243:
241:
237:
236:Aloysia Weber
233:
229:
224:
222:
221:Michael Haydn
218:
214:
210:
209:Georg Reutter
205:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
170:
168:
162:
161:Kapellmeister
153:
151:
148:
144:(chapel) and
142:
134:
128:
120:
119:
113:
95:
89:
88:
78:
36:
34:
33:Kapellmeister
19:
18:Chapel master
1606: /
1597: /
1590:Articulation
1543:
1444:
1432:
1410:
1399:Jeremy Noble
1386:
1361:. Retrieved
1355:
1343:
1331:
1319:. Retrieved
1309:
1297:. Retrieved
1284:
1276:
1271:
1259:. Retrieved
1245:
1237:
1232:
1218:
1211:
1192:
1183:
1158:
1147:
1135:. Retrieved
1120:
1116:Siblin, Eric
1110:
1091:
1082:
1070:
1057:
1050:Jones (2009)
1045:
1032:
1020:
1008:
1000:the original
988:
975:
963:. Retrieved
956:
947:
931:
923:Music Bureau
887:
881:
877:
871:
863:(First...),
828:
688:Count Morzin
684:Joseph Haydn
460:Georg Muffat
420:Wolfenbüttel
362:
352:
350:
329:
324:
320:
318:
306:
280:
253:
247:
245:
225:
206:
182:Joseph Haydn
171:
166:
157:
30:
29:
1449:Anthea Bell
712:Großwardein
570:Electorship
444:Brandenburg
232:wheelwright
1669:Categories
1608:Resolution
1572:Cheironomy
1559:Répétiteur
1517:Bandmaster
1512:Bandleader
1497:Conducting
1167:, et seq.
1137:15 January
939:References
934:of Germany
837:bandmaster
814:Paul Wachs
786:Rheinsberg
774:of Sweden.
772:Gustav III
692:Eszterházy
680:from 1774.
636:in Vienna.
568:under the
562:Carlo Grua
456:from 1684.
432:from 1619.
422:from 1604.
228:his father
165:(Italian:
1527:Conductor
1501:directing
1391:Eric Blom
982:(US) and
648:Stuttgart
494:Meiningen
410:Innsbruck
330:The word
286:Joseph II
186:Esterházy
1623:Phrasing
1618:Dynamics
1554:Prompter
1539:Director
1443:(2015).
1385:(1965).
1226:, et al.
1155:(2000).
1090:(1988).
965:13 March
919:Composer
904:See also
878:Dirigent
832:Dirigent
566:Mannheim
454:Salzburg
440:Margrave
266:Nikolaus
87:-my-stər
1604:Cadence
1549:Maestro
1376:Sources
1363:11 June
1321:11 June
1299:11 June
1261:11 June
788:castle.
508:Hamburg
474:Hanover
390:Dresden
325:capelle
257:Kapelle
248:Mozardt
147:Meister
141:Kapelle
123:German:
1455:
1417:
1199:
1171:
1128:
1098:
990:Lexico
896:, and
758:opera.
756:Berlin
556:Zerbst
464:Passau
400:Saxony
282:Mozart
240:Mozart
217:Joseph
1628:Tempo
1599:Meter
1532:baton
664:Forlì
610:Forlì
506:, in
342:); a
96:also
1595:Beat
1499:and
1453:ISBN
1415:ISBN
1365:2022
1323:2022
1301:2022
1263:2022
1197:ISBN
1169:ISBN
1139:2012
1126:ISBN
1096:ISBN
967:2019
732:Bonn
624:Bonn
323:and
219:and
118:kah-
1613:Cue
784:at
646:in
572:of
544:at
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339:Hof
288:as
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85:PEL
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