416:, recognizing that Perrine would likely be the most experienced eclipse observer, also encouraged him to pursue the test and loaned him Lick's eclipse camera lenses with which Perrine had previous eclipse experience while at Lick. The Argentine National Observatory built the telescopes and readied the equipment at the observation site at Cristina, Brazil. Unfortunately, steady rain made visibility and therefore the test impossible. As Perrine put it, "We suffered a total eclipse instead of observing one". While observational results were elusive in 1912, the expedition produced valuable instruments (telescopes, cameras, timers, etc.) and experience for the next eclipse in 1914 in Russia. Three observatories would organize expeditions and include light deflection in their programs for 1914; the Argentine National Observatory (Perrine), the Lick Observatory (Campbell), and the
351:(February 21, 1905) using telescopic photography (glass plate negatives) with the 36-inch Crossley Reflector which he had recently rebuilt. At the time they were simply designated "Jupiter VI" and "Jupiter VII" and were given their present names in 1975. The first certain observations of Jupiter's moons (I - IV) were those published by Galileo Galilei in 1610. No additional moons were discovered until E. E. Barnard observed Amalthea (Jupiter V) in 1892.
299:
established Lick
Observatory (1888), to observe the total solar eclipse of January 1, 1889 in Northern California. Perrine's report and photographs caught the attention of the Director who hired him as Secretary in 1893. Holden agreed to Perrine's "fixed purpose of devoting his spare time to the study of astronomical and related subjects, by way of preparation for later observatory duties".
400:'s Theory of Relativity by observing the deflection of star light near the Sun at a total solar eclipse. Perrine wrote, "The Cordoba Observatory made the first definite attempt to secure observations at an eclipse (that of 1912) for the relativity problem and that was done at the instigation of Dr. Freundlich." Einstein, in 1905, had proposed his
33:
408:, a German astronomer and mathematician, took up Einstein's challenge and contacted Perrine in 1911 and 1912 to ask if he would undertake a test of light deflection near the Sun. Perrine agreed to add the test to his planned expedition to Cristina, Brazil to observe the total solar eclipse of October 10, 1912.
298:
Interested in photography and astronomy from an early age, and unable to afford a college education, "he nevertheless looked forward to engaging in astronomical work". Perrine responded to a general invitation to amateurs in astronomy and photography from E. S. Holden, the
Director of the newly
431:
in 1911. Thin clouds obscured the eclipse just enough to prevent accurate star observation. If these first attempts in Brazil in 1912 or Russia in 1914 had achieved results, they would have proven
Einstein wrong because at that time (1911-1914) Einstein had predicted a light deflection of 0.87
447:
which was completed in 1942 after his retirement in 1936. It would remain the largest telescope in South
America until 1981 when Brazil built a 63-inch reflector. After retirement he lived first in Cordoba city and next in Villa General Mitre (originally and again
211:(1909-1936). The Cordoba Observatory under Perrine's direction made the first attempts to prove Einstein's theory of relativity by astronomical observation of the deflection of starlight near the Sun during the
404:
which predicted that gravity bent light. In 1911 Einstein wrote, "It would be urgently wished that astronomers take up the question here raised (gravitational light deflection near the Sun),...". Dr.
250:
in 1904, and was awarded the gold medal of the
Mexican Astronomical Society in 1905. In the same year he received the degree of Doctor of Sciences (honorary) from Santa Clara College (today
1582:
1331:
1190:
573:
1794:
Photographs taken by
Charles Dillon Perrine at the Lick Observatory from the Lick Observatory Records Digital Archive, UC Santa Cruz Library's Digital Collections
307:
As his experience, skills, and discoveries grew he was promoted to
Secretary and Assistant Astronomer (1895), Assistant Astronomer (1902), and Astronomer (1905).
140:
1881:
1793:
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758:‘U.S. Passport Application, American Embassy, Paris, France, October 27, 1911’, “U.S. Passport Applications, 1795-1925”, Ancestry.com, retrieved May 2020
1280:
358:
expeditions of the Lick
Observatory: 1900 (Georgia, USA), 1901 (Sumatra), 1905 (Spain), and 1908 (Flint Island), and was in charge of the one sent to
1911:
1886:
1871:
1445:
1385:
1167:
510:
Perrine, Charles (1923). "Contribution to the history of attempts to test the theory of relativity by means of astronomical observations".
1495:
Perrine, C. D. (1923). "Contribution to the history of attempts to test the theory of relativity by means of astronomical observations".
243:
136:
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From 1895 to 1902 Perrine discovered eight unexpected and four periodic comets including the co-discovery of the lost periodic
1901:
378:
208:
180:
80:
587:
Schaeberle, J. M. (1898). "Award of the
Lalande Gold Medal to Assistant Professor C. D. Perrine, of the Lick Observatory".
1906:
1711:
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389:
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was the first taken in an attempt to measure star light deflection near the Sun which effect was predicted by
Einstein's
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247:
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235:
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409:
99:
First attempts at light deflection test of relativity (1912 solar eclipse, Brazil; 1914 solar eclipse, Russia).
1284:
405:
1245:
Hodge, John (1997). "Charles Dillon Perrine and the Transformation of the Argentine National Observatory".
1019:
Perrine, C. D. (1905). "Discovery, Observations and Approximate Orbits of Two New Satellites of Jupiter".
452:) where he died. He is buried in the Cementerio del Salvador (Cemetery of the Savior) formerly called the
251:
238:
given each year ″to the person who makes the most outstanding observation ... to further the progress of
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938:
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835:
Holden, E. S. (1889). "Reports on the Observations of the Total Eclipse of the Sun of Jan. 1, 1889".
723:
638:
519:
1841:
1832:
1805:
981:
Perrine, C. D. (1896). ""Discovery of Comet g, 1896 (Perrine)", Notices from the Lick Observatory".
803:
Who's Who in America, A Biographical Dictionary of Notable Living Men and Women of the United States
367:
284:
271:, the son of Peter, a Methodist minister, and Elizabeth (McCauley) Perrine. He was a descendant of
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1206:"The Lick Observatory-Crocker Expedition to Observe the Total Solar Eclipse of 1901, May 17-18"
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1310:(First ed.). New York: Public Affairs (Hachette Book Group). pp. 42, 43, 46, 216.
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790:(First, No. 71 of 250. ed.). South Orange, N. J.: Privately printed. pp. 221–222.
1085:
862:
Neubauer, F. J. (1950). "A Short History of the Lick Observatory, Part III (Conclusion)".
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in Argentina and promoted the construction of the 60-inch/1.54 m reflecting telescope at
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In 1909 he resigned from the Lick Observatory to accept the position of Director of the
1559:
Proving Einstein Right: The Daring Expeditions That Changed How We Look at the Universe
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Proving Einstein Right: The Daring Expeditions That Changed How We Look at the Universe
550:
Proving Einstein Right: The Daring Expeditions That Changed How We Look at the Universe
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arcseconds rather than the 1.75 arcseconds which he later calculated in 1915 with the
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1438:
No Shadow of a Doubt: The 1919 Eclipse That Confirmed Einstein's Theory of Relativity
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128:
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1099:
Barnard, E. E. (1892). "Discovery and Observation of a Fifth Satellite to Jupiter".
440:
396:. The Argentine National Observatory led by Perrine made the first attempt to test
348:
325:
162:
110:
53:
1377:
1159:
1000:
Campbell, William W. (September 1902). "The Lick Observatory and Its Problems".
1719:
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1372:. Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science. Vol. 2. pp. 225–250.
692:
675:
552:(First ed.). New York: Public Affairs (Hachette Book Group). p. 63.
196:
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227:, Crimea, Russian Empire. Rain in 1912 and clouds in 1914 prevented results.
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1602:. Cordoba, Argentina: Observatorio Astronomico de la Universidad de Cordoba
1597:
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Suggestions for observing the total eclipse of the sun on January 1, 1889
322:
276:
224:
1422:
745:
283:, (Feb 18, 1666). Following high school graduation in 1884, he moved to
279:", and Maria Thorel whose marriage was the first (European) recorded in
968:
A Brief Account of the Lick Observatory of the University of California
359:
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1058:. Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press. pp. 114–16.
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1760:. Vol. 2: 1800–1899. Cambridge University Press. p. 837.
1639:
1345:
Bicak, Jiri (2014). "Einstein in Prague: Relativity Then and Now".
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1136:"Some Highlights of the Lick Observatory Solar Eclipse Expeditions"
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385:, a position which he held until his retirement in 1936 at age 69.
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Highlighting the History of Astronomy in the Asia-Pacific Region
57:
195:(July 28, 1867 – June 21, 1951) was an American
1532:"Perrine, Freundlich, Eddington and the Theory of Relativity"
1463:"On the Influence of Gravitation on the Propagation of Light"
1054:
Galilei, Galileo, Trans. by Albert Van Helden (ed.) (1989).
824:. Lick Observatory, University of California. pp. 1–21.
1623:"The first attempts to measure light deflection by the Sun"
242:, in France or elsewhere.″. He served as president of the
1401:
Earman & Glymour (1980). "Relativity and eclipses".
1368:
Stachel, John (May 31, 1986). "Eddington and Einstein".
1210:
Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
983:
Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
931:
Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
890:
Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
775:. Chicago, Illinois: A. N. Marquis and Co. p. 885.
716:
Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
631:
Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
589:
Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
456:(cemetery of dissidents/non-Catholics), in the city of
1440:. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 29.
1596:
Paolantonio, Santiago, & Edgardo Minniti (2013).
970:(3rd ed.). Calif.: Calif. State Printing Office.
1621:
Crispino & Paolantonio, L.C.B. & S. (2020).
606:
Bobone, Jorge (1951). "Dr. Charles Dillon Perrine".
1557:Gates, S. James, Jr., and Cathie Pelletier (2019).
1306:Gates, S. James, Jr., and Cathie Pelletier (2019).
1283:. Oac.uncor.edu. September 27, 1908. Archived from
801:Leonard, John W. (1901). "Charles Dillon Perrine".
548:Gates, S. James, Jr., and Cathie Pelletier (2019).
172:
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1561:. New York: Public Affairs (Hachette Book Group).
680:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
133:Astronomical Society of Mexico Gold Medal (1905)
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381:(today, Observatorio Astronómico de Córdoba) at
335:In 1904-05 he discovered the sixth and seventh
91:Santa Clara College (honorary doctorate) (1905)
1347:General Relativity, Cosmology and Astrophysics
1142:. Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings.
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1581:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1330:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1189:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
572:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
287:in about 1886 and worked as a bookkeeper at
1403:Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences
1134:Pearson, Orchiston, & Malville (2011).
1754:"Comet Designation Index, years 1892–1899"
207:to accept the position of Director of the
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246:in 1902, was elected an Associate of the
1686:"Estación Astrofísica de Bosque Alegre"
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203:in California (1893-1909) who moved to
141:Panama–Pacific International Exposition
1574:
1323:
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788:Daniel Perrin, The Huguenot, 1665-1910
565:
1281:"Observatorio Astronómico de Córdoba"
7:
1247:Journal for the History of Astronomy
388:Perrine played an early role in the
927:"Resignation of Astronomer Perrine"
886:"Resignation of Astronomer Perrine"
712:"Resignation of Astronomer Perrine"
244:Astronomical Society of the Pacific
137:Astronomical Society of the Pacific
135:Donohoe Comet Medals (x5) from the
1882:20th-century Argentine astronomers
925:Campbell, W. W. (April 10, 1909).
884:Campbell, W. W. (April 10, 1909).
710:Campbell, W. W. (April 10, 1909).
464:Comets discovered or co-discovered
423:Perrine's photograph of the total
14:
1897:20th-century American astronomers
1892:19th-century American astronomers
1877:American people of French descent
1758:Cometography: A Catalog of Comets
837:Contributions of Lick Observatory
213:solar eclipse of October 10, 1912
1041:10.5479/ADS/bib/1905LicOB.3.129P
786:Perrine, Howland Delano (1910).
425:solar eclipse of August 21, 1914
221:solar eclipse of August 21, 1914
1912:Recipients of the Lalande Prize
1887:American emigrants to Argentina
439:Perrine pioneered the study of
101:Discovery of sixth and seventh
16:American astronomer (1867–1951)
1872:People from Steubenville, Ohio
625:Bobone, Jorge (October 1951).
379:Argentine National Observatory
370:in the nebulosity surrounding
209:Argentine National Observatory
181:Argentine National Observatory
120:Bell (Smith) Perrine (m. 1905)
1:
773:Who's Who in America, Vol. II
489:C/1898 R1 (Perrine-Chofardet)
418:Berlin-Babelsberg Observatory
390:history of general relativity
354:Perrine participated in four
291:, a meat-packing business in
1378:10.1007/978-94-009-4566-1_18
1160:10.1007/978-1-4419-8161-5_14
434:General Theory of Relativity
429:Special Theory of Relativity
402:Theory of Special Relativity
328:after him. The lunar crater
394:tests of general relativity
230:In 1897 he was awarded the
1928:
1436:Kennefick, Daniel (2019).
1259:10.1177/002182867700800102
674:Jones, H. Spencer (1952).
317:in 1896 (see list below).
248:Royal Astronomical Society
1657:10.1038/s41550-019-0995-5
1536:Historia De La Astronomio
1497:Astronomische Nachrichten
1461:Einstein, Albert (1911).
1021:Lick Observatory Bulletin
966:Lick Observatory (1902).
512:Astronomische Nachrichten
332:is also named after him.
281:Elizabethtown, New Jersey
236:Paris Academy of Sciences
186:
147:
30:
1789:Astrophysics Data System
1517:10.1002/asna.19232191706
1479:10.1002/andp.19113401005
676:"Charles Dillon Perrine"
532:10.1002/asna.19232191706
472:C/1896 C1 (Perrine-Lamp)
454:Cementerio de Disidentes
410:William Wallace Campbell
1752:Kronk, Gary W. (2003).
1530:Paolantonio, Santiago.
1204:Perrine, C. D. (1901).
693:10.1093/mnras/112.3.273
406:Erwin Finlay-Freundlich
362:. Also in 1901, he and
347:(December 3, 1904) and
820:Holden, E. S. (1888).
771:Leonard, John (1901).
412:, the Director of the
366:observed the apparent
252:Santa Clara University
234:and gold medal by the
193:Charles Dillon Perrine
25:Charles Dillon Perrine
1902:Discoverers of comets
1907:Discoverers of moons
1370:The Prism of Science
1287:on February 28, 2012
1101:Astronomical Journal
627:"Charles D. Perrine"
267:Charles was born in
1712:"LNA - Telescopios"
1649:2020NatAs...4....6C
1509:1923AN....219..281P
1355:2014grca.book...33B
1349:: 14, footnote#12.
1222:1901PASP...13..187P
1152:2011ASSP...23..243P
1113:1892AJ.....12...81B
1033:1905LicOB...3..129P
943:1909PASP...21...86C
902:1909PASP...21...86C
849:1889CoLic...1....1H
728:1909PASP...21...86C
643:1951PASP...63..259B
524:1923AN....219..281P
486:C/1898 L2 (Perrine)
483:C/1897 U1 (Perrine)
475:C/1896 V1 (Perrine)
469:C/1895 W1 (Perrine)
368:superluminal motion
285:Alameda, California
1467:Annalen der Physik
1084:has generic name (
383:Cordoba, Argentina
269:Steubenville, Ohio
205:Cordoba, Argentina
81:Cordoba, Argentina
1824:Popular Astronomy
1716:LNA - Telescopios
1447:978-0-691-18386-2
1387:978-90-277-2161-7
1169:978-1-4419-8160-8
864:Popular Astronomy
608:Popular Astronomy
518:(5249): 281–284.
479:18D/Perrine-Mrkos
450:Villa del Totoral
343:, today known as
315:18D/Perrine-Mrkos
217:Cristina (Brazil)
190:
189:
149:Scientific career
143:Gold Medal (1915)
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1722:on July 22, 2009
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1688:. Archived from
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414:Lick Observatory
372:Nova Persei 1901
321:later named the
289:Armour & Co.
201:Lick Observatory
177:Lick Observatory
167:astrophotography
103:Moons of Jupiter
77:Villa Gen. Mitre
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173:Institutions
163:astrophysics
148:
71:(1951-06-21)
54:Steubenville
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1867:1951 deaths
1862:1867 births
1538:. WordPress
1473:: 898–908.
1146:: 264–265.
896:(125): 86.
263:Early years
1856:Categories
1846:(1942) 231
1837:(1951) 259
1829:(1951) 388
1820:(1951) 409
1810:(1952) 273
1800:Obituaries
1785:C. Perrine
1640:2004.11681
1542:January 1,
686:(3): 274.
494:References
219:, and the
197:astronomer
46:1867-07-28
1665:212986248
1577:cite book
1409:(1): 61.
1326:cite book
1267:125077510
1253:: 12–25.
1107:: 81–85.
1074:cite book
661:121026930
595:(60): 40.
568:cite book
258:Biography
240:Astronomy
159:Astronomy
1726:June 15,
1696:June 15,
1423:27757471
1175:June 15,
870:: 382–3.
746:40693024
323:asteroid
277:Huguenot
225:Feodosia
1670:July 6,
1645:Bibcode
1633:: 6–9.
1606:July 7,
1505:Bibcode
1351:Bibcode
1218:Bibcode
1148:Bibcode
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1029:Bibcode
939:Bibcode
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724:Bibcode
639:Bibcode
520:Bibcode
458:Córdoba
360:Sumatra
345:Himalia
341:Jupiter
330:Perrine
275:, "The
199:at the
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155:Fields
131:(1897)
125:Awards
117:Spouse
60:, U.S.
1833:PASP
1661:S2CID
1635:arXiv
1419:JSTOR
1263:S2CID
742:JSTOR
657:S2CID
349:Elara
337:moons
312:comet
111:Elara
1842:VJS
1762:ISBN
1728:2020
1698:2020
1672:2020
1608:2020
1583:link
1563:ISBN
1544:2020
1442:ISBN
1382:ISBN
1332:link
1312:ISBN
1293:2012
1191:link
1177:2020
1164:ISBN
1144:Jan.
1086:help
1060:ISBN
574:link
554:ISBN
392:and
66:Died
58:Ohio
40:Born
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