145:
2432:
2132:
634:
845:
2302:
2389:
1357:
1265:
1315:
1290:
2446:
1895:
1813:
2184:
1572:
1173:
999:
941:
731:
560:
503:
246:
36:
1714:
1427:
813:
1061:
2972:
2954:
2075:
1480:
1947:
319:(thus excluding what the state party wishes to consider as mere local dialects of the official or majority language) and that either have a territorial basis (and are therefore traditionally spoken by populations of regions or areas within the State) or are used by linguistic minorities within the State as a whole (thereby including such languages as
2639:
In
Croatia and Serbia, segregation takes place in the name of minority language rights, ignoring that the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages gives a clear definition of a minority language that excludes the term 'minority language' in this case. although the Charter reads that a
393:
The charter provides many actions state parties can take to protect and promote historical regional and minority languages. There are two levels of protection—all signatories must apply the lower level of protection to qualifying languages. Signatories may further declare that a qualifying
459:
Part III details comprehensive rules, across a number of sectors, by which states agree to abide. Each language to which Part III of the
Charter is applied must be named specifically by the government. States must select at least thirty-five of the undertakings in respect to each language. Many
334:
Some states, such as
Ukraine and Sweden, have tied the status of minority language to the recognized national minorities, which are defined by ethnic, cultural and/or religious criteria, thereby circumventing the Charter's notion of linguistic minority.
2941:
Ukraine declares that the provisions of the
Charter shall apply to the languages of the following ethnic minorities of Ukraine : Belarusian, Bulgarian, Gagauz, Greek, Jewish, Crimean Tatar, Moldavian, German, Polish, Russian, Romanian, Slovak and
149:
Member states that have signed and ratified in dark green, those that have signed but not ratified in light green, those that have neither signed nor ratified in white, non-member states of the
Council of Europe in grey. Source: the
2640:
minority language must be different from the official language and must not be a dialect of the official language, and although the standard language of
Bosniaks, Croats, Montenegrins and Serbs is based on the same dialect called
402:
Countries can ratify the charter in respect of its minority languages based on Part II or Part III of the charter, which contain varying principles. Countries can treat languages differently under the charter, for example, in the
460:
provisions contain several options, of varying degrees of stringency, one of which has to be chosen "according to the situation of each language". The areas from which these specific undertakings must be chosen are as follows:
53:
2793:
296:
446:
The prohibition of all forms of unjustified distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference relating to the use of a regional or minority language and intended to discourage or endanger its maintenance or
423:
Part II of the
Charter details eight main principles and objectives upon which States must base their policies and legislation. They are seen as a framework for the preservation of the languages concerned.
3464:
2823:
2469:
2932:
2512:
292:. However, the charter does not provide any criterion or definition for an idiom to be a minority or a regional language, and the classification stays in the hands of the national state.
3053:
299:, the Standing Conference of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe because involvement of local and regional government was essential. The actual charter was written in the
2484:
2785:
249:
3666:
300:
3018:
2887:
2815:
100:
2673:"The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages is the European convention for the protection and promotion of languages used by traditional minorities"
3671:
72:
394:
language or languages will benefit from the higher level of protection, which lists a range of actions from which states must agree to undertake at least 35.
3536:
3026:
79:
3616:
3474:
3046:
2489:
2509:
2399:(extension : 23 April 2003 (declaration dated 22 April 2003) The Government of the United Kingdom declares that the Charter should extend to the
3676:
2929:
86:
3106:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3551:
3349:
2693:"States Parties to the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages and their regional or minority languages (listed by language on p.6)"
68:
3039:
2575:
2010:
144:
3591:
3686:
3521:
3501:
2998:
2355:
2763:
2613:
3576:
2322:
375:
3319:
3176:
119:
3254:
3641:
3405:
3289:
3166:
2862:
93:
3586:
3581:
3334:
3161:
2902:"Aplicación de la Carta en España, Segundo ciclo de supervisión. Estrasburgo, 11 de diciembre de 2008. A.1.3.28 pag 7; A.2.2.5"
2474:
2046:
2837:
3516:
3201:
3186:
151:
57:
3369:
3374:
3294:
3626:
3621:
3191:
3146:
3141:
3121:
3111:
3096:
3086:
3081:
3415:
3384:
3274:
2901:
3646:
3606:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3541:
3531:
3526:
3506:
3379:
3364:
3339:
3314:
3304:
3211:
3181:
3156:
3126:
2348:
927:
3430:
2692:
907:
873:
346:) are not classified as official languages of the State and may therefore benefit from the Charter. On the other hand,
3681:
3636:
3611:
3601:
3596:
3546:
3309:
3269:
3244:
3206:
3171:
3151:
1799:
437:
The facilitation and/or encouragement of the use of such languages, in speech and writing, in public and private life.
3420:
2816:"Reservations and Declarations for Treaty No.148 - European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (ETS No. 148)"
903:
3440:
3425:
3359:
440:
The provision of appropriate forms and means for the teaching and study of such languages at all appropriate stages.
3631:
3496:
3329:
3264:
3259:
3249:
3239:
3234:
3229:
1111:
3435:
3324:
3299:
3284:
46:
3469:
3410:
2786:"Czechia: Protection of German extended under the Charter - European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages"
3511:
3196:
869:
411:
is ratified under the general Part II principles as well as the more specific Part III commitments, while the
3003:
2289:
Ukraine does not specify languages by name, but rather ratifies on behalf of "the languages of the following
2377:
2370:
2290:
832:
765:
17:
2405:, being a territory for whose international relations the Government of the United Kingdom is responsible.
2213:
2109:
1467:
1139:
1105:
1013:
639:
2672:
3091:
1991:, present in Asturias; and in part of Leon, Zamora, Salamanca, Cantabria and Extremadura (recognized in
1462:
1385:
1371:
1155:
2536:
386:, although a signatory, has been constitutionally blocked from ratifying the Charter in respect to the
3279:
3131:
3116:
2335:
1089:
975:
517:
2644:, and it is clear that according to the Charter it cannot be regarded as several minority languages.
3454:
3394:
3136:
3101:
2619:
2203:
2146:
2104:
1996:
1768:
1610:
1529:
1499:
1452:
1381:
1127:
1023:
891:
877:
574:
387:
347:
338:
Languages that are official within regions, provinces or federal units within a State (for example
307:
traditionally used by the nationals of the State
Parties (thus excluding languages used by recent
2589:
2464:
2278:
2233:
2208:
2042:
1970:
1919:
1877:
1857:
1837:
1793:
1788:
1763:
1738:
1700:
1670:
1646:
1554:
1544:
1519:
1252:
1197:
1147:
1079:
800:
795:
790:
755:
713:
703:
698:
663:
598:
542:
354:(although a minority language) as it is defined as the first official language of the state. The
312:
2627:
3062:
2602:
2597:
2581:
2571:
2479:
2263:
2248:
2243:
2198:
2052:
2006:
1988:
1909:
1842:
1778:
1748:
1728:
1652:
1592:
1586:
1494:
1339:
1329:
1227:
1202:
1187:
1018:
827:
688:
673:
648:
588:
532:
316:
285:
281:
277:
218:
155:
2993:
3013:
2563:
2551:
2316:
2268:
2166:
2161:
2119:
2089:
2024:
2020:
1961:
1934:
1924:
1832:
1827:
1743:
1733:
1694:
1682:
1676:
1640:
1604:
1559:
1539:
1413:
1334:
1247:
1237:
1048:
1038:
969:
955:
915:
895:
785:
770:
718:
708:
668:
584:
537:
494:
Countries that have ratified the
Charter, and languages for which the ratification was made
450:
The promotion by states of mutual understanding between all the country's linguistic groups.
412:
379:
339:
320:
228:
2936:
2516:
2451:
2352:
2341:
2258:
2253:
2238:
2223:
2218:
2171:
2156:
2151:
2114:
2062:
2056:
2002:
1983:
1929:
1914:
1867:
1862:
1852:
1773:
1758:
1688:
1664:
1622:
1616:
1534:
1514:
1509:
1457:
1407:
1391:
1344:
1242:
1222:
1217:
1207:
1121:
1075:
1028:
985:
965:
921:
883:
865:
859:
775:
750:
683:
678:
658:
620:
614:
547:
522:
371:
324:
232:
2655:
Hult, F.M. (2004). Planning for multilingualism and minority language rights in Sweden.
2345:(Articles 2 and 3, Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14, with reservations))
3071:
2547:
2367:(Articles 2 and 3, Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14, with reservations))
2363:
2329:
2326:(Articles 2 and 3, Part II (Article 7) and Part III (Articles 8-14, with reservations))
2307:
2273:
2228:
1872:
1847:
1783:
1753:
1658:
1634:
1628:
1598:
1549:
1524:
1504:
1232:
1212:
1043:
911:
899:
850:
780:
745:
693:
653:
608:
527:
408:
404:
367:
359:
355:
351:
328:
2055:, present in Galicia; and in part of Asturias, Leon and Zamora provinces (official in
3490:
2623:
2593:
2540:
2437:
1441:
1270:
1159:
1095:
1085:
959:
1143:
1115:
3027:
Application of the
European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, Doc. 12881
2510:
Europe's forgotten words. The case of the European Regional and minority languages
2094:
428:
Recognition of regional or minority languages as an expression of cultural wealth.
295:
The preparation for the charter was undertaken by the predecessor to the current
2410:
2401:
2394:
2137:
1362:
1151:
1099:
35:
3031:
2445:
2380:
2374:
2641:
2585:
2459:
2427:
1397:
1320:
1295:
1033:
578:
253:
175:
2567:
2609:
2559:
2541:"Ideology Against Language: The Current Situation in South Slavic Countries"
2358:
2099:
2028:
1447:
1375:
979:
308:
1992:
1900:
1818:
304:
431:
Respect for the geographical area of each regional or minority language.
2925:
2863:"Papiamentu on Bonaire is Officially Recognized Under European Charter"
2283:
2189:
2014:
1965:
1882:
1577:
1401:
1178:
1135:
1066:
1004:
946:
736:
565:
508:
2080:
2036:
1978:
1719:
1485:
1432:
1192:
1131:
818:
760:
602:
592:
383:
289:
273:
270:
1952:
363:
343:
2838:"Report of the Committee of Experts on Luxembourg, December 2008"
887:
3035:
358:
has ratified the Charter in respect to (among other languages)
3465:
Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
2470:
Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
29:
2558:. Routledge Histories of Central and Eastern Europe. London:
303:
based on the Congress' Recommendations. It only applies to
3008:
3009:
Eurolang (News agency about minority languages in Europe)
2994:
European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages text
2861:
Insider, Tanya Deen for the Bonaire (30 January 2024).
434:
The need for resolute action to promote such languages.
350:
has not been able to sign the Charter on behalf of the
2764:"Chart of signatures and ratifications of Treaty 148"
276:(CETS 148) adopted in 1992 under the auspices of the
69:"European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages"
3460:
European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
3393:
3348:
3220:
3070:
2485:
List of Linguistic Rights in Constitutions (Europe)
315:), which significantly differ from the majority or
263:
European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
250:
European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
238:
224:
213:
205:
197:
189:
181:
171:
163:
137:
133:
European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
443:The promotion of relevant transnational exchanges.
331:, which are used over a wide geographic area).
862:(parts II and III, across the whole territory)
470:Administrative authorities and public services
3047:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2734:
8:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2556:Languages and Nationalism Instead of Empires
2338:(Articles 2 and 3, Part II only (Article 7))
2332:(Articles 2 and 3, Part II only (Article 7))
132:
18:Charter for Regional and Minority Languages
3475:Universal Declaration of Linguistic Rights
3054:
3040:
3032:
2490:Universal Declaration of Linguistic Rights
297:Congress of Local and Regional Authorities
131:
2601:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
490:
2667:
2665:
2501:
1416:(across the Netherlands, under part II)
1410:(across the Netherlands, under part II)
1394:(across the Netherlands, under part II)
3667:Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands
2531:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2413:(Article 2, Part II only (Article 7))
2319:(Article 2, Part II only (Article 7))
487:Languages protected under the Charter
7:
3672:Treaties extended to the Isle of Man
58:adding citations to reliable sources
2356:Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005
2312:ratification : 27 March 2001.
2045:(A dialect of Catalan, official in
3537:Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
476:Cultural activities and facilities
280:to protect and promote historical
25:
3617:Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro
3014:Explanatory Report on the Charter
2826:from the original on 22 Mar 2024.
2796:from the original on 2 March 2024
1304:No regional or minority languages
1279:No regional or minority languages
3677:Treaties extended to West Berlin
2444:
2430:
2387:
2300:
2194:ratification: 19 September 2005
2182:
2130:
2073:
1945:
1893:
1811:
1712:
1570:
1478:
1425:
1355:
1313:
1288:
1263:
1171:
1071:ratification: 16 September 1998
1059:
997:
939:
843:
811:
729:
644:ratification: 21 September 2010
632:
558:
501:
415:is ratified only under Part II.
244:
143:
34:
2630:from the original on 2024-01-10
2475:Languages of the European Union
2142:ratification: 23 December 1997
1823:ratification: 5 September 2001
1724:ratification: 15 February 2006
1490:ratification: 12 February 2009
1437:ratification: 10 November 1993
1325:ratification: 15 February 2006
1275:ratification: 18 November 1997
988:(across Denmark, under part II)
951:ratification: 8 September 2000
855:ratification: 15 November 2006
45:needs additional citations for
3662:Treaties extended to Greenland
3657:November 1992 events in France
3652:Treaties of the United Kingdom
3552:Treaties of the Czech Republic
2999:More information on the treaty
2677:European Charter for Regional
2085:ratification: 9 February 2000
1009:ratification: 9 November 1994
741:ratification: 5 November 1997
513:ratification: 25 January 2002
1:
2351:, Schedule 1, Article 1(1)(c)
1905:ratification: 4 October 2000
1582:ratification 29 January 2008
823:ratification: 26 August 2002
2349:British Nationality Act 1981
2291:ethnic minorities of Ukraine
1183:ratification: 26 April 1995
3592:Treaties of the Netherlands
1957:ratification: 9 April 2001
1300:ratification: 22 June 2005
570:ratification: 28 June 2001
27:Treaty to protect languages
3703:
3687:20th century in Strasbourg
3522:Treaties concluded in 1992
3502:Council of Europe treaties
868:(part II; and part III in
3577:Treaties of Liechtenstein
3470:European Day of Languages
3449:
1367:ratification: 2 May 1996
886:(part II and part III in
243:
217:Secretary General of the
142:
2568:10.4324/9781003034025-11
479:Economic and social life
193:Ratification by 5 States
3642:Treaties of Switzerland
2378:Welsh Language Act 1993
2371:Welsh Language Act 1967
1108:(in Schleswig-Holstein)
833:Cypriot Maronite Arabic
482:Transfrontier exchanges
311:from other states, see
3587:Treaties of Montenegro
3582:Treaties of Luxembourg
3255:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2930:Council of Europe site
2907:. Coe.int. p. 107
2508:Gabrielle Bernoville,
2373:(repealed 21.12.1993)
1140:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
640:Bosnia and Herzegovina
301:Parliamentary Assembly
3517:Linguistic minorities
3406:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
2939:states the following
2679:or Minority Languages
1156:Northrhine-Westphalia
3627:Treaties of Slovenia
3622:Treaties of Slovakia
3350:States with limited
2637:. p. 173, 169:
2562:. pp. 167–179.
2496:Notes and references
1090:Free State of Saxony
467:Judicial authorities
54:improve this article
3647:Treaties of Ukraine
3607:Treaties of Romania
3572:Treaties of Hungary
3567:Treaties of Germany
3562:Treaties of Finland
3557:Treaties of Denmark
3542:Treaties of Croatia
3532:Treaties of Austria
3527:Treaties of Armenia
3507:Languages of Europe
3455:Languages of Europe
2766:. Council of Europe
601:(in Burgenland and
575:Burgenland Croatian
388:languages of France
313:immigrant languages
152:list of signatories
134:
3682:Minority languages
3637:Treaties of Sweden
3612:Treaties of Serbia
3602:Treaties of Poland
3597:Treaties of Norway
3547:Treaties of Cyprus
3063:Minority languages
2935:2012-05-22 at the
2657:Language Policy, 3
2515:2021-06-15 at the
2465:European languages
2023:, official in the
1148:Schleswig-Holstein
1080:Schleswig-Holstein
286:minority languages
3632:Treaties of Spain
3497:Linguistic rights
3484:
3483:
3399:other territories
2924:As of July 2007,
2820:Council of Europe
2790:Council of Europe
2699:. 1 November 2022
2697:Council of Europe
2617:
2577:978-0-367-47191-0
2552:Kamusella, Tomasz
2480:Linguistic rights
2421:
2420:
2406:
1989:Asturian language
1378:, under part III)
1112:Saterland Frisian
928:Moravian Croatian
374:in Scotland, and
317:official language
278:Council of Europe
259:
258:
219:Council of Europe
156:Council of Europe
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
3694:
3370:Nagorno-Karabakh
3056:
3049:
3042:
3033:
3023:
2981:
2980:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2951:
2945:
2928:'s entry on the
2922:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2906:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2842:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2760:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2669:
2660:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2636:
2635:
2607:
2605:
2545:
2537:Kordić, Snježana
2533:
2520:
2519:, La Regionisto,
2506:
2454:
2449:
2448:
2440:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2310:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2192:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2147:Franco-Provençal
2140:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2083:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2025:Balearic Islands
1997:Castile and León
1955:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1903:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1821:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1722:
1718:
1716:
1715:
1580:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1488:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1435:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1388:, under part II)
1365:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1323:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1298:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1273:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1181:
1177:
1175:
1174:
1124:(across Germany)
1069:
1065:
1063:
1062:
1007:
1003:
1001:
1000:
970:Southern Jutland
949:
945:
943:
942:
853:
849:
847:
846:
821:
817:
815:
814:
739:
735:
733:
732:
642:
638:
636:
635:
568:
564:
562:
561:
511:
507:
505:
504:
491:
413:Cornish language
380:Northern Ireland
248:
247:
147:
135:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3512:Minority rights
3487:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3479:
3445:
3398:
3389:
3375:Northern Cyprus
3351:
3344:
3295:North Macedonia
3223:European states
3222:
3216:
3073:
3066:
3060:
3021:
3004:Charter website
2990:
2985:
2984:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2937:Wayback Machine
2923:
2919:
2910:
2908:
2904:
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43:This article
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3395:Dependencies
3380:Transnistria
3340:Vatican City
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2909:. Retrieved
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2798:. Retrieved
2789:
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2701:. Retrieved
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2632:. Retrieved
2555:
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2407:27/03/2001)
2400:
2336:Ulster-Scots
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2013:and part of
1974:
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1442:Kven/Finnish
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1116:Lower Saxony
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185:1 March 1998
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52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3431:Isle of Man
3352:recognition
3320:Switzerland
3177:Netherlands
3022:(in French)
3019:lexpress.fr
2973:"Full list"
2955:"Full list"
2888:"Full list"
2867:InfoBonaire
2703:13 December
2411:Manx Gaelic
2402:Isle of Man
2395:Isle of Man
2138:Switzerland
1363:Netherlands
1152:Brandenburg
1100:Brandenburg
976:Greenlandic
617:(in Vienna)
611:(in Vienna)
398:Protections
198:Signatories
3491:Categories
3310:San Marino
3290:Montenegro
3270:Kazakhstan
3245:Azerbaijan
3167:Luxembourg
2911:2015-03-01
2872:31 January
2847:2014-01-30
2642:Shtokavian
2634:2024-01-16
2586:1390118985
2460:Euromosaic
2354:, and the
2204:Belarusian
2110:South Sami
2105:North Sami
1769:Macedonian
1611:Macedonian
1530:Lithuanian
1500:Belarusian
1468:South Sami
1453:North Sami
1398:Papiamento
1382:Limburgish
1321:Montenegro
1296:Luxembourg
1128:Low German
1034:Skolt Sami
1024:North Sami
1014:Inari Sami
579:Burgenland
309:immigrants
254:Wikisource
214:Depositary
176:Strasbourg
80:newspapers
3421:Gibraltar
3162:Lithuania
3065:of Europe
2942:Hungarian
2843:. Coe.int
2624:171014403
2614:125229577
2610:COBISS.RS
2594:259576119
2560:Routledge
2279:Slovakian
2234:Hungarian
2209:Bulgarian
2100:Lule Sami
2095:Meänkieli
2043:Valencian
2029:Catalonia
1971:Aragonese
1920:Hungarian
1878:Ukrainian
1858:Hungarian
1838:Bulgarian
1794:Ukrainian
1789:Slovakian
1764:Hungarian
1739:Bulgarian
1701:Ukrainian
1671:Hungarian
1647:Bulgarian
1555:Ukrainian
1545:Slovakian
1448:Lule Sami
1392:Low Saxon
1376:Friesland
1253:Ukrainian
1198:Bulgarian
980:Greenland
801:Ukrainian
796:Slovenian
791:Slovakian
756:Hungarian
714:Ukrainian
704:Slovenian
664:Hungarian
599:Hungarian
589:Carinthia
543:Ukrainian
464:Education
305:languages
239:Full text
225:Languages
190:Condition
182:Effective
3441:Svalbard
3426:Guernsey
3360:Abkhazia
3202:Slovenia
3197:Slovakia
3187:Portugal
3092:Bulgaria
3072:European
2933:Archived
2824:Archived
2794:Archived
2792:. 2024.
2628:Archived
2554:(eds.).
2539:(2024).
2513:Archived
2424:See also
2376:and the
2264:Romanian
2249:Moldovan
2244:Krimchak
2199:Armenian
2053:Galician
2047:Valencia
2007:official
1993:Asturias
1910:Croatian
1901:Slovenia
1843:Croatian
1819:Slovakia
1779:Romanian
1749:Croatian
1744:Bunjevac
1729:Albanian
1653:Croatian
1593:Armenian
1587:Albanian
1495:Armenian
1340:Croatian
1330:Albanian
1228:Romanian
1203:Croatian
1188:Armenian
1088:(in the
1019:Karelian
958:(in the
828:Armenian
689:Romanian
649:Albanian
518:Assyrian
455:Part III
282:regional
271:European
172:Location
158:website.
110:May 2007
3330:Ukraine
3280:Moldova
3265:Iceland
3260:Georgia
3250:Belarus
3240:Armenia
3235:Andorra
3230:Albania
3192:Romania
3147:Ireland
3142:Hungary
3132:Germany
3122:Finland
3117:Estonia
3112:Denmark
3097:Croatia
3087:Belgium
3082:Austria
2926:Ukraine
2800:2 March
2770:5 March
2603:4680766
2317:Cornish
2284:Yiddish
2269:Russian
2190:Ukraine
2167:Romansh
2162:Italian
2120:Yiddish
2090:Finnish
2063:Leonese
2057:Galicia
2021:Catalan
2015:Navarre
2009:in the
1984:Aranese
1966:Melilla
1962:Amazigh
1935:Serbian
1925:Italian
1883:Yiddish
1833:Serbian
1828:Russian
1734:Bosnian
1695:Turkish
1683:Serbian
1677:Russian
1641:Yiddish
1605:Italian
1578:Romania
1560:Yiddish
1540:Russian
1463:Romanes
1414:Yiddish
1402:Bonaire
1386:Limburg
1372:Frisian
1335:Bosnian
1248:Slovene
1238:Serbian
1179:Hungary
1136:Hamburg
1067:Germany
1049:Yiddish
1039:Swedish
1005:Finland
956:Faroese
947:Denmark
916:Svitavy
900:Liberec
896:Sokolov
878:Karviná
786:Serbian
771:Italian
737:Croatia
719:Yiddish
709:Turkish
669:Italian
585:Slovene
566:Austria
538:Russian
533:Kurdish
509:Armenia
419:Part II
348:Ireland
340:Catalan
321:Yiddish
269:) is a
229:English
206:Parties
154:at the
138:CET 148
94:scholar
3436:Jersey
3365:Kosovo
3325:Turkey
3315:Serbia
3305:Russia
3300:Norway
3285:Monaco
3221:Other
3212:Sweden
3182:Poland
3157:Latvia
3137:Greece
3127:France
3102:Cyprus
2622:
2620:COBISS
2612:
2600:
2592:
2584:
2574:
2392:
2305:
2259:Romani
2254:Polish
2239:Karaim
2224:German
2219:Gagauz
2187:
2172:Yenish
2157:German
2152:French
2115:Romani
2081:Sweden
2078:
2037:Aragon
2003:Basque
1979:Aragon
1950:
1930:Romani
1915:German
1898:
1868:Romani
1863:Polish
1853:German
1816:
1774:Romani
1759:German
1720:Serbia
1717:
1689:Slovak
1665:German
1623:Romani
1617:Polish
1575:
1535:Romani
1520:Kashub
1515:Karaim
1510:German
1486:Poland
1483:
1458:Romani
1433:Norway
1430:
1408:Romani
1360:
1345:Romani
1318:
1293:
1268:
1243:Slovak
1223:Romani
1218:Polish
1208:German
1176:
1132:Bremen
1122:Romani
1076:Danish
1064:
1029:Romani
1002:
986:Romani
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944:
922:Romani
884:German
866:Polish
860:Slovak
848:
819:Cyprus
816:
776:Romani
751:German
734:
699:Slovak
684:Romani
679:Polish
674:Ladino
659:German
637:
621:Romani
615:Slovak
603:Vienna
593:Styria
563:
548:Yezidi
523:German
506:
407:, the
384:France
372:Gaelic
325:Romani
290:Europe
274:treaty
233:French
164:Signed
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
3411:Åland
3207:Spain
3172:Malta
3152:Italy
3074:Union
2905:(PDF)
2841:(PDF)
2590:S2CID
2546:. In
2544:(PDF)
2364:Welsh
2330:Scots
2323:Irish
2274:Rusyn
2229:Greek
1953:Spain
1873:Rusyn
1848:Czech
1800:Vlach
1784:Rusyn
1754:Czech
1659:Czech
1635:Tatar
1629:Rusyn
1599:Greek
1550:Tatar
1525:Lemko
1505:Czech
1233:Rusyn
1213:Greek
1044:Tatar
912:Opava
781:Rusyn
746:Czech
694:Rusyn
654:Czech
609:Czech
528:Greek
473:Media
376:Irish
368:Scots
364:Wales
360:Welsh
344:Spain
329:Lemko
267:ECRML
101:JSTOR
87:books
2874:2024
2802:2024
2772:2021
2705:2023
2598:SSRN
2582:OCLC
2572:ISBN
2027:and
1400:(on
1384:(in
1374:(in
1158:and
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2975:.
2957:.
2865:.
2822:.
2818:.
2788:.
2713:^
2695:.
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2626:.
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2588:.
2580:.
2570:.
2550:;
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