814:
132:
344:
131:
535:
246:
610:
813:
718:
820:
459:
312:, Cameron met in Rome with another Charles Cameron, a Jacobite and a true member of the Lochiel clan, (likely Dr Archibald's son) and "borrowed" the life story of the latter to embellish his own. Cameron returned from Italy around 1769 and published the results of his studies in 1772 (reissues 1774, 1775) under the title
388:) mixed with ancient Roman motifs. Catherine, perhaps the first of European monarchs, realized that the emerging style had the potential to become a definitive form of imperial art. She spared no expense in hiring foreign architects and craftsmen trained in the neoclassical manner. She instructed Baron
746:
The Temple of
Friendship was the first building in Pavlovsk, followed by the main palace. Cameron's Pavlovsk was far from Paul's vision of what an imperial residence should be: it lacked moats, forts and all other military paraphernalia so dear to Paul; "Cameron created a markedly private world for
414:
Cameron arrived in Russia in 1779, also invited by
Catherine's agents. Exact details of Cameron's hire remain vague, but on 23 August 1779 an enthusiastic Catherine wrote to Grimm that "At present I am very taken with Mr. Cameron, a Scot by nationality and a Jacobite, great draughtsman, well versed
845:
Cameron's personality remains a "shadowy figure": being "proud, aloof and difficult", he had a talent for alienating people. He did not participate in the social life of the
English diaspora in Saint Petersburg; he had few Russian friends, did not speak Russian and was disliked for his attitude of
1020:
described the appearance of a modified
Lochiel emblem used by Cameron and noted that "No Charles Cameron who went to Russia is, however, known in the records of the family. On the other hand, a certain Dr. Archibald Cameron had a number of sons, three of whom do not figure in the history of the
849:
In 1784 Cameron married
Catherine Busch, daughter of the imperial gardener John Busch. They had a daughter, Mary, however, her birth has not been evidenced by church records. Mary Cameron, engaged to James Grange, left Russia in 1798. Grange returned to Russia in 1803, and, according to Anthony
530:
yet blending into
Cameron's unmistakingly own style. As early as 22 June 1771 Catherine praised the architect: "There are not yet but two rooms to do and there one rushes, because just here one sees nothing to equal it. I confess that I myself will not tire during nine weeks of watching this."
754:
of Europe (1781–1782). Maria complained about
Cameron's delays since 1782. Constrained financially, Paul and Maria closely watched Cameron's progress and regularly curbed his far-reaching, expensive plans. Cameron also displayed signs of aversion to their management since 1782, but court
38:
201:, and many others). According to his first biographer Georgy Lukomsky, "Cameron remains one of the greatest exponents of British taste and British Art abroad, and if he has been so completely forgotten in his own country, it would seem only right to rectify this omission".
655:. Catherine decreed that the streets of Sofia must blend with the roads of Tsarskoye Selo park. Cameron arranged the streets to make an impression that they all radiate from the Gallery. The streets were brightly lit at night when Catherine was present at Tsarskoye.
260:. Walter visited Archibald shortly before his execution and may have assisted his wife and children, one of whom was named Charles. Talbot Rice claimed that Charles Cameron was in fact this son of Dr. Archibald. Cameron used the Lochiel coat of arms for his personal
787:
Lukomsky also wrote that in 1800–1801 Cameron temporarily left Russia for
England; according to Colvin, this opinion is unsubstantiated: in 1800–1801 Cameron worked in Pavlovsk, then owned by Maria Fyodorovna, where he built the Ionic Pavilion of Three Graces.
739:. Cameron built the original palace core that survives to date, the Temple of Friendship, Private Gardens, Aviary, Apollo Colonnade and the Lime Avenue and planned the original landscape, but true authorship of Pavlovsk as a whole should be credited to empress
755:
intermediaries downplayed the conflict for a while. By 1785 it became public: Cameron quarreled with Paul over costs of
Pavlovsk and Paul himself detested Cameron as Catherine's agent. Between 1786 and 1789 Cameron's duties in Pavlovsk passed to an Italian,
561:
and
Cameron. In 1782 Cameron started his first standalone building, the Cold Baths, a two-story bathhouse in mixed Italian-Greek classicism with luxurious interiors (notably the Agate Pavilion). In 1784–1787 it was expanded with a two-story gallery
566:), mixing natural stone Roman ground floor with a lightweight, snow-white upper floor gallery marked with unusually wide spacing between columns. The gallery, adorned with statues of foreign poets and philosophers, became Catherine's favourite
219:
in Russia." Apart from the well-researched Catherinian period (1779–1796), Cameron's life story remains poorly documented, not in the least due to Cameron's own efforts to shake off the bad reputation he had earned in the 1770s in London
1377:
Lukomsky 1943, part 1: "nor did he find the same sympathy among his colleagues and collaborators. This was perhaps due to his ignorance of the language, or to what may have been taken as an attitude of "English
495:; Cameron's undisputed additions are the living quarters of the Village and the Chinese Bridges over the canal. During Paul's reign Cameron's buildings were stripped of exterior finishes and later rebuilt by
1092:
English translation as in Shvidkovsky 2007, p. 258; see also English rendition in Lukomsky 1943, part I. Cross 1997 p. 286 and p. Colvin, p. 212, provide the same fragment of the original letter in French.
767:
Upon ascension to power in 1796, Paul fired Cameron from all his contracts and deprived him of his house in Tsarskoye. Cameron experienced financial difficulties and had to sell his collection of books to
335:
for debt. In 1791, when Cameron applied for a membership in the Architect's Club of London, he was barred admission due to this and other episodes that had stained his reputation in England.
1772:
740:
207:
ranked Cameron "one of the major urban architects of the eighteenth century ... an accomplished designer and decorator in a neoclassical style that has affinities with that of
1624:(in Russian). The Philosophical Age. Almanac 6. Russia at the Time of Nicholas I: Science, Politics, Enlightenment. Ed. by T. Khartanovich, M. Mikeshin. St. Petersburg, 1998.
319:
Cameron's life between 1769 and his departure to Russia in 1779 remains barely known. Archives attest to his involvement in only one construction contract in London, for an
1782:
1346:
Shvidkovsky 2007, p. 284 and Hayden 2005, p. 120 date the year of Brenna's takeover as 1786. According to Lanceray, Cameron's influence in Pavlovsk lasted until 1789.
735:
Pavlovsk, the largest landscape park in 18th century Russia (1,500 acres), is attributed to a succession of architects, starting with Cameron and ending with
1209:
1777:
1767:
462:
The Agate Pavilion. "At Tsarskoye Selo Cameron produced some of the most exquisitely elegant neoclassical interiors in eighteenth-century Europe" –
1648:
Vityazeva, V. A., Modzalevskaya, M. A. (2006, in Russian) Istorik russkoy arhitektury Nikolay Lanceray (Историк русской культуры Николай Лансере)
807:. Lukomsky noted that Cameron, who once executed Catherine's soaring dreams, was hardly interested in building barracks and repairing gateways.
234:
Details of Cameron’s origins are uncertain. He was probably the son of Walter Cameron, a London carpenter. However, he claimed descent from the
1619:"Adam Menelas na rossiyskoy zemle (Адам Менелас на российской земле. Возможные пути интерпретации творчества архитектора императора Николая I)"
1433:
had compiled substantial material on Cameron earlier, in the 1920s. It was lost after his arrest, apart from the fragments used in his book on
857:. The redundant and still incomplete castle was converted to living quarters and housed up to 900 residents, including the Camerons and future
268:
question his claim of Lochiel lineage. Researchers also disagree on the exact year of Cameron's birth, which may be either 1743, 1745 or 1746.
868:; his widow secured a pension from the Russian Government, sold Cameron's library and either returned to England or died in Saint Petersburg.
1737:
1716:
1695:
1674:
1598:
1579:
1498:
1477:
701:
built at Stowe by an unknown architect in the 1740s. Another direct quote from Stowe is the Pyramid Tomb over the grave of Catherine's three
281:
1319:
Hayden 2005, pp. 117-118, provides examples of Maria's 1782 instructions implemented through courtiers Baron Nicolay and Baron Kuchelbecker.
343:
803:. He also worked in Pavlovsk, restoring the palace after a fire. In 1805 Cameron finally retired; his tenure at the Admiralty passed to
389:
1166:
396:
architects because "the Frenchmen we have here know too much and build dreadful houses – because they know too much." These Italians,
639:, was built near Tsarskoye Selo to Cameron's plan. It was designed to be viewed from the walkways of Cameron's Gallery and represent
1638:
162:
of Sophia from his arrival in Russia in 1779 to Catherine's death in 1796. Cameron concentrated exclusively on country palaces and
1521:
514:
in the 1750s; what started as a modest remodelling soon resulted in the most lavish interiors of the whole palace, reminiscent of
865:
20:
476:
377:
1437:, first printed in 2006. In the last quarter of the 20th century Anthony Glenn Cross researched Cameron's life as part of the
256:
Walter Cameron was certainly friendly with Dr Archibald Cameron, the last Jacobite to be executed and a brother of the chief
331:
with the property owner and had to sell his son's art collection to raise funds. Charles sued his father, who was jailed in
211:. His style is sufficiently individual to exonerate him from the imputation of being merely an imitator... Although still a
759:, hired by Paul in 1782. Dismissed by Paul, Cameron continued working on Catherine's own projects until her death in 1796.
597:. The number was too high for Cameron, and the Scots eventually dispersed to other projects; Menelaws became assistant to
1422:
800:
484:
249:
663:
488:
428:
424:
369:
186:
527:
419:. At the moment we are making a garden with him on a terrace..." Catherine also wrote that Cameron was raised at the
381:
772:. His activities during Paul's reign are largely unknown. Georgy Lukomsky wrote than in 1799 Cameron redesigned the
181:
Cameron's British neoclassicism was an isolated episode in Russian architecture, then dominated by Italian artists (
850:
Cross, could have helped Cameron's career revival in 1803–1805. By 1839 the Granges had seven surviving children.
553:. Clerisseau, Catherine's first choice, produced drafts for a gigantic and expensive Roman structure based on the
854:
542:
Catherine had another specific task for Cameron: she envisaged a new, relatively modest Neoclassical building in
257:
147:
1591:
Charles Cameron i arhitektura imperatorskikh rezidentsii (Чарлз Камерон и архитектура императорских резиденций)
1453:
in English in 1996 (most recent Russian edition: 2008). Cameron's concise biography in the fourth edition of
1213:
861:
736:
239:
198:
1490:'By the Banks of the Neva': Chapters from the Lives and Careers of the British in Eighteenth-Century Russia
534:
324:
235:
212:
143:
442:
prior to 1779. Peter Hayden suggested that Cameron learned the trade from his father-in-law, John Busch (
1787:
1757:
730:
385:
355:
175:
171:
245:
401:
280:. After Ware's death in 1766 Cameron settled on continuing his late master's work on a new edition of
1762:
1571:
The Empress & the Architect: British Architecture and Gardens at the Court of Catherine the Great
1442:
1418:
511:
1445:
contributed studies of Cameron's early career in England. A definitive modern biography of Cameron,
796:
747:
the Grand Duke. The palace could have belonged to anyone... not to the tsar of Russia in waiting."
644:
632:
554:
431:. Cameron settled first in Chernyshev House in Saint Petersburg but soon moved to his own house in
361:
182:
308:, digging into subterranean remains that were rediscovered only in the 20th century. According to
1450:
593:, agreed to move to Russia (many took their families with them), causing a futile protest of the
492:
309:
289:
609:
142:(1745 – 19 March 1812) was a Scottish architect who made an illustrious career at the court of
1733:
1712:
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558:
397:
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648:
613:
550:
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348:
163:
71:
717:
1434:
791:
Alexander, who succeeded Paul in March 1801, appointed Cameron the chief architect of the
756:
726:
515:
293:
194:
155:
99:
406:
178:
in 1803–1805. All his indisputable tangible works "can be encompassed in a day's tour".
42:
Oil-painting signed by R. Hunter, Dublin, 1773, previously in the Townshend collection,
37:
1529:
706:
679:
667:
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111:
75:
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858:
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590:
586:
571:
496:
463:
443:
373:
216:
204:
1548:
781:
780:; according to contemporary researchers, Baturyn was a collaborative effort led by
652:
621:
598:
420:
332:
229:
43:
1618:
1727:
1706:
1685:
1664:
1569:
1488:
1467:
693:
Peter Hayden drew parallels between Cameron's landscaping in Sophia with that of
795:
During this brief (1802–1805) employment Cameron designed the Naval Hospital in
698:
694:
675:
625:
523:
439:
305:
208:
1212:(in Russian). Tsarskoye Selo Museum and Reserve (official site). Archived from
1169:(in Russian). Tsarskoye Selo Museum and Reserve (official site). Archived from
1083:
Lukomsky 1943, part 1, cites the same fragment in the original French language.
751:
328:
320:
277:
671:
585:, hiring fellow Scotsmen to work in Tsarskoye Selo. 73 craftsmen, including
582:
567:
261:
686:, scattered along the road to Catherine Palace, doubled as the setting for
1509:
1469:
A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects, 1600-1840: Fourth Edition
853:
During retirement Cameron and his wife lived in Paul's favourite palace,
659:
636:
617:
159:
57:
697:
park, notably the similarity between Cameron's Temple of Memory and the
487:. The theatre of Chinese Village had already been in place, designed by
832:
828:
773:
750:
Conflicts between Cameron and Paul and Maria date back to the couple's
519:
458:
547:
503:
365:
1417:
The first comprehensive English biography of Cameron was written by
1387:
Cross 1997, p. 296. Hayden 2005, pp. 84-92, spells the same name as
1021:
family at home, and it is possible that Charles was one of these."
716:
683:
608:
533:
457:
342:
288:, a project that required personal studies and surveys of ancient
244:
130:
276:
Cameron trained in London with his father and with the architect
327:(1770–1775). Walter Cameron, the main contractor, was ruined by
301:
1425:
school, and published in 1943 in England with introduction by
392:, her European agent in matters of art and antiques, to hire
705:; it survived to date but the Temple of Memory was razed by
1199:
Lukomsky 1943, part 2, states years of completion 1783–1785
316:
with proper scientific commentaries in English and French.
475:
Cameron's career in Russia started with expansion of the
1666:
Landmarks of Russian Architecture: A Photographic Survey
1441:
in Saint Petersburg and tracked his family connections;
574:
on one side and an English landscape park on the other.
415:
in antique monuments and well known for his book on the
292:. He spent 1767 in London, preparing prints of works by
784:
and Cameron's involvement cannot be reliably measured.
1687:
Architectures of Russian Identity: 1500 To the Present
557:, that were rejected out of hand but later influenced
296:, and arrived in Rome in 1768. There, he surveyed the
174:, Cameron enjoyed a brief revival of his career under
1684:
James Cracraft; Daniel Daniel Bruce Rowland (2003).
1511:
Charles Cameron, Architect. An illustrated monograph
438:
Cameron, a Londoner, had no practical experience in
314:
The Baths of the Romans explained and illustrated...
427:("James III and VIII") and that he was a nephew of
117:
94:
82:
64:
50:
28:
1472:. Paul Mellon Ctr for Studies. pp. 211–213.
1773:18th-century architects from the Russian Empire
1113:Hayden 2005, p. 117. Hayden spells the surname
435:; it was later taken from him by emperor Paul.
1459:Biographical Dictionary of British Architects
581:project Cameron himself acted as Catherine's
372:in the first decade of her reign to emerging
8:
1461:cites all the English sources listed above.
121:Parks of Pavlovsk, Sophia and Tsarskoye Selo
662:were scattered in the park: the lake with
624:. It is attributed jointly to Cameron and
36:
25:
1783:British expatriates in the Russian Empire
502:In 1780–1784 he redecorated the formerly
238:, a Scottish clan deeply involved in the
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
966:
964:
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960:
958:
956:
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1726:Dmitriĭ Olegovich Shvidkovskiĭ (2007).
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1232:
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940:
938:
936:
934:
886:
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880:
876:
364:'s tastes in architecture evolved from
347:Cameron's draft for the dining room in
1633:(in Russian). Saint Petersburg: Kolo.
1568:Dimitrij Olegovič Švidkovskij (1996).
1290:
1288:
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678:ruins symbolized the former might of
7:
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898:
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823:The palace and park ensemble Hetman
721:Pavlovsk Palace, end of 19th century
643:, the coveted target of Catherine's
616:near Tsarskoye Selo was built as an
264:, although modern researchers since
1610:Biographies of contemporary artists
411:, arrived in Russia after Cameron.
146:. Cameron, a practitioner of early
799:and two unrealized drafts for the
483:park, borrowing design ideas from
14:
1729:Russian Architecture and the West
1631:Vincenzo Brenna (Винченцо Бренна)
1117:; Cross and Shvidkovsky spell it
570:for years. It was flanked with a
1778:18th-century Scottish architects
1663:William Craft Brumfield (1997).
812:
21:Charles Cameron (disambiguation)
1768:British neoclassical architects
864:. Cameron died in 1812, before
378:French variety of neoclassicism
250:Dr Archibald Cameron of Lochiel
1514:. Alexander Palace Foundation.
1493:. Cambridge University Press.
1466:Howard Montagu Colvin (2008).
1:
1656:Books on Russian architecture
1447:The empress and the architect
866:Napoleon's invasion of Russia
699:Temple of Concord and Victory
150:, was the chief architect of
1589:Shvidkovsky, Dmitry (2008).
1487:Anthony Cross (1996-11-13).
1423:Russian neoclassical revival
801:Naval Cathedral in Kronstadt
376:in the 1780s. She leaned to
1593:(in Russian). Moscow:Uley.
647:; the name of the town and
429:Jean Cameron of Glendessary
425:James Francis Edward Stuart
400:and the relatively unknown
370:Gothic Revival architecture
215:, Cameron was a pioneer of
1804:
1629:Lanceray, Nikolay (2006).
1508:Lukomsky, Georges (1943).
724:
690:for visiting dignitaries.
614:Sophia Ascencion cathedral
468:
353:
227:
68:19 March 1812 (aged 66/67)
18:
1708:Russian Parks And Gardens
1617:Kuznetsov, S. O. (1998).
258:Donald Cameron of Lochiel
158:palaces and the adjacent
148:neoclassical architecture
125:
90:
35:
1337:Shvidkovsky 2007, p. 282
1328:Shvidkovsky 2007, p. 281
1074:Shvidkovsky 2007, p. 257
577:In the beginning of the
135:Aminov Portrait, c. 1809
1711:. Frances Lincoln Ltd.
846:"English superiority".
240:Jacobite rising of 1745
1520:Atchison, Bob (2005).
1412:Biographies of Cameron
1236:Kuznetsov 1998, p. 213
855:Saint Michael's Castle
722:
629:
539:
466:
351:
253:
144:Catherine II of Russia
136:
1705:Peter Hayden (2005).
1400:Lanceray 2006, p. 146
1156:Lukomsky 1943, part 2
928:Lukomsky 1943, part 1
731:Battle of the palaces
725:Further information:
720:
688:triumphant procession
612:
537:
469:Further information:
461:
446:Bush), who worked in
356:Russian Enlightenment
354:Further information:
346:
248:
172:Battle of the Palaces
166:. Twice dismissed by
134:
1669:. Psychology Press.
1443:John Martin Robinson
872:References and notes
512:Bartolomeo Rastrelli
19:For other uses, see
1553:by Georgy Lukomsky"
1526:by Georgy Lukomsky"
1449:, was published by
1310:Hayden 2005, p. 110
1210:"Cameron's Gallery"
1104:Hayden 2005, p. 117
1065:Colvin 2008, p. 211
979:Colvin 2008, p. 213
970:Colvin 2008, p. 212
651:clearly alluded to
555:Baths of Diocletian
236:Camerons of Lochiel
183:Francesco Rastrelli
1451:Dmitry Shvidkovsky
1294:Hayden 2005, p. 94
1282:Hayden 2005, p. 93
1270:Hayden 2005, p. 92
1245:Cross, 1997 p. 298
1190:Cross 1997, p. 288
1144:Hayden 2005, p. 89
1130:Hayden 2005, p. 84
1045:Hayden 2005, p. 90
1033:Cross 1997, p. 286
890:Cross 1997, p. 297
723:
703:Italian greyhounds
630:
540:
506:halls of the main
467:
352:
310:Dmitry Shvidkovsky
290:Roman architecture
254:
137:
16:Scottish architect
1739:978-0-300-10912-2
1718:978-0-7112-2430-8
1697:978-0-8014-8828-3
1676:978-90-5699-537-9
1600:978-5-91529-003-6
1581:978-0-300-06564-0
1549:"Introduction to
1522:"New foreword to
1500:978-0-521-55293-6
1479:978-0-300-12508-5
1427:David Talbot Rice
1254:Hayden 2005, p.98
1167:"Cameron's Baths"
1014:David Talbot Rice
1001:Cross 1997 p. 287
825:Kirill Razumovsky
805:Andreyan Zakharov
793:Russian Admiralty
778:Kirill Razumovsky
564:Cameron's Gallery
538:Cameron's Gallery
398:Giacomo Quarenghi
339:Arrival in Russia
286:Fabbriche Antiche
266:David Talbot Rice
191:Giacomo Quarenghi
164:landscape gardens
129:
128:
104:Cameron's Gallery
1795:
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1722:
1701:
1680:
1644:
1625:
1623:
1604:
1585:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1528:. Archived from
1515:
1504:
1483:
1439:British diaspora
1431:Nikolay Lanceray
1401:
1398:
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1385:
1379:
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929:
926:
891:
888:
816:
776:Palace of count
741:Maria Feodorovna
670:represented the
658:More historical
551:Catherine Palace
508:Catherine Palace
485:William Chambers
410:
402:Giacomo Trombara
349:Catherine Palace
72:Saint Petersburg
40:
26:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1794:
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1747:
1746:
1740:
1725:
1719:
1704:
1698:
1683:
1677:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1645:Also includes:
1641:
1628:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1601:
1588:
1582:
1567:
1557:
1555:
1551:Charles Cameron
1543:
1535:
1533:
1524:Charles Cameron
1519:
1516:Also includes:
1507:
1501:
1486:
1480:
1465:
1435:Vincenzo Brenna
1419:Georgy Lukomsky
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
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1286:
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1274:
1269:
1258:
1253:
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1244:
1240:
1235:
1228:
1219:
1217:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1176:
1174:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1148:
1143:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1096:
1091:
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1082:
1078:
1073:
1069:
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1049:
1044:
1037:
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1025:
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1005:
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983:
978:
974:
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932:
927:
894:
889:
878:
874:
843:
838:
837:
836:
822:
817:
765:
757:Vincenzo Brenna
733:
727:Pavlovsk Palace
715:
607:
546:near the older
489:Antonio Rinaldi
477:Chinese Village
473:
456:
404:
358:
341:
294:Andrea Palladio
282:Lord Burlington
274:
232:
226:
195:Vincenzo Brenna
187:Antonio Rinaldi
140:Charles Cameron
102:
98:Main palace in
78:
69:
60:
55:
46:
31:
30:Charles Cameron
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1801:
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1765:
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1580:
1565:
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1541:
1505:
1499:
1484:
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1415:
1413:
1410:
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1405:
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1402:
1393:
1380:
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1348:
1339:
1330:
1321:
1312:
1296:
1284:
1272:
1256:
1247:
1238:
1226:
1201:
1192:
1183:
1158:
1146:
1132:
1123:
1106:
1094:
1085:
1076:
1067:
1047:
1035:
1023:
1003:
981:
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875:
873:
870:
842:
839:
819:
818:
811:
810:
809:
764:
761:
714:
711:
707:Paul of Russia
680:Ancient Greece
668:rostral column
641:Constantinople
606:
603:
595:Foreign Office
544:Tsarskoye Selo
481:Tsarskoye Selo
471:Tsarskoye Selo
455:
454:Tsarskoye Selo
452:
448:Tsarskoye Selo
433:Tsarskoye Selo
390:Melchior Grimm
340:
337:
325:Hanover Square
298:Baths of Titus
273:
270:
225:
222:
168:Paul of Russia
152:Tsarskoye Selo
127:
126:
123:
122:
119:
115:
114:
112:Tsarskoye Selo
96:
92:
91:
88:
87:
84:
80:
79:
76:Russian Empire
70:
66:
62:
61:
56:
52:
48:
47:
41:
33:
32:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1800:
1789:
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1640:5-901841-34-4
1636:
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1620:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1602:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1566:
1554:
1552:
1546:
1542:
1532:on 2008-12-21
1531:
1527:
1525:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1512:
1506:
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1496:
1492:
1491:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1471:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1455:Howard Colvin
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1421:, veteran of
1420:
1411:
1406:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1378:superiority."
1374:
1371:
1368:Cross, p. 296
1365:
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1361:
1359:
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1301:
1297:
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1267:
1265:
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1257:
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1242:
1239:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1216:on 2009-05-08
1215:
1211:
1205:
1202:
1196:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1173:on 2009-05-03
1172:
1168:
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1141:
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1127:
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1095:
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1077:
1071:
1068:
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1042:
1040:
1036:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1004:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
982:
976:
973:
967:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
953:
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
931:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
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905:
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901:
899:
897:
893:
887:
885:
883:
881:
877:
871:
869:
867:
863:
860:
859:field marshal
856:
851:
847:
840:
834:
830:
826:
821:
815:
808:
806:
802:
798:
794:
789:
785:
783:
779:
775:
771:
770:Pavel Argunov
762:
760:
758:
753:
748:
744:
742:
738:
732:
728:
719:
712:
710:
708:
704:
700:
696:
691:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
656:
654:
650:
649:its cathedral
646:
645:Greek project
642:
638:
634:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
604:
602:
600:
596:
592:
591:Adam Menelaws
588:
587:William Heste
584:
580:
575:
573:
572:formal garden
569:
565:
560:
556:
552:
549:
545:
536:
532:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
500:
498:
497:Vasily Stasov
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
472:
465:
464:Howard Colvin
460:
453:
451:
449:
445:
441:
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
417:Baths of Rome
412:
408:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
374:Neoclassicism
371:
367:
363:
357:
350:
345:
338:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
271:
269:
267:
263:
259:
251:
247:
243:
241:
237:
231:
223:
221:
218:
217:Greek Revival
214:
210:
206:
205:Howard Colvin
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
179:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
133:
124:
120:
116:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
67:
63:
59:
53:
49:
45:
39:
34:
27:
22:
1788:Clan Cameron
1758:1740s births
1728:
1707:
1686:
1665:
1630:
1590:
1570:
1556:. Retrieved
1550:
1534:. Retrieved
1530:the original
1523:
1510:
1489:
1468:
1458:
1446:
1416:
1396:
1388:
1383:
1373:
1342:
1333:
1324:
1315:
1250:
1241:
1218:. Retrieved
1214:the original
1204:
1195:
1186:
1175:. Retrieved
1171:the original
1161:
1126:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1088:
1079:
1070:
1018:Introduction
1017:
1016:in his 1943
975:
852:
848:
844:
841:Private life
790:
786:
782:Nikolay Lvov
766:
749:
745:
734:
692:
657:
653:Hagia Sophia
631:
622:Hagia Sophia
599:Nikolay Lvov
578:
576:
563:
541:
501:
474:
450:since 1771.
437:
416:
413:
393:
359:
333:Fleet Prison
323:building in
318:
313:
285:
275:
272:Early career
255:
233:
230:Clan Cameron
203:
180:
139:
138:
107:
103:
44:Raynham Hall
1763:1812 deaths
1545:Rice, D. T.
797:Oranienbaum
737:Carlo Rossi
695:Stowe House
626:Ivan Starov
524:Robert Adam
493:Ivan Neelov
440:landscaping
421:Roman court
405: [
306:Domus Aurea
252:(1707–1753)
209:Robert Adam
199:Carlo Rossi
176:Alexander I
170:during the
1752:Categories
1558:2009-06-10
1536:2009-06-10
1389:John Busch
1220:2009-06-10
1177:2009-06-10
763:Retirement
752:Grand Tour
660:allegories
637:model town
528:Clerisseau
444:anglicised
382:Clerisseau
329:litigation
321:Adam style
278:Isaac Ware
228:See also:
224:Early life
108:Cold Baths
83:Occupation
709:in 1797.
672:Black Sea
583:recruiter
568:promenade
559:Quarenghi
510:built by
499:in 1817.
362:Catherine
262:bookplate
213:Palladian
95:Buildings
86:Architect
1547:(1943).
862:Diebitsh
713:Pavlovsk
682:. These
618:allegory
516:Palladio
360:Empress
160:new town
156:Pavlovsk
118:Projects
100:Pavlovsk
58:Scotland
1407:Sources
833:Ukraine
829:Baturyn
774:Baturyn
684:follies
664:Rinaldi
579:Gallery
520:Raphael
394:Italian
54:c. 1745
1736:
1715:
1694:
1673:
1637:
1597:
1578:
1497:
1476:
633:Sophia
605:Sophia
548:Rococo
504:Rococo
386:Ledoux
366:Rococo
1622:(PDF)
1115:Busch
835:2011)
676:Doric
409:]
1734:ISBN
1713:ISBN
1692:ISBN
1671:ISBN
1635:ISBN
1595:ISBN
1576:ISBN
1495:ISBN
1474:ISBN
1119:Bush
729:and
635:, a
589:and
526:and
491:and
368:and
302:Nero
300:and
154:and
106:and
65:Died
51:Born
1457:'s
827:in
666:'s
620:of
479:in
423:of
304:'s
284:'s
242:.
110:in
1754::
1732:.
1690:.
1574:.
1429:.
1351:^
1299:^
1287:^
1275:^
1259:^
1229:^
1149:^
1135:^
1097:^
1050:^
1038:^
1026:^
1006:^
984:^
933:^
895:^
879:^
743:.
674:;
601:.
522:,
518:,
407:it
384:,
197:,
193:,
189:,
185:,
74:,
1742:.
1721:.
1700:.
1679:.
1643:.
1603:.
1584:.
1561:.
1539:.
1503:.
1482:.
1391:.
1223:.
1180:.
1121:.
831:(
628:.
562:(
380:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
