1309:
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2480:), probably without any specific destination in mind, but after a little while he was stopped at an Austrian roadblock. Charles Albert identified himself as the Count of Barge (a title which he actually possessed) and a colonel of the Piedmontese army. General Georg Thurn Valsassina (1788–1866) interrogated him and it is not clear whether he recognized him or not. Having been confirmed as the Count of Barge by a captured sharpshooter (when asked "can you confirm that this is the Count of Barge?" the soldier responded, "He is the Count of Barge."), Charles Albert was allowed to pass and continued his journey to the southwest.
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1725:, which placed Louis Philippe's France in conflict with the other European great powers, inspired Charles Albert to begin thinking about a program of territorial expansion in the Po valley. In the same year, a commercial crisis erupted between Turin and Vienna, regarding an old treaty in which the Kingdom of Sardinia undertook not to provide salt to Switzerland. Following the breach of this treaty, Austria increased the customs duty on Piedmontese wine entering Lombardy-Veneto by 100%. Charles Albert's response was to threaten to build a railroad from Genoa to
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948:
60:
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935:. They asked Charles Albert to declare war on Austria in order to free Milan, but the prince refused. Instead, he accepted the advice of Cesare Balbo, who reported the discipline of the armed forces, stopped excesses and firmly established the troops loyal to the king. Charles Felix himself, however, had responded very badly to the news of his brother's abdication, which he considered an "abominable act of violence" and, from Modena, he sent an order to Charles Albert, ordering him to come to
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1941:, proposed to request a constitution from the king. The majority of the ministers were also in favour of the concession of a constitution, and of ensuring that one was not imposed by the people. Charles Albert was not sure what to do, unwilling to make the wrong decision and considered abdicating as Victor Emmanuel I had in similar circumstances. He sent for his son to prepare him for the succession, but his son managed to convince him to retain his position.
1037:
1509:, and eliminated feudalism in Sardinia, in 1838. He enabled the opening of institutes of credit, reformed the public agencies and the state, and reduced the control of the religious hierarchy somewhat. The royal court, however, was full of clerics - at least fifty of them - and the court was sumptuous for such a small kingdom. There were a great number of cooks, butlers, waiters, carpenters, squires, stallers, pages, footmen, masters of ceremonies, etc.
1766:
1123:. Charles Albert fought at the head of the troops crossing the canal - the sole point of entry to the fortress. He plunged into the water holding the flag of the 6th regiment of the royal guards, forded the canal and leapt into the enemy trenches. He sought to prevent the enemy prisoners from being killed, and the French soldiers gave him the epaulettes of an officer killed in the assault, so that he might be distinguished from a regular grenadier.
2872:
1257:
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1200:, where he began preparations for reigning. He began to study a subject which received little attention at court – the economy – and in 1829 he received permission to visit Sardinia. As a result of this visit, he gained an accurate understanding of the conditions on the island. He was a prolific writer. In 1827, along with his wife, he wrote 38 fairy tales for their children in French, the language which the family used at home, entitled
1910:
1349:. The treaty, signed on 23 July 1831 and ratified in 1836, entrusted the defence of the Kingdom of Sardinia to Austria. However, in the event of war, the commander of the joint forces was to be Charles Albert. He wrote to the Austrian ambassador, Ludwig Senfft von Pilsach (1774–1853), "... the most beautiful day of my life will be the day on which there is war with France and I have the good fortune to serve in the Austrian army."
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Milanese, saying that he was delighted that they came to the defence so quickly, and solemnly promising to strive for them with his last drop of blood. A round from a rifle was fired against
Charles Albert. At the final words of his speech, the indignant crowd shouted "If you're so wounded from surrendering!" Then the king took a piece of paper from his pocket, which he held up for the people to see, and ripped it to pieces.
1143:
627:
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3032:
2632:, whom Victor Emmanuel had sent from Turin. He was no longer able to get out of bed and coughing fits were ever more frequent. He passed the night of 27 July in great difficulty. On the morning of 28 July, he seemed better, but then deteriorated as a result of a third heart attack. The Portuguese priest don Antonio Peixoto, who had assisted him spiritually, met with him and administered
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1667:) and the population would simultaneously rise against the king. But information about this plan was leaked and Charles Albert arranged an ambush. However, the invasion, undertaken on 2 February 1834, failed completely. This was partly due to disorganization, and partially to Swiss efforts to prevent Mazzini's expedition. Only a few conspirators attacked a barracks in
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1758:
1713:, limiting the death penalty as much as possible. Nevertheless, he ordained very severe penalties for those guilty of sacrilege or suicide (whose last wills and testaments had no legal power). In 1842, finally, the commercial code and the code of criminal procedure, with innovative guarantees of the rights of the accused, were promulgated.
794:, Carlo di San Marzano and Guglielmo Moffa di Lisio (all military officers, officials, or sons of ministers) and Roberto d'Azeglio met with Charles Albert. The young liberals were ready to act and had identified the prince as a new type of man for the House of Savoy - one ready to break with the absolutist past.
1648:. They supplied various names and investigations were expanded to other garrisons. Charles Albert, who considered Mazzini's association the "most terrible and bloody," ordered the investigation to continue until it got to the bottom of the matter, acting in accordance with the law, but with the utmost severity.
2196:, where he saw the front lines. The units under his command attacked some Austrians who had been dispersed by a charge of the carabinieri on horseback. On 2 May, in the midst of this triumphant atmosphere, news arrived that Pius IX had withdrawn his military and political support for the Italian cause.
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During this time, Charles Albert suffered from progressive decay, coughing and abscesses. He had two heart attacks, but the doctors considered the condition of his liver the most serious issue, for which the former king abstained from eating very much and fasted on
Wednesdays. He read the letters and
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to fight against the
Austrians, were ordered by Ferdinand II to return home in light of Pius IX's decision. Then on 25 May, the Austrian reinforcements which had been traveling through Veneto, joined Radetzky's troops at Verona. Charles Albert was ambitious but had only modest strategic abilities and
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was not impressed, "Now that the enemy is in flight, the king wants to come with the whole army. He should have sent us anything - even a single cart of powder - three days ago. There was heard, in
Piedmont, for five days, the thundering of the guns which consumed us: The king knew and did not move."
2064:
Although the
Kingdom's resources were small, the Piedmontese army began to mobilize. The majority of the troops were deployed on the western border since the eastern border was safeguarded by the treaty of alliance with Austria. But Charles Albert realised that this was a unique opportunity to expand
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The conspirators had no desire to abolish the House of Savoy, but claimed, on the contrary, that they hoped to force it to grant reforms which would grant it the gratitude of the people. During the months of preparation, Charles Albert had assured them of his support and on 6 March he confirmed this,
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In these years, Charles Albert also suffered from a deep religious crisis. This led to a friendship with the French diplomat Jean Louis de Douhet d'Auzers and a visit by the prince to Rome in 1817 to visit the former king
Charles Emmanuel IV, who had retired to a monastery. In the years following his
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A strange pathetic being, at odds with himself and his time; compounded of monkish asceticism and soldierly courage; autocratic, but irresolute; holding his honor dearer than his life, yet pursued through life by accusations of dishonor: such was
Charles Albert, to whom when he had passed beyond the
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On 23 March 1848, the proclamation of
Charles Albert to the people of Lombardy and Veneto was published, in which he assured them that the Piedmontese troops, "... go now to offer, in the final trials, that help which a brother expects from a brother, a friend from a friend. We will comply with your
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Although he had received no guarantee that the
Milanese would agree to annexation, Charles Albert accepted the conditions of the Milanese and asked only that the flag of the house of Savoy be placed in the middle of the tricolour (This would henceforth be the flag of the Kingdom of Sardinia and then
1501:
was made legal. Duties on the import of raw materials (coal, metals, textiles) were subsequently reduced and the acquisition of industrial machinery from abroad was supported. Despite having impinged on some minor sources of state income, the balance of the kingdom was positive from 1835, and it was
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to the
Spanish throne after he had been captured by Spanish revolutionaries in Cadiz. Charles Albert wished to demonstrate his penitence and therefore asked to be part of the contingent. He wrote to Charles Felix on this subject for the first time on 20 February 1823, but only received permission to
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in 1813 but denied the role by the Pope. Charles Albert replaced the minister of war he had appointed the previous day with Santorre di Rossi, the leader of the armed uprising. On 15 March, in the presence of the Junta, Charles Albert swore to observe the Spanish Constitution, which had been amended
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On 11 March 1821, Victor Emmanuel I called a meeting of the council of the Crown, in which Charles Albert also participated. Along with the majority of those who were present, Charles Albert declared his willingness to grant the constitution. Rumours spread however that armed intervention to restore
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and slept alone on an iron bed, waking at 5:00 am every morning and celebrating two masses per day. He worked from 10:00 am to 5:00 pm every day without interruption. He ate little and suffered from frequent religious crises, but never renounced extramarital affairs even so. The most significant of
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As a result of this decision and the circumstances, Charles Albert decided to disavow his liberal ideas - especially as Charles Felix had entertained the idea of eliminating him from the line of succession and passing the crown straight to his son Victor Emmanuel. Charles Felix asked the opinion of
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as Minister of Foreign Affairs. He tried to negotiate with the rebels, with no results. Terrified, he claimed that it was impossible to make any decisions without the agreement of the new king and therefore sent Charles Felix a letter with an account of the events that had taken place and a request
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Despite my abdication, if ever a new war arises against Austria... I will come running immediately, even if only as a simple soldier, among the ranks of her enemies... I am equally raised up by the thought and the hope that... the day will come which I tried to bring about... The nation could have
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Returning to the Palazzo Bellini in Novara, the king declared, "Bicocca was lost and retaken three or four times, before our troops were forced to yield... the Major General employed all his strength, my sons did everything they could, the Duke of Genoa lost two horses from under himself. Now we
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returned to Milan and negotiated an armistice with the Austrians, known as the Armistice of Salasco, which was signed on 9 August. Charles Albert ratified the armistice despite some opposition, including from Gioberti, who remained confident of aid from France. The king said that the former French
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It was now necessary to make a decision and, at last, Giacinto Borelli, Minister of the Interior, was appointed to draft the Constitution immediately. The document was approved and was named the "Statute." Charles Albert had stated that he would not approve the document if it did not clearly state
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King Charles Felix of Sardinia decided that, as a result of his success, it was time for Charles Albert to return to Turin. The prince was required, however, to swear "to respect and religiously maintain all the fundamental laws of the monarchy when I ascend to power, which have led to fortune and
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On 16 August 1800, Charles Emmanuel of Carignano died suddenly. It was up to Charles Albert's mother to deal with the French, who had no intention of recognizing her rights, titles or property. She nonetheless refused to send her son to the Savoy family in Sardinia for a conservative education. In
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Around 3:30 in the afternoon on 8 February, a royal edict was published in the streets of Turin, which laid out the 14 articles which formed the basis of the Statute for a system of representative government. By 6:00 pm, the city was entirely lit up and massive demonstrations in favour of Charles
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Despite the advice of the French ambassador to exercise prudence, in 1832, Charles Albert loaned Marie-Caroline a million francs and placed a steamer at her disposal for transporting legitimist volunteers to France. The plot was discovered and failed; the steamer was stopped at Marseilles and the
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Although the Austrian proposal had been rejected, his troops ended up having to withdraw to the Adda river anyway, because the Oglio river was held to be an inadequate defensive line. At the river Adda, some manoeuvres taken by a general on his own initiative left a division isolated and made it
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The edict specified that the Catholic faith was the sole state religion, and that executive power belonged to the king, as did command of the armed forces. Legislative power was vested in two chambers, one of which would be elected. The free press and individual liberty were guaranteed. The full
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In the end, twelve people were executed by firing squad, and two committed suicide in jail. Twenty-one were condemned to death but could not be executed because they had escaped or, like Mazzini, had been abroad the whole time. Charles Albert granted no pardons, and the ambassadors of France and
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Notwithstanding this conservatism, Charles Albert established a Council of State of 14 members who were to investigate the laws and make some moves to modernize the country. He abrogated the special exemptions on import duty for members of the royal family and royal officials, abolished torture,
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and told him that he had discovered a revolutionary plot. There was an attempt to halt the conspiracy, which nevertheless continued to grow bolder on the next day, with another visit by di Rossi and di Marzano. Yet, they grew uncertain and gave orders to cancel the insurrection, which was due to
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of 1796 and King Charles Emmanuel IV's flight into exile. There Charles Emmanuel of Carignano and his wife joined the French cause. Despite this, the pair were sent to Paris, where they were placed under surveillance and forced to live in poor conditions in a house in the suburbs. These were the
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He wrote to Francis IV of Modena in November 1833, "I am tired of the state of anxiety that "Young Italy" keeps me in, with its repeated threats of invasion, doubting that there is anything its members won't do... given that the Great Powers have decided not to eliminate the evil at the root, I
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and the fortress of Alessandria, as well as the surrender of all the Lombards who had fought against Austria. Charles Albert asked the generals if it was possible for a final push to open a path to Alessandria. They said it was not: the army was in pieces, discipline had crumbled, many soldiers
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A contingent of the national guard went up to interrogate Charles Albert on the reason for the surrender. He turned them away, but was forced despite himself to follow some deputies onto the balcony, from which he spoke to the people, apologizing for his ignorance of the true feelings of the
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In these circumstances, Charles Albert realized the necessity of granting reforms to make the kingdom more modern and to satisfy the needs of the populace. Immediately on ascending to the throne he had named a commission which had been tasked with creating new civil, criminal, commercial and
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in Paris on 16 May 1814. Among those present at the festivities were Princess Maria Christina di Carignano and her children Charles Albert and Elisabetta. Despite their past, the family was treated well, although Charles Albert had to renounce the title of Count of the Empire, which had been
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for instructions. But he was also afraid that he would become the object of popular anger if he continued to delay and so, on 13 March 1821, Charles Albert published a proclamation conceding the Spanish Constitution, with the reservation that this grant was pending the approval of the king.
2440:. He confessed that he had no choice but to abdicate. They tried to dissuade him, but, in the hope that Victor Emmanuel could get better terms, he ended the discussion, "My decision is the fruit of mature reflection. From this moment, I am no longer the king; the king is Victor, my son."
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The young Maria Theresa was very shy and religious - quite different from Charles Albert's temperament. The couple resided in the Palazzo Carignano, to which Charles Albert began to invite young intellectuals with whom he shared liberal ideas. The most intimate of these friends were
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had caught the imagination of the liberals of Italy when he began to dismantle the archaic Vatican institutions: granting a free press, instituting the civic guard in place of foreign mercenaries, and creating a council of ministers. On 12 January 1848, there was a revolt in
2089:. His reactionary past forgotten, the king appeared on the balcony of the royal palace, flanked by the Milanese representatives, waving the tricolour, while the people applauded and shouted, "Long live Italy! Long live Charles Albert. Within a year his reign would be over.
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In 1830, Charles Felix became very ill. He summoned Charles Albert to his sick bed on 24 April 1831. The entire government was present in the room as the king said to the ministers, "Behold my heir and successor, I am sure that he will act for the good of his subjects".
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Nevertheless, the Papal soldiers in the army did not withdraw, choosing to remain to fight as volunteers, but Charles Albert had lost the moral justification for his mission. His dream of becoming the sword of the papacy and king of an Italy united under the Pope, as
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When he was twelve years old, Charles Albert and his mother were finally granted an audience with Napoleon, who granted the boy the title of count and an annual pension. Since it was no longer appropriate for him to be educated at home, Charles Albert was sent to the
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version of the Statute, with all its articles, was finally agreed on 4 March 1848 and approved the same day by Charles Albert. The announcement of the Statute was met with great enthusiasm throughout Piedmont. The first constitutional government, presided over by
2710:, there is nothing to fear; he has for a long time been discredited. Charles Albert, on the other hand, calls himself pompously the "liberator of Italy" while on the very people he is supposed to be liberating he imposes as a condition the yoke of his rule.
1441:, who was in exile in Marseilles, addressed a letter to Charles Albert as "an Italian," in which he encouraged him to focus on the unification of Italy, in vain. For the moment, the new King of Sardinia cleaved to almost the same ideas as his predecessors.
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responded positively. For the imminent resumption of hostilities, the king was convinced to renounce effective command of the army, which he continued to hold formally. Rather than appointing a Piedmontese general, he selected the Polish general
1895:. In Turin there were acclamations for the King of Naples and the Pope, while Charles Albert remained bound by the oath he had sworn to Charles Felix to respect religiously all the fundamental laws of the monarchy, and to retain absolutist rule.
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The Kingdom of Sardinia was also troubled by the plots of revolutionaries in these years, and even by an attempted invasion. In April 1833 in Genoa, two low-ranking officers were arrested for a scuffle and it was discovered that they belonged to
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Only 23 years of age, Charles Albert found himself in charge of resolving a serious political crisis which he himself had been responsible for provoking. The old ministers abandoned him and he was forced to nominate a new government: the lawyer
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Britain in Turin protested at court about the severity of the punishment and the lack of any mercy. The King of Sardinia showed his gratitude to the investigators by granting honours to those who had played a leading role in the repression.
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and yielded the Duchies of Parma and Modena, whose rulers had been forced into exile. Charles Albert, who disagreed with his son Victor Emmanuel on the conduct of the war, exclaimed "I would rather die!" and prepared to make a stand at the
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break out on 10 March. The same day, Charles Albert, full of regret, raced to Moncalieri, where he revealed everything to Victor Emmanuel I and begged for a pardon. The situation had reached a tipping point. In the night, the garrison of
1822:, Charles Albert's secretary, was authorized to write a letter on 2 September, in which the king expressed his hope that God would grant him the power to undertake a war of independence in which he would take command of the army and the
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in 1833 and established the "Royal Foundation for the Study of the History of the Fatherland", which would become the model for all the similar foundations for historical studies established in the nineteenth century, in the same year.
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Charles Albert displayed similar conservativism in internal politics. When the minister of war, Matteo Agnès Des Geneys (1763–1831) died, he replaced him with Carlo San Martino d'Aglie, who was not very popular at the time. He retained
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Among the indigenous princes, the number one enemy of Italian freedom was and is Charles Albert. Italians should bear in mind and repeat every hour the old saying: "God watch over my friends, so that I can watch over my enemies". From
2391:. Chrzanowski made some significant tactical errors and despite the bravery of the Piedmontese and Charles Albert himself, who fought along with his son Ferdinand in the front lines, the Battle of Novara proved a disastrous defeat.
2298:
The next day, the Milanese learned of the agreement and revealed their fury. The crowd protested in front of the Palazzo Greppi and when the King came out on the balcony, they fired their rifles at him. According to the noblewoman
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order in Italy by a joint Austrian and Russian force were imminent. The king decided to wait, therefore, but the next day, the Citadel of Turin fell into the hands of the rebels. Victor Emmanuel I then asked Charles Albert and
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The king was not proud of the campaign and, once he had written a record of the first campaign, Charles Albert decided to break the armistice. On 1 March, at the inauguration of the legislature, he spoke clearly about war and
1789:, who had gone to report on the events, Charles Albert said, "that on the day of conflict with Austria, he would throw himself in with his sons, with his army, with all his substance, to fight for the independence of Italy."
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as commander of the army. On 8 March, the council of war in Turin decided that the armistice would be broken on the 12th. According to the terms of the armistice, hostilities would then begin eight days later on 20 March.
967:, from which he intended to travel to Novara, which remained loyal to the king. At Novara he remained for six days before a dispatch arrived from Charles Felix on the 29th, ordering him to depart immediately for Tuscany.
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who perceived that they would provide fuel for future controversies. The volume sought to demonstrate the bravery of the king, his sons, and the troops, but said almost nothing about the responsibilities of the military
472:. These efforts were continued successfully by his son Victor Emmanuel II, who became the first king of a unified Italy in 1861. Charles Albert received several nicknames including "the Italian Hamlet" (given to him by
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4317:, Mazzini, Bianco , and their other major leaders: ... the possibility of going there myself with considerable forces in a few hours, induces me to attempt this trick in order to capture their major leaders..."
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just requests, trusting in the aid of God, who is clearly with us, of God, who has given Italy Pius IX, of God, whose miraculous prompting places Italy in the position to act for itself." Thus, the war began.
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had been established, which asked Charles Albert to become an ally. Clearly not very enthusiastic about the idea of annexation, the Milanese asked the king to keep his troops outside the city and to adopt the
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These were still only minor disputes and diplomatic relations between the two states continued to be generally good, culminating in the magnificent wedding of Charles Albert's eldest son, Victor Emmanuel and
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You may be assured, sirs, that I am giving every possible provision: that I burn with desire to bring to your aid all that is in my power and that I will grasp even the smallest pretext that presents itself.
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cause. These declarations made Charles Albert far more popular. However, he continued to break up anti-Austrian demonstrations because the court and government remained divided. De La Tour, Foreign Minister
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were opposed to the constitution. During the lunch break, Charles Albert received a delegation from the capital, which asked for the constitution for the good of the people and in order to safeguard order.
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On 16 September 1822, the infant Victor Emmanuel barely escaped from a fire in his cot, exposing the tenuous nature of the line of succession, which was taken out of danger by the birth of a second son,
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Meanwhile, the demands of the people became pressing and were not always accepted. In this period, for example, Charles Albert did not accept a Genoese delegation which called for the expulsion of the
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glory over the centuries." On 29 January 1824, Charles Albert received permission to depart for Turin. At a final meeting with Louis XVIII, he received some advice on rulership and was enrolled in the
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On the afternoon of 2 April 1821, the prince arrived in Florence. His wife and son, who had been in France, followed on the 13th. The Prince's father-in-law, Grand Duke Ferdinand III granted them the
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Charles Albert's father, Charles Emmanuel of Carignano, had studied in France and had been an officer in the French army. Sympathetic to liberalism, he travelled to Turin in 1796, in the wake of the
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Charles Felix died on 27 April at 2:45 pm. Charles Albert closed the corpse's eyes, kissed its hand and then assumed the throne. He received the dignitaries of court and brought his sons into the
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had a better prince than me, but not one that loved her more. To make her free, independent and great... I carried out every sacrifice with a happy heart... I sought death and did not find it...
1003:, on 15 November. In Florence, Charles Albert cultivated various cultural interests. He became a collector of old books, but was also interested in contemporary authors, acquiring the poetry of
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in Paris in 1812. He remained at the school for two years, but did not attend regularly; instead, he attended only to sit exams, apparently with success. In the meantime, Albertina had moved to
1130:, his cousin, were freed and embraced him in joy at seeing him. On 2 September there was a grand military parade, after which the Duc d'Angoulême decorated Charles Albert with the Cross of the
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the Kingdom of Italy until the fall of the monarchy in 1946). He was about to enter into a war with a major power, whose troops in Italy were commanded by one of the greatest living generals,
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1709:, was promulgated. The king also participated in the drafting of the new criminal code, which was published on 26 October 1839. During the process, Charles Albert insisted on the concept of
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newspapers which arrived from Italy. He wrote occasionally to his wife, but regularly and with feeling to the Countess of Robilant. He forbade his mother, wife, and children from visiting.
818:, commanded by one of the conspirators (Guglielmo Ansaldi), rose up and took control of the city. At this point, the revolutionaries decided to act, despite the abandonment of the prince.
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prohibited the mutilation of the corpses of executed criminals and the confiscation of the property of criminals. He also gave notable attention to culture. In 1832, he established the
1412:. These appointments were made with the intent of restoring a ministerial oligarchy. In 1831 he appointed Gaudenzio Maria Caccia, Count of Romentino (1765–1834) as minister of Finance,
1804:
had been elected as Pope. His first order of business was to grant an amnesty to those condemned of political crimes. The new pope then protested against Austria for having occupied
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on 2 May. But for Charles Albert, things were going sour: the soldiers were angry about the recent defeat and were hungry and exhausted. A council of war suggested seeking a truce.
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in October 1813, the family left Geneva, fearing the arrival of Austrian forces and returned to France. At the beginning of 1814, Charles Albert enrolled in the military school in
2153:. He was preoccupied with the delay of the provisional government of Milan's acceptance of annexation by the Kingdom of Sardinia. The Austrians however had regrouped on the River
2068:
On 23 March 1848, the Piedmontese embassy to Milan returned to Turin with news that the Austrians had been forced to evacuate the city and that a provisional government headed by
1423:
as Minister of Justice, and the reformer, Antonio Tonduti, Count of Escarèna (1771–1856), as minister of the Interior. On 5 April 1832, d'Aglie was replaced as Minister of War by
851:, but the latter refused any contact with the two. That evening, as the armed uprising spread, the king abdicated in favour of his brother Charles Felix. Since the latter was in
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At midnight on 21 March 1821, Charles Albert secretly departed from the Palazzo Carignano. His departure was not discovered by the revolutionaries until the next day. From
2295:, ignoring the Milanese desire to resist, he negotiated the surrender of the city to the Austrians in exchange for permitting the safe withdrawal of the army to Piedmont.
1808:, in the Holy See, without its consent. Charles Albert, who saw in Pius IX a way of reconciling his loyalty with his old liberal ideas, wrote to him offering his support.
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The wedding was followed by a ball organized by the Sardinian embassy in Florence. After that, on 6 October, the couple departed for Piedmont. On 11 October, they reached
129:
939:, and declaring any actions taken in the name of the king after the abdication of his brother, including the concession of the Spanish Constitution, to be null and void.
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have withdrawn within the city, on its walls, with the enemy below, with an exhausted army - further resistance is impossible. It is necessary to request an armistice."
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had proposed, was thwarted. Yet the king was undiscouraged and continued to advance towards Verona, where a harsh and indecisive battle was fought with the Austrians at
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the pre-eminent position of the Catholic religion and the honour of the monarchy. Since he had received these things, he approved it. The meeting was dissolved at dawn.
595:, where Charles Albert joined her from March 1812 to December 1813, and she was married to the Protestant Pastor, Jean-Pierre Etienne Vaucher (1763–1841), a follower of
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and agreed to an armistice with Radetzky on 24 March 1849 at Vignale, effectively obtaining more favourable terms than previously offered. The Austrians were to occupy
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was established. The revolution spread to Milan on 18 March, then to Venice, and finally to Vienna, where riots forced Metternich to flee and the abdication of Emperor
1497:
Charles Albert accompanied these measures with an economic policy of liberalization of commerce. In 1834, the tax on grain was reduced and the next year, the export of
1222:. Charles Albert regretted all of these and subsequently ordered them to be withdrawn from circulation. He also wrote a great volume of letters and literary exercises.
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The court decided that marriage would provide the prince with internal equilibrium. The chosen bride, accepted by Charles Albert, was the sixteen-year-old daughter of
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In Milan, it was expected that Charles Albert would take the opportunity to declare war on Austria. A clear message from Turin was delivered by the Milanese liberal,
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as a residence. Given the dynastic situation (neither Victor Emmanuel nor his brother Charles Felix had male children) Charles Albert was now the heir presumptive.
1204:("Moral Tales"). The next year, he tried his hand at comedy and after that, he occupied himself with literary criticism and history. He would publish three works:
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2452:
Charles Albert in Oporto during the exile. In his hands, he holds a work of Gioberti, whose Neo-Guelf ideas he shared. Painting by Antonio Puccinelli (1822–1897).
3710:
Victor Emmanuel I's second child had been male but died at the age of three, and his other four children were daughters who were excluded from the succession by
898:
6280:
5918:
5643:
2138:
1800:, asked Charles Albert to clarify his position - was he with Austria or with the revolutionaries? The King of Sardinia hesitated. In the meanwhile, on 16 June,
809:
But on the morning of the next day, 7 March, Charles Albert had second thoughts and informed the conspirators of this. Indeed, he summoned the Minister of War,
5901:
4309:
ordered a secure agent, about six weeks ago, to encourage the heads of "Young Italy" to organize a movement against me, letting them think that a major in the
1948:, and other high dignitaries were present. All of them spoke and the discussion went on for many hours. Charles Albert, pale, listened in silence. De La Tour,
1081:
6255:
5514:
2109:
2030:
and King Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies was forced to concede a constitution, but all of Europe was further convulsed when, in February 1848, there was a
6195:
6052:
5494:
5151:
3053:
2792:
2247:
Charles Albert on the balcony of the Palazzo Greppi in Milan on 5 August 1848, attempting to calm forces opposed to the surrender of the city; painting by
1945:
806:
and demand that he grant a constitution and declare war on Austria. Charles Albert was to play the role of mediator between the conspirators and the king.
673:. Although he was better equipped for the task, he was not able to influence the mindset of Charles Albert, who began to suffer from anxiety at this time.
69:
2644:(Into your hands, God, I entrust my spirit). He fell asleep with the crucifix on his chest and died at 3:30 in the afternoon, a little over 51 years old.
2231:
In the meantime, on 8 June, the Milanese and Lombards had voted with an overwhelming majority to join the Kingdom of Sardinia, as had the citizens of the
542:. Since he did not belong to the main line of the House of Savoy his chances at birth of succeeding to the kingdom were slim. Although the reigning king,
5336:
1170:
to Paris, arriving on 3 December 1823. In the French capital, he participated in balls, receptions, and parties, and developed a close relationship with
889:
On 14 March, the regent decided to form a Junta which would be able to act as guardians of the parliament. The head was Canon Pier Bernardo Marentini, a
2682:, presiding along with five Piedmontese bishops, and was well-attended by the people. The day after, the body was solemnly interred in the crypt of the
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2371:
2104:
697:
685:
350:
245:
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5809:
4634:, Stamperia Reale, Torino, 1848. Published anonymously, the book was immediately pulled from circulation at the request of the new minister of war,
6185:
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1604:
at the headquarters of "Young Italy" in Marseilles 1833. Both of them plotted against Charles Albert and his kingdom and were condemned to death
1283:, who published the proclamation relating to this. Thus the throne passed to the House of Carignano and the direct line of Savoy came to an end.
583:
1808, Maria Christina married for a second time, to Giuseppe Massimiliano Thibaut di Montléart, whose relationship with Charles Albert was poor.
426:, who had no heir. As king, after an initial conservative period during which he supported various European legitimist movements, he adopted the
6215:
6200:
6020:
5668:
3146:
2065:
his holdings into Lombardy. Thus he told the Milanese that he would intervene on their behalf if they agreed to join the Kingdom of Sardinia.
6026:
6008:
5969:
5719:
5658:
5581:
5256:
3204:
3178:
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786:. The hope of obtaining similar constitutions arose in many European states. Insurrections broke out in Naples and Palermo. On 6 March 1821,
550:
and then to the latter's son Charles Emmanuel. After that in the line of succession, there were two further brothers of Charles Emmanuel IV:
519:
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319:
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1828:
1409:
1020:
693:
499:
416:
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371:
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The re-establishment of peace in Europe meant that Charles Albert could return to Turin, and he was advised to do so by his tutor, count
5996:
5896:
5704:
5504:
3385:
2737:
2511:
in France, he dispatched instructions to organize his family affairs, without adding any information for his wife. On 1 April he was at
1526:
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1049:
984:
979:
as a residence. In May, Charles Felix, who had successfully secured Austrian assistance to restore order, met with Victor Emmanuel I at
894:
810:
647:
554:
and Charles Felix. But in 1799, two of these heirs died: the young Charles Emmanuel (aged only three years) and Maurizio Giuseppe (from
551:
527:
2188:
At the opening of hostilities, on 8 and 9 April, Italian sharpshooters had achieved success in the first battle of the campaign at the
1296:
these was his relationship with Maria Antonietta di Robilant (1804–1882), daughter of Friedrich Truchsess zu Waldburg (1776–1844), the
1291:
Thus Charles Albert came to the throne aged 33. His health was poor; he had liver disease. His faith added to his suffering; he wore a
750:
Maria Theresa had two miscarriages – the second in 1819 as a result of a carriage accident – but gave birth to a son on 14 March 1820,
5923:
5663:
5607:
5535:
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1126:
He remained at his post until nightfall and the next day he was among the first to break into Trocadero. King Ferdinand VII and queen
480:) because he hesitated for a long time between the establishment of a constitutional monarchy and the reinforcement of absolute rule.
650:, and by Albertina. He left Paris (and his step-father) and arrived in Turin on 24 May. There he was welcomed affectionately by King
6014:
5845:
5782:
5617:
5545:
5468:
5452:
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4169:
4161:
Maria Alberta Sarti, Barbaroux. Un talento della diplomazia e della scienza giuridica alla corte sabauda, CEDAM, Milano, 2011, p. 71
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2554:. From there he may have planned to travel to America, but he was forced to stop because he had become ill with a liver complaint.
2515:, near the Atlantic coast, and on 3 April he received a message from Turin in order to get him to legally confirm his abdication.
6235:
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5555:
3999:
The event involved a very large dinner. Charles Albert generally ate very little and noted a certain "terror" at such occasions.
2703:
2300:
1888:
1482:
1454:
744:
446:
434:
in 1848. In the same year, he granted the Albertine Statute, the first Italian constitution, which remained in force until 1947.
2582:, where he remained for two weeks, as his condition worsened. Then he accepted a new residence from a private individual on the
2472:
Charles Albert, however, had left Palazzo Bellini in Novara a few minutes after midnight on 23 March. His carriage travelled to
488:
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1403:
670:
38:
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Two further events followed in the next few days. On 21 May, the contingent of 14,000 men from the Neapolitan army which were
1655:
Since the insurrections had failed, Mazzini began to plan a military expedition. In 1834, he attempted to organize a force in
5714:
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5329:
3057:
2534:, which he reached on 10 April, and which was the end of the carriage road. On horseback, suffering from illness, he reached
1954:
1880:
of the Savoyard state on 29 November 1847, which extended the reforms carried out on the mainland to the island of Sardinia.
1866:
1705:
This process of reform took a very long time, but eventually, on 20 June 1837, the new civil code, partially inspired by the
1689:, who was preparing to lead a rising in the city, received a report that it was all over and fled. He was condemned to death
1633:
1226:
1193:, where he received orders to enter Turin by night, in order to avoid protests. Charles Albert did so, probably on the 23rd.
1127:
31:
4221:
2149:
Charles Albert left Turin on the evening of 26 March 1848 for Alessandria, to take command of the army and then advanced to
1913:
Edict of 8 February 1848 which informed the public of the concession of the Statute and outlined its contents in 14 articles
2051:
1685:
was killed in the process, and to honour him Charles Albert instituted the first gold medal in Italian history. Meanwhile,
1052:
assumed command of the French expeditionary force which the European powers had entrusted with the task of suppressing the
5851:
5787:
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4990:
Vicende e personaggi dell'Insigne e reale Ordine di San Gennaro dalla sua fondazione alla fine del Regno delle Due Sicilie
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2267:
On the evening of 27 July 1848, the Austrians agreed to grant a truce if the Piedmontese withdrew to the west bank of the
1797:
1088:, where he remained until 2 June, and then he set out for the south. At a clash with the enemy during the crossing of the
910:
799:
588:
157:
1398:
1225:
Despite the conservative attitudes of the period, Charles Albert also supported literati who held liberal ideas, such as
6210:
6190:
6075:
5879:
5873:
2762:
2193:
2143:
1949:
783:
4936:[Chronological list of knights of the Order of the Holy Spirit from its origin to its extinction (1578–1830)].
4834:
Notizia storica del nobilissimo ordine supremo della santissima Annunziata. Sunto degli statuti, catalogo dei cavalieri
1745:, who was the Austrian Viceroy in Lombardy-Veneto and Charles Albert's brother-in-law, since he had married his sister
1636:. But Austria was able to restore order and Charles Albert decided that his alliance with the Habsburgs was essential.
1521:, the nation was divided into two factions: the anti-liberal reactionaries who supported the legitimist aspirations of
665:
Thus he was assigned a mentor to counter the liberal ideas that he had learned in France. The first of these was Count
5437:
5303:
2939:
2744:
2403:
fighting in the campaign were despoiling the houses in the countryside and they feared an attack on the king himself.
2243:
2046:
1892:
1746:
1325:
576:
4934:"Liste chronologique des chevaliers de l'ordre du Saint-Esprit depuis son origine jusqu'à son extinction (1578–1830)"
3042:
1109:
2628:
In the month after his arrival, his health had deteriorated irreparably. From 3 July, he was assisted by the doctor
5694:
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1854:
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153:
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1929:
Celebrations in the Piazza San Carlo in Turin at the proclamation of the Albertine Statute in a contemporary print
1675:
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6205:
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5709:
5560:
5396:
5322:
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2357:
Charles Albert reopened hostilities with Austria on 20 March 1849, but the second campaign lasted only four days.
2031:
1843:
1680:
1424:
864:
770:
Charles Albert promised his support to the conspirators behind the 1821 revolution, in a print from 1850 to 1875.
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111:
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2224:
on 10 June, dispersing the Papal volunteers and finally obtained a decisive victory over the Piedmontese in the
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2411:
2225:
1960:
1876:
from the Kingdom, whom he had already banned from political writings. He did, however, implement the so-called
1848:
1645:
1592:
1429:
1361:
1183:
947:
880:
869:
571:
535:
378:
from 27 April 1831 until his abdication in 1849. His name is bound up with the first Italian constitution, the
309:
59:
826:
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2659:
arrived under the command of his cousin Eugene Emmanuel. On 19 September the corpse was brought on board the
2324:
1178:
held a grand reception for the victors of Trocadero, at which Charles Albert was among the guests of honour.
930:
6250:
5509:
5447:
5114:. L'Italia nei cento anni del secolo XIX (1801–1900) giorno per giorno illustrata. Milano: Antonio Vallardi.
5102:. L'Italia nei cento anni del secolo XIX (1801–1900) giorno per giorno illustrata. Milano: Antonio Vallardi.
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2426:
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1823:
1722:
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and then to Rome on 18 March 1817 and, after a 6-month engagement, married Maria Theresa on 30 September in
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2416:
2353:
1965:
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in triumph, where he was met by some envoys of the Milanese government. On 2 April, Charles Albert was in
2039:
2035:
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779:
712:
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42:
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1004:
834:
596:
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4314:
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2284:
necessary to withdraw again, in order to retreat inside the walls of Milan. Charles Albert went to the
914:
2617:
1380:
in a few hours. Marie-Caroline fled, but was soon arrested in Nantes and imprisoned in the Citadel of
1080:
on the 18th. By the time he arrived there, he had been assigned to the division of the French General
658:, by birth a Habsburg archduchess. His property and lands were restored to him and he was granted the
6180:
6175:
6094:
5612:
5380:
5375:
5071:
2802:
2519:
2431:
2387:
and a day later, Radetzy attacked the city from the south with superior numbers, near the village of
2376:
2009:
Charles decided to adhere to the idea of a united Italian federation under the influence of the Pope.
1862:
1842:
considered the anti-Austrian policy exceptionally dangerous, but it was supported by Minister of War
1812:
1786:
1278:
1131:
803:
724:
643:
conferred upon him at the military school in Bourges and the annuity which Napoleon had granted him.
4632:
Memorie ed osservazioni sulla guerra dell'indipendenza d'Italia, raccolte da un ufficiale piemontese
2668:
2285:
1944:
On 7 February, an extraordinary Council of State was convented. Seven ministers, the holders of the
1925:
1832:
1238:
1025:
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5804:
5689:
5263:
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2748:
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2570:
2272:
2005:
2000:
1738:
1584:, enjoyed the support of Great Britain and Louis-Philippe's France and were ultimately successful.
1573:
1558:
1490:
1197:
1158:
Charles Albert returns to Turin in February 1824, after the Spanish Expedition in this painting by
1147:
1120:
1041:
1030:
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400:
228:
215:
2192:. After crossing the Mincio with his army, Charles Albert achieved another victory on 30 April at
1917:
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2986:
2457:
2078:
1988:
1710:
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1502:
possible to entertain ambitions for the improvement of agriculture, roads, railroads, and ports.
1113:
919:
751:
705:
610:, hoping to become an officer in the French army. He was sixteen years old. Napoleon named him a
469:
454:
273:
121:
2547:
2464:
for a while and only half of the fort of Alessandria, with "permission" rather than "by right".
1408:
as Minister of Foreign Affairs until 1835, when he replaced him with the extremely conservative
473:
4933:
1036:
6118:
6086:
5777:
5699:
5576:
5145:
5079:
5020:
4838:
4165:
3586:
2629:
2622:
2587:
2201:
1904:
1884:
1097:
1008:
791:
728:
659:
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511:
438:
431:
404:
392:
380:
268:
191:
161:
5054:
2473:
2185:, only four kilometres from the Mincio. After nearly two weeks, he had made it to the front.
1418:
476:
on account of his gloomy, hesitant, and enigmatic character) as well as "the Hesitant King" (
5293:
5247:
5202:
5119:
4832:
4310:
2707:
2694:
2663:, which departed for Genoa that evening. It arrived on 4 October. The funeral took place in
2543:
2488:
2422:
1641:
1612:
At the time of Charles Albert's ascent to the throne in 1831, there were riots in Rome, the
1597:
1438:
1323:, whom Charles Albert assisted in a failed attempt to place a Bourbon on the French throne.
1256:
1093:
363:
77:
4260:, Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana fondata da Giovanni Treccani, Milano, 1995, Vol. II.
1580:, who spent time in Piedmont. In this case, too, the liberals, led by Dom Miguel's brother
1272:. At 5:00 pm, the troops rendered their oaths to the new king at the direction of Governor
6155:
5401:
5196:
4894:
2821:
2664:
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2220:
and the surrender of Peschiera on 30 May were his last successes. The Austrians conquered
2217:
2189:
2182:
2174:
1909:
1706:
1542:
1538:
1346:
1338:
1330:
1053:
639:
339:
165:
17:
2271:(a little more than 20 km east of Milan), surrendered all the fortresses, including
1937:
in Turin, there was a meeting of the city's journalists at which Cavour, director of the
1668:
1561:
supported the constitutionalists. Charles Albert sides with the former group, but in the
983:. The two discussed Charles Albert's conduct for a long time and, although the new queen
739:
marriage, however, Charles Albert had extramarital affairs with several women, including
1765:
681:
403:
in 1821, he granted and then withdrew his support for a rebellion which sought to force
5345:
5225:
2897:
2591:
2527:
2232:
2126:
2114:
1877:
1817:
1664:
1342:
539:
465:
375:
1142:
626:
6169:
5140:
2719:
reach of their praises or their blame, his countrymen gave the epithet 'magnanimous'.
2673:
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2290:
2248:
2074:
2069:
1837:
1726:
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1550:
1534:
1243:
1159:
1089:
1057:
976:
755:
149:
81:
2406:
At 9:30 pm on the same day, Charles Albert summoned his sons, Chrzanowski, generals
1316:
464:
The attempt to free northern Italy from Austria represents the first attempt of the
3596:
2562:
2268:
2158:
1984:
1858:
1801:
1782:
1757:
1617:
1569:
1372:
had renounced the throne. Henri's claim to the throne had been denied by the king.
1365:
844:
798:
declaring that he supported armed action. They were to raise troops, surround King
732:
442:
145:
65:
3653:
In this period, Charles Albert grew a great deal. As an adult, he was 2.03 m tall.
1464:
5175:
5014:
1119:
At the end of August 1823, with the French fleet aiding from the sea, the troops
5036:(1851), "Von Seiner Majestät dem Könige Friedrich Wilhelm III. ernannte Ritter"
3031:
2679:
2531:
2500:
2492:
1672:
1656:
1562:
1530:
1345:, an ex-revolutionary, and as a result, he decided to make an alliance with the
1207:
1175:
1116:, which was the last remaining refuge of the Spanish constitutional government.
1077:
952:
815:
635:
2594:, who brought him greetings from the Piedmontese government. To them he said:
2320:
carried the king to safety. In the night he departed from Milan with the army.
1729:, in order to capture the German commerce which sustained the Austrian port of
1166:
With the dissolution of the expeditionary force, Charles Albert travelled from
987:
spoke in his defence, they decided that he was responsible for the conspiracy.
735:, Guglielmo Moffa di Lisio Gribaldi and Carlo Emanuele Asinari di San Marzano.
2523:
2383:
The war did indeed resume on that day. On 22 March, Charles Albert arrived at
1793:
1773:, who requested clarification on the policy of the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1846
1577:
1522:
1489:, he built several monuments and palaces, refounded the Academy of Art as the
1353:
1230:
1190:
1073:
992:
960:
611:
427:
412:
98:
1040:
Charles Albert in the assault on Trocadero. From a miniature donated by King
838:
The decree by which Charles Albert announced the Spanish Constitution of 1821
5155:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 938–939.
3711:
2461:
2399:
1613:
1581:
1505:
Charles Albert also reformed the army, reformed the law codes, instituted a
1214:
890:
848:
457:. Charles Albert died in exile a few months later in the Portuguese city of
5034:
Liste der Ritter des Königlich Preußischen Hohen Ordens vom Schwarzen Adler
2259:
Flag donated by the women of Milan in the summer of 1848. Displayed in the
1377:
2578:
Once his arrival in Oporto became known, Charles Albert was hosted at the
1883:
At the beginning of 1848, news arrived that following the outbreak of the
902:
with a few clauses requested by Victor Emmanuel I's queen, Maria Theresa.
2484:
2477:
2142:
Charles Albert (with the spyglass) and the Piedmontese commanders at the
1498:
1385:
906:
615:
559:
2339:, had declared that the French would only give such aid to Republicans.
2013:
468:
to alter the equilibrium established in the Italian peninsula after the
5954:
3007:
2965:
2539:
2512:
2221:
2170:
2166:
2150:
2027:
2022:
1873:
1805:
1730:
1621:
1546:
1297:
1167:
1069:
607:
555:
304:
1987:, was sworn in on 16 March 1848, two days before the beginning of the
422:
He became king of Sardinia in 1831 on the death of his distant cousin
5144:
2551:
2504:
2496:
2384:
2154:
1778:
1292:
1112:, where he waited for the order to attack the fortress of Cadiz, the
1101:
1085:
936:
852:
700:, a relative of Queen Maria Theresa. Charles Albert travelled to the
592:
575:
circumstances in which their children, Charles Albert and his sister
546:, had no children, at his death the throne would pass to his brother
6044:
4100:, diplomat and Minister of Foreign Affairs for the Kingdom of Italy.
1341:, which had deposed Charles X of France and led to the accession of
37:"Charles Albert" redirects here. For Charles Albert of Bavaria, see
5314:
2117:
criticized Charles Albert's tardiness in deciding to enter the war.
1260:
Charles Albert after his coronation, by Ferdinando Cavalleri (1831)
441:
army in the First Italian War of Independence but was abandoned by
4886:
4313:
shared their views. Then they arrived there in great numbers with
2758:
2637:
2616:
2569:
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2360:
2352:
2277:
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2242:
2162:
2137:
2012:
2004:
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1916:
1908:
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1660:
1625:
1591:
1463:
1448:
1381:
1315:
1307:
1300:
ambassador to Turin and wife of Maurizio di Robilant (1798–1862).
1255:
1141:
1092:, he demonstrated courage and the French made him a member of the
1024:
980:
946:
833:
825:
775:
765:
680:
625:
515:
498:
487:
458:
232:
211:
195:
5076:
Il re che tentò di fare l'Italia. Vita di Carlo Alberto di Savoia
4216:
4214:
4212:
1457:
in the Palazzo Madama, founded by Charles Albert in 1832, as the
1189:
On 2 February, Charles Albert departed and on the 6th he reached
4222:"Carlo Alberto re di Sardegna in Dizionario Biografico Treccani"
2728:
In 1817, Charles Albert married his second cousin once removed,
2535:
2508:
1196:
Once he had returned to Turin, Charles Albert resided mainly at
1186:, the most prestigious chivalrous order of the French monarchy.
295:
Carlo Alberto Emanuele Vittorio Maria Clemente Saverio di Savoia
6048:
5958:
5318:
1749:
in 1820. Victor Emmanuel and Adelaide were thus first cousins.
654:(Charles Emmanuel IV had abdicated in 1802) and his wife Queen
4908:"Caballeros Existentes en la Insignie Orden del Toison de Oro"
3025:
415:
expedition against the Spanish liberals in 1823 known as the "
5051:
Almanach royal officiel, publié, exécution d'un arrête du roi
4598:
a cura di A. Bandini Buti, Universale Economica, Milano, 1950
2768:
Princess Maria Cristina of Savoy (1826–1827) died in infancy.
2365:
Charles Albert abdicates in favour of his son Victor Emmanuel
1229:, whose books were banned in Piedmont. He owned the works of
5209:
2280:(about 25 km further east than requested by Radetzky).
1792:
Understandably, on 8 June 1846, on the orders of Chancellor
1076:
on 7 May. The next day, Charles Albert set out, arriving in
430:
idea of a federal Italy, led by the Pope and freed from the
1064:
On 2 May, Charles Albert embarked on the Sardinian frigate
715:
and from there they made their formal entrance into Turin.
6271:
Recipients of the Order of St. George of the Fourth Degree
1671:. Two of them were captured and executed by firing squad.
1356:
position, Charles Albert lent support to his close friend
1235:
Collection of Classic Italian Writers on Political Economy
4864:
Hof- und Staatshandbuch des österreichischen Kaiserthumes
1312:
Charles Albert at the time of his accession to the throne
2398:
Austria's conditions were very harsh: occupation of the
4938:
Annuaire-bulletin de la Société de l'histoire de France
2456:
Charles Albert's eldest son became king of Sardinia as
2216:
he could not realistically continue the war alone. The
6266:
Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary
2604:
Charles Albert to Collegno and Cibrario, May 1849, in
6261:
Knights Cross of the Military Order of Maria Theresa
30:"Carlo Alberto" redirects here. For other uses, see
5911:
5889:
5861:
5797:
5765:
5744:
5728:
5682:
5636:
5600:
5569:
5523:
5482:
5461:
5420:
5389:
5368:
5352:
4252:
4250:
2566:
The death of Charles Albert in a contemporary print
2303:, who participated actively in the riots in Milan:
1360:in December 1823 when she sought to place her son,
1358:
Marie-Caroline de Bourbon-Sicile, duchesse de Berry
1321:
Marie-Caroline de Bourbon-Sicile, duchesse de Berry
995:on this, who was unexpectedly opposed to the idea.
634:After Napoleon was defeated for good, the new king
526:. His father was the great-great-great-grandson of
411:. He became a conservative and participated in the
345:
335:
325:
315:
303:
289:
267:
239:
221:
201:
178:
174:
127:
117:
107:
97:
87:
76:
52:
5112:L'Italia nei cento anni del secolo XIX (1826–1849)
5099:L'Italia nei cento anni del secolo XIX (1801–1825)
2550:and, finally, on 19 April, at noon, he arrived in
1576:, Charles Albert sided with the absolutists under
1174:, widow of the Duc de Berry. On 15 December, King
1150:, the preferred residence of Prince Charles Albert
855:at the time, Charles Albert was appointed regent.
6221:Grand masters of the Gold Medal of Military Valor
5203:Genealogy of recent members of the House of Savoy
1364:, on the French throne. She was the widow of the
453:, after which he abdicated in favour of his son,
5163:(University of Michigan Press: Ann Arbor, 1997).
4912:Calendario manual y guía de forasteros en Madrid
3625:
3623:
2915:Order of St. Andrew the Apostle the First-called
2586:, with a view of the ocean. On 3 May, he hosted
2538:on 15 April and entered Portuguese territory at
2436:(who had negotiated the armistice) and minister
1921:Charles Albert signs the Statute on 8 March 1848
1565:of 1833–1840, the constitutionalists prevailed.
1513:Support for Spanish and Portuguese reactionaries
951:Charles Albert, Prince of Carignano in a French
6231:People of the First Italian War of Independence
5936:*member of a cadet branch of the House of Savoy
4268:
4266:
2716:
2699:
2596:
2305:
2058:
4349:
4347:
905:Meanwhile, the representatives of liberals of
6060:
5970:
5330:
4837:(in Italian). Florence: Eredi Botta. p.
2642:In manus tuas, Domine, commendo spiritum meum
1368:, second son of Charles X, whose eldest son,
8:
2239:Events in Milan and the armistice of Salasco
2017:Italy in 1843, during Charles Albert's reign
1777:In 1845, revolutionary movements erupted in
399:, where he received a liberal education. As
6286:19th-century people from the Savoyard State
4964:Almanacco Reale del Regno Delle Due Sicilie
3060:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2793:Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation
2647:His body was embalmed and displayed in the
70:Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation
6067:
6053:
6045:
5977:
5963:
5955:
5337:
5323:
5315:
5216:
4096:Maria Antonietta i Robilant was mother of
3101:
3092:
437:Charles Albert led his forces against the
58:
49:
5628:Thomas Emmanuel, Prince of Savoy-Carignan
5182:old interpretations but useful on details
4794:
4607:
4437:
4072:
3080:Learn how and when to remove this message
2740:. The couple had the following children:
2105:Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states
2034:, King Louis Philippe was deposed, and a
1761:Carlo Alberto in the Anti-Austrian period
1572:(1828–1834), which followed the death of
863:as Minister of the Interior, the general
370:; 2 October 1798 – 28 July 1849) was the
3975:
3747:
2476:(on the road halfway between Novara and
2447:
2108:
1764:
1525:and the constitutionalists who defended
1153:
1035:
822:The regency and the Spanish Constitution
669:, and after he had failed, the dragoon,
5541:Emmanuel Philibert, Prince of Carignano
4996:(in Italian), p. 9, archived from
4098:Carlo Felice Nicolis, conte di Robilant
3714:. Charles Felix had no children at all.
3607:
3096:Ancestors of Charles Albert of Sardinia
2621:Equestrian statue of Charles Albert at
2574:Charles Albert Square, Oporto, Portugal
2228:, which lasted from the 22 to 27 July.
1475:Pinacoteca Regia e della Galleria Reale
1459:Pinacoteca Regia e della Galleria Reale
762:Participation in the Revolution of 1821
143:
5669:Victor Amadeus II, Prince of Carignano
5644:Vittorio Amedeo Teodoro, Duke of Aosta
3459:
3339:
3335:
3325:
3220:
3147:Victor Amadeus II, Prince of Carignano
3110:
3106:
2343:The second campaign and the abdication
286:
6241:Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain
5720:Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Carignano
5695:Amadeus Alexander, Duke of Montferrat
5582:Victor Amadeus I, Prince of Carignano
5168:Revolutions of 1848: a social history
3532:
3522:
3518:
3506:
3500:
3490:
3477:
3467:
3463:
3447:
3441:
3431:
3415:
3405:
3401:
3389:
3383:
3373:
3357:
3347:
3343:
3319:
3309:
3296:
3286:
3282:
3270:
3264:
3254:
3238:
3228:
3224:
3208:
3205:Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Carignano
3202:
3192:
3176:
3166:
3162:
3150:
3144:
3134:
3118:
3114:
1304:Conflict with Louis Philippe's France
520:Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Carignano
493:Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Carignano
68:, c. 1832, wearing the collar of the
7:
6281:Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis
4960:"Capitolo XIV: Ordini cavallereschi"
4782:
4770:
4758:
4746:
4720:
4708:
4696:
4684:
4672:
4660:
4648:
4619:
4582:
4570:
4558:
4546:
4534:
4509:
4497:
4485:
4473:
4461:
4449:
4425:
4413:
4401:
4389:
4377:
4365:
4353:
4338:
4326:
4296:
4284:
4272:
4241:
4203:
4191:
4145:
4133:
4121:
4109:
4084:
4060:
4048:
4036:
4024:
4012:
4000:
3987:
3963:
3951:
3939:
3927:
3915:
3903:
3891:
3879:
3867:
3855:
3843:
3831:
3819:
3807:
3795:
3783:
3771:
3759:
3735:
3723:
3698:
3686:
3674:
3662:
3641:
3629:
3614:
3058:adding citations to reliable sources
2839:Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen
2734:Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany
2605:
1811:In the same way, in September 1847,
1796:, the Austrian ambassador to Turin,
1121:launched an assault on the Trocadero
1021:Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis
417:Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis
6256:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
5897:Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples
5505:Thomas Francis, Prince of Carignano
4525:, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 2011, p. 205.
2738:Princess Luisa of Naples and Sicily
2507:, which he reached on 26 March. At
1399:Vittorio Amedeo Sallier della Torre
811:Alessandro Di Saluzzo di Menusiglio
648:Alessandro Di Saluzzo di Menusiglio
630:Youthful portrait of Charles Albert
528:Thomas Francis, Prince of Carignano
6196:Burials at the Basilica of Superga
5608:Victor Amadeus, Prince of Piedmont
5536:Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy
5177:The Life and Times of Cavour vol 1
5053:(in French). Vol. 1. p.
4256:"Carlo Alberto re di Sardegna" in
2714:An American historian says he was
1950:Carlo Giuseppe Beraudo di Pralormo
1891:had granted a constitution in the
1743:Ranier Joseph of Habsburg-Lorraine
1620:in Modena, and an insurrection in
1138:Visit to Paris and return to Turin
638:celebrated the restoration of the
27:King of Sardinia from 1831 to 1849
25:
5822:Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi
5816:Vittorio Emanuele, Count of Turin
5810:Emanuele Filiberto, Duke of Aosta
5618:Louis Victor, Prince of Carignano
5546:Eugene Maurice, Count of Soissons
5495:Charles Emmanuel, Duke of Nemours
5469:Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy
5453:Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy
5161:Modern Italy: A Political History
4797:, pp. 1705, 1710, 1712, 1714
3592:First Italian War of Independence
3121:Louis Victor, Prince of Carignano
2518:Charles Albert continued through
2099:First Italian War of Independence
2093:First Italian War of Independence
1769:The elderly Austrian chancellor,
1337:The new king was affected by the
622:First period in Turin (1814–1821)
532:Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy
386:First Italian War of Independence
6276:Italian people of Polish descent
6154:
5613:Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia
5556:Charles Amadeus, Duke of Nemours
5199: (archived 23 February 2006)
4596:La rivoluzione lombarda del 1848
3030:
3000:
2980:
2964:
2947:Order of St. Ferdinand and Merit
2932:
2890:
2870:
2850:
2814:
2779:
2301:Cristina Trivulzio di Belgiojoso
2161:. On 29 March, the king entered
1933:On 7 January 1848, at the hotel
1717:Beginning of crisis with Austria
1483:Turin City Museum of Ancient Art
1455:Turin City Museum of Ancient Art
1445:Reforms and cultural initiatives
1326:Portrait of the Duchess of Beryy
1050:Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême
1029:Charles Albert as a hero of the
449:and was defeated in 1849 at the
447:Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies
349:
278:Prince Ferdinando, Duke of Genoa
5690:Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia
5587:Louis Thomas, Count of Soissons
5531:Francis Hyacinth, Duke of Savoy
5490:Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy
5174:Thayer, William Roscoe (1911).
4736:. Castro Irmão & C.ª. 1868.
2829:Military Order of Maria Theresa
1287:Pro-Austrian period (1831–1845)
1048:At the beginning of 1823, Duke
893:, who was Vicar-General of the
602:After Napoleon's defeat at the
579:(born 13 April 1800), grew up.
257:
39:Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor
6186:19th-century kings of Sardinia
5674:Eugene Jean, Count of Soissons
5659:Carlo Francesco, Duke of Aosta
5649:Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia
2636:. Charles Albert whispered in
2483:The former king continued via
2021:Elected in 1846, the new pope
1227:Carlo Giuseppe Guglielmo Botta
943:Reactionary period (1821–1831)
32:Carlo Alberto (disambiguation)
1:
6216:Military personnel from Turin
6201:19th-century Italian nobility
5700:Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia
5623:Eugenio, Count of Villafranca
5577:Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia
4158:Sarti, Maria Alberta (2011).
2925:Order of St. Alexander Nevsky
2651:. On 3 September, the ships,
2408:Alessandro Ferrero La Marmora
2312:Charles Albert's second son,
1753:Liberal sovereign (1845–1849)
1568:Similarly, in the Portuguese
1084:. on the 24th, he arrived at
911:Giorgio Pallavicino Trivulzio
788:Santorre di Rossi de Pomarolo
721:Santorre di Rossi de Pomarolo
667:Filippo Grimaldi del Poggetto
530:, youngest legitimate son of
158:Ettore Perrone di San Martino
92:27 April 1831 – 23 March 1849
5805:Victor Emmanuel III of Italy
5736:Charles Albert I of Sardinia
5705:Maurizio, Duke of Montferrat
5381:Philip I, Prince of Piedmont
4966:(in Italian), 1829, p.
4887:"A Szent István Rend tagjai"
4734:Archivo pittoresco Volume XI
3179:Christine of Hesse-Rotenburg
2763:Princess Elisabeth of Saxony
2588:Giacinto Provana di Collegno
1676:Giovanni Battista Scapaccino
1376:volunteers were defeated at
792:Giacinto Provana di Collegno
784:Spanish Constitution of 1812
671:Policarpo Cacherano d'Osasco
41:. For the French boxer, see
6226:Claimant kings of Jerusalem
5752:Victor Emmanuel II of Italy
5710:Charles Felix I of Sardinia
5664:Benedetto, Duke of Chablais
5438:Philibert II, Duke of Savoy
5221:Charles Albert of Sardinia
4860:"Erster Abschnitt: der hof"
3942:, pp. 123–125, 127–128
2732:, the youngest daughter of
1893:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
1844:Emanuele Pes di Villamarina
1628:which led to the flight of
1588:Opposition to "Young Italy"
1425:Emanuele Pes di Villamarina
1248:, a supporter of Napoleon.
1054:liberal revolution in Spain
865:Emanuele Pes di Villamarina
774:After the 1820 uprising in
6302:
5846:Adalberto, Duke of Bergamo
5783:Oddone, Duke of Montferrat
5443:Charles III, Duke of Savoy
5428:Philibert I, Duke of Savoy
4932:Teulet, Alexandre (1863).
4906:Guerra, Francisco (1837),
4812:, No. 73, 12 August 1848).
3453:
3337:
3322:Charles Albert of Sardinia
3214:
3108:
2861:Order of the Golden Fleece
2346:
2318:Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora
2179:Castiglione delle Stiviere
2102:
2096:
2087:Joseph Radetzky von Radetz
1998:
1902:
1855:Cesare Alfieri di Sostegno
1018:
963:, on 23 March he made for
926:Giuseppe Arconati Visconti
506:, mother of Charles Albert
495:, father of Charles Albert
154:Cesare Alfieri di Sostegno
36:
29:
18:Charles Albert of Piedmont
6152:
6082:
5992:
5933:
5919:Prince Emanuele Filiberto
5834:Ferdinando, Duke of Genoa
5654:Prince Emanuele Filiberto
5561:Henri II, Duke of Nemours
5397:Amadeus IX, Duke of Savoy
5300:
5291:
5283:
5278:
5270:
5261:
5253:
5246:
5219:
3520:
3512:
3484:
3465:
3461:
3444:Maria Christina of Saxony
3425:
3403:
3395:
3386:Charles, Duke of Courland
3367:
3345:
3341:
3303:
3284:
3276:
3248:
3226:
3222:
3186:
3164:
3156:
3128:
3112:
2755:Prince Ferdinand of Savoy
2412:Carlo Emanuele La Marmora
1961:Luigi Provana di Collegno
1946:order of the Annunciation
1485:) and the library of the
741:Marie Caroline de Bourbon
698:Archduchess Maria Theresa
504:Maria Christina of Saxony
330:Maria Christina of Saxony
320:Charles Emmanuel of Savoy
294:
285:
57:
5840:Filiberto, Duke of Genoa
5828:Umberto, Count of Salemi
5757:Ferdinand, Duke of Genoa
5551:Louis I, Duke of Nemours
5515:Prince Emmanuel Filibert
5474:Jacques, Duke of Nemours
5433:Charles I, Duke of Savoy
5412:Jacques, Count of Romont
5407:Philip II, Duke of Savoy
4893:22 December 2010 at the
4831:Cibrario, Luigi (1869).
4523:Il Risorgimento italiano
3418:Maria Josepha of Austria
3241:Louis, Prince of Brionne
2991:Order of the Black Eagle
2953:Order of Saint Januarius
2881:Order of the Holy Spirit
2730:Maria Theresa of Austria
2542:. From there he went to
1733:for the Ligurian ports.
1517:After the death of king
1352:In accordance with this
1184:Order of the Holy Spirit
1110:El Puerto de Santa María
876:Lodovico Sauli d'Igliano
874:as Minister of War, and
782:was forced to grant the
694:Ferdinand III of Tuscany
686:Maria Theresa of Austria
677:Marriage and personality
524:Maria Cristina of Saxony
246:Maria Theresa of Austria
6236:Modern history of Italy
5715:Giuseppe, Count of Asti
5448:Philip, Duke of Nemours
5152:Encyclopædia Britannica
4809:Neue Rheinische Zeitung
3930:, pp. 135–136, 149
3478:14. Stanisław Krasiński
2686:, where it still lies.
2349:Battle of Novara (1849)
2325:Carlo Canera di Salasco
2157:, at one corner of the
1798:Karl Ferdinand von Buol
1252:Accession to the throne
1106:Jerez de los Caballeros
897:and had been chosen as
688:, Charles Albert's wife
409:constitutional monarchy
281:Princess Maria Cristina
6246:Monarchs who abdicated
5852:Eugenio, Duke of Genoa
5788:Tommaso, Duke of Genoa
5500:Henri, Duke of Nemours
5402:Louis, Count of Geneva
5166:Robertson, Priscilla.
5146:"Charles Albert"
3360:Augustus III of Poland
3010:: Grand Cordon of the
2971:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
2773:Orders and decorations
2721:
2712:
2625:
2611:
2575:
2567:
2453:
2427:Luigi Fecia di Cossato
2366:
2358:
2310:
2264:
2261:Royal Armoury of Turin
2252:
2146:
2118:
2062:
2047:Francesco Arese Lucini
2018:
2010:
1930:
1922:
1914:
1829:Solaro della Margarita
1774:
1771:Klemens von Metternich
1762:
1609:
1549:supported Don Carlos;
1519:Ferdinand VII of Spain
1469:
1468:Charles Albert in 1833
1461:
1334:
1313:
1303:
1274:Ignazio Thaon di Revel
1261:
1163:
1151:
1082:Étienne de Bordesoulle
1045:
1033:
956:
847:to negotiate with the
839:
831:
780:Ferdinand VII of Spain
771:
713:Castello del Valentino
702:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
689:
631:
518:on 2 October 1798, to
507:
496:
484:Early life and studies
367:
43:Charles Albert (boxer)
5946:Prince of Savoy-Aosta
5941:Prince of Savoy-Genoa
5902:Amedeo, Duke of Aosta
5880:Aimone, Duke of Aosta
5874:Amedeo, Duke of Aosta
5125:Carlo Alberto inedito
3267:Joséphine of Lorraine
2973:: Grand Cross of the
2757:(1822–1855), Duke of
2747:(1820–1878); married
2620:
2573:
2565:
2451:
2364:
2356:
2337:Alphonse de Lamartine
2323:On 8 August, general
2258:
2246:
2181:, and on 11 April at
2141:
2112:
2016:
2008:
1995:The Spring of Nations
1928:
1920:
1912:
1899:The Albertine Statute
1768:
1760:
1659:, which would attack
1595:
1529:regency on behalf of
1467:
1452:
1319:
1311:
1259:
1157:
1145:
1039:
1028:
1007:and the conservative
1005:Alphonse de Lamartine
950:
837:
829:
769:
684:
629:
597:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
566:The Napoleonic period
534:, and founder of the
502:
491:
6095:Charles Emmanuel III
5986:Princes of Carignano
5376:Louis, Duke of Savoy
5128:. Milano: Mondadori.
4940:(in French) (2): 117
4594:Cfr. C. Belgioioso,
3834:, pp. 85–89, 98
3774:, pp. 52–55, 57
3665:, pp. 28, 31–32
3503:Franciszka Krasińska
3054:improve this section
2803:Civil Order of Savoy
2667:on 13 October, with
2584:rua de Entre Quintas
2558:Final days in Oporto
2377:Wojciech Chrzanowski
2032:Revolution in France
1132:Order of Saint Louis
1061:depart on 26 April.
895:Archdiocese of Turin
861:Ferdinando dal Pozzo
6211:Princes of Carignan
6191:Nobility from Turin
6111:Charles Emmanuel IV
5869:Umberto II of Italy
5264:Prince of Carignano
5170:(1952). pp 309–401.
5159:Mack Smith, Denis,
5078:. Milano: Rizzoli.
5049:H. Tarlier (1854).
4258:La Piccola Treccani
4194:, pp. 178, 181
3750:, pp. 954, 956
3533:15. Aniela Humięcka
3297:11. Louise de Rohan
2975:Order of St. Joseph
2945:Grand Cross of the
2905:Order of St. George
2837:Grand Cross of the
2786:Kingdom of Sardinia
2749:Adelaide of Austria
2724:Family and children
2684:Basilica of Superga
2649:Cathedral of Oporto
2144:Battle of Pastrengo
2001:Revolutions of 1848
1739:Adelaide of Austria
1491:Accademia Albertina
1072:, which arrived in
1056:and restoring King
1042:Charles X of France
1031:Battle of Trocadero
544:Charles Emmanuel IV
510:He was born at the
401:Prince of Carignano
6143:Victor Emmanuel II
6103:Victor Amadeus III
6003:Emmanuel Philibert
5773:Umberto I of Italy
5304:Victor Emmanuel II
5273:Position abolished
5108:Comandini, Alfredo
5094:Comandini, Alfredo
4785:, pp. 271–272
4773:, pp. 270–271
4761:, pp. 268–269
4749:, pp. 266–267
4711:, pp. 260–265
4699:, pp. 258–259
4687:, pp. 251–252
4651:, pp. 245–247
4636:Giuseppe Dabormida
4585:, pp. 240–241
4549:, pp. 234–236
4521:Denis Mack Smith,
4512:, pp. 230–231
4500:, pp. 229–230
4464:, pp. 225–227
4452:, pp. 208–210
4416:, pp. 206–207
4404:, pp. 204–206
4392:, pp. 203–204
4380:, pp. 202–203
4368:, pp. 201–202
4329:, pp. 194–198
4299:, pp. 192–194
4287:, pp. 187–191
4206:, pp. 181–182
4136:, pp. 175–176
4124:, pp. 174–175
4112:, pp. 173–174
4087:, pp. 164–167
4063:, pp. 159–162
4039:, pp. 153–156
4027:, pp. 145–146
4015:, pp. 144–145
4003:, pp. 142–144
3990:, pp. 141–142
3966:, pp. 140–141
3954:, pp. 128–131
3906:, pp. 116–118
3894:, pp. 109–110
3882:, pp. 103–106
2987:Kingdom of Prussia
2745:Victor Emmanuel II
2626:
2576:
2568:
2468:Voyage to Portugal
2458:Victor Emmanuel II
2454:
2367:
2359:
2335:foreign minister,
2265:
2253:
2147:
2119:
2079:Cisalpine Republic
2019:
2011:
1989:Five Days of Milan
1979:Albert were held.
1931:
1923:
1915:
1775:
1763:
1711:corrective justice
1687:Giuseppe Garibaldi
1663:(then part of the
1610:
1507:Court of cassation
1470:
1462:
1414:Giuseppe Barbaroux
1392:Philosophy of rule
1335:
1314:
1262:
1220:Voyage to Sardinia
1164:
1152:
1096:. He proceeded to
1046:
1034:
1015:Spanish Expedition
957:
899:Bishop of Piacenza
840:
832:
772:
706:Florence Cathedral
690:
632:
508:
497:
470:Congress of Vienna
455:Victor Emmanuel II
274:Victor Emmanuel II
122:Victor Emmanuel II
6163:
6162:
6119:Victor Emmanuel I
6087:Victor Amadeus II
6076:Kings of Sardinia
6042:
6041:
6021:Victor Amadeus ΙΙ
5952:
5951:
5778:Amadeo I of Spain
5310:
5309:
5301:Succeeded by
5271:Succeeded by
5208:Marek, Miroslav.
5120:Salata, Francesco
5016:Almanacco toscano
3810:, pp. 65, 76
3587:Statuto Albertino
3577:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3090:
3089:
3082:
2877:Kingdom of France
2630:Alessandro Riberi
2623:Casale Monferrato
2226:Battle of Custoza
2202:Vincenzo Gioberti
1905:Albertine Statute
1885:Spring of Nations
1863:Roberto d'Azeglio
1831:, and Archbishop
1787:Massimo d'Azeglio
1702:procedural laws.
1527:Maria Christina's
1009:Joseph de Maistre
915:Gaetano Castiglia
830:Victor Emmanuel I
800:Victor Emmanuel I
729:Giacinto Collegno
725:Roberto d'Azeglio
660:Palazzo Carignano
652:Victor Emmanuel I
604:Battle of Leipzig
589:Collège Stanislas
552:Maurizio Giuseppe
512:Palazzo Carignano
439:Imperial Austrian
432:House of Habsburg
405:Victor Emmanuel I
393:Napoleonic period
381:Statuto Albertino
374:and ruler of the
357:
356:
299:
298:
192:Palazzo Carignano
162:Vincenzo Gioberti
16:(Redirected from
6293:
6206:Princes of Savoy
6158:
6069:
6062:
6055:
6046:
6027:Charles Emmanuel
6009:Victor Amadeus Ι
5979:
5972:
5965:
5956:
5346:Princes of Savoy
5339:
5332:
5325:
5316:
5298:1831–1849
5294:King of Sardinia
5284:Preceded by
5268:1800–1831
5257:Charles Emmanuel
5254:Preceded by
5248:Italian nobility
5242:
5235:
5217:
5213:
5181:
5156:
5148:
5129:
5115:
5103:
5089:
5072:Bertoldi, Silvio
5059:
5058:
5046:
5040:
5031:
5025:
5024:
5019:. 1832. p.
5011:
5005:
5004:
5002:
4995:
4984:
4978:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4956:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4945:
4929:
4923:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4914:(in Spanish): 79
4903:
4897:
4889:(in Hungarian),
4884:
4878:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4866:, 1848, p.
4856:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4845:
4828:
4822:
4819:
4813:
4804:
4798:
4792:
4786:
4780:
4774:
4768:
4762:
4756:
4750:
4744:
4738:
4737:
4730:
4724:
4718:
4712:
4706:
4700:
4694:
4688:
4682:
4676:
4670:
4664:
4658:
4652:
4646:
4640:
4629:
4623:
4617:
4611:
4605:
4599:
4592:
4586:
4580:
4574:
4568:
4562:
4556:
4550:
4544:
4538:
4532:
4526:
4519:
4513:
4507:
4501:
4495:
4489:
4483:
4477:
4471:
4465:
4459:
4453:
4447:
4441:
4435:
4429:
4423:
4417:
4411:
4405:
4399:
4393:
4387:
4381:
4375:
4369:
4363:
4357:
4351:
4342:
4336:
4330:
4324:
4318:
4311:Fenestrelle Fort
4306:
4300:
4294:
4288:
4282:
4276:
4270:
4261:
4254:
4245:
4239:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4228:
4218:
4207:
4201:
4195:
4189:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4155:
4149:
4143:
4137:
4131:
4125:
4119:
4113:
4107:
4101:
4094:
4088:
4082:
4076:
4070:
4064:
4058:
4052:
4046:
4040:
4034:
4028:
4022:
4016:
4010:
4004:
3997:
3991:
3985:
3979:
3973:
3967:
3961:
3955:
3949:
3943:
3937:
3931:
3925:
3919:
3913:
3907:
3901:
3895:
3889:
3883:
3877:
3871:
3870:, pp. 97–99
3865:
3859:
3858:, pp. 95–96
3853:
3847:
3846:, pp. 91–95
3841:
3835:
3829:
3823:
3822:, pp. 75–79
3817:
3811:
3805:
3799:
3793:
3787:
3781:
3775:
3769:
3763:
3762:, pp. 46–47
3757:
3751:
3745:
3739:
3738:, pp. 41–44
3733:
3727:
3726:, pp. 36–40
3721:
3715:
3708:
3702:
3701:, pp. 35–36
3696:
3690:
3689:, pp. 34–35
3684:
3678:
3672:
3666:
3660:
3654:
3651:
3645:
3644:, pp. 26–27
3639:
3633:
3632:, pp. 25–26
3627:
3618:
3612:
3102:
3093:
3085:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3065:
3034:
3026:
3016:2 September 1840
3012:Order of Leopold
3006:
3004:
3003:
2995:22 December 1832
2989:: Knight of the
2985:
2984:
2983:
2969:
2968:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2879:: Knight of the
2875:
2874:
2873:
2859:: Knight of the
2855:
2854:
2853:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2708:House of Bourbon
2695:Friedrich Engels
2678:, Archbishop of
2677:
2609:
2544:Viana do Castelo
2489:Nizza Monferrato
2435:
2423:Giovanni Durando
2420:
2333:
2294:
2177:, on 8 April at
2173:, on 6 April at
2169:, on 5 April at
2134:Initial campaign
2056:on 19/20 March:
2055:
1969:
1958:
1865:, and the young
1852:
1841:
1821:
1684:
1642:Giuseppe Mazzini
1439:Giuseppe Mazzini
1433:
1422:
1407:
1282:
1247:
1198:Racconigi Castle
1148:Racconigi Castle
1094:Legion of Honour
934:
923:
884:
873:
802:'s residence at
451:Battle of Novara
395:, he resided in
372:King of Sardinia
353:
287:
261:
259:
208:
188:
186:
132:
93:
78:King of Sardinia
62:
50:
21:
6301:
6300:
6296:
6295:
6294:
6292:
6291:
6290:
6166:
6165:
6164:
6159:
6150:
6078:
6073:
6043:
6038:
5988:
5983:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5929:
5912:18th generation
5907:
5890:17th generation
5885:
5862:16th generation
5857:
5798:15th generation
5793:
5766:14th generation
5761:
5745:13th generation
5740:
5729:12th generation
5724:
5683:11th generation
5678:
5637:10th generation
5632:
5596:
5565:
5519:
5478:
5457:
5416:
5385:
5364:
5348:
5343:
5312:
5306:
5297:
5289:
5274:
5267:
5259:
5236:
5230:
5229:
5222:
5212:. Genealogy.EU.
5207:
5197:Wayback Machine
5189:
5173:
5139:
5136:
5134:Further reading
5118:
5106:
5092:
5086:
5070:
5067:
5062:
5048:
5047:
5043:
5032:
5028:
5013:
5012:
5008:
5003:on 4 March 2016
5000:
4993:
4987:Angelo Scordo,
4986:
4985:
4981:
4972:
4970:
4958:
4957:
4953:
4943:
4941:
4931:
4930:
4926:
4917:
4915:
4905:
4904:
4900:
4895:Wayback Machine
4885:
4881:
4872:
4870:
4858:
4857:
4853:
4843:
4841:
4830:
4829:
4825:
4820:
4816:
4805:
4801:
4793:
4789:
4781:
4777:
4769:
4765:
4757:
4753:
4745:
4741:
4732:
4731:
4727:
4719:
4715:
4707:
4703:
4695:
4691:
4683:
4679:
4671:
4667:
4659:
4655:
4647:
4643:
4630:
4626:
4618:
4614:
4606:
4602:
4593:
4589:
4581:
4577:
4569:
4565:
4557:
4553:
4545:
4541:
4533:
4529:
4520:
4516:
4508:
4504:
4496:
4492:
4484:
4480:
4472:
4468:
4460:
4456:
4448:
4444:
4436:
4432:
4424:
4420:
4412:
4408:
4400:
4396:
4388:
4384:
4376:
4372:
4364:
4360:
4352:
4345:
4337:
4333:
4325:
4321:
4307:
4303:
4295:
4291:
4283:
4279:
4271:
4264:
4255:
4248:
4240:
4236:
4226:
4224:
4220:
4219:
4210:
4202:
4198:
4190:
4186:
4176:
4174:
4172:
4157:
4156:
4152:
4144:
4140:
4132:
4128:
4120:
4116:
4108:
4104:
4095:
4091:
4083:
4079:
4071:
4067:
4059:
4055:
4047:
4043:
4035:
4031:
4023:
4019:
4011:
4007:
3998:
3994:
3986:
3982:
3974:
3970:
3962:
3958:
3950:
3946:
3938:
3934:
3926:
3922:
3914:
3910:
3902:
3898:
3890:
3886:
3878:
3874:
3866:
3862:
3854:
3850:
3842:
3838:
3830:
3826:
3818:
3814:
3806:
3802:
3794:
3790:
3782:
3778:
3770:
3766:
3758:
3754:
3746:
3742:
3734:
3730:
3722:
3718:
3709:
3705:
3697:
3693:
3685:
3681:
3673:
3669:
3661:
3657:
3652:
3648:
3640:
3636:
3628:
3621:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3583:
3578:
3086:
3075:
3069:
3066:
3051:
3035:
3024:
3001:
2999:
2981:
2979:
2963:
2933:
2931:
2891:
2889:
2885:5 February 1824
2871:
2869:
2865:13 October 1823
2851:
2849:
2822:Austrian Empire
2815:
2813:
2807:29 October 1831
2801:Founder of the
2797:1 November 1816
2780:
2778:
2775:
2726:
2692:
2671:
2665:Turin Cathedral
2634:extreme unction
2610:
2603:
2560:
2548:Póvoa de Varzim
2470:
2446:
2429:
2414:
2351:
2345:
2327:
2288:
2241:
2218:Battle of Goito
2190:Battle of Goito
2183:Volta Mantovana
2136:
2125:The federalist
2107:
2101:
2095:
2049:
2003:
1997:
1963:
1952:
1907:
1901:
1846:
1835:
1815:
1813:Cesare Trabucco
1755:
1723:Oriental Crisis
1719:
1707:Napoleonic Code
1699:
1678:
1596:The meeting of
1590:
1515:
1447:
1427:
1416:
1410:Clemente Solaro
1401:
1394:
1347:Austrian Empire
1339:July Revolution
1331:Thomas Lawrence
1306:
1289:
1276:
1254:
1241:
1140:
1023:
1017:
985:Maria Christina
973:
945:
928:
917:
878:
867:
824:
764:
752:Victor Emmanuel
743:, widow of the
679:
640:Bourbon dynasty
624:
577:Maria Elisabeth
572:French invasion
568:
548:Victor Emmanuel
486:
474:Giosuè Carducci
407:to institute a
384:, and with the
368:Carlo Alberto I
340:Catholic Church
310:Savoy-Carignano
280:
276:
263:
260: 1817)
255:
251:
248:
235:
226:
225:14 October 1849
210:
206:
190:
184:
182:
170:
166:Agostino Chiodo
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
142:
141:
130:Prime ministers
128:
91:
80:
72:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6299:
6297:
6289:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6251:Italian exiles
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6168:
6167:
6161:
6160:
6153:
6151:
6149:
6148:
6140:
6135:Charles Albert
6132:
6124:
6116:
6108:
6100:
6092:
6083:
6080:
6079:
6074:
6072:
6071:
6064:
6057:
6049:
6040:
6039:
6037:
6036:
6033:Charles Albert
6030:
6024:
6018:
6012:
6006:
6000:
5997:Thomas Francis
5993:
5990:
5989:
5984:
5982:
5981:
5974:
5967:
5959:
5950:
5949:
5934:
5931:
5930:
5928:
5927:
5921:
5915:
5913:
5909:
5908:
5906:
5905:
5899:
5893:
5891:
5887:
5886:
5884:
5883:
5877:
5871:
5865:
5863:
5859:
5858:
5856:
5855:
5849:
5843:
5837:
5831:
5825:
5819:
5813:
5807:
5801:
5799:
5795:
5794:
5792:
5791:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5769:
5767:
5763:
5762:
5760:
5759:
5754:
5748:
5746:
5742:
5741:
5739:
5738:
5732:
5730:
5726:
5725:
5723:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5686:
5684:
5680:
5679:
5677:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5640:
5638:
5634:
5633:
5631:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5604:
5602:
5601:9th generation
5598:
5597:
5595:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5573:
5571:
5570:8th generation
5567:
5566:
5564:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5527:
5525:
5524:7th generation
5521:
5520:
5518:
5517:
5512:
5510:Prince Maurice
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5486:
5484:
5483:6th generation
5480:
5479:
5477:
5476:
5471:
5465:
5463:
5462:5th generation
5459:
5458:
5456:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5424:
5422:
5421:4th generation
5418:
5417:
5415:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5393:
5391:
5390:3rd generation
5387:
5386:
5384:
5383:
5378:
5372:
5370:
5369:2nd generation
5366:
5365:
5363:
5362:
5356:
5354:
5353:1st generation
5350:
5349:
5344:
5342:
5341:
5334:
5327:
5319:
5308:
5307:
5302:
5299:
5290:
5285:
5281:
5280:
5279:Regnal titles
5276:
5275:
5272:
5269:
5260:
5255:
5251:
5250:
5244:
5243:
5234:2 October 1798
5226:House of Savoy
5223:
5220:
5215:
5214:
5205:
5200:
5188:
5187:External links
5185:
5184:
5183:
5171:
5164:
5157:
5143:, ed. (1911).
5141:Chisholm, Hugh
5135:
5132:
5131:
5130:
5116:
5104:
5090:
5084:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5060:
5041:
5026:
5006:
4979:
4951:
4924:
4898:
4879:
4851:
4823:
4814:
4799:
4787:
4775:
4763:
4751:
4739:
4725:
4713:
4701:
4689:
4677:
4665:
4653:
4641:
4624:
4612:
4610:, p. 1518
4600:
4587:
4575:
4563:
4551:
4539:
4527:
4514:
4502:
4490:
4478:
4466:
4454:
4442:
4440:, p. 1374
4430:
4418:
4406:
4394:
4382:
4370:
4358:
4343:
4331:
4319:
4301:
4289:
4277:
4262:
4246:
4234:
4208:
4196:
4184:
4170:
4150:
4138:
4126:
4114:
4102:
4089:
4077:
4065:
4053:
4041:
4029:
4017:
4005:
3992:
3980:
3978:, p. 1222
3968:
3956:
3944:
3932:
3920:
3908:
3896:
3884:
3872:
3860:
3848:
3836:
3824:
3812:
3800:
3788:
3776:
3764:
3752:
3740:
3728:
3716:
3703:
3691:
3679:
3667:
3655:
3646:
3634:
3619:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3582:
3579:
3575:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3098:
3097:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3038:
3036:
3029:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3018:
2997:
2977:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2951:Knight of the
2949:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2923:Knight of the
2921:
2913:Knight of the
2911:
2903:Knight of the
2898:Russian Empire
2887:
2867:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2835:
2827:Knight of the
2811:
2810:
2809:
2799:
2791:Knight of the
2774:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2766:
2752:
2725:
2722:
2691:
2688:
2669:Alexis Billiet
2601:
2592:Luigi Cibrario
2580:Hotel do Peixe
2559:
2556:
2469:
2466:
2445:
2442:
2344:
2341:
2286:Palazzo Greppi
2240:
2237:
2233:Duchy of Parma
2135:
2132:
2127:Carlo Cattaneo
2115:Carlo Cattaneo
2097:Main article:
2094:
2091:
1999:Main article:
1996:
1993:
1903:Main article:
1900:
1897:
1878:Perfect Fusion
1861:, Massimo and
1833:Luigi Fransoni
1754:
1751:
1741:, daughter of
1718:
1715:
1698:
1695:
1665:Savoyard state
1589:
1586:
1514:
1511:
1479:Palazzo Madama
1453:A room in the
1446:
1443:
1437:In June 1831,
1393:
1390:
1343:Louis Philippe
1305:
1302:
1288:
1285:
1253:
1250:
1239:Pietro Custodi
1172:Marie Caroline
1146:The facade of
1139:
1136:
1016:
1013:
972:
969:
944:
941:
823:
820:
763:
760:
678:
675:
623:
620:
567:
564:
540:House of Savoy
485:
482:
466:House of Savoy
376:Savoyard state
360:Charles Albert
355:
354:
347:
343:
342:
337:
333:
332:
327:
323:
322:
317:
313:
312:
307:
301:
300:
297:
296:
292:
291:
283:
282:
271:
265:
264:
253:
249:
244:
243:
241:
237:
236:
229:Royal Basilica
227:
223:
219:
218:
209:(aged 50)
203:
199:
198:
189:2 October 1798
180:
176:
175:
172:
171:
169:
168:
137:
136:
135:
133:
125:
124:
119:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
101:
95:
94:
89:
85:
84:
74:
73:
63:
55:
54:
53:Charles Albert
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6298:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6173:
6171:
6157:
6147:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6127:Charles Felix
6125:
6123:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6085:
6084:
6081:
6077:
6070:
6065:
6063:
6058:
6056:
6051:
6050:
6047:
6034:
6031:
6028:
6025:
6022:
6019:
6016:
6013:
6010:
6007:
6004:
6001:
5998:
5995:
5994:
5991:
5987:
5980:
5975:
5973:
5968:
5966:
5961:
5960:
5957:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5925:
5924:Prince Aimone
5922:
5920:
5917:
5916:
5914:
5910:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5894:
5892:
5888:
5881:
5878:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5866:
5864:
5860:
5853:
5850:
5847:
5844:
5841:
5838:
5835:
5832:
5829:
5826:
5823:
5820:
5817:
5814:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5802:
5800:
5796:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5770:
5768:
5764:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5749:
5747:
5743:
5737:
5734:
5733:
5731:
5727:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5687:
5685:
5681:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5641:
5639:
5635:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5605:
5603:
5599:
5593:
5592:Prince Eugene
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5574:
5572:
5568:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5522:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5487:
5485:
5481:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5466:
5464:
5460:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5425:
5423:
5419:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5394:
5392:
5388:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5373:
5371:
5367:
5361:
5358:
5357:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5340:
5335:
5333:
5328:
5326:
5321:
5320:
5317:
5313:
5305:
5296:
5295:
5288:
5287:Charles Felix
5282:
5277:
5266:
5265:
5258:
5252:
5249:
5245:
5240:
5233:
5228:
5227:
5218:
5211:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5198:
5194:
5193:Carlo Alberto
5191:
5190:
5186:
5179:
5178:
5172:
5169:
5165:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5153:
5147:
5142:
5138:
5137:
5133:
5127:
5126:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5100:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5085:88-17-86481-1
5081:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5068:
5064:
5056:
5052:
5045:
5042:
5039:
5035:
5030:
5027:
5022:
5018:
5017:
5010:
5007:
4999:
4992:
4991:
4983:
4980:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4955:
4952:
4939:
4935:
4928:
4925:
4913:
4909:
4902:
4899:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4883:
4880:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4855:
4852:
4840:
4836:
4835:
4827:
4824:
4821:Thayer, 1:103
4818:
4815:
4811:
4810:
4803:
4800:
4796:
4795:Comandini, II
4791:
4788:
4784:
4779:
4776:
4772:
4767:
4764:
4760:
4755:
4752:
4748:
4743:
4740:
4735:
4729:
4726:
4723:, p. 266
4722:
4717:
4714:
4710:
4705:
4702:
4698:
4693:
4690:
4686:
4681:
4678:
4675:, p. 251
4674:
4669:
4666:
4663:, p. 250
4662:
4657:
4654:
4650:
4645:
4642:
4637:
4633:
4628:
4625:
4622:, p. 244
4621:
4616:
4613:
4609:
4608:Comandini, II
4604:
4601:
4597:
4591:
4588:
4584:
4579:
4576:
4573:, p. 240
4572:
4567:
4564:
4561:, p. 237
4560:
4555:
4552:
4548:
4543:
4540:
4537:, p. 233
4536:
4531:
4528:
4524:
4518:
4515:
4511:
4506:
4503:
4499:
4494:
4491:
4488:, p. 229
4487:
4482:
4479:
4476:, p. 228
4475:
4470:
4467:
4463:
4458:
4455:
4451:
4446:
4443:
4439:
4438:Comandini, II
4434:
4431:
4428:, p. 208
4427:
4422:
4419:
4415:
4410:
4407:
4403:
4398:
4395:
4391:
4386:
4383:
4379:
4374:
4371:
4367:
4362:
4359:
4356:, p. 203
4355:
4350:
4348:
4344:
4341:, p. 201
4340:
4335:
4332:
4328:
4323:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4305:
4302:
4298:
4293:
4290:
4286:
4281:
4278:
4275:, p. 184
4274:
4269:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4244:, p. 182
4243:
4238:
4235:
4223:
4217:
4215:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4200:
4197:
4193:
4188:
4185:
4173:
4171:9788813322502
4167:
4163:
4162:
4154:
4151:
4148:, p. 177
4147:
4142:
4139:
4135:
4130:
4127:
4123:
4118:
4115:
4111:
4106:
4103:
4099:
4093:
4090:
4086:
4081:
4078:
4075:, p. 290
4074:
4073:Comandini, II
4069:
4066:
4062:
4057:
4054:
4051:, p. 156
4050:
4045:
4042:
4038:
4033:
4030:
4026:
4021:
4018:
4014:
4009:
4006:
4002:
3996:
3993:
3989:
3984:
3981:
3977:
3972:
3969:
3965:
3960:
3957:
3953:
3948:
3945:
3941:
3936:
3933:
3929:
3924:
3921:
3918:, p. 119
3917:
3912:
3909:
3905:
3900:
3897:
3893:
3888:
3885:
3881:
3876:
3873:
3869:
3864:
3861:
3857:
3852:
3849:
3845:
3840:
3837:
3833:
3828:
3825:
3821:
3816:
3813:
3809:
3804:
3801:
3797:
3792:
3789:
3785:
3780:
3777:
3773:
3768:
3765:
3761:
3756:
3753:
3749:
3744:
3741:
3737:
3732:
3729:
3725:
3720:
3717:
3713:
3707:
3704:
3700:
3695:
3692:
3688:
3683:
3680:
3676:
3671:
3668:
3664:
3659:
3656:
3650:
3647:
3643:
3638:
3635:
3631:
3626:
3624:
3620:
3617:, p. 252
3616:
3611:
3608:
3602:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3580:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3516:
3515:
3510:
3509:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3422:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3364:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3333:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3306:
3301:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3245:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3183:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3125:
3122:
3116:
3104:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3084:
3081:
3073:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3039:This section
3037:
3033:
3028:
3027:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2910:
2909:February 1824
2907:, 4th Class,
2906:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2723:
2720:
2715:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2698:
2696:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2608:, p. 269
2607:
2600:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2572:
2564:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2450:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2438:Carlo Cadorna
2433:
2428:
2424:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2404:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2378:
2373:
2363:
2355:
2350:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2309:
2304:
2302:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2281:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2262:
2257:
2250:
2249:Carlo Bossoli
2245:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2145:
2140:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2123:
2116:
2113:The Milanese
2111:
2106:
2100:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2082:
2081:as his flag.
2080:
2076:
2071:
2070:Gabrio Casati
2066:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2015:
2007:
2002:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1927:
1919:
1911:
1906:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1845:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1772:
1767:
1759:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1727:Lake Maggiore
1724:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1551:Great Britain
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1535:Holy Alliance
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1503:
1500:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1487:Palazzo Reale
1484:
1480:
1476:
1466:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1405:
1400:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1373:
1371:
1370:Louis Antoine
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1310:
1301:
1299:
1294:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1258:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1206:Notes on the
1203:
1202:Contes moraux
1199:
1194:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1161:
1160:Horace Vernet
1156:
1149:
1144:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1128:Maria Josepha
1124:
1122:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1090:Sierra Morena
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1059:
1058:Ferdinand VII
1055:
1051:
1043:
1038:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
996:
994:
988:
986:
982:
978:
977:Palazzo Pitti
970:
968:
966:
962:
955:of the period
954:
949:
942:
940:
938:
932:
927:
921:
916:
912:
909:had arrived:
908:
903:
900:
896:
892:
887:
882:
877:
871:
866:
862:
856:
854:
850:
846:
836:
828:
821:
819:
817:
812:
807:
805:
801:
795:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
768:
761:
759:
757:
756:King of Italy
754:, the future
753:
748:
746:
745:Duke of Berry
742:
736:
734:
730:
726:
722:
716:
714:
709:
707:
703:
699:
695:
687:
683:
676:
674:
672:
668:
663:
661:
657:
656:Maria Theresa
653:
649:
644:
641:
637:
628:
621:
619:
617:
613:
609:
605:
600:
598:
594:
590:
584:
580:
578:
573:
565:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
505:
501:
494:
490:
483:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
435:
433:
429:
425:
424:Charles Felix
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
389:
388:(1848–1849).
387:
383:
382:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
352:
348:
344:
341:
338:
334:
331:
328:
324:
321:
318:
314:
311:
308:
306:
302:
293:
288:
284:
279:
275:
272:
270:
266:
247:
242:
238:
234:
230:
224:
220:
217:
213:
204:
200:
197:
193:
181:
177:
173:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
150:Gabrio Casati
147:
144:
140:
134:
131:
126:
123:
120:
116:
113:
112:Charles Felix
110:
106:
103:27 April 1831
102:
100:
96:
90:
86:
83:
82:Duke of Savoy
79:
75:
71:
67:
61:
56:
51:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
6145:
6137:
6134:
6129:
6121:
6113:
6105:
6097:
6089:
6032:
6015:Louis Victor
5945:
5940:
5935:
5735:
5359:
5311:
5292:
5262:
5241:28 July 1849
5238:
5231:
5224:
5176:
5167:
5160:
5150:
5123:
5111:
5098:
5075:
5065:Bibliography
5050:
5044:
5033:
5029:
5015:
5009:
4998:the original
4989:
4982:
4971:, retrieved
4963:
4954:
4942:. Retrieved
4937:
4927:
4916:, retrieved
4911:
4901:
4882:
4871:, retrieved
4863:
4854:
4842:. Retrieved
4833:
4826:
4817:
4807:
4802:
4790:
4778:
4766:
4754:
4742:
4733:
4728:
4716:
4704:
4692:
4680:
4668:
4656:
4644:
4631:
4627:
4615:
4603:
4595:
4590:
4578:
4566:
4554:
4542:
4530:
4522:
4517:
4505:
4493:
4481:
4469:
4457:
4445:
4433:
4421:
4409:
4397:
4385:
4373:
4361:
4334:
4322:
4304:
4292:
4280:
4257:
4237:
4225:. Retrieved
4199:
4187:
4175:. Retrieved
4160:
4153:
4141:
4129:
4117:
4105:
4092:
4080:
4068:
4056:
4044:
4032:
4020:
4008:
3995:
3983:
3976:Comandini, I
3971:
3959:
3947:
3935:
3923:
3911:
3899:
3887:
3875:
3863:
3851:
3839:
3827:
3815:
3803:
3798:, p. 63
3791:
3786:, p. 59
3779:
3767:
3755:
3748:Comandini, I
3743:
3731:
3719:
3706:
3694:
3682:
3677:, p. 33
3670:
3658:
3649:
3637:
3610:
3597:Risorgimento
3321:
3076:
3067:
3052:Please help
3040:
3015:
2994:
2956:
2940:Two Sicilies
2918:
2908:
2884:
2864:
2842:
2832:
2806:
2796:
2727:
2717:
2713:
2700:
2693:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2646:
2641:
2627:
2612:
2597:
2583:
2579:
2577:
2517:
2482:
2471:
2455:
2444:Exile (1849)
2405:
2397:
2393:
2382:
2368:
2322:
2316:and general
2311:
2306:
2297:
2282:
2266:
2230:
2212:
2210:
2198:
2187:
2159:Quadrilatero
2148:
2124:
2120:
2083:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2044:
2020:
1985:Cesare Balbo
1981:
1977:
1973:
1943:
1939:Risorgimento
1938:
1934:
1932:
1889:Ferdinand II
1882:
1871:
1867:Count Cavour
1859:Cesare Balbo
1810:
1802:Pope Pius IX
1791:
1783:Papal States
1776:
1735:
1721:In 1840 the
1720:
1704:
1700:
1690:
1669:Les Échelles
1654:
1650:
1638:
1634:Marie Louise
1618:Ciro Menotti
1611:
1605:
1570:Liberal Wars
1567:
1516:
1504:
1496:
1474:
1471:
1458:
1436:
1395:
1374:
1366:Duc de Berry
1351:
1336:
1324:
1290:
1270:Royal Palace
1267:
1263:
1237:, edited by
1234:
1224:
1219:
1212:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1188:
1180:
1165:
1125:
1118:
1065:
1063:
1047:
997:
989:
974:
958:
904:
888:
857:
845:Cesare Balbo
841:
808:
796:
773:
749:
737:
733:Cesare Balbo
717:
710:
691:
664:
645:
633:
601:
585:
581:
569:
538:line of the
509:
477:
463:
443:Pope Pius IX
436:
421:
390:
379:
359:
358:
207:(1849-07-28)
205:28 July 1849
146:Cesare Balbo
138:
66:Pietro Ayres
64:Portrait by
47:
6181:1849 deaths
6176:1798 births
6146:(1849–1861)
6138:(1831–1849)
6130:(1821–1831)
6122:(1802–1821)
6114:(1796–1802)
6106:(1773–1796)
6098:(1730–1773)
6090:(1720–1730)
6035:(1800–1831)
6029:(1780–1800)
6023:(1778–1780)
6017:(1741–1778)
6011:(1709–1741)
6005:(1656–1709)
5999:(1620–1656)
5210:"Home page"
4639:commanders.
3070:August 2012
2672: [
2501:Ventimiglia
2430: [
2415: [
2328: [
2289: [
2206:Santa Lucia
2050: [
2040:Ferdinand I
1964: [
1953: [
1847: [
1836: [
1816: [
1781:and in the
1691:in absentia
1679: [
1673:Carabiniere
1657:Switzerland
1646:Young Italy
1606:in absentia
1563:Carlist War
1531:Isabella II
1428: [
1417: [
1402: [
1277: [
1242: [
1213:Records of
1208:Waldensians
1176:Louis XVIII
1078:Boceguillas
965:San Germano
929: [
918: [
879: [
868: [
816:Alessandria
636:Louis XVIII
478:Re Tentenna
391:During the
108:Predecessor
6170:Categories
4873:14 January
2761:; married
2661:Monzambano
2524:Valladolid
2520:Torquemada
2347:See also:
2208:on 6 May.
2103:See also:
1794:Metternich
1697:Law reform
1630:Francis IV
1616:revolt of
1578:Dom Miguel
1523:Don Carlos
1354:legitimist
1231:Adam Smith
1191:Mont Cenis
1074:Marseilles
1019:See also:
993:Metternich
961:Rondissone
953:lithograph
804:Moncalieri
612:lieutenant
428:neo-Guelph
413:legitimist
185:1798-10-02
99:Coronation
4973:8 October
4227:8 January
4177:8 January
4164:. CEDAM.
3712:Salic law
3041:does not
2704:Ferdinand
2653:Mozambano
2462:Lomellina
2400:Lomellina
2314:Ferdinand
2273:Peschiera
2194:Pastrengo
2075:tricolour
1747:Elisabeth
1614:carbonari
1602:Garibaldi
1582:Dom Pedro
1481:(now the
1215:Andalusia
1114:Trocadero
1066:Commercio
1001:Ferdinand
891:Jansenist
849:Carbonari
618:in 1814.
536:Carignano
346:Signature
118:Successor
5122:(1931).
5110:(1900).
5096:(1900).
5074:(2000).
4944:24 March
4918:17 March
4891:Archived
4783:Bertoldi
4771:Bertoldi
4759:Bertoldi
4747:Bertoldi
4721:Bertoldi
4709:Bertoldi
4697:Bertoldi
4685:Bertoldi
4673:Bertoldi
4661:Bertoldi
4649:Bertoldi
4620:Bertoldi
4583:Bertoldi
4571:Bertoldi
4559:Bertoldi
4547:Bertoldi
4535:Bertoldi
4510:Bertoldi
4498:Bertoldi
4486:Bertoldi
4474:Bertoldi
4462:Bertoldi
4450:Bertoldi
4426:Bertoldi
4414:Bertoldi
4402:Bertoldi
4390:Bertoldi
4378:Bertoldi
4366:Bertoldi
4354:Bertoldi
4339:Bertoldi
4327:Bertoldi
4315:Ramorino
4297:Bertoldi
4285:Bertoldi
4273:Bertoldi
4242:Bertoldi
4204:Bertoldi
4192:Bertoldi
4146:Bertoldi
4134:Bertoldi
4122:Bertoldi
4110:Bertoldi
4085:Bertoldi
4061:Bertoldi
4049:Bertoldi
4037:Bertoldi
4025:Bertoldi
4013:Bertoldi
4001:Bertoldi
3988:Bertoldi
3964:Bertoldi
3952:Bertoldi
3940:Bertoldi
3928:Bertoldi
3916:Bertoldi
3904:Bertoldi
3892:Bertoldi
3880:Bertoldi
3868:Bertoldi
3856:Bertoldi
3844:Bertoldi
3832:Bertoldi
3820:Bertoldi
3808:Bertoldi
3796:Bertoldi
3784:Bertoldi
3772:Bertoldi
3760:Bertoldi
3736:Bertoldi
3724:Bertoldi
3699:Bertoldi
3687:Bertoldi
3675:Bertoldi
3663:Bertoldi
3642:Bertoldi
3630:Bertoldi
3615:Bertoldi
3581:See also
3022:Ancestry
2680:Chambéry
2606:Bertoldi
2602:—
2532:A Coruña
2485:Moncalvo
2478:Vercelli
2213:en route
2036:Republic
1559:Portugal
1499:raw silk
1386:Bordeaux
1298:Prussian
1233:and the
971:Florence
907:Lombardy
616:dragoons
560:Sardinia
336:Religion
216:Portugal
139:See list
5195:at the
4844:4 March
3062:removed
3047:sources
3008:Belgium
2706:of the
2540:Caminha
2513:Bayonne
2474:Orfengo
2389:Bicocca
2372:Chamber
2222:Vicenza
2171:Bozzolo
2167:Cremona
2151:Voghera
2077:of the
2028:Palermo
2023:Pius IX
1874:Jesuits
1806:Ferrara
1731:Trieste
1622:Bologna
1598:Mazzini
1574:John VI
1547:Prussia
1543:Austria
1477:in the
1384:, near
1333:, 1825.
1168:Seville
1098:Córdoba
1070:Livorno
778:, King
608:Bourges
556:malaria
364:Italian
262:
254:
250:
5237:
5082:
4168:
3005:
2937:
2895:
2819:
2736:, and
2690:Legacy
2552:Oporto
2530:, and
2505:Monaco
2497:Savona
2385:Novara
2155:Mincio
1959:, and
1935:Europa
1824:Guelph
1779:Rimini
1555:France
1545:, and
1539:Russia
1533:. The
1378:Vendée
1293:cilice
1162:, 1834
1102:Utrera
1086:Madrid
937:Novara
924:, and
853:Modena
593:Geneva
397:France
326:Mother
316:Father
240:Spouse
222:Burial
5239:Died:
5232:Born:
5038:p. 20
5001:(PDF)
4994:(PDF)
3603:Notes
2857:Spain
2759:Genoa
2676:]
2657:Goito
2638:Latin
2493:Acqui
2434:]
2419:]
2332:]
2293:]
2278:Oglio
2175:Asola
2163:Pavia
2054:]
1968:]
1957:]
1851:]
1840:]
1820:]
1785:. To
1683:]
1661:Savoy
1626:Parma
1432:]
1421:]
1406:]
1382:Blaye
1362:Henri
1281:]
1246:]
981:Lucca
933:]
922:]
883:]
872:]
776:Cadiz
516:Turin
459:Porto
305:House
290:Names
269:Issue
256:(
252:
233:Turin
212:Porto
196:Turin
88:Reign
5944:***
5360:None
5080:ISBN
4975:2020
4946:2020
4920:2020
4875:2021
4846:2019
4229:2016
4179:2016
4166:ISBN
3416:13.
3358:12.
3239:10.
3045:any
3043:cite
2957:1829
2919:1831
2843:1825
2833:1823
2655:and
2590:and
2536:Lugo
2528:León
2509:Nice
2503:and
2269:Adda
1632:and
1624:and
1600:and
1557:and
1218:and
1108:and
522:and
445:and
202:Died
179:Born
5939:**
5926:***
5904:***
5882:***
5876:***
5830:***
5824:***
5818:***
5812:***
5021:195
4968:421
4839:100
3501:7.
3442:3.
3384:6.
3320:1.
3265:5.
3203:2.
3177:9.
3145:4.
3119:8.
3056:by
1644:'s
1537:of
1329:by
1068:at
614:of
562:).
558:in
514:in
419:".
6172::
5854:**
5848:**
5842:**
5836:**
5790:**
5149:.
5055:37
4962:,
4910:,
4868:14
4862:,
4346:^
4265:^
4249:^
4211:^
3622:^
3014:,
2993:,
2955:,
2942::
2917:,
2900::
2883:,
2863:,
2841:,
2831:,
2824::
2805:,
2795:,
2788::
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2042:.
1991:.
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1869:.
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6068:e
6061:t
6054:v
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5338:e
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5324:v
5180:.
5088:.
5057:.
5023:.
4948:.
4848:.
4806:(
4231:.
4181:.
3083:)
3077:(
3072:)
3068:(
3064:.
3050:.
2765:.
2751:.
2263:.
2251:.
1608:.
1044:.
362:(
187:)
183:(
45:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.