329:
start of the War of the
Pacific onwards from the Peruvian foreign minister Miguel Ángel de la Flor, Kissinger stated that the American official position was essentially one of indifference but with the hope a satisfactory solution for all parties would be reached and with both de la Flor and Kissinger agreeing that drawn-out negotiations would be necessary for this to happen. Without any significant opposition from foreign allies or domestic parties, the Peruvian government made its decision to veto the Charaña proposal final and official.
185:, which were extremely valuable as a source of gunpowder and explosives during the 19th century, and it provided Bolivia with its main source of revenue. In 1879, after a commercial dispute arose between Chilean companies that extracted these nitrates and the Bolivian government which wanted to increase its taxation of said companies, war broke out between Chile and Bolivia with Peru also declaring war on Chile as a result of a secret treaty it had with Bolivia. This conflict became known as the
158:
maintains a claim over a strip of
Chilean land that would give it access to the sea which has historically been Bolivia's greatest ambition and desire; thus, the failure of this most recent attempt at a peaceful diplomatic solution to Bolivia's most prominent international dispute has continued to cast a negative shadow over its relation with Chile; a relation which today has been described as extremely tense at times and non-existent at others, but never easy or friendly.
333:
for Peru especially because the dispute was between two foreign nations and Peru felt it should not be made to lose anything over it. To avoid this the
Peruvian government vetoed the Charaña agreement in the form agreed to by Chile and Peru and, while Peru agreed to the establishment of the Bolivian corridor, it did so on the condition that the coastal strip (arguably the entire object of the corridor and its most valuable part) be made into a trinational
286:
exchange; these included, of course, the cession to
Bolivia of a sovereign territory that should include a coastal area with a length of at least 33.33 miles and 10 miles of width and the corridor should be contiguous and directly connect Bolivia to the ocean, the terms also stipulated that the coastal end of the corridor was to be located north of Arica and was to be bordered to the north by the Peruvian-Chilean border and cover the length of the
269:
77:
89:
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any tangible support of any kind, deluding
Bolivia into believing they could form an alliance with the Argentinians while also extracting concessions from the Bolivians in exchange for any potential support; however, after Argentina reached its goals and extracted concessions from Chile, it simply stopped supporting and engaging with Bolivia.
350:
would not agree to it; thus making Chile seem willing to reach a solution and fulfill all
Bolivian demands (which would be why he went through the trouble of taking the negotiations all the way to an actual accord) without ceding anything in the end and making the agreement flounder due to external factors beyond Chilean control.
265:
both Banzer and
Pinochet agreed on the reestablishment of diplomatic relations between their nations and the exchange of ambassadors (Rigoberto Díaz Gronow from Chile and Guillermo Gutiérrez Vea Murguia from Bolivia) and a promise to hold further discussions regarding the potential territory exchange.
328:
who started the meeting admitting feeling puzzled but intrigued as he knew nothing of the history of South
America, the War of the Pacific and of the Bolivia-Chile dispute (but also expressing eagerness to learn); and after receiving an exhaustive recount of the history of the three nations since the
246:
and the ideological affinities and similarities between Banzer and
Pinochet, along with Pinochet's search for new allies, made them much more receptive to opening negotiations again with the aim of solving the dispute and normalizing relations between the two nations, which would also mean a massive
220:
for
Bolivia which continued to claim an outlet to the sea and between 1947 and 1950 formal discussions were held for the first time with Chile on the dispute: these initial discussions proposed the otorgation to Bolivia of a strip of land to the ocean in exchange for non-territorial compensations to
285:
The negotiations on the agreement for the territorial exchange were trickier and would start on August 26, 1975, with the Bolivian ambassador Gutiérrez in Chile sending the Chilean government a memorandum establishing the preliminary ground positions of the Bolivian government about the territorial
241:
who died in the coup. Pinochet's dictatorship would eventually alienate all world opinion and Chile became increasingly isolated in the international arena. This event pushed Chile to seek closer diplomatic relationships with any willing nation. In 1971 Bolivia lived a similar political process and
229:
Furthermore, changes of government took place in Bolivia in 1952 after which a treaty was signed in 1957 between Bolivia and Peru which confirmed their joint ownership of Lake Titicaca and this precluded the future use of its waters as a future bargaining chip by Bolivia. All of this put an end to
157:
objected to it as Peru had veto power over any territorial exchange along its border due to previous international treaties it had with Chile and Bolivia. After the proposal failed Bolivia again severed diplomatic relations with Chile in 1978, which have not been resumed to this day while it still
345:
which followed a pattern of extracting concessions from Chile in exchange for staying neutral during these events. During the Charaña negotiations, Bolivia sought the support of Argentina and Argentina offered some moral support to Bolivia in order to pressure Chile, but without ever committing to
332:
The main Peruvian objection to the accord was that if the corridor became Bolivian then once its corresponding territorial waters became delineated as per standard international law the future Bolivian waters would invade Peruvian ones which would have to be reduced in size; which was unacceptable
317:
signed between Peru and Chile, Peru renounced in perpetuity to the Arica and Tarapaca departments in favor of Chile and these territories formed the region that Chile was now offering to Bolivia; however, the Treaty of Lima had also established that Chile would never cede any of the territories it
264:
Banzer agreed with holding further discussions with Pinochet to explore the feasibility of the territorial exchange and, if deemed practical, working out the details. With this, both dictators met in the Charaña train station, located around 1.3 miles from the border on the Bolivian side. First,
149:
which was to be solved via a Chilean proposal for the exchange of territories between Bolivia and Chile, with the former receiving a corridor to the Pacific Ocean which would provide it with access to the sea and Chile receiving an equivalent amount of territory from Bolivia along its border with
349:
It has also been argued that Pinochet might have made the entire proposal simply as a goodwill gesture towards Bolivia since Pinochet was likely aware that the Peruvian consent was necessary for the agreement to proceed and, if that was the case, then he should have also known that the Peruvians
301:
Additional terms included the freedom of use of the waters of the Lauca river for both Chile and Bolivia as this river was to form the new border between both nations and it was also established that the corridor ceded to Bolivia would be permanently demilitarized. Bolivia would also buy all the
225:
for agricultural purposes. The discussions, which were supposed to be secret, were soon leaked to the press and caused a strong negative public reaction in both countries; and in addition to this, Peru, which had not been informed of the negotiations, soon objected to any territorial exchange or
337:
that would not belong to Bolivia exclusively but to Peru and Chile as well and the three would simultaneously share sovereignty; but this complicated proposal was rejected by both Chile and Bolivia and the Charaña negotiations were abandoned. After this, Banzer again broke diplomatic relations
250:
Other factor that made the possibility of new negotiations more attractive was that Chile was facing increased tensions with Peru along their shared border and giving a strip of land to Bolivia along said border would remove any contact between Peru and Chile and add Bolivia as a
255:
between the two. With these situations, in March 1974 Pinochet met with Banzer and formally proposed the idea of giving Bolivia a corridor to the sea while Bolivia would give Chile a territory of the same extension someplace else along their common border.
302:
government installations left by Chile in the corridor at a fair price and the rights of private individuals living in the corridor would be respected by Bolivia. Finally, the territories received by Bolivia would never be ceded to any other nation.
144:
respectively. These discussions took place mostly on the Bolivian train station of Charaña on February 8, 1975, and included the brief reestablishment of diplomatic relations between the two nations which had been severed on 1962 because of the
410:(13). Viña del Mar, Chile: Centro de Estudios Interculturales y del Patrimonio de la Facultad de Humanidades, Instituto de Historia y Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad de Valparaíso/Universidad de Playa Ancha: 27–42.
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public relations coup for both leaders in their nations and an increase in popularity; especially for Banzer as the territorial dispute held (and still holds) a great significance for the Bolivian population.
338:
between Bolivia and Chile on March 17, 1982, and they have remained severed to date. Bolivia has also maintained its claim sovereign to access to the sea which Chile has consistently refused to even discuss.
1388:. GIGA Research Programme: "Power, Norms and Governance in International Relations" (GIGA Institute of Latin American Studies) (Report). Hamburg, Germany: German Institute of Global and Area Studies (GIGA)
305:
The agreement would be considered to be an adequate, complete and definitive solution" to Bolivia's landlocked condition and Bolivia would correspondingly renounce to any future claims or disputes.
189:
and ended with a severe defeat of the Peruvian-Bolivian alliance after which Chile annexed all of Bolivia's coast in the form of the entire Litoral department and Peru's southernmost provinces of
1411:
López Scarcena, Sebastián (1 December 2020). Paúl D., Álvaro; García-Huidobro Becerra, Cristóbal; Alcalde Rodríguez, Enrique; Andrea, Valenzuela Niemann; Gómez Álvarez, María José (eds.).
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The Charaña Accord, also known as the Hug of Charaña or the Act of Charaña, is the name given to an unrealized treaty that was discussed between the dictators of
607:
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After this failed first attempt the dispute remained but the political conditions in Chile changed in 1973 when the Right-leaning General Augusto Pinochet
1211:
1151:
Iglesias, Juan Paulo (6 May 2017). Santa María Oyanedel, José Luis; Trujillo Bustos, Alejandro; Rivas Vargas, Sebastián; Benítez Pereira, Andrés (eds.).
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agreements regarding the use of the waters of Lake Titicaca, prospects for both Peru held veto power due to past international treaties.
1412:
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Besides Peru, other foreign nation that also had a stake in the War of the Pacific and the subsequent Atacama dispute was
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Bolivia formerly possessed territories that gave it access to the sea in the form of a province named
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644:"La demanda marítima de Bolivia en La Haya: Entre el pacta sunt servanda y la promisio est servanda"
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570:(172). Santiago, Chile: Instituto de Estudios Internacionales de la Universidad de Chile: 131–134.
243:
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De Charaña a La Haya. Chile, entre la aspiración marítima de Bolivia y la demanda marítima de Perú
201:: eventually, Tacna was returned to Peru but Arica and Tarapaca remained part of Chile as per the
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the Right-leaning General Hugo Banzer also led a successful coup against the Left-leaning
217:
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Before making its decision final however, Peru's foreign minister met with then American
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Estudios en Seguridad y Defensa Escuela Superior de Guerra "General Rafael Reyes Prieto"
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The territorial dispute eventually culminated in a suit presented by Bolivia before the
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26:
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1567:
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822:
576:
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2375:
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1225:
1221:
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The agreement failed after Peru was informed of the proposal: according to the
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which was composed of the northern territories of Chile, especially its
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426:
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129:
82:
53:
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557:"Las aspiraciones marítimas de Bolivia: Antes y después de Cochabamba"
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Chilean proposal for the territorial cession of a corridor north of
1627:
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Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1904 between Chile and Bolivia
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II Desde el Pacto de Tregua de 1884 al Tratado de Paz de 1904
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https://books.google.com/books?id=bMQPQfdWPpwC&pg=PA115
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Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica
842:
Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica
535:
Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica
371:
https://books.google.com/books?id=bMQPQfdWPpwC&pg=PA106
205:. Bolivia for its part first ceded Litoral to Chile by the
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237:
against the democratically-elected Socialist president
1310:"El enclaustramiento de Bolivia y el factor Argentina"
1068:
Capítulo IV: La propuesta chilena de diciembre de 1975
221:
Chile like giving it access to the use of waters from
1600:
Historia de dos demandas: Perú y Bolivia contra Chile
1193:, p. 59-84, III. La estrategia oceánica de Perú.
987:, p. 21-32, I. Cuando el mar no era un problema.
216:
The crippling loss of its access to the sea became a
1038:
VIII.5. Una negociación sobre la aspiración marítima
1021:
VIII.5. Una negociación sobre la aspiración marítima
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Boundary treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina
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Expulsion of Chileans from Bolivia and Peru in 1879
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India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs
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59:
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33:
1212:"Bolivia rompió relaciones diplomáticas con Chile"
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1793:Boundary Treaty of 1874 between Chile and Bolivia
1778:Boundary Treaty of 1866 between Chile and Bolivia
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914:
897:
858:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
701:"Chile, Bolivia y Perú: Prisioneros del pasado"
1371:VIII. Ocho años de cordial amistad. 1970-1978.
382:
373:VIII. Ocho años de cordial amistad. 1970-1978.
209:and the permanent loss was confirmed with the
1688:
1511:Lagos Carmona, Guillermo (1 November 1981) .
1047:
1035:VIII Ocho Años de Cordial Amistad (1970-1978)
1018:VIII Ocho Años de Cordial Amistad (1970–1978)
1001:VIII Ocho Años de Cordial Amistad (1970-1978)
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8:
1534:Lizón, Ramiro Prudencio (1 September 2011).
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1783:Treaty of Defensive Alliance (Bolivia–Peru)
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318:received from Peru without Peru's consent.
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2075:
1762:
1714:
1695:
1681:
1673:
1569:Bolivia y Chile: El Conflicto del Pacífico
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1052:Capítulo II: La mediterraneidad de Bolivia
973:Capítulo II: La mediterraneidad de Bolivia
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2567:History of the foreign relations of Chile
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488:
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1826:Naval campaign of the War of the Pacific
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2086:Torpedo boats in the War of the Pacific
1882:Land campaign of the War of the Pacific
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2122:Consequences of the War of the Pacific
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851:
440:
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211:Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1904
153:In the end, the proposal failed after
1063:
881:
7:
2096:Strategies of the War of the Pacific
1625:Carvajal Prado, Patricio (1994) .
939:VIII.1. El Pacto de Tregua de 1884
727:– via Gale Academic OneFile.
14:
2112:Chilean–Peruvian maritime dispute
1961:Battle of San Juan and Chorrillos
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922:"Nuevas incidentes en Mejillones"
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1352:Ministerio de Educación de Chile
1121:Ministerio de Educación de Chile
846:Ministerio de Educación de Chile
539:Ministerio de Educación de Chile
87:
75:
2607:Territorial disputes of Bolivia
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1206:EFE Editorial (18 March 1978).
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460:(6). Bogotá, Colombia: 15–40.
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2592:Territorial disputes of Chile
2517:Abel-Nicolas du Petit-Thouars
1220:(in Spanish). Madrid, Spain:
1004:VIII.3. La reunión de Charaña
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2275:Pedro José Domingo de Guerra
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823:10.5354/0719-3769.2019.52050
683:Jeréz Ramírez, Luis (1979).
577:10.5354/0719-3769.2012.23621
112:, Military dictator of Chile
2421:Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez
1788:Peruvian Saltpeter Monopoly
2623:
2461:Galvarino Riveros Cárdenas
2306:José Luis Araneda Carrasco
1981:Chilean occupation of Peru
1966:Chorrillos order of battle
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1417:Revista Chilena de Derecho
685:Chile: La vecindad difícil
2219:Francisco García Calderón
404:Cuadernos Interculturales
63:The treaty was vetoed by
24:
2401:Eleuterio Ramírez Molina
1945:Order of Battle at Tacna
1920:Tacna and Arica campaign
1086:Estudios Internacionales
886:Capítulo I: Antecedentes
807:Estudios Internacionales
762:10.1177/0974928414524651
564:Estudios Internacionales
309:Failure of the agreement
281:The territorial exchange
2572:Bolivia–Chile relations
2456:Juan Williams Rebolledo
2396:Pedro Julio Quintavalla
2331:Marcos Segundo Maturana
2224:Leoncio Prado Gutiérrez
2117:Puna de Atacama dispute
2007:Battle of La Concepción
1904:Battle of San Francisco
1191:Rodríguez Elizondo 2009
1134:Rodríguez Elizondo 2014
985:Rodríguez Elizondo 2009
825:(inactive 2024-09-19).
296:exclusive economic zone
2602:Geopolitical corridors
2451:José Velásquez Bórquez
2189:Lizardo Montero Flores
2164:Andrés Avelino Cáceres
1855:Battle of Punta Gruesa
1773:Atacama border dispute
1296:Sección Trece: Epílogo
1292:Ruiz-Tagle Orrego 1992
915:Ruiz-Tagle Orrego 1992
898:Ruiz-Tagle Orrego 1992
277:
147:Atacama border dispute
16:Unrealized 1975 treaty
2346:Ignacio Carrera Pinto
2169:Mariano Ignacio Prado
2154:Miguel Grau Seminario
2059:Treaty of Lima (1929)
1935:Battle of Los Ángeles
1930:Bombardment of Callao
608:"La difícil vecindad"
271:
235:led a successful coup
2587:Bolivia–Chile border
2552:Bolivian irredentism
2431:Robert Souper Howard
2426:Roberto Silva Renard
2366:Alejandro Gorostiaga
2341:Estanislao del Canto
2049:Treaty of Valparaíso
2028:Battle of Huamachuco
1971:Battle of Miraflores
1367:, p. 115–120, [
672:– via Dialnet.
369:, p. 106-107, [
288:Arica–La Paz railway
207:Treaty of Valparaiso
2496:Diego Dublé Almeyda
2486:Ramón Allende Padín
2471:Domingo Santa María
2466:Jorge Montt Álvarez
2336:Manuel Bulnes Pinto
2209:Juan Guillermo More
2159:Francisco Bolognesi
1833:Blockade of Iquique
1456:on 27 February 2021
1317:Si Somos Americanos
1294:, p. 167-170,
1066:, p. 107–132,
999:, p. 120-121,
383:Carvajal Prado 1994
21:
2582:War of the Pacific
2481:Alberto Blest Gana
2356:Luis Cruz Martínez
2311:Luis Gómez Carreño
2301:Juan de Dios Aldea
2229:Luis Germán Astete
2184:Nicolás de Piérola
2179:Mariano Bustamante
1976:Occupation of Lima
1899:Battle of Tarapacá
1704:War of the Pacific
1208:Cebrián, Juan Luis
1048:Lagos Carmona 1981
969:Lagos Carmona 1981
323:Secretary of State
278:
230:the negotiations.
187:War of the Pacific
179:Antofagasta Region
2539:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2416:Óscar Viel y Toro
2381:Juan José Latorre
2135:
2134:
2127:Charaña agreement
2067:
2066:
1894:Tarapacá campaign
1889:Battle of Topater
1872:Battle of Pisagua
1860:Battle of Angamos
1850:Battle of Iquique
1845:Battle of Chipana
1754:
1753:
1653:978-956-247-467-2
1547:978-99954-1-389-7
1492:978-956-284-556-4
1365:Figueroa Pla 2007
1031:Figueroa Pla 2007
1014:Figueroa Pla 2007
997:Figueroa Pla 2007
951:, p. 30-32,
949:Figueroa Pla 2007
934:, p. 22-29,
932:Figueroa Pla 2007
905:"Nuevas riquezas"
884:, p. 21-36,
815:Santiago de Chile
620:on 26 August 2021
367:Figueroa Pla 2007
126:
125:
50:La Paz Department
2614:
2522:Roque Sáenz Peña
2446:Gregorio Urrutia
2326:Orozimbo Barbosa
2321:Manuel Baquedano
2270:Mariano Baptista
2255:Ladislao Cabrera
2234:Emilio Cavenecia
2194:Melitón Carvajal
2144:
2076:
2012:Battle of Pucará
1991:Battle of Sangra
1763:
1715:
1697:
1690:
1683:
1674:
1657:
1638:
1621:
1594:
1588:
1586:
1562:
1556:
1554:
1530:
1507:
1501:
1499:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1455:
1449:. Archived from
1432:
1430:10.7764/r.473.17
1408:
1402:
1401:
1395:
1393:
1387:
1378:
1372:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1345:
1343:
1314:
1305:
1299:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1240:on 22 April 2015
1236:. Archived from
1203:
1194:
1188:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1165:. Archived from
1148:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1114:
1112:
1077:
1071:
1061:
1055:
1045:
1039:
1028:
1022:
1011:
1005:
994:
988:
982:
976:
966:
957:
946:
940:
929:
923:
912:
906:
895:
889:
879:
864:
863:
857:
849:
839:
837:
804:
795:
789:
788:
786:
784:
743:
735:
729:
728:
726:
724:
703:
695:
689:
688:
680:
674:
673:
671:
669:
648:
639:
630:
629:
627:
625:
603:
597:
596:
594:
592:
579:
561:
552:
543:
542:
532:
530:
501:
492:
481:
480:
474:
472:
451:
442:
431:
430:
424:
422:
401:
392:
386:
380:
374:
364:
244:Juan José Torres
239:Salvador Allende
142:Augusto Pinochet
110:Augusto Pinochet
93:
91:
90:
81:
79:
78:
29:
22:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2557:1975 in Bolivia
2542:
2541:
2540:
2531:
2527:Otto von Moltke
2505:
2406:Enrique Simpson
2284:
2260:Narciso Campero
2238:
2214:Miguel Iglesias
2131:
2100:
2063:
2044:Treaty of Ancón
2032:
2016:
1995:
1949:
1940:Battle of Tacna
1925:Battle of Arica
1908:
1822:Naval Maneuvers
1797:
1750:
1734:
1706:
1701:
1664:
1654:
1641:
1624:
1610:
1597:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1565:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1533:
1510:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1478:
1475:
1470:
1469:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1363:
1359:
1341:
1339:
1312:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1290:
1286:
1271:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1243:
1241:
1205:
1204:
1197:
1189:
1182:
1172:
1170:
1150:
1149:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1110:
1108:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1062:
1058:
1050:, p. 128,
1046:
1042:
1037:
1033:, p. 123,
1029:
1025:
1020:
1016:, p. 123,
1012:
1008:
1003:
995:
991:
983:
979:
971:, p. 127,
967:
960:
955:
947:
943:
938:
930:
926:
921:
919:Capítulo Cuatro
913:
909:
904:
896:
892:
880:
867:
850:
835:
833:
802:
797:
796:
792:
782:
780:
754:SAGE Publishing
737:
736:
732:
722:
720:
706:Revista Mensaje
697:
696:
692:
682:
681:
677:
667:
665:
646:
641:
640:
633:
623:
621:
605:
604:
600:
590:
588:
559:
554:
553:
546:
528:
526:
499:
494:
493:
484:
470:
468:
449:
444:
443:
434:
420:
418:
399:
394:
393:
389:
381:
377:
365:
361:
356:
326:Henry Kissinger
311:
292:territorial sea
283:
262:
218:national trauma
171:
108:
88:
86:
85:
76:
74:
37:8 February 1975
20:Charaña Accords
17:
12:
11:
5:
2620:
2618:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2544:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2436:Hernán Trizano
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2411:Policarpo Toro
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2386:Patricio Lynch
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2351:Carlos Condell
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2250:Eduardo Abaroa
2246:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2174:Alfonso Ugarte
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2150:
2148:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2091:Toro Submarino
2088:
2082:
2080:
2073:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1803:
1799:
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1785:
1780:
1775:
1769:
1767:
1760:
1756:
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1752:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1721:
1719:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1692:
1685:
1677:
1671:
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1663:
1662:External links
1660:
1659:
1658:
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1608:
1595:
1578:
1563:
1546:
1531:
1508:
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1474:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1403:
1373:
1357:
1319:(in Spanish).
1300:
1284:
1269:
1251:
1195:
1180:
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1126:
1088:(in Spanish).
1072:
1056:
1040:
1023:
1006:
989:
977:
958:
941:
924:
917:, p. 48,
907:
900:, p. 73,
890:
865:
809:(in Spanish).
790:
730:
708:(in Spanish).
690:
675:
653:(in Spanish).
631:
598:
566:(in Spanish).
544:
506:(in Spanish).
482:
456:(in Spanish).
432:
406:(in Spanish).
387:
375:
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315:Treaty of Lima
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2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2562:1975 in Chile
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
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2512:
2508:
2502:
2501:Sofanor Parra
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2371:Tomás Guevara
2369:
2367:
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2362:
2361:Erasmo Escala
2359:
2357:
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2352:
2349:
2347:
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2334:
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2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2296:Irene Morales
2294:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2281:
2280:Ismael Montes
2278:
2276:
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2271:
2268:
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2265:Hilarión Daza
2263:
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2145:
2142:
2138:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2077:
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2057:
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2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
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1946:
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1921:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
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1890:
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1865:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1839:Naval Battles
1838:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1810:
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1705:
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1665:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1609:9789563477160
1605:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1581:
1579:9789561309548
1575:
1571:
1570:
1564:
1560:
1549:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1515:
1509:
1505:
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1404:
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1374:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1270:9789568410070
1266:
1262:
1255:
1252:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1169:on 6 May 2017
1168:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1127:
1122:
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1103:
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1041:
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1032:
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1024:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1007:
1002:
998:
993:
990:
986:
981:
978:
974:
970:
965:
963:
959:
954:
950:
945:
942:
937:
933:
928:
925:
920:
916:
911:
908:
903:
902:Capítulo Seis
899:
894:
891:
887:
883:
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
866:
861:
855:
847:
843:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
801:
794:
791:
779:
775:
771:
767:
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759:
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751:
747:
742:
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702:
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691:
686:
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676:
664:
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652:
645:
638:
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632:
619:
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573:
569:
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525:
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467:
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459:
455:
448:
441:
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437:
433:
428:
417:
413:
409:
405:
398:
391:
388:
385:, p. 48.
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2476:Aníbal Pinto
2204:Juan Fanning
2199:Juan Buendía
1878:Land Battles
1711:Participants
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1167:the original
1163:Grupo Copesa
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2491:Juana López
2391:Arturo Prat
2376:Pedro Lagos
1766:preliminary
1226:Agencia EFE
1222:Grupo PRISA
756:: 139–152.
335:condominium
169:Antecedents
138:Hugo Banzer
105:Hugo Banzer
71:Signatories
2546:Categories
2441:Luis Uribe
2316:Juan Bravo
1866:Amphibious
1158:La Tercera
1064:Lizón 2011
882:Lizón 2011
354:References
2140:Personnel
2105:Aftermath
1618:980599820
1585:25 August
1553:25 August
1498:25 August
1447:234206590
1439:0718-3437
1342:25 August
1337:0719-0948
1279:123130500
1234:1576-3757
1173:25 August
1111:25 August
1106:0719-3769
836:25 August
831:0719-3769
783:25 August
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770:0974-9284
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718:0716-0062
668:25 August
663:2255-047X
624:25 August
591:25 August
586:0719-3769
529:25 August
524:0716-498X
471:25 August
466:1900-8325
421:25 August
416:0718-0586
343:Argentina
101:Ratifiers
60:Condition
1808:Refugees
1759:Timeline
1635:32133809
1244:29 March
191:Tarapacá
175:Littoral
117:Language
42:Location
2243:Bolivia
2079:General
2072:Aspects
1730:Bolivia
1523:9856424
1217:El País
1210:(ed.).
813:(191).
427:Redalyc
150:Chile.
130:Bolivia
121:Spanish
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1718:Allied
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1746:Chile
1739:Chile
1454:(PDF)
1443:S2CID
1398:JSTOR
1386:(PDF)
1313:(PDF)
803:(PDF)
774:S2CID
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560:(PDF)
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274:Arica
199:Tacna
195:Arica
183:guano
134:Chile
95:Chile
2147:Peru
2021:1883
2000:1882
1954:1881
1913:1880
1802:1879
1725:Peru
1648:ISBN
1631:OCLC
1614:OCLC
1604:ISBN
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