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1229:, "the origination of fresh species, could it ever come under our cognizance, would be found to be a natural in contradistinction to a miraculous process". Lyell replied: "In regard to the origination of new species, I am very glad to find that you think it probable that it may be carried on through the intervention of intermediate causes. I left this rather to be inferred, not thinking it worth while to offend a certain class of persons by embodying in words what would only be a speculation."
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proposed that every species of plant or animal was descended from a pair or individual, originated in response to differing external conditions. Species would regularly go extinct, in a "struggle for existence" between hybrids, or a "war one with another" due to population pressure. He was vague about how replacement species formed, portraying this as an infrequent occurrence which could rarely be observed.
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645:'s Heritage Collections, thanks to a fundraising campaign, with many generous individual and institutional donors from the UK and overseas. Highlights include his travels throughout Europe and the United States of America, the drafts of his correspondence with the likes of Charles Darwin, his geological and landscape sketches and his constant gathering of evidence and refinement of his theories.
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434:. As his eyesight began to deteriorate, he turned to geology as a full-time profession. His first paper, "On a recent formation of freshwater limestone in Forfarshire", was presented in 1826. By 1827, he had abandoned law and embarked on a geological career that would result in fame and the general acceptance of uniformitarianism, a working out of the ideas proposed by
306:, "He who can read Sir Charles Lyell's grand work on the Principles of Geology, which the future historian will recognise as having produced a revolution in natural science, yet does not admit how incomprehensibly vast have been the past periods of time, may at once close this volume." Lyell helped to arrange the simultaneous publication in 1858 of papers by Darwin and
823:
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1205:, the first volume briefly set out Lyell's concept of a steady state with no real progression of fossils. The sole exception was the advent of humanity, with no great physical distinction from animals, but with absolutely unique intellectual and moral qualities. The second volume dismissed Lamarck's claims of animal forms arising from habits, continuous
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confusion you allude to, but much less so where the beds were protected in fiords, &c. The broken fossils found in these strata would agree with my denudation hypothesis, which I think strengthened by the frequent regular re-stratification of the beds containing the deep and shallow water species.
922:
Never was there a doctrine more calculated to foster indolence, and to blunt the keen edge of curiosity, than this assumption of the discordance between the former and the existing causes of change... The student was taught to despond from the first. Geology, it was affirmed, could never arise to the
1377:
was a success. It sold well, and it "shattered the tacit agreement that mankind should be the sole preserve of theologians and historians". But when Lyell wrote that it remained a profound mystery how the huge gulf between man and beast could be bridged, Darwin wrote "Oh!" in the margin of his copy.
906:, an idea of abrupt geological changes, which had been adapted in England to explain landscape features—such as rivers much smaller than their associated valleys—that seemed impossible to explain other than through violent action. Criticizing the reliance of his contemporaries on what he argued were
889:
was published. The work's subtitle was "An attempt to explain the former changes of the earth's surface by reference to causes now in operation", and this explains Lyell's impact on science. He drew his explanations from field studies conducted directly before he went to work on the founding geology
640:
Throughout his life, Lyell kept a remarkable series of nearly three hundred manuscript notebooks and diaries. These span Lyell's long scientific career (1825–1874), and offer an unrivalled insight into personal influences, field observations, thoughts and relationships. They were acquired in 2019 by
247:
Lyell's scientific contributions included a pioneering explanation of climate change, in which shifting boundaries between oceans and continents could be used to explain long-term variations in temperature and rainfall. Lyell also gave influential explanations of earthquakes and developed the theory
2403:
the north. But it has always seemed to me that much more influence ought to be attributed to simple denudation where beds of loose sand, gravel, or mud were upheaved, and sometimes alternately depressed and upraised in an open sea. The exposure of such destructible materials must have led to the
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If I had stated... the possibility of the introduction or origination of fresh species being a natural, in contradistinction to a miraculous process, I should have raised a host of prejudices against me, which are unfortunately opposed at every step to any philosopher who attempts to address the
1209:
of new life, and man having evolved from lower forms. Lyell explicitly rejected
Lamarck's concept of transmutation of species, drawing on Cuvier's arguments, and concluded that species had been created with stable attributes. He discussed the geographical distribution of plants and animals, and
680:
had described when he wrote in 1788 that "from what has actually been, we have data for concluding with regard to that which is to happen thereafter." Geological remains from the distant past can, and should, be explained by reference to geological processes now in operation and thus directly
1113:) was a deposit settled from mountain flood water. Today some of Lyell's mechanisms for geological processes have been disproven, though many have stood the test of time. His observational methods and general analytical framework remain in use today as foundational principles in geology.
1328:
Mr. Darwin has written a work which will constitute an era in geology & natural history to show that... the descendants of common parents may become in the course of ages so unlike each other as to be entitled to rank as a distinct species, from each other or from some of their
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by suggesting that it would be as much a "remarkable manifestation of creative Power" as creating each species separately. He countered
Lamarck's views by rejecting continued cooling of the earth in favour of "a fluctuating cycle", a long-term steady-state geohistory as proposed by
565:
in western
Tasmania, Australia, located in a profitable mining area, bears Lyell's name; and the Lyell Range in north-west Western Australia is named after him as well. In Southwest Nelson in the South Island of New Zealand, the Lyell Range, Lyell River and the gold mining town of
620:
in the 1830s. From 1830 onward his books provided both income and fame. Each of his three major books was a work continually in progress. All three went through multiple editions during his lifetime, although many of his friends (such as Darwin) thought the first edition of the
1101:. During periods of global warming, ice breaks off the poles and floats across submerged continents, carrying debris with it, he conjectured. When the iceberg melts, it rains down sediments upon the land. Because this theory could account for the presence of diluvium, the word
1028:(1792–1871) to the south of France (Auvergne volcanic district) and to Italy. In these areas he concluded that the recent strata (rock layers) could be categorised according to the number and proportion of marine shells encased within. Based on this the third volume of his
1186:, Lyell told his father that "There was everything but man even as far back as the Oolite." Lyell inaccurately portrayed Lamarckism as a response to the fossil record, and said it was falsified by a lack of progress. He said in the second volume of
790:
in 1838. The book went through six editions, eventually growing to two volumes and ceasing to be the inexpensive, portable handbook that Lyell had originally envisioned. Late in his career, therefore, Lyell produced a condensed version titled
1146:
I devoured
Lamarck... his theories delighted me... I am glad that he has been courageous enough and logical enough to admit that his argument, if pushed as far as it must go, if worth anything, would prove that men may have come from the
653:, Lyell's first book, was also his most famous, most influential, and most important. First published in three volumes in 1830–33, it established Lyell's credentials as an important geological theorist and propounded the doctrine of
734:, many of his letters show he was fairly open to the idea of evolution. In geology Darwin was very much Lyell's disciple, and brought back observations and his own original theorising, including ideas about the formation of
1312:
in 1858: each had arrived at the theory independently. Lyell's views on gradual change and the power of a long time scale were important because Darwin thought that populations of an organism changed very slowly.
811:. First published in 1863, it went through three editions that year, with a fourth and final edition appearing in 1873. The book was widely regarded as a disappointment because of Lyell's equivocal treatment of
1000:
was to explain the cause of earthquakes. Lyell, in contrast focused on recent earthquakes (150 yrs), evidenced by surface irregularities such as faults, fissures, stratigraphic displacements and depressions.
2587:, p. 179: "Even Charles Lyell agreed... that 'natural selection was a force quite subordinate to that variety-making or creative power to which all the wonders of the organic world must be referred.' "
1929:
1129:
Lyell initially accepted the conventional view of other men of science, that the fossil record indicated a directional geohistory in which species went extinct. Around 1826, when he was on circuit, he read
280:
deposits might have settled out of flood waters. His creation of a separate period for human history, entitled the 'Recent', is widely cited as providing the foundations for the modern discussion of the
206:(14 November 1797 – 22 February 1875) was a Scottish geologist who demonstrated the power of known natural causes in explaining the earth's history. He is best known today for his association with
976:(founded in 1879), map and exhibit the natural resources within their countries. Over time, these surveys have been used extensively by modern extractive industries, such as nuclear, coal and oil.
1012:, both of which he had earlier studied. His conclusions supported gradual building of volcanoes, so-called "backed up-building", as opposed to the upheaval argument supported by other geologists.
719:
islands, Darwin found rock formations which seen "through Lyell's eyes" gave him a revolutionary insight into the geological history of the island, an insight he applied throughout his travels.
216:(1830–33), which presented to a wide public audience the idea that the earth was shaped by the same natural processes still in operation today, operating at similar intensities. The philosopher
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in 1867 – included all deposits from the era subject to human observation. In recent years Lyell's subdivisions have been widely discussed in relation to debates about the
1370:, whom he (Darwin) had always specifically rejected. Darwin's daughter Henrietta (Etty) wrote to her father: "Is it fair that Lyell always calls your theory a modification of Lamarck's?"
1190:
that the occurrence of this one fossil of the higher mammalia "in these ancient strata, is as fatal to the theory of successive development, as if several hundreds had been discovered."
616:
Lyell had private means, and earned further income as an author. He came from a prosperous family, worked briefly as a lawyer in the 1820s, and held the post of
Professor of Geology at
5329:
782:: Lyell intended the book to act as a suitable field guide for students of geology. The systematic, factual description of geological formations of different ages contained in
1287:
in 1836, he had begun to doubt Lyell's ideas about the permanence of species. He continued to be a close personal friend, and Lyell was one of the first scientists to support
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observable. Lyell's interpretation of geological change as the steady accumulation of minute changes over enormously long spans of time was a powerful influence on the young
1301:, but unlike them he struggled to square his religious beliefs with evolution. This inner struggle has been much commented on. He had particular difficulty in believing in
342:. An accomplished botanist, it was he who first exposed his son to the study of nature. Lyell's grandfather, also Charles Lyell, had made the family fortune supplying the
2399:
You hint at icebergs and northern waves. The former has no doubt had its influence, and when icebergs turn over, or fall to pieces, huge waves are caused not merely
968:
Lyell noted the "economic advantages" that geological surveys could provide, citing their felicity in mineral-rich countries and provinces. Modern surveys, like the
625:
was the best written. Lyell used each edition to incorporate additional material, rearrange existing material, and revisit old conclusions in light of new evidence.
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rank of an exact science... we see the ancient spirit of speculation revived, and a desire manifestly shown to cut, rather than patiently untie, the
Gordian Knot.
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and praising the book as opening a way for bold speculation on "that mystery of mysteries, the replacement of extinct species by others" – by analogy with other
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1142:, expressing admiration, but cautioning that he read it "rather as I hear an advocate on the wrong side, to know what can be made of the case in good hands".:
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Before the work of Lyell, phenomena such as earthquakes were understood by the destruction that they brought. One of the contributions that Lyell made in
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902:, that the earth was shaped entirely by slow-moving forces still in operation today, acting over a very long period of time. This was in contrast to
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Although Darwin discussed evolutionary ideas with him from 1842, Lyell continued to reject evolution in each of the first nine editions of the
815:. Lyell, a highly religious man with a strong belief in the special status of human reason, had great difficulty reconciling his beliefs with
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1351:) drew these comments from Darwin to Huxley: "I am fearfully disappointed at Lyell's excessive caution" and "The book is a mere 'digest'".
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296:, Lyell favoured an indefinitely long age for the earth, despite evidence suggesting an old but finite age. He was a close friend of
1151:. But after all, what changes species may really undergo!... That the earth is quite as old as he supposes, has long been my creed...
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Lyell's acceptance of natural selection, Darwin's proposed mechanism for evolution, was equivocal, and came in the tenth edition of
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387:. His family's second country home was in a completely different geological and ecological area: he spent much of his childhood at
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Cannon, Walter F. (27 June 1961). "The Impact of
Uniformitarianism: Two Letters from John Herschel to Charles Lyell, 1836-1837".
2330:, vol. IV of the Historical and Philosophical Works of William Whewell. Chapter VIII The two antagonistic doctrines of geology. .
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He struggled with the implications for human dignity, and later in 1827 wrote private notes on
Lamarck's ideas. Lyell reconciled
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Lyell saw himself as "the spiritual saviour of geology, freeing the science from the old dispensation of Moses." The two terms,
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Lyell and Hooker were instrumental in arranging the peaceful co-publication of the theory of natural selection by Darwin and
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was the most influential geological work in the middle of the 19th century, and did much to put geology on a modern footing.
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Evolutionary Ideas and "Empirical" Methods: The
Analogy Between Language and Species in the Works of Lyell and Schleicher
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period which he called "the first
Zoological era", and quadrupeds could also have existed then. In November 1827, after
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in 1820. He completed a circuit through rural England, where he could observe geological phenomena. In 1821 he attended
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Smalley, Ian; Gaudenyi, Tivadar; Jovanovic, Mladen (2015). "Charles Lyell and the loess deposits of the Rhine valley".
1954:
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1109:. Furthermore, Lyell believed that the accumulation of fine angular particles covering much of the world (today called
406:'s geological lectures. He graduated with a BA Hons. second class degree in classics, in December 1819, and gained his
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Lyell's wife died in 1873, and two years later (in 1875) Lyell himself died as he was revising the twelfth edition of
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epoch, distinguishing a more recent fossil layer from the Pliocene. The Recent epoch – renamed the
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During the 1840s, Lyell travelled to the United States and Canada, and wrote two popular travel-and-geology books:
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Lyell was a key figure in establishing the classification of more recent geological deposits, long known as the
300:, and contributed significantly to Darwin's thinking on the processes involved in evolution. As Darwin wrote in
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had stated as "all inferences from experience suppose ... that the future will resemble the past", and
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1293:, though he did not subscribe to all its contents. Lyell was also a friend of Darwin's closest colleagues,
379:, is good farmland, but within a short distance to the north-west, on the other side of the fault, are the
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was highly influential. He incorrectly conjectured that icebergs were the impetus behind the transport of
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2820:"Lyell and evolution: an account of Lyell's response to the prospect of an evolutionary ancestry for man"
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for Lyell's view, but the old terms persisted. In various revised editions (12 in all, through 1872),
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Hestmark, Geir (2012). "The meaning of 'metamorphic' – Charles & Mary Lyell in Norway, 1837".
1168:. The fragmentary fossil record already showed "a high class of fishes, close to reptiles" in the
465:. The new couple spent their honeymoon in Switzerland and Italy on a geological tour of the area.
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Quite strong remarks: no doubt Darwin resented Lyell's repeated suggestion that he owed a lot to
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Porter, Roy S. (July 1976). "Charles Lyell and the Principles of the History of Geology".
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703:, and just before it set out FitzRoy gave Darwin Volume 1 of the first edition of Lyell's
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742:(October 1836) Lyell invited Darwin to dinner and from then on they were close friends.
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657:. It was a work of synthesis, backed by his own personal observations on his travels.
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Wilson, Leonard G. (1973). "Charles Lyell". In Gillispie, Charles Coulston (ed.).
3362:(Portfolio of 60 lithographs by T.H. Maguire) (George Ransome, Ipswich 1846–1852)
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766:, Lyell finally offered a tepid endorsement of evolution in the tenth edition of
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and was better accepted in Europe. The combination of evidence and eloquence in
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While in South America Darwin received Volume 2 which considered the ideas of
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in Forfarshire. He was the eldest of ten children. Lyell's father, also named
331:
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3396:(1997), the key chapters of Lyell's most famous work with an introduction by
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in Wellington, New Zealand was possibly named after Lyell. The jawless fish
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brought together Lyell's views on three key themes from the geology of the
322:
Lyell was born into a wealthy family, on 14 November 1797, at the family's
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3385:
Worlds Before Adam: The Reconstruction of Geohistory in the Age of Reform
3157:
Worlds Before Adam: The Reconstruction of Geohistory in the Age of Reform
2704:
A Second Visit to the United States of North America, in the Years 1845-6
1105:
became the preferred term for the loose, unsorted material, today called
1055:
1047:
1035:
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1005:
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867:. He is best known, however, for his role in elaborating the doctrine of
760:. He encouraged Darwin to publish, and following the 1859 publication of
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3387:(2008), a major overview of Lyell's work in its scientific context by
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subsequently questioned this topic, and in March 1837 Lyell told him:
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in 1871, Lyell was one of the first to donate books to help found the
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3457:
2687:. Vol. 3. London: John Murray – via darwin-online.org.uk.
2670:. Vol. 2. London: John Murray – via darwin-online.org.uk.
2653:. Vol. 1. London: John Murray – via darwin-online.org.uk.
830:" shows his pupils the skull of extinct man, caricature of Lyell by
3031:
The Coming of Evolution: The Story of a Great Revolution in Science
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As a result of his letters and, no doubt, personal conversations,
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738:, which supported Lyell's uniformitarianism. On the return of the
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440:
423:
352:
339:
277:
558:
550:
410:
1821. After graduation he took up law as a profession, entering
4594:
4145:
3555:
3303:
Sir Charles Lyell's Scientific Journals on the Species Question
2894:. Vol. 2: The power of place. Princeton University Press.
3178:
Earth's Deep History: How It Was Discovered and Why It Matters
1024:
period. From May 1828, until February 1829, he travelled with
2414:
2412:
2233:"The Present is the Key to the Past is the Key to the Future"
1316:
Although Lyell rejected evolution at the time of writing the
3039:
MaComber, Richard W. (1997). "Lyell, Sir Charles, Baronet".
2980:
Archetypes and Ancestors: Palaeontology in Victorian London
2271:
2269:
1221:
on 20 February 1836, thanking Lyell for sending a copy of
786:
grew so unwieldy, however, that Lyell split it off as the
240:
convinced a wide range of readers of the significance of "
2373:(in French). Paris, France: Pitois-Levranet. p. 621.
1269:, he believed new species had arisen by natural methods.
1093:(first edition, vol. 3, ch. 2, 1833) Lyell proposed that
726:
in some detail. Lyell rejected Lamarck's idea of organic
3346:. Vol. VIII. Pennsylvania: Charles Scribner's Sons.
2869:(3rd ed.). University of California Press. p.
2287:
1347:(published in early February 1863, just before Huxley's
476:(1849). In 1866, he was elected a foreign member of the
3131:
The Darwinian Revolution: Science Red in Tooth and Claw
2752:
Life, Letters, and Journals by Sir Charles Lyell, Bart.
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1125:
Portrait of Charles Lyell, Scottish geologist, c. 1863
871:. He played a critical role in advancing the study of
570:(now only a camping site) were all named after Lyell.
521:), which is an hereditary honour. He was awarded the
449:
meeting in Glasgow 1840. Painting by Alexander Craig.
2786:
The birth and development of the geological sciences
2338:
2336:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1673:
A Second Visit to the United States of North America
1662:
A Second Visit to the United States of North America
5221:
5126:
4956:
4804:
4710:
4637:
4628:
4103:
3832:
3591:
2256:
2254:
2235:. The Geological Society of America. Archived from
1703:
1 vol. 1st edition, Feb. 1863 (John Murray, London)
1586:
1 vol. 1st edition, July 1838 (John Murray, London)
1569:
12th edition, 2 vols. 1875 (published posthumously)
1324:Lyell wrote in one of his notebooks on 3 May 1860:
776:began as the fourth volume of the third edition of
181:
173:
145:
135:
125:
115:
104:
85:
63:
30:
3128:
2862:
2304:. New York: Modern Science Library. pp. ix–x.
2300:Galilei, Galileo (2001). Stephen Jay Gould (ed.).
2058:"The empire city: street and harbour nomenclature"
1608:Elements of Geology (Manual of Elementary Geology)
1602:Elements of Geology (Manual of Elementary Geology)
1596:Elements of Geology (Manual of Elementary Geology)
632:A page from one of Lyell's notebooks, held in the
3283:. University of California Museum of Paleontology
2955:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
2696:
2694:
5375:Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
5320:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
1748:Life, Letters, and Journals of Sir Charles Lyell
1737:Life, Letters, and Journals of Sir Charles Lyell
430:. In 1823 he was elected joint secretary of the
2744:
2742:
2390:Life, Letters and Journals of Sir Charles Lyell
807:of earth history: glaciers, evolution, and the
517:) in 1848, and later, in 1864, made a baronet (
244:" for understanding the earth and environment.
5340:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
5330:Presidents of the Geological Society of London
3584:Presidents of the Geological Society of London
3092:The British Journal for the History of Science
2961:(3). American Philosophical Society: 301–314.
2824:The British Journal for the History of Science
2789:. Baltimore: The Williams And Wilkins Company.
952:; in 1866 R. Grove suggested the simpler term
596:on 27 February 1875. The pallbearers included
491:In 1841, Lyell was elected as a member to the
4606:
4157:
3567:
1004:Lyell's work on volcanoes focused largely on
8:
2733:Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man
2231:Mathieson, Elizabeth Lincoln (13 May 2002).
1719:Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man
1713:Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man
1707:Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man
1701:Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man
1693:Geological evidences of the antiquity of man
800:Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man
5144:Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom
3337:. The Palaeontological Association: 99–105.
2548:
1038:period into four parts, which he named the
1034:, published in 1833, proposed dividing the
338:, was noted as a translator and scholar of
5380:People educated at Midhurst Grammar School
4634:
4613:
4599:
4591:
4164:
4150:
4142:
3574:
3560:
3552:
3515:
3508:
3252:British Journal for the History of Science
2179:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2150:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1418:Lyell Fork, one of two large forks of the
1320:, after the Darwin–Wallace papers and the
1265:were convinced that, at the time he wrote
859:to topics that would now be classified as
52:
27:
19:For other people named Charles Lyell, see
2835:
2501:The life and letters of Sir Charles Lyell
2432:The life and letters of Sir Charles Lyell
2121:"Funeral of Sir Charles Lyell this day".
1621:Elements of Geology, The Student's Series
1273:wrote worried letters to him about this.
843:Lyell's geological interests ranged from
4795:Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes
2609:Burkhardt F. and Smith S. 1982–present.
2596:Burkhardt F. and Smith S. 1982–present.
2354:
2288:Smalley, Gaudenyi & Jovanovic (2015)
2218:
1916:
1050:, and Recent. In 1839, Lyell termed the
696:, to search for erratic boulders on the
3394:Principles of Geology: Penguin Classics
3135:. University of Chicago Press. p.
2584:
2467:
2418:
2302:Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems
1845:Complete Works of Charles Darwin Online
1826:
1762:
1305:as the main motive force in evolution.
4458:Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz
2634:
2622:
2572:
2524:
2314:
2172:
2143:
2125:. London. 27 February 1875. p. 5.
1897:
1872:
1781:
1769:
461:(1785–1864), also associated with the
418:'s lectures in Edinburgh, and visited
350:, enabling him to buy Kinnordy House.
58:Portrait of Lyell by George J. Stodart
3358:Portraits of Honorary Members of the
2754:ed. by his Sister-in-Law, Mrs. Lyell"
2611:The correspondence of Charles Darwin.
2598:The correspondence of Charles Darwin.
2560:
2342:
2275:
2108:
1745:Lyell, Katharine Murray, ed. (1881).
1734:Lyell, Katharine Murray, ed. (1881).
890:text. He was, along with the earlier
795:that fulfilled the original purpose.
7:
2798:(2nd ed.). London: John Murray.
2536:
2512:
2483:
2455:
2443:
2260:
2169:. Vol. II. London. p. 232.
1978:
1097:could be the means of transport for
395:, in Hampshire in southern England.
5022:The Naturalist on the River Amazons
2140:. Vol. II. London. p. 90.
1751:. Vol. 2. London: John Murray.
1740:. Vol. 1. London: John Murray.
1676:. Vol. 2. London: John Murray.
1665:. Vol. 1. London: John Murray.
1654:. Vol. 2. London: John Murray.
1643:. Vol. 1. London: John Murray.
1249:public on these mysterious subjects
883:From 1830 to 1833 his multi-volume
585:of southern Scotland, was named by
474:A Second Visit to the United States
288:Building on the innovative work of
248:of gradual "backed up-building" of
5290:Academics of King's College London
3344:Dictionary of Scientific Biography
3281:"Uniformitarianism: Charles Lyell"
3034:. Cambridge: The University Press.
2499:, 7 March 1837. In Lyell K. 1881.
2195:"The Sir Charles Lyell Collection"
2138:Life and letters of Charles Darwin
1808:from the original on 18 April 2015
931:, 1854 edition, p. 196; quoted by
666:the present is the key to the past
14:
3506:National Portrait Gallery, London
3127:Ruse, Michael (15 October 1999).
2865:Evolution: the history of an idea
2600:Cambridge, vol. 11, pp. 173, 181.
2527:, pp. 129–134, 149–150, 215.
2328:History of the Inductive Sciences
1481:1st edition, 1st vol. Jan. 1830 (
988:Lyell argued that volcanoes like
980:Volcanoes and geological dynamics
545:, is named after him; the crater
478:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
5295:Alumni of Exeter College, Oxford
5212:
3520:Baronetage of the United Kingdom
3465:
3436:
3421:
3409:
3051:The growth of biological thought
2726:
2165:Darwin, F; Seward, A.C. (1903).
2000:. 13 October 1848. p. 3692.
1491:1st edition, 2nd vol. Jan. 1832
847:and geological dynamics through
592:Sir Charles Lyell was buried at
506:where there is a bust to him by
5285:19th-century British geologists
5254:List of natural history dealers
4922:The Natural History of Selborne
3473:Works by or about Charles Lyell
3181:. University of Chicago Press.
3160:. University of Chicago Press.
3043:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
3041:The New Encyclopædia Britannica
2434:. 2 vols, London. vol. 1 p. 168
2083:Hayward, H. M. (9 April 1910).
1527:5th edition, 4 vols. March 1837
1509:2nd edition, 2nd vol. Jan. 1833
1213:The leading man of science Sir
232:, which had been championed by
5335:Recipients of the Copley Medal
5156:Adaptive Coloration in Animals
3237:. Cambridge: University Press.
3175:Rudwick, Martin J. S. (2014).
3154:Rudwick, Martin J. S. (2010).
2983:. London: Blond & Briggs.
2796:The Ninth Bridgewater Treatise
2167:More letters of Charles Darwin
1709:1 vol. 2nd edition, April 1863
1592:2 vols. 2nd edition, July 1841
1533:6th edition, 3 vols. June 1840
1521:4th edition, 4 vols. June 1835
1497:1st edition, 3rd vol. May 1833
1407:California's Mount Lyell group
1016:Stratigraphy and human history
731:
711:made its first stop ashore at
493:American Philosophical Society
198:Sir Charles Lyell, 1st Baronet
21:Charles Lyell (disambiguation)
16:Scottish geologist (1797–1875)
1:
3075:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
2503:. 2 vols, London. vol. 2 p. 5
2370:Nouveaux éléments de géologie
2020:. 22 July 1864. p. 3665.
1715:1 vol. 3rd edition, Nov. 1863
1604:1 vol. 4th edition, Jan. 1852
1598:1 vol. 3rd edition, Jan. 1851
1551:9th edition, 1 vol. June 1853
1539:7th edition, 1 vol. Feb. 1847
1515:3rd edition, 4 vols. May 1834
1138:and on 2 March 1827 wrote to
793:Student's Elements of Geology
5305:Fellows of the Royal Society
5300:Burials at Westminster Abbey
3381:that reassesses Lyell's work
3321:White, Errol I. (May 1958).
3233:Stafford, Robert A. (1989).
3218:10.1016/j.quaint.2014.08.047
3054:. Harvard University Press.
3014:Norwegian Journal of Geology
2539:, pp. 375–381, 404–408.
1721:1 vol. 4th edition, May 1873
1545:8th edition, 1 vol. May 1850
1455:Lyell Avenue (Rochester, NY)
1436:Lyell Glacier, South Georgia
463:Geological Society of London
5325:People from Angus, Scotland
4912:Bernard Germain de Lacépède
3464:(public domain audiobooks)
3296:Lyell, Sir Charles (1970).
2891:Charles Darwin: A Biography
2803:Bailey, Sir Edward (1962).
2613:Cambridge, vol. 11, p. 223.
2199:The University of Edinburgh
1727:Life, Letters, and Journals
1180:fossil of the early mammal
972:(founded in 1835), and the
917:Lyell between 1865 and 1870
910:explanations, Lyell wrote,
5396:
4934:A History of British Birds
4402:Jean-Baptiste Boussingault
4378:August Wilhelm von Hofmann
3502:Portraits of Charles Lyell
3374:Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle
1841:"On the Origin of Species"
1563:11th edition, 2 vols. 1872
1503:2nd edition, 1st vol. 1832
1470:
1386:Places named after Lyell:
561:were named in his honour;
375:. Round the house, in the
18:
5249:Natural History Societies
5210:
5117:The Royal Natural History
4969:Ornithological Dictionary
4878:Johan Christian Fabricius
4180:
3744:Warington Wilkinson Smyth
3530:
3525:
3518:
3495:(7th edition, 1847) from
3306:. Yale University Press.
3264:10.1017/s0007087400030740
3104:10.1017/s0007087400014692
2912:(1984). "Charles Lyell's
2888:Browne, E. Janet (2003).
2837:10.1017/S0007087400016265
2794:Babbage, Charles (1838).
1415:in Yosemite National Park
1081:on a glacier joining the
1058:by French paleontologist
970:British Geological Survey
668: – a concept of the
612:Career and major writings
228:" and contrasted it with
191:
166:
51:
5315:Members of Lincoln's Inn
5095:The Naturalist's Library
4998:On the Origin of Species
3198:Quaternary International
3007:. R. & R. Nicholson.
2818:Bartholomew, M. (1973).
2515:, pp. 83–86, Ch. 8.
1651:Travels in North America
1640:Travels in North America
1630:Travels in North America
1610:1 vol. 5th edition, 1855
1441:Mount Lyell (California)
1362:with a memorial to Lyell
1290:On the Origin of Species
1201:In the first edition of
1157:transmutation of species
1026:Roderick Impey Murchison
894:, the major advocate of
839:Scientific contributions
763:On the Origin of Species
660:The central argument in
470:Travels in North America
402:, in 1816, and attended
303:On the Origin of Species
5370:Wollaston Medal winners
5365:Scottish travel writers
5229:Natural history museums
4831:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
4346:Julius Robert von Mayer
3759:George Douglas Campbell
3719:Joseph Ellison Portlock
3659:George Bellas Greenough
3619:George Bellas Greenough
3599:George Bellas Greenough
3279:Thanukos, Anna (2012).
2764:: 96–131. January 1882.
2681:Lyell, Charles (1833).
2664:Lyell, Charles (1832).
2647:Lyell, Charles (1830).
2384:Lyell, Charles (1881).
2367:Lyell, Charles (1839).
2326:Whewell, William 1837.
2098:– via Paperspast.
2072:– via Paperspast.
2031:Russell, Steph (2011).
1085:, Zermatt, Switzerland.
992:had built up gradually.
861:prehistoric archaeology
643:University of Edinburgh
636:'s Heritage Collections
634:University of Edinburgh
453:In 1832, Lyell married
438:a few decades earlier.
373:Highland Boundary Fault
5081:William Jackson Hooker
5029:Alexander von Humboldt
4946:Philosophie zoologique
4729:Pinax theatri botanici
4418:James Joseph Sylvester
4234:Michel Eugène Chevreul
4194:Alexander von Humboldt
4025:William Alexander Deer
3945:Herbert Leader Hawkins
3458:Works by Charles Lyell
3449:Works by Charles Lyell
3441:Quotations related to
1696:
1451:Mount Lyell (Tasmania)
1408:
1363:
1358:Lyell Family Grave in
1246:
1207:spontaneous generation
1198:
1126:
1086:
993:
948:, were both coined by
938:
918:
835:
753:
749:The frontispiece from
670:Scottish Enlightenment
637:
602:the Rev. W. S. Symonds
543:Yosemite National Park
541:, the highest peak in
486:Chicago Public Library
450:
400:Exeter College, Oxford
360:
357:The main geographical
120:Exeter College, Oxford
5167:The Study of Instinct
5106:Kunstformen der Natur
5010:The Malay Archipelago
5005:Alfred Russel Wallace
4941:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
4522:George Gabriel Stokes
4426:Charles Adolphe Wurtz
4362:Hermann von Helmholtz
4330:Henri Victor Regnault
4210:Johannes Peter Müller
4202:Heinrich Wilhelm Dove
3985:Walter Campbell Smith
3935:Henry Hurd Swinnerton
3875:Arthur Smith Woodward
3734:Andrew Crombie Ramsay
3492:Principles of Geology
3483:Principles of Geology
3069:McPhee, John (1982).
2861:Bowler, P.J. (2003).
2716:: 183–224. June 1849.
2706:by Sir Charles Lyell"
2684:Principles of geology
2667:Principles of geology
2650:Principles of geology
2062:Wairarapa Daily Times
1691:
1567:Principles of Geology
1561:Principles of Geology
1557:10th edition, 1866–68
1555:Principles of Geology
1549:Principles of Geology
1543:Principles of Geology
1537:Principles of Geology
1531:Principles of Geology
1525:Principles of Geology
1519:Principles of Geology
1513:Principles of Geology
1507:Principles of Geology
1501:Principles of Geology
1495:Principles of Geology
1489:Principles of Geology
1479:Principles of Geology
1473:Principles of Geology
1466:Principles of Geology
1406:
1357:
1349:Man's place in nature
1310:Alfred Russel Wallace
1243:Alfred Russel Wallace
1241:
1196:
1136:Zoological Philosophy
1124:
1091:Principles of Geology
1077:
1031:Principles of Geology
987:
958:Principles of Geology
928:Principles of Geology
920:
916:
886:Principles of Geology
825:
809:age of the human race
748:
724:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
698:survey voyage of the
650:Principles of Geology
631:
618:King's College London
457:in Bonn, daughter of
445:Charles Lyell at the
444:
359:divisions of Scotland
356:
308:Alfred Russel Wallace
213:Principles of Geology
210:and as the author of
186:King's College London
5086:Joseph Dalton Hooker
5039:The Birds of America
4506:Stanislao Cannizzaro
4474:Joseph Dalton Hooker
4338:James Prescott Joule
4250:Wilhelm Eduard Weber
3418:at Wikimedia Commons
3389:Martin J. S. Rudwick
3004:The Abbey Scientists
2758:The Quarterly Review
2710:The Quarterly Review
1934:search.amphilsoc.org
1930:"APS Member History"
1796:"The 'Anthropocene'"
1446:Mount Lyell (Canada)
1344:The Antiquity of Man
1295:Joseph Dalton Hooker
974:US Geological Survey
925:-Sir Charles Lyell,
589:in honour of Lyell.
513:Lyell was knighted (
510:in the north aisle.
256:his division of the
5355:Scottish geologists
5345:Royal Medal winners
5134:Martinus Beijerinck
4677:De Natura Animalium
4578:Marcellin Berthelot
4570:John William Strutt
4554:Albert von Kölliker
4482:Thomas Henry Huxley
4466:Franz Ernst Neumann
4314:Karl Ernst von Baer
4226:Henri Milne-Edwards
4000:Sydney Hollingworth
3960:Herbert Harold Read
3784:John Whitaker Hulke
3774:Henry Clifton Sorby
3769:Peter Martin Duncan
3749:Thomas Henry Huxley
3242:Taub, Liba (1993).
3235:Scientist of Empire
3210:2015QuInt.372...45S
2999:Hall, Alfred Rupert
2781:Adams, Frank Dawson
2551:, pp. 261–303.
2421:, pp. 244–250.
2278:, pp. 153–187.
2136:Darwin, F. (1887).
1772:, pp. 301–314.
1614:Elements of Geology
1590:Elements of Geology
1583:Elements of Geology
1575:Elements of Geology
1227:intermediate causes
774:Elements of Geology
751:Elements of Geology
447:British Association
5239:Parson-naturalists
5071:Philip Henry Gosse
5034:John James Audubon
5017:Henry Walter Bates
4905:Histoire Naturelle
4893:Historia Plantarum
4781:Avium Praecipuarum
4765:Historia animalium
4666:Historia Plantarum
4654:History of Animals
4322:Charles Wheatstone
3995:James Stubblefield
3950:William Fearnsides
3679:Roderick Murchison
3654:Roderick Murchison
3497:Linda Hall Library
3426:Works by or about
3377:(1978), a book by
3325:Cephalaspis lyelli
2930:10.1007/BF00143731
2916:and its critics".
2549:Bartholomew (1973)
2111:, pp. 99–105.
2017:The London Gazette
1997:The London Gazette
1697:
1670:Lyell, C. (1849).
1659:Lyell, C. (1849).
1648:Lyell, C. (1845).
1637:Lyell, C. (1845).
1409:
1391:Lyell, New Zealand
1373:In other respects
1364:
1360:Brookwood Cemetery
1280:returned from the
1247:
1199:
1127:
1087:
994:
964:Geological surveys
919:
836:
754:
638:
606:John Carrick Moore
535:Geological Society
502:. He is buried in
482:Great Chicago Fire
451:
432:Geological Society
381:Grampian Mountains
361:
5262:
5261:
5208:
5207:
4826:Marcello Malpighi
4720:Ulisse Aldrovandi
4700:De Materia Medica
4588:
4587:
4394:James Dwight Dana
4173:Copley Medallists
4139:
4138:
4116:Mark Moody-Stuart
4010:Frederick Shotton
3970:Owen Thomas Jones
3930:Owen Thomas Jones
3809:Wilfred Hudleston
3694:Henry De la Beche
3629:William Babington
3604:Henry Grey Bennet
3550:
3549:
3453:Project Gutenberg
3414:Media related to
3379:Stephen Jay Gould
3313:978-0-300-01231-6
3298:Wilson, Leonard G
3188:978-0-226-20409-3
3167:978-0-226-73130-8
3146:978-0-226-73169-8
3082:978-0-374-70856-6
3048:Mayr, E. (1982).
3026:Judd, John Wesley
2563:, pp. 20–21.
2458:, pp. 75–77.
2290:, pp. 45–50.
2085:"Lyell or Lyall?"
1959:Westminster Abbey
1839:Darwin, Charles.
1616:6th edition, 1865
1303:natural selection
1285:survey expedition
942:uniformitarianism
936:
933:Stephen Jay Gould
900:uniformitarianism
879:Uniformitarianism
869:uniformitarianism
865:paleoanthropology
832:Henry De la Beche
817:natural selection
805:Quaternary Period
655:uniformitarianism
594:Westminster Abbey
583:Old Red Sandstone
504:Westminster Abbey
312:natural selection
292:and his follower
276:, and that silty
226:uniformitarianism
195:
194:
168:Scientific career
140:Mary Horner Lyell
130:Uniformitarianism
110:Westminster Abbey
99:, London, England
80:, Angus, Scotland
5387:
5360:Scottish knights
5310:Knights Bachelor
5216:
5189:The Dancing Bees
5113:Richard Lydekker
5061:Jean-Henri Fabre
5046:William Buckland
4851:Regnier de Graaf
4745:Andrea Cesalpino
4635:
4615:
4608:
4601:
4592:
4581:
4573:
4565:
4557:
4549:
4541:
4538:Karl Weierstrass
4533:
4530:Edward Frankland
4525:
4517:
4509:
4501:
4493:
4485:
4477:
4469:
4461:
4453:
4445:
4437:
4429:
4421:
4413:
4405:
4397:
4389:
4381:
4373:
4365:
4357:
4354:Friedrich Wöhler
4349:
4341:
4333:
4325:
4317:
4309:
4301:
4293:
4285:
4277:
4269:
4261:
4253:
4245:
4237:
4229:
4221:
4213:
4205:
4197:
4189:
4166:
4159:
4152:
4143:
3855:Archibald Geikie
3845:Charles Lapworth
3824:William Whitaker
3804:Archibald Geikie
3799:William Blanford
3794:John Wesley Judd
3779:Robert Etheridge
3754:Joseph Prestwich
3739:William Hamilton
3709:William Hamilton
3674:William Buckland
3634:William Buckland
3585:
3576:
3569:
3562:
3553:
3516:
3512:
3477:Internet Archive
3469:
3468:
3440:
3425:
3413:
3347:
3338:
3317:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3275:
3238:
3229:
3192:
3171:
3150:
3134:
3123:
3086:
3065:
3044:
3035:
3021:
3008:
2994:
2970:
2949:
2914:Antiquity of Man
2905:
2884:
2868:
2857:
2839:
2814:
2799:
2790:
2766:
2765:
2746:
2737:
2730:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2698:
2689:
2688:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2644:
2638:
2632:
2626:
2620:
2614:
2607:
2601:
2594:
2588:
2582:
2576:
2570:
2564:
2558:
2552:
2546:
2540:
2534:
2528:
2522:
2516:
2510:
2504:
2493:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2407:
2406:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2364:
2358:
2352:
2346:
2340:
2331:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2297:
2291:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2264:
2258:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2228:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2178:
2170:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2149:
2141:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1901:
1895:
1876:
1870:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1807:
1800:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1752:
1741:
1683:Antiquity of Man
1677:
1666:
1655:
1644:
1332:
1252:
1174:William Broderip
1161:natural theology
924:
529:in 1858 and the
404:William Buckland
274:glacial erratics
260:period into the
205:
92:
89:22 February 1875
74:14 November 1797
73:
71:
56:
46:
28:
5395:
5394:
5390:
5389:
5388:
5386:
5385:
5384:
5350:Scottish deists
5265:
5264:
5263:
5258:
5217:
5204:
5185:Karl von Frisch
5122:
5091:William Jardine
4981:Le Règne Animal
4952:
4900:Comte de Buffon
4861:Systema Naturae
4800:
4772:Frederik Ruysch
4750:Valerius Cordus
4740:Hieronymus Bock
4706:
4688:Natural History
4683:Pliny the Elder
4640:
4630:
4624:
4622:Natural history
4619:
4589:
4584:
4576:
4568:
4562:William Huggins
4560:
4552:
4544:
4536:
4528:
4520:
4512:
4504:
4496:
4488:
4480:
4472:
4464:
4456:
4448:
4442:William Thomson
4440:
4432:
4424:
4416:
4410:Rudolf Clausius
4408:
4400:
4392:
4384:
4376:
4368:
4360:
4352:
4344:
4336:
4328:
4320:
4312:
4304:
4296:
4288:
4280:
4272:
4264:
4256:
4248:
4240:
4232:
4224:
4216:
4208:
4200:
4192:
4184:
4176:
4170:
4140:
4135:
4099:
4090:Richard Hardman
4085:R. S. J. Sparks
4060:Charles Holland
4040:Wallace Pitcher
4015:Kingsley Dunham
3885:George Lamplugh
3828:
3699:William Hopkins
3684:Henry Warburton
3669:William Whewell
3614:John MacCulloch
3587:
3583:
3580:
3540:
3536:
3466:
3406:
3398:James A. Secord
3369:
3367:Further reading
3350:
3341:
3320:
3314:
3295:
3286:
3284:
3278:
3241:
3232:
3195:
3189:
3174:
3168:
3153:
3147:
3126:
3089:
3083:
3072:Basin and Range
3068:
3062:
3047:
3038:
3024:
3011:
2997:
2991:
2975:Desmond, Adrian
2973:
2952:
2908:
2902:
2887:
2881:
2860:
2817:
2802:
2793:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2769:
2748:
2747:
2740:
2725:
2721:
2700:
2699:
2692:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2633:
2629:
2621:
2617:
2608:
2604:
2595:
2591:
2583:
2579:
2571:
2567:
2559:
2555:
2547:
2543:
2535:
2531:
2523:
2519:
2511:
2507:
2497:William Whewell
2494:
2490:
2482:
2478:
2466:
2462:
2454:
2450:
2442:
2438:
2430:Lyell K. 1881.
2429:
2425:
2417:
2410:
2398:
2396:. p. 110.
2383:
2382:
2378:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2355:Stafford (1989)
2353:
2349:
2341:
2334:
2325:
2321:
2313:
2309:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2286:
2282:
2274:
2267:
2259:
2252:
2242:
2240:
2239:on 9 March 2016
2230:
2229:
2225:
2217:
2213:
2203:
2201:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2171:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2142:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2107:
2103:
2093:
2091:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2067:
2065:
2064:. 5 August 1908
2056:
2055:
2051:
2041:
2039:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2010:
2009:
2005:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1977:
1973:
1963:
1961:
1955:"Charles Lyell"
1953:
1952:
1948:
1938:
1936:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1915:
1904:
1896:
1879:
1871:
1860:
1850:
1848:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1825:
1821:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1798:
1794:Crutzen, Paul.
1793:
1792:
1788:
1780:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1744:
1733:
1730:
1686:
1669:
1658:
1647:
1636:
1633:
1578:
1475:
1469:
1462:
1384:
1330:
1250:
1178:Middle Jurassic
1119:
1079:Lateral moraine
1072:
1018:
982:
966:
950:William Whewell
881:
841:
614:
531:Wollaston Medal
358:
320:
218:William Whewell
201:
160:Wollaston Medal
158:
153:
116:Alma mater
100:
94:
90:
81:
75:
69:
67:
59:
47:
38:
36:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5393:
5391:
5383:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5267:
5266:
5260:
5259:
5257:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5236:
5225:
5223:
5219:
5218:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5205:
5203:
5202:
5195:Ronald Lockley
5192:
5182:
5170:
5163:Niko Tinbergen
5160:
5148:
5136:
5130:
5128:
5124:
5123:
5121:
5120:
5110:
5098:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5031:
5026:
5014:
5002:
4993:Charles Darwin
4990:
4985:
4976:Georges Cuvier
4973:
4964:George Montagu
4960:
4958:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4950:
4938:
4926:
4914:
4909:
4897:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4853:
4848:
4846:Jan Swammerdam
4843:
4838:
4836:William Derham
4833:
4828:
4823:
4810:
4808:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4798:
4788:
4777:William Turner
4774:
4769:
4760:Conrad Gessner
4757:
4755:Leonhart Fuchs
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4725:Gaspard Bauhin
4722:
4716:
4714:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4704:
4692:
4680:
4670:
4658:
4645:
4643:
4632:
4626:
4625:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4610:
4603:
4595:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4582:
4574:
4566:
4558:
4550:
4546:Carl Gegenbaur
4542:
4534:
4526:
4518:
4514:Rudolf Virchow
4510:
4502:
4494:
4486:
4478:
4470:
4462:
4454:
4446:
4438:
4430:
4422:
4414:
4406:
4398:
4390:
4386:Claude Bernard
4382:
4374:
4366:
4358:
4350:
4342:
4334:
4326:
4318:
4310:
4306:Julius Plücker
4302:
4298:Michel Chasles
4294:
4290:Charles Darwin
4286:
4278:
4270:
4262:
4254:
4246:
4238:
4230:
4222:
4214:
4206:
4198:
4190:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4161:
4154:
4146:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4131:Lynne Frostick
4128:
4126:Richard Fortey
4123:
4118:
4113:
4111:Ronald Oxburgh
4107:
4105:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4080:Charles Curtis
4077:
4075:Anthony Harris
4072:
4070:Derek Blundell
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4045:Percival Allen
4042:
4037:
4032:
4030:Thomas Westoll
4027:
4022:
4020:Neville George
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3990:Leonard Hawkes
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3955:Arthur Trueman
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3920:Thomas Holland
3917:
3915:Edmund Garwood
3912:
3907:
3905:Francis Bather
3902:
3897:
3892:
3890:Richard Oldham
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3870:Aubrey Strahan
3867:
3862:
3860:William Sollas
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3836:
3834:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3814:Henry Woodward
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3729:Leonard Horner
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3689:Leonard Horner
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3644:William Fitton
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3595:
3593:
3589:
3588:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3571:
3564:
3556:
3548:
3547:
3542:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3514:
3513:
3499:
3488:
3479:
3470:
3455:
3446:
3434:
3419:
3405:
3404:External links
3402:
3401:
3400:
3391:
3382:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3360:Ipswich Museum
3355:
3354:
3349:
3348:
3339:
3318:
3312:
3293:
3276:
3239:
3230:
3193:
3187:
3172:
3166:
3151:
3145:
3124:
3087:
3081:
3066:
3060:
3045:
3036:
3022:
3009:
2995:
2989:
2971:
2950:
2924:(2): 153–187.
2906:
2900:
2885:
2879:
2858:
2830:(3): 261–303.
2815:
2800:
2791:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2738:
2736:at wikisource.
2719:
2690:
2673:
2656:
2639:
2637:, p. 218.
2627:
2625:, p. 219.
2615:
2602:
2589:
2585:Desmond (1982)
2577:
2575:, p. 407.
2565:
2553:
2541:
2529:
2517:
2505:
2488:
2476:
2460:
2448:
2436:
2423:
2419:Rudwick (2010)
2408:
2376:
2359:
2347:
2332:
2319:
2307:
2292:
2280:
2265:
2250:
2223:
2211:
2186:
2157:
2128:
2113:
2101:
2075:
2049:
2037:theprow.org.nz
2023:
2003:
1983:
1971:
1946:
1921:
1902:
1877:
1858:
1831:
1827:Rudwick (2014)
1819:
1786:
1774:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1742:
1729:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1685:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1667:
1656:
1645:
1632:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1577:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1471:Main article:
1468:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1422:
1420:Tuolumne River
1416:
1410:
1393:
1383:
1380:
1335:
1334:
1255:
1254:
1197:Charles Darwin
1153:
1152:
1118:
1115:
1083:Gorner Glacier
1071:
1068:
1017:
1014:
981:
978:
965:
962:
880:
877:
840:
837:
687:Robert FitzRoy
685:. Lyell asked
683:Charles Darwin
613:
610:
459:Leonard Horner
420:Gideon Mantell
416:Robert Jameson
398:Lyell entered
367:is located in
328:Kinnordy House
319:
316:
298:Charles Darwin
234:Georges Cuvier
208:Charles Darwin
193:
192:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
175:
171:
170:
164:
163:
147:
143:
142:
137:
133:
132:
127:
126:Known for
123:
122:
117:
113:
112:
106:
102:
101:
95:
93:(aged 77)
87:
83:
82:
78:Kinnordy House
76:
65:
61:
60:
57:
49:
48:
37:
34:
31:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5392:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5244:
5240:
5237:
5234:
5230:
5227:
5226:
5224:
5220:
5215:
5200:
5196:
5193:
5190:
5186:
5183:
5180:
5179:
5178:On Aggression
5174:
5173:Konrad Lorenz
5171:
5168:
5164:
5161:
5158:
5157:
5152:
5149:
5146:
5145:
5140:
5139:Abbott Thayer
5137:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5125:
5118:
5114:
5111:
5108:
5107:
5102:
5101:Ernst Haeckel
5099:
5096:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5066:Louis Agassiz
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5051:Charles Lyell
5049:
5047:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5018:
5015:
5012:
5011:
5006:
5003:
5000:
4999:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4988:William Smith
4986:
4983:
4982:
4977:
4974:
4971:
4970:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4955:
4948:
4947:
4942:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4930:
4929:Thomas Bewick
4927:
4924:
4923:
4918:
4917:Gilbert White
4915:
4913:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4901:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4868:Georg Steller
4866:
4863:
4862:
4857:
4856:Carl Linnaeus
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4821:
4820:
4815:
4812:
4811:
4809:
4807:
4806:Enlightenment
4803:
4796:
4792:
4789:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4735:Otto Brunfels
4733:
4730:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4713:
4709:
4702:
4701:
4696:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4684:
4681:
4678:
4674:
4671:
4668:
4667:
4662:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4642:
4636:
4633:
4627:
4623:
4616:
4611:
4609:
4604:
4602:
4597:
4596:
4593:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4498:Simon Newcomb
4495:
4491:
4490:George Salmon
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4434:Arthur Cayley
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4370:Louis Pasteur
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4282:Adam Sedgwick
4279:
4275:
4274:Thomas Graham
4271:
4267:
4266:Louis Agassiz
4263:
4259:
4258:Robert Bunsen
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4242:Charles Lyell
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4218:Léon Foucault
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4182:
4179:
4174:
4167:
4162:
4160:
4155:
4153:
4148:
4147:
4144:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4102:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4065:Bernard Leake
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4050:Howel Francis
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4005:Oliver Bulman
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3940:Percy Boswell
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3895:Albert Seward
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3880:Alfred Harker
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3865:William Watts
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3831:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3789:Thomas Bonney
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3724:John Phillips
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3714:Daniel Sharpe
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3704:Edward Forbes
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3664:Charles Lyell
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3649:Adam Sedgwick
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3609:William Blake
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3577:
3572:
3570:
3565:
3563:
3558:
3557:
3554:
3546:
3543:
3539:
3537:(of Kinnordy)
3535:
3534:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3517:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3471:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3447:
3444:
3443:Charles Lyell
3439:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3428:Charles Lyell
3424:
3420:
3417:
3416:Charles Lyell
3412:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3370:
3366:
3361:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3351:
3345:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3331:Palaeontology
3328:
3326:
3319:
3315:
3309:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3282:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3247:
3240:
3236:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3180:
3179:
3173:
3169:
3163:
3159:
3158:
3152:
3148:
3142:
3138:
3133:
3132:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3098:(2): 91–103.
3097:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3078:
3074:
3073:
3067:
3063:
3061:0-674-36446-5
3057:
3053:
3052:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3010:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2990:0-85634-121-5
2986:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2901:0-691-11439-0
2897:
2893:
2892:
2886:
2882:
2880:0-520-23693-9
2876:
2872:
2867:
2866:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2816:
2812:
2811:Thomas Nelson
2808:
2807:
2806:Charles Lyell
2801:
2797:
2792:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2753:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2723:
2720:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2705:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2685:
2677:
2674:
2669:
2668:
2660:
2657:
2652:
2651:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2635:Browne (2003)
2631:
2628:
2624:
2623:Browne (2003)
2619:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2593:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2573:Wilson (1970)
2569:
2566:
2562:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2545:
2542:
2538:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2525:Bowler (2003)
2521:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2492:
2489:
2486:, p. 84.
2485:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2452:
2449:
2446:, p. 76.
2445:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2402:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2380:
2377:
2372:
2371:
2363:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2348:
2344:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2323:
2320:
2317:, p. 91.
2316:
2311:
2308:
2303:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2238:
2234:
2227:
2224:
2220:
2219:Thanukos 2012
2215:
2212:
2200:
2196:
2190:
2187:
2182:
2176:
2168:
2161:
2158:
2153:
2147:
2139:
2132:
2129:
2124:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2102:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2076:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2050:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2024:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2007:
2004:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1987:
1984:
1981:, p. 53.
1980:
1975:
1972:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1947:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1917:MaComber 1997
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1873:Bailey (1962)
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1847:. John Murray
1846:
1842:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1820:
1804:
1797:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1770:Cannon (1961)
1766:
1763:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1684:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1467:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1431:Lyell Glacier
1429:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1371:
1369:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1311:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1272:
1271:Adam Sedgwick
1268:
1264:
1263:Ernst Haeckel
1260:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1215:John Herschel
1211:
1208:
1204:
1195:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1170:Carboniferous
1167:
1162:
1158:
1150:
1149:Ourang-Outang
1145:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1123:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1002:
999:
991:
986:
979:
977:
975:
971:
963:
961:
959:
955:
951:
947:
946:catastrophism
943:
937:
934:
930:
929:
915:
911:
909:
905:
904:catastrophism
901:
897:
893:
892:John Playfair
888:
887:
878:
876:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
853:palaeontology
850:
846:
838:
833:
829:
828:Ichthyosaurus
824:
820:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
801:
796:
794:
789:
785:
781:
780:
775:
771:
769:
765:
764:
759:
752:
747:
743:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
720:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
701:
695:
694:
689:, captain of
688:
684:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
658:
656:
652:
651:
646:
644:
635:
630:
626:
624:
619:
611:
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
590:
588:
587:Louis Agassiz
584:
580:
578:
573:
569:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
527:Royal Society
524:
520:
516:
511:
509:
508:William Theed
505:
501:
496:
494:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
466:
464:
460:
456:
448:
443:
439:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
412:Lincoln's Inn
409:
405:
401:
396:
394:
390:
389:Bartley Lodge
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
355:
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
336:Charles Lyell
333:
329:
325:
317:
315:
313:
309:
305:
304:
299:
295:
294:John Playfair
291:
286:
284:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
230:catastrophism
227:
223:
219:
215:
214:
209:
204:
199:
190:
187:
184:
180:
176:
172:
169:
165:
161:
156:
151:
148:
144:
141:
138:
134:
131:
128:
124:
121:
118:
114:
111:
107:
105:Resting place
103:
98:
97:Harley Street
88:
84:
79:
66:
62:
55:
50:
45:
41:
35:Charles Lyell
29:
26:
22:
5198:
5188:
5176:
5166:
5154:
5151:Hugh B. Cott
5142:
5127:20th century
5116:
5104:
5094:
5050:
5037:
5020:
5008:
4996:
4979:
4967:
4957:19th century
4944:
4932:
4920:
4903:
4891:
4883:James Hutton
4873:Joseph Banks
4859:
4819:Micrographia
4817:
4814:Robert Hooke
4794:
4784:
4780:
4763:
4728:
4698:
4686:
4676:
4664:
4661:Theophrastus
4652:
4241:
4186:Richard Owen
4121:Peter Styles
4104:21st century
4055:Janet Watson
3980:William King
3965:Cecil Tilley
3910:John Gregory
3840:Jethro Teall
3833:20th century
3663:
3639:John Bostock
3624:Earl Compton
3592:19th century
3544:
3538:
3531:
3527:New creation
3526:
3491:
3482:
3445:at Wikiquote
3393:
3384:
3372:
3353:Image source
3343:
3334:
3330:
3324:
3302:
3285:. Retrieved
3255:
3251:
3245:
3234:
3201:
3197:
3177:
3156:
3130:
3095:
3091:
3071:
3050:
3040:
3030:
3017:
3013:
3003:
2979:
2958:
2954:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2890:
2864:
2827:
2823:
2805:
2795:
2785:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2732:
2722:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2683:
2676:
2666:
2659:
2649:
2642:
2630:
2618:
2610:
2605:
2597:
2592:
2580:
2568:
2561:Lyell (1832)
2556:
2544:
2532:
2520:
2508:
2500:
2491:
2479:
2468:Babbage 1838
2463:
2451:
2439:
2431:
2426:
2400:
2397:
2389:
2379:
2369:
2362:
2350:
2343:Adams (1938)
2327:
2322:
2310:
2301:
2295:
2283:
2276:Bynum (1984)
2243:28 September
2241:. Retrieved
2237:the original
2226:
2214:
2202:. Retrieved
2198:
2189:
2166:
2160:
2137:
2131:
2122:
2116:
2109:White (1958)
2104:
2092:. Retrieved
2089:Evening Post
2088:
2078:
2066:. Retrieved
2061:
2052:
2040:. Retrieved
2036:
2026:
2015:
2006:
1995:
1986:
1974:
1962:. Retrieved
1958:
1949:
1937:. Retrieved
1933:
1924:
1849:. Retrieved
1844:
1834:
1822:
1810:. Retrieved
1789:
1777:
1765:
1747:
1736:
1726:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1700:
1692:
1682:
1672:
1661:
1650:
1639:
1629:
1620:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1581:
1574:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1478:
1465:
1460:Bibliography
1413:Lyell Canyon
1400:Grand Canyon
1385:
1374:
1372:
1365:
1348:
1342:
1338:
1336:
1321:
1317:
1315:
1307:
1288:
1282:
1276:By the time
1275:
1266:
1256:
1222:
1212:
1202:
1200:
1187:
1181:
1166:James Hutton
1154:
1135:
1128:
1106:
1102:
1090:
1088:
1064:Anthropocene
1060:Paul Gervais
1029:
1019:
1003:
997:
995:
967:
957:
953:
945:
941:
939:
926:
921:
907:
896:James Hutton
884:
882:
849:stratigraphy
842:
798:
797:
792:
787:
783:
777:
773:
772:
767:
761:
757:
755:
750:
739:
721:
708:
704:
699:
692:
678:James Hutton
665:
661:
659:
648:
647:
639:
622:
615:
598:T. H. Huxley
591:
575:
523:Copley Medal
512:
499:
497:
490:
480:. After the
473:
469:
467:
452:
436:James Hutton
397:
362:
324:estate house
321:
301:
290:James Hutton
287:
283:Anthropocene
254:stratigraphy
246:
237:
222:gradualistic
220:dubbed this
211:
197:
196:
182:Institutions
167:
155:Copley Medal
108:The Nave of
91:(1875-02-22)
25:
5280:1875 deaths
5275:1797 births
5199:Shearwaters
5056:Mary Anning
4841:Hans Sloane
4791:John Gerard
4785:New Herball
4712:Renaissance
4695:Dioscorides
4631:naturalists
4450:Carl Ludwig
4175:(1851–1900)
4095:Robin Cocks
3975:George Lees
3819:Henry Hicks
3485:1st edition
3258:: 171–193.
2918:J Hist Biol
2910:Bynum, W.F.
2750:"Review of
2702:"Review of
2537:Mayr (1982)
2513:Judd (1910)
2470:, pp.
2394:John Murray
2315:Porter 1976
2261:Judd (1910)
2094:10 November
2068:10 November
2042:8 September
2012:"No. 22878"
1992:"No. 20905"
1964:8 September
1898:Wilson 1973
1782:McPhee 1982
1483:John Murray
1427:(Greenland)
1396:Lyell Butte
1329:progenitors
1217:wrote from
1052:Pleistocene
898:'s idea of
826:"Professor
707:. When the
581:, from the
577:Cephalaspis
563:Mount Lyell
539:Mount Lyell
472:(1845) and
455:Mary Horner
371:, near the
365:family seat
150:Royal Medal
5269:Categories
4629:Pioneering
4035:Percy Kent
3925:John Green
3900:John Evans
3764:John Evans
3541:1864–1875
3432:Wikisource
3020:: 247–275.
2809:. London:
2773:References
2204:12 January
1485:, London).
1425:Lyell Land
1339:Principles
1318:Principles
1267:Principles
1223:Principles
1203:Principles
1188:Principles
998:Principles
954:continuity
857:glaciology
784:Principles
779:Principles
768:Principles
758:Principles
717:Cape Verde
705:Principles
674:David Hume
662:Principles
623:Principles
500:Principles
393:New Forest
369:Strathmore
344:Royal Navy
332:Kirriemuir
238:Principles
70:1797-11-14
4649:Aristotle
4641:antiquity
4639:Classical
3850:John Marr
3272:144553417
3226:1040-6182
3204:: 45–50.
3120:146595131
2495:Lyell to
2484:Ruse 1999
2456:Ruse 1999
2444:Ruse 1999
2175:cite book
2146:cite book
1979:Hall 1966
1398:, in the
1375:Antiquity
1219:Cape Town
1183:Didelphis
1117:Evolution
845:volcanoes
813:evolution
728:evolution
664:was that
572:Lyall Bay
537:in 1866.
385:Highlands
318:Biography
250:volcanoes
242:deep time
5076:Asa Gray
4888:John Ray
3545:Extinct
3462:LibriVox
3327:Agassiz"
3028:(1910).
3001:(1966).
2977:(1982).
2946:84588890
2854:11615533
2783:(1938).
1939:12 April
1803:Archived
1245:in 1862.
1176:found a
1099:erratics
1095:icebergs
1070:Glaciers
1056:Holocene
1048:Pliocene
1036:Tertiary
1022:Tertiary
1006:Vesuvius
990:Vesuvius
788:Elements
348:Montrose
262:Pliocene
258:Tertiary
3533:Baronet
3504:at the
3487:at ESP.
3475:at the
3300:(ed.).
3287:23 July
3206:Bibcode
3112:4025798
2938:4330890
2846:4025445
2472:225–227
2123:The Sun
2033:"Lyell"
1368:Lamarck
1231:Whewell
1140:Mantell
1132:Lamarck
1044:Miocene
715:in the
713:St Jago
604:and Mr
549:on the
533:of the
525:of the
391:in the
383:in the
330:, near
266:Miocene
177:Geology
5222:Topics
4673:Aelian
4580:(1900)
4572:(1899)
4564:(1898)
4556:(1897)
4548:(1896)
4540:(1895)
4532:(1894)
4524:(1893)
4516:(1892)
4508:(1891)
4500:(1890)
4492:(1889)
4484:(1888)
4476:(1887)
4468:(1886)
4460:(1885)
4452:(1884)
4444:(1883)
4436:(1882)
4428:(1881)
4420:(1880)
4412:(1879)
4404:(1878)
4396:(1877)
4388:(1876)
4380:(1875)
4372:(1874)
4364:(1873)
4356:(1872)
4348:(1871)
4340:(1870)
4332:(1869)
4324:(1868)
4316:(1867)
4308:(1866)
4300:(1865)
4292:(1864)
4284:(1863)
4276:(1862)
4268:(1861)
4260:(1860)
4252:(1859)
4244:(1858)
4236:(1857)
4228:(1856)
4220:(1855)
4212:(1854)
4204:(1853)
4196:(1852)
4188:(1851)
3310:
3270:
3224:
3185:
3164:
3143:
3118:
3110:
3079:
3058:
2987:
2967:985457
2965:
2944:
2936:
2898:
2877:
2852:
2844:
2386:"XXIV"
1851:16 May
1812:16 May
1695:, 1863
1623:, 1871
1382:Legacy
1331:
1322:Origin
1299:Huxley
1283:Beagle
1278:Darwin
1259:Huxley
1251:
1040:Eocene
908:ad hoc
855:, and
834:(1830)
740:Beagle
736:atolls
709:Beagle
700:Beagle
693:Beagle
672:which
579:lyelli
555:crater
553:and a
428:Sussex
377:strath
270:Eocene
268:, and
224:view "
174:Fields
162:(1866)
157:(1858)
152:(1834)
146:Awards
136:Spouse
3268:S2CID
3116:S2CID
3108:JSTOR
2963:JSTOR
2942:S2CID
2934:JSTOR
2842:JSTOR
1806:(PDF)
1799:(PDF)
1757:Notes
1159:with
1111:loess
1103:drift
873:loess
732:below
568:Lyell
547:Lyell
426:, in
424:Lewes
340:Dante
278:loess
252:. In
42:
5243:List
5233:List
3323:"On
3308:ISBN
3289:2012
3222:ISSN
3183:ISBN
3162:ISBN
3141:ISBN
3077:ISBN
3056:ISBN
2985:ISBN
2896:ISBN
2875:ISBN
2850:PMID
2401:from
2245:2010
2206:2023
2181:link
2152:link
2096:2022
2070:2022
2044:2018
1966:2018
1941:2021
1853:2019
1814:2019
1297:and
1261:and
1107:till
1010:Etna
1008:and
944:and
863:and
691:HMS
641:the
559:Mars
551:Moon
408:M.A.
363:The
86:Died
64:Born
3460:at
3451:at
3430:at
3260:doi
3214:doi
3202:372
3100:doi
2959:105
2926:doi
2871:129
2832:doi
2762:153
1333:...
1253:...
1134:'s
1089:In
557:on
422:at
346:at
310:on
203:FRS
44:FRS
32:Sir
5271::
4783:,
3333:.
3329:.
3266:.
3256:26
3254:.
3250:.
3220:.
3212:.
3200:.
3139:.
3137:88
3114:.
3106:.
3096:32
3094:.
3018:91
3016:.
2957:.
2940:.
2932:.
2922:17
2920:.
2873:.
2848:.
2840:.
2826:.
2822:.
2760:.
2756:.
2741:^
2714:85
2712:.
2708:.
2693:^
2411:^
2392:.
2388:.
2335:^
2268:^
2253:^
2197:.
2177:}}
2173:{{
2148:}}
2144:{{
2087:.
2060:.
2035:.
2014:.
1994:.
1957:.
1932:.
1905:^
1880:^
1861:^
1843:.
1801:.
1341:.
1066:.
1046:,
1042:,
875:.
851:,
770:.
608:.
600:,
519:Bt
515:Kt
495:.
488:.
326:,
285:.
264:,
200:,
40:Bt
5245:)
5241:(
5235:)
5231:(
5201:)
5197:(
5191:)
5187:(
5181:)
5175:(
5169:)
5165:(
5159:)
5153:(
5147:)
5141:(
5119:)
5115:(
5109:)
5103:(
5097:)
5093:(
5042:)
5036:(
5025:)
5019:(
5013:)
5007:(
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4995:(
4984:)
4978:(
4972:)
4966:(
4949:)
4943:(
4937:)
4931:(
4925:)
4919:(
4908:)
4902:(
4896:)
4890:(
4864:)
4858:(
4822:)
4816:(
4797:)
4793:(
4787:)
4779:(
4768:)
4762:(
4731:)
4727:(
4703:)
4697:(
4691:)
4685:(
4679:)
4675:(
4669:)
4663:(
4657:)
4651:(
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4607:t
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4158:t
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3575:e
3568:t
3561:v
3335:1
3316:.
3291:.
3274:.
3262::
3248:"
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3228:.
3216::
3208::
3191:.
3170:.
3149:.
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3102::
3085:.
3064:.
2993:.
2969:.
2948:.
2928::
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2883:.
2856:.
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2813:.
2474:.
2357:.
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2263:.
2247:.
2221:.
2208:.
2183:)
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2046:.
1968:.
1943:.
1919:.
1900:.
1875:.
1855:.
1829:.
1816:.
1784:.
935:.
819:.
72:)
68:(
23:.
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