35:
1219:. Nicholas gained a stellar reputation as a skilled artisan for hire and attended a Roman Catholic church in New Orleans. He also demonstrated a fiercely independent spirit—in the summer of 1846, a New Orleans court sentenced him to 25 lashes for striking a white man. Kelly offered Nicholas the chance to buy his freedom for $ 1000, and Nicholas later claimed to have paid at least $ 200 or $ 300 toward his freedom. In 1847, Kelly, who had returned to Charleston leaving Nicholas to continue working for wages in New Orleans, forcibly returned Nicholas to Charleston. Newspapers at the time speculated that Kelly was "guilty of gross injustice and dishonesty of denying the payment and repudiating the contract," compelling Kelly to deny publicly that he was guilty of this perfidy.
1245:, went to the Charleston Workhouse to take custody of an unnamed enslaved woman, believed to have been Nicholas's sister. Gilchrist ostensibly intended to take her to receive medical treatment but presumably meant to sell her as soon as her health improved. Nicholas and other slaves barred Gilchrist from taking the woman and assaulted Gilchrist's enslaved valet when he tried to seize her on the slave trader's orders. Gilchrist fled. Nicholas rallied his companions, telling them, "There be war today" and calling on "every man, who called himself a man, to be a man." The insurgents occupied the workhouse's courtyard and armed themselves with sledgehammer handles, pickaxes, axes, hammers, and other improvised weapons.
1287:
of them enslaved), and it was an offshoot of an
Episcopalian church that had long had a racially mixed congregation. Mayor Hutchinson persuaded the mob to disperse, and the city convened a special committee to determine the future of the church and of religious instruction of enslaved people and freedmen generally. After a six-month study, the committee endorsed both. The church was consecrated on December 23, 1849.
183:
1279:
ordered an investigation into management of the workhouse, and a special committee report released in August blamed the revolt on the "great laxity of discipline" that had "prevailed for some time past." Councilors passed a resolution ordering the closure of the workhouse and the construction of a new one, and endorsed a transition from the paramilitary
1270:
Six of the 37 freedom seekers continued to evade capture, and the governor issued a reward of $ 600 for their arrest. Two surrendered on July 20 and one was captured on July 21, but the remaining three, Edward Farrar, Adam Kelly, and Edward Graves, made it about seventy miles northwest of
Charleston,
1266:
On the morning of July 14, Nicholas stood in the dock before the
Charleston Court of Magistrates and Freeholders. He was convicted and sentenced to death. Nicholas's two lieutenants, George Holmes and John Toomer, went on trial on July 16 and were sentenced to death for "grievously wounding, maiming,
1257:
ensued. About half-a-dozen white men suffered serious wounds, and the insurgents burst out of the main gates into
Charleston's streets. Thirty-seven enslaved people scattered and ran for freedom, as white Charlestonians mobilized to capture them. Eighteen freedom seekers were captured within 24 hours
1357:
in 1822. The uprising resulted in more restrictive policing of slavery, as white vigilance and safety committees formed throughout South
Carolina, vowing to root out abolitionists and control the slave population. The revolt intensified the sense of alarm among white South Carolinians, which in turn
1286:
On the night of July 14, a mob of 1,200 whites descended on
Charleston's Calvary Episcopal Church and threatened to demolish the building, denouncing the church and its pastor for providing religious instruction to slaves. Still under construction, the church was intended for Black congregants (most
1232:
During his ensuing 16-month incarceration in the
Workhouse, Nicholas worked as a cook and overseer and received special privileges. He intimidated his jailers, who permitted him to walk the grounds freely and arm himself with a cudgel. Judge O'Neall of South Carolina's appellate court later observed
1222:
Less than two weeks after his return to
Charleston, Nicholas resisted when a city guardsman and a police officer, both white men, tried to search him for money at Kelly's request. One man threatened Nicholas: "I'll blow your brains out." Nicholas retorted, "Blow and be damned, I have but one life to
1278:
The enslavers of
Nicholas Kelly, George Holmes, and John Toomer filed a civil suit against the Charleston city council for allegedly neglecting and mismanaging the workhouse, creating conditions for the rebellion. Juries and the state appeals court largely dismissed the lawsuits. The city council
1252:
visited the workhouse and urged the guards to regain control of the situation. At about two o'clock, workhouse keeper James C. Norris, Mayor
Hutchinson, and three white guards entered the courtyard and sought to seize Nicholas, who defended himself. Twenty other enslaved people came to Nicholas's
1203:
Nicholas was born into slavery in 1822 or 1823 in the St. Andrews District, a few miles north of Charleston. His parents were Ellen, an enslaved woman with Native American ancestry, and her enslaver, an unnamed planter. As the age of 8, the boy was hired out to William Kelly, an Irish-American
1267:
and bruising" three white men. The trials, verdicts, and sentences all took place on the same day. On July 20, all three men were publicly hanged in the jail yard. Their bodies were transferred to a medical college located across the street from the jail, to be used for dissection.
1229:, posted an insanity defense. Nicholas was convicted and sentenced to hang, but a mistrial was declared on appeal, and the new trial, which concluded in March 1848, led to Nicholas's conviction on lesser charges and his sentence to a three-year term in the Workhouse.
1175:, in July 1849. On July 13, 1849, an enslaved man named Nicholas Kelly led an insurrection, wounding several guards with improvised weapons and liberating 37 enslaved people. Most were quickly captured, and Nicholas and two others were tried and hanged.
1223:
lose, and I am ready to lose that." Nicholas hit both men with a shovel before they could handcuff him. He was charged with two counts of greviously wounding a white person. His court-appointed lawyer, Richard Yeadon, a slaveholder and editor of the
1295:
Local newspapers mostly downplayed the insurrection, calling it a "riot," "outbreak," or "insubordination" in which only a few slaves had participated. In contrast, Northern abolitionists and newspapers provided extensive coverage.
1271:
traversing alligator-infested swamps while evading posses equipped with guns and hounds. Graves forged a travel pass, and Farrar, who could pass for white, masqueraded as the white owner of Kelly and Graves. They were captured near
1195:, or forced them to walk the treadmill, a huge corn-grinding device similar to a stepping machine. Stripped naked, victims were forced to walk the treadmill until they collapsed from exhaustion or fell and suffered injuries.
1233:
that "Nicholas was known to be ungovernable, in a peculiar degree, turbulent and dangerous: being infected (or at least professing to be) by certain ideas of personal rights, inconsistent with his subjection as a slave.”
1369:
installed a commemorative plaque at the vacant lot on Magazine Street that was once the location of the Charleston Workhouse. Among other historical details, the plaque described the rebellion led by Nicholas Kelly.
1683:
1636:
34:
1191:
where enslavers imprisoned Black people to be sold or punished. Enslavers paid the city a fee to torture their slaves. The guards inflicted public floggings, confined enslaved victims to the
1150:
1353:
In spite of its spontaneity, brevity, and limited casualties, the Charleston Workhouse Slave Rebellion was the most significant slave uprising to occur in South Carolina since the
283:
228:
93:
1703:
1678:
1668:
1188:
1275:, on July 24. Charged with riot and insubordination, all six freedom seekers were convicted and sentenced to flogging and solitary confinement in a July 30 trial.
1708:
1693:
1258:
of the uprising, including Nicholas, who made it only one mile from the workhouse before rifle-toting militiamen forced him to surrender on Cannon's Bridge.
268:
1626:
1143:
166:
665:
643:
1518:
971:
1459:
1136:
1021:
273:
306:
532:
607:
314:
1673:
1663:
897:
687:
544:
1345:, 2021) was the first book-length treatment of the rebellion. This monograph received positive reviews in scholarly journals.
1337:
Until recently, historians largely overlooked this rebellion given the relative paucity of primary sources. Jeff Strickland's
1481:
453:
1445:
1400:
1280:
930:
278:
86:
1631:
1598:
571:
430:
1688:
1451:
1342:
1168:
793:
562:
78:
1698:
1298:
1272:
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879:
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462:
350:
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1249:
1077:
1308:
1304:
1042:
962:
519:
324:
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1396:
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1107:
1102:
843:
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766:
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492:
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263:
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1184:
501:
40:
1359:
1225:
1092:
705:
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44:
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1594:"All for Liberty: The Charleston Workhouse Slave Rebellion of 1849 by Jeff Strickland (review)"
1607:
1574:
1535:
1490:
1455:
1242:
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762:
589:
233:
1566:
1527:
1366:
1087:
980:
474:
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243:
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174:
1072:
1062:
989:
920:
820:
735:
553:
510:
373:
332:
238:
128:
26:
1326:
1172:
870:
716:
199:
1555:"All for Liberty: The Charleston Workhouse Slave Rebellion of 1849 by Jeff Strickland"
1657:
1354:
1319:
1097:
1052:
861:
829:
775:
423:
1254:
1205:
1067:
753:
364:
182:
1358:
contributed to South Carolina's secession crisis of 1850–51, in the wake of the
1216:
951:
911:
342:
1593:
1331:
1283:
to a dedicated police force tasked with tight control of the Black community.
1112:
696:
616:
523:
1611:
1578:
1539:
1494:
1477:"Review of All for Liberty: The Charleston Workhouse Slave Rebellion of 1849"
1388:
108:
95:
1209:
678:
656:
434:
413:
395:
377:
354:
1570:
1531:
852:
784:
744:
1476:
1509:
634:
598:
541:
483:
223:
1554:
1192:
1512:
All For Liberty: The Charleston Workhouse Slave Rebellion of 1849
1447:
All for Liberty: The Charleston Workhouse Slave Rebellion of 1849
1167:
was a rebellion of enslaved South Carolinians that took place in
998:
941:
888:
1627:"Charleston Puts Up Plaque Where Slaves Were Beaten, Punished"
1365:
On July 13, 2022, the Charleston City Council and Mayor
1684:
African-American history in Charleston, South Carolina
1393:
Discovering Our Past: College of Charleston Histories
16:
1849 slave revolt in Charleston, South Carolina, U.S.
152:
142:
134:
124:
85:
74:
66:
51:
1241:On the morning of July 13, 1849, a slave trader,
1144:
8:
1330:shared details of the revolt, denounced the
1187:, the Charleston Workhouse was a prison and
19:
1704:Riots and civil disorder in South Carolina
1679:African-American history of South Carolina
1669:19th-century in Charleston, South Carolina
1151:
1137:
161:
33:
18:
1389:"Charleston Work House and "Sugar House""
188:Attack and capture of the Crête-à-Pierrot
148:Participants tried and executed or jailed
1519:The Journal of Interdisciplinary History
1248:At Gilchrist's behest, Charleston mayor
1379:
173:
1208:. Kelly trained Nicholas to work as a
1709:Slave rebellions in the United States
1439:
1437:
1212:and purchased him a few years later.
192:Combat et prise de la Crête-à-Pierrot
7:
1694:History of slavery in South Carolina
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1165:Charleston Workhouse Slave Rebellion
1008:Charleston Workhouse Slave Rebellion
20:Charleston Workhouse Slave Rebellion
972:slave revolt in the Cherokee Nation
1334:, and reported on the executions.
39:Charleston Workhouse (center) and
14:
1559:The Journal of the Civil War Era
1215:In 1845, Kelly took Nicholas to
229:Slavery among indigenous peoples
181:
1639:from the original on 2024-05-23
1475:Schoeppner, Michael A. (2022).
1403:from the original on 2024-05-23
1:
1482:Journal of the Early Republic
1015:(South Carolina, suppressed)
688:Curaçao Slave Revolt of 1795
269:British and French Caribbean
175:North American slave revolts
27:North American slave revolts
1632:South Carolina Public Radio
1625:Whalen, Emma (2022-07-31).
1599:Journal of Southern History
1725:
1592:Jones, William D. (2023).
1452:Cambridge University Press
1343:Cambridge University Press
1253:defense, and a brawl with
880:Great African Slave Revolt
608:Montserrat slave rebellion
563:Province of South Carolina
307:Santo Domingo Slave Revolt
79:Charleston, South Carolina
1444:Strickland, Jeff (2021).
1387:Williams, Joseph (2020).
1273:Kingstree, South Carolina
1204:building contractor from
32:
24:
1553:Whitwell, Sarah (2023).
1355:Denmark Vesey Conspiracy
1183:Located adjacent to the
666:Pointe Coupée Conspiracy
431:Santa Fe de Nuevo México
351:Real Audiencia of Panama
1674:19th-century rebellions
1250:Thomas Leger Hutchinson
1078:Jean-Jacques Dessalines
905:(Virginia, suppressed)
837:(Virginia, suppressed)
55:July 13, 1849
1664:1849 in South Carolina
1309:National Intelligencer
1028:(Virginia, suppressed)
898:Nat Turner's rebellion
325:San Miguel de Gualdape
274:British Virgin Islands
1571:10.1353/cwe.2023.0031
1397:College of Charleston
1321:New York Evening Post
794:German Coast Uprising
533:St. John Slave Revolt
454:New York Slave Revolt
194:, March 1802) in the
1532:10.1162/jinh_r_01848
1315:Pennsylvania Freeman
1262:Trials and aftermath
1118:Toussaint Louverture
1108:Nanny of the Maroons
955:case, ship rebellion
803:Territory of Orleans
581:Province of New York
493:Chesapeake rebellion
466:Province of New York
340:1548–1558, 1579–1582
219:Atlantic slave trade
146:Rebellion suppressed
109:32.77857°N 79.9372°W
1514:by Jeff Strickland"
1508:Ford, Lacy (2022).
1185:Old Charleston Jail
965:coast, victorious)
944:coast, victorious)
736:Gabriel's Rebellion
572:New York Conspiracy
502:Chesapeake Colonies
105: /
41:Old Charleston Jail
21:
1360:Compromise of 1850
1226:Charleston Mercury
1093:Madison Washington
1058:François Mackandal
706:Haitian Revolution
626:Abaco Slave Revolt
196:Haitian Revolution
153:Non-fatal injuries
114:32.77857; -79.9372
1689:Conflicts in 1849
1461:978-1-108-49259-1
1243:John M. Gilchrist
1161:
1160:
1048:Charles Deslondes
1022:John Brown's raid
990:Ladder Conspiracy
844:Bussa's Rebellion
812:Aponte conspiracy
763:St. Simons Island
234:Slavery in Canada
160:
159:
1716:
1699:July 1849 events
1648:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1622:
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1615:
1589:
1583:
1582:
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1544:
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1505:
1499:
1498:
1472:
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1441:
1412:
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1409:
1408:
1384:
1367:John Tecklenburg
1153:
1146:
1139:
981:Indian Territory
934:, ship rebellion
475:First Maroon War
388:Acaxee Rebellion
185:
162:
120:
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101:
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62:
60:
37:
22:
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1442:
1415:
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1404:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1351:
1339:All For Liberty
1293:
1264:
1239:
1201:
1181:
1157:
1128:
1127:
1073:Jean Saint Malo
1063:Gabriel Prosser
1038:
1037:Notable leaders
1030:
1029:
1025:
1011:
993:
975:
957:
936:
921:British Jamaica
915:
901:
883:
865:
847:
833:
815:
797:
779:
757:
739:
729:
721:
720:
709:
691:
669:
647:
644:Mina Conspiracy
629:
611:
593:
575:
557:
554:Stono Rebellion
536:
514:
511:Samba rebellion
496:
478:
457:
447:
439:
438:
426:
408:
406:Tepehuán Revolt
390:
368:
345:
333:Spanish Florida
327:
309:
299:
291:
290:
214:
206:
202:, engraving by
147:
129:Slave rebellion
113:
111:
107:
104:
99:
96:
94:
92:
91:
81:, United States
58:
56:
47:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1722:
1720:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1649:
1617:
1606:(1): 144–145.
1584:
1565:(2): 239–241.
1545:
1526:(2): 352–354.
1500:
1489:(4): 640–642.
1467:
1460:
1413:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1350:
1347:
1327:Boston Courier
1305:The North Star
1292:
1289:
1263:
1260:
1238:
1235:
1200:
1199:Nicholas Kelly
1197:
1180:
1177:
1173:South Carolina
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1055:
1050:
1045:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1013:
1012:
1001:, suppressed)
995:
994:
983:, suppressed)
977:
976:
959:
958:
938:
937:
923:, suppressed)
917:
916:
903:
902:
891:, suppressed)
885:
884:
873:, suppressed)
871:South Carolina
867:
866:
855:, suppressed)
849:
848:
835:
834:
823:, suppressed)
817:
816:
805:, suppressed)
799:
798:
787:, suppressed)
781:
780:
769:, victorious)
759:
758:
747:, suppressed)
741:
740:
730:
727:
726:
723:
722:
717:Saint-Domingue
711:
710:
699:, suppressed)
693:
692:
681:, suppressed)
671:
670:
659:, suppressed)
649:
648:
637:, suppressed)
631:
630:
619:, suppressed)
613:
612:
601:, suppressed)
595:
594:
590:Tacky's Revolt
583:, suppressed)
577:
576:
565:, suppressed)
559:
558:
547:, suppressed)
538:
537:
526:, suppressed)
516:
515:
504:, suppressed)
498:
497:
486:, victorious)
480:
479:
468:, suppressed)
459:
458:
448:
445:
444:
441:
440:
428:
427:
416:, suppressed)
410:
409:
398:, suppressed)
392:
391:
380:, victorious)
370:
369:
357:, suppressed)
347:
346:
335:, victorious)
329:
328:
311:
310:
300:
297:
296:
293:
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200:Auguste Raffet
186:
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144:
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138:Nicholas Kelly
136:
132:
131:
126:
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89:
83:
82:
76:
72:
71:
68:
64:
63:
53:
49:
48:
38:
30:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1299:The Liberator
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1255:melee weapons
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1186:
1179:The workhouse
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1111:
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1106:
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1101:
1099:
1098:Marcos Xiorro
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1088:Joseph Cinqué
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1053:Denmark Vesey
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
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1040:
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1024:
1023:
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1017:
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1000:
992:
991:
986:
985:
984:
982:
974:
973:
968:
967:
966:
964:
963:Southern U.S.
956:
954:
953:
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946:
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935:
933:
932:
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864:
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846:
845:
840:
839:
838:
832:
831:
830:George Boxley
826:
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1405:. Retrieved
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1349:Consequences
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135:Organized by
1332:show trials
1217:New Orleans
912:Baptist War
343:Bayano Wars
298:Before 1700
284:colonial US
112: /
87:Coordinates
43:during the
1658:Categories
1643:2024-05-23
1407:2024-05-22
1374:References
1281:City Guard
1169:Charleston
1113:Nat Turner
1083:John Brown
862:Vesey Plot
704:1791–1804
617:Montserrat
545:Saint John
524:New France
259:New France
100:79°56′14″W
97:32°46′43″N
59:1849-07-13
1612:2325-6893
1579:2159-9807
1540:0022-1953
1495:0275-1275
1210:plasterer
997:(Spanish
961:(off the
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851:(British
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679:New Spain
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615:(British
597:(British
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561:(British
520:Louisiana
500:(British
482:(British
435:New Spain
414:New Spain
396:New Spain
378:New Spain
367:'s Revolt
355:New Spain
264:New Spain
45:Civil War
1637:Archived
1401:Archived
1291:Coverage
988:1843–44
910:1831–32
853:Barbados
785:Virginia
745:Virginia
588:1760–61
374:Veracruz
167:a series
165:Part of
75:Location
67:Duration
25:Part of
1043:Carolta
931:Amistad
767:Georgia
697:Curaçao
695:(Dutch
635:Bahamas
599:Jamaica
484:Jamaica
463:British
362:c. 1570
254:Bahamas
224:Maroons
213:Context
156:Several
143:Outcome
57: (
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1324:, and
1193:stocks
952:Creole
714:French
542:Danish
1103:Maria
1020:1859
1006:1849
970:1842
949:1841
942:Cuban
928:1839
896:1831
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734:1800
686:1795
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624:1787
606:1768
570:1741
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531:1733
509:1731
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473:1730
452:1712
244:Haiti
70:1 day
1608:ISSN
1575:ISSN
1536:ISSN
1491:ISSN
1456:ISBN
1163:The
1123:Tula
999:Cuba
889:Cuba
821:Cuba
421:1680
403:1616
385:1601
322:1526
304:1521
239:Cuba
125:Type
52:Date
1567:doi
1528:doi
198:by
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1416:^
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