618:
Watson and Crick Nature article, the discovery of axonal transport, the
Warshawsky et al. finding that nascent proteins are processed from the rough endoplasmic reticulum through the Golgi apparatus into pancreatic zymogen granules (made in hot competition with the Palade lab at Rockefeller University), the first realization that the Golgi apparatus is the site of terminal glycosylation, the discovery of the cell coat, the cellular biogenesis of collagen, and new insights into the ultrastructure of basement membrane.
605:
To test this hypothesis, light and then EM autoradiographic studies were carried out by
Leblond and Neutra in 1966 after injecting rats with 3H-glucose or 3H-galactose. Within ten minutes, the label was dramatically localized to the Golgi apparatus of intestinal goblet cells, indicating that this was
372:
in 1935, where he carried out studies on factors influencing maternal behavior. It was here that he met his wife
Gertrude Sternschuss, to whom he was married for 64 years. Leblond had 4 children for which he chose names starting with the letter "P": Philippe, Paul, Pierre and (Marie)-Pascale. He also
601:
region in most cell types was dramatically stained by the periodic acid-Schiff staining technique, which is specially directed to carbohydrate-rich proteins carrying 1,2 glycols. In the electron microscope, using the periodic acid silver technique, there was a gradient of staining intensity from the
568:
When
Leblond and his colleagues used 14C-bicarbonate, and then 35S-labeled amino acids to investigate protein synthesis, they were astonished to find that virtually all cells in the body incorporated label. This led them to the conclusion, considered heretical at the time, that all cells continually
250:
were applied to the emulsion-covered section, black silver grains appeared in the emulsion wherever it overlay sites containing a radio-element. This liquid emulsion approach has been used to develop a new high-resolution autoradiography procedure characterized by close contact between emulsion and
649:
Leblond continued to attend all weekly departmental seminars well into his 90s and continued to publish in peer-reviewed journals into the new millennium. He learned to use a computer at age 90, starting a presentation at an international conference back in 2004, by noting: "A month ago, I thought
617:
Other classics include: identification of how skeletal bones grow through osteoblast deposition and osteoclast remodeling, early discovery of the biogenesis and metabolism of thyroxine and detection of triiodothyronine, early prediction of DNA semiconservative replication published days after the
337:, in 1910, the son of a building contractor who died when Leblond was only 10 years old, leaving his mother to raise four boys on her own. A brilliant student, Leblond debated becoming a film producer, an architect or a scientist. In the end, he decided on science, and enrolled in Medicine at the
461:
lantern slides, paint it directly on the sections, and then develop the emulsion while it was still attached to the histologic sections. This resulted in a tenfold improvement in resolution. Subsequently, Leblond and his colleagues developed a technique in which the histologic slides were dipped
300:
His results threw doubt on the validity of three traditional concepts dear to biologists in the earlier part of the twentieth century: "stability" of the cell, in which the cell and its components are unchanging, permanent structures; "specificity" of cell function, in which each cell type has a
576:
It is of interest that autoradiographic studies by
Leblond during this period also settled a controversy regarding the cellular site of synthesis of ribonucleic acid. Using radiolabeled cytidine in some forty cell types, he and his colleagues were the first to demonstrate decisively that RNA is
518:
To maintain the population of spermatogonia, the seminiferous epithelium was shown to contain a population of stem cells which divided to produce differentiated cells as well as to maintain their own number. As noted in a seminal publication by
Leblond, "the reappearance at each cycle of a new
489:
Leblond used autoradiography to introduce radioactive precursors of DNA and then examine the renewal and fate of cells of several basic tissue types. He demonstrated for the first time that most cells and tissues in the adult body undergo continued renewal. Using mathematical models and modern
304:
He has proposed replacing cell "specificity" by "multipotentiality", "activity-rest alternation" by "continuity" and "stability" of cell components by "renewal". These various results have provided the foundation not only for modern stem cell research, but also for modern cell biology.
559:
To mark his 65th birthday in 1975, Leblond was honored at an international symposium on the existence of stem cells in adult tissues; the resulting book, Stem Cells of
Renewing Cell Populations, was the first formal, comprehensive account on the subject.
494:
rates of numerous cell types. He and his colleagues made fascinating discoveries that resulted in the introduction of "time dimension" to cells and tissues, opening the doors to the understanding of the cell cycle and to the identification of stem cells.
453:"In 1946, after returning to Montreal from service with the Free French Forces, it was clear to me that the crude technique previously used for radioautography had to be improved". In collaboration with Leonard BĂ©langer, Leblond worked on increasing the
430:
with a half-life of 8 days, to repeat his autoradiographic experiment on thyroid tissue. With this method, the resolving power was less than 100 ÎĽm, but nonetheless he was able to localize the radioactivity to specific thyroid .
671:
Leblond was preceded in death by his wife of 64 years, Gertrude
Sternschuss, who died in 2000. After Gertrude died, Leblond married a childhood friend, Odette Lengrand, in 2001; they were both 91. Odette died in 2004.
1357:
Lee ER, Lamplugh L, Kluczyk B, Mort JS, Leblond CP. Protease analysis by neoepitope approach reveals the activation of MMP-9 is achieved proteolytically in a test tissue cartilage model involved in bone formation.
423:
as a lecturer in histology, and quickly rose to assistant (1943), associate (1946), and then full professor of anatomy (1948). He served as the chair of the
Department of Anatomy from 1957 to 1974.
657:
His total contributions resulted in the publication of 430 scientific papers, many of them still frequently cited. In late
September 2006, he published his final article—about detecting the
1198:
M. Neutra and C.P. Leblond. Radioautographic comparison of the uptake of 3H-galactose and 3H glucose in the Golgi region of various cells secreting glycoproteins or mucopolysaccarides.
2733:
1439:
2326:
1289:
Warshawsky H, Leblond CP, Droz B. Synthesis and migration of proteins in the cells of the exocrine pancreas as revealed by specific activity determination from radioautographs.
301:
distinct, unique function; and "activity-rest alternation" of cell function, in which each period of cellular activity is followed by a period during which the activity ceases.
863:
462:
directly into liquid emulsion. The use of thinner sections and emulsion coats led to further advances in resolution, and the introduction of tritium was a technical milestone.
2728:
1103:
R.C. Greulich and C.P. Leblond. Radioautographic visualization of radio carbon in the organs and tissues of newborn rats following administration of C14 labeled bicarbonate.
541:"Static cell populations", which are composed of non-dividing cells and include no adult stem cells. These populations have the "stability" formerly attributed to all cells
526:
Leblond and his colleagues also found evidence for the presence of occasional adult stem cells even in tissues which are composed almost entirely of non-dividing cells. In
2778:
2718:
609:
This discovery had a tremendous impact on the scientific community, being the first evidence for a functional role of the Golgi apparatus in the synthetic process.
1328:
Weinstock M, Leblond CP.Synthesis, migration, and release of precursor collagen by odontoblasts as visualized by radioautography after (3H)proline administration.
523:
is described as the 'Stem Cell Renewal Theory'". This article is the first one in which nests of cells dividing in an adult organ are designated as "stem cells".
730:
2763:
2738:
1432:
2713:
2319:
891:
BĂ©langer, L.F. and C.P. Leblond. A method for locating radioactive elements in tissues by covering histological sections with a photographic emulsion.
246:
section containing a radio element, the emulsion was eventually activated by the radio-element; and if thereafter routine photographic development and
2773:
2768:
1142:
M. Amano, C.P. Leblond and N.J. Nadler. Radioautographic analysis of nuclear RNA in mouse cells revealing three pools with different turnover times.
1009:
F. BĂ©langer and C.P. Leblond. A method for locating radioactive elements in tissues by covering histological sections with a photographic emulsion.
1344:
Inoue S, Leblond CP, Laurie GW. Ultrastructure of Reichert's membrane, a multilayered basement membrane in the parietal wall of the rat yolk sac.
723:
403:
Unfortunately, Leblond's first attempt to use autoradiography failed, the reason being that the radioiodine-128 isotope, with its extremely short
151:
904:
Gross, J., R. Bogoroch, N.J. Nadler and C.P. Leblond. The theory and methods of the radioautographic localization of radio elements in tissues.
1425:
1411:
1302:
Peterson M, Leblond CP. Synthesis of Complex Carboydrates in the Golgi region, as shown by radioautography after injection of labeled glucose.
2723:
2708:
2312:
812:
631:
214:
380:
for use in investigating the fate of various molecules in biological processes. Under the guidance of Antoine Lacassagne, Leblond injected
1116:
C.P. Leblond, N.B. Everett and B. Simmons. Sites of protein synthesis as shown by radioautography after administration of S35 methionine.
2753:
2743:
1129:
M. Amano and C.P. Leblond. Comparison of the specific activity time curves of ribonucleic acid in chromatin, nucleolus and cytoplasm.
1051:
Y. Clermont and C.P. Leblond. Spermiogenesis of man, monkey, ram and other mammals as shown by the "periodic acid Schiff" technique.
2703:
743:
1400:
1533:
970:
C.P. Leblond et P. Sue. Passage de l'iode radioactif (1128) dans la thyroide stimulée par l'hormone thyréotrope de l'hypophyse.
316:
to Leblond, Charles Leblond's discoveries are so fundamental that they are taught in schools and colleges throughout the world.
262:
This procedure has been utilized to examine some of the dynamic features of body components, with the main findings as follows:
31:
2758:
1077:
M. Enesco and C.P. Leblond. Increase in cell number as a factor in the growth of the organs and tissues of the young male rat.
2698:
569:
synthesized proteins. This was among the first evidence to replace the Specificity concept with the idea that most cells are
2288:
1022:
C.P. Leblond and J. Gross. Thyroglobulin formation in the thyroid follicle visualized by the "coated autograph" technique.
2275:
1449:
825:
606:
the cellular site of addition of sugar residues in the synthesis of the carbohydrate side chains of mucous glycoproteins.
638:. This launched a twenty-year molecular exploration culminating in the concept of the basement membrane as an integrated
602:
cis to the trans side of the Golgi apparatus, suggesting that carbohydrate residues were added to proteins at this site.
2660:
1224:
Gross J, Leblond CP. Metabolism of the thyroid hormone in the rat as shown by physiological doses of labeled thyroxine.
103:
1983:
1250:
Stevens CE, Daoust R, Leblond CP. Rate of synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid and mitotic rate in liver and intestine.
818:
210:
206:
1315:
Rambourg A, Neutra M, Leblond CP. Presence of a "cell coat" rich in carbohydrate at the surface of cells in the rat.
1237:
Gross J, Leblond CP. The presence of free iodinated compounds in the thyroid and their passage into the circulation.
537:
From the studies of Leblond and his colleagues, it was concluded that the body has three types of cell populations:
2748:
396:. To localize this label more precisely within the thyroid tissue, Leblond attempted to use the novel technique of
2018:
1382:
1211:
Leblond CP, Wilkinson GW, Belanger LF, Robichon J. Radio-autographic visualization of bone formation in the rat.
2606:
2490:
2128:
2081:
2063:
1925:
1168:
A. Rambourg, W. Hernandez and C.P. Leblond. Detection of periodic acidreactive carbohydrate in Colgi saccules.
1035:
C.P. Leblond and Y. Clermont. Definition of the stages of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium of the rat.
837:
202:
534:. His studies showed that muscle satellite cells could be considered to be adult stem cells in muscle fibers.
1405:
1377:
931:
2196:
1626:
1588:
799:
776:
2229:
2148:
2043:
1669:
1548:
695:
457:
of the autoradiographic technique. They were advised by physicist Pierre Demers to melt the emulsion from
357:
2143:
1573:
1508:
707:
490:
methods of quantitation, Leblond and his colleagues estimated with remarkable accuracy the turnover and
239:
1856:
465:
High Resolution Autoradiography procedure continues to be used today by molecular biologists to detect
2428:
1664:
1518:
1185:, as shown by electron microscope radioautography of goblet cells from rats injected with 3H-glucose.
376:
In 1937, Leblond joined the Laboratoire de Synthese Atomique in Paris which was involved in preparing
2693:
2688:
2516:
2452:
2186:
1803:
1684:
1611:
1601:
635:
377:
274:
247:
2496:
2484:
251:
section. Such close contact makes it possible to localize the radio-elements in the section at high
2612:
2590:
2528:
2506:
2462:
2089:
1851:
1831:
1641:
1503:
1493:
1417:
755:
349:
338:
313:
98:
2394:
2654:
2638:
2434:
2249:
2191:
2053:
1881:
1866:
1846:
1836:
1821:
1745:
1523:
454:
439:
1621:
2666:
2422:
2404:
2335:
2181:
1841:
1798:
1712:
1689:
1563:
1488:
1483:
686:
420:
182:
2648:
2546:
2500:
2480:
2410:
2368:
2254:
2206:
2166:
2008:
1968:
1958:
1894:
1808:
1740:
1583:
1558:
1543:
1387:
872:
256:
252:
1263:
J. D. Watson and F. H. C. Crick. A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid. April 25, 1953,
2600:
2572:
2474:
2468:
2364:
2358:
2201:
2171:
2138:
2107:
1978:
1935:
1899:
1788:
1760:
1730:
1720:
1659:
1513:
944:
A. Giroud et C.P. Leblond. Etude histochimique de la vitamine C dans la glande surrénale.
831:
701:
598:
545:
527:
397:
369:
285:
227:
198:
124:
108:
2440:
2120:
917:
Kopriwa, B. and C.P. Leblond. Improvements in the coating technique of radioautography.
2642:
2580:
2556:
2540:
2534:
2522:
2456:
2374:
2211:
2102:
2071:
2058:
2038:
2028:
1963:
1945:
1889:
1783:
1778:
1750:
1725:
1694:
1606:
1593:
1568:
1538:
1528:
772:
643:
530:, the muscle fibers had been shown to exhibit an age-related increase in the number of
507:
epithelium, studies by Leblond and Yves Clermont in the early 1950s had deciphered how
443:
356:, which he found to predominate in steroid-secreting cells. This study led him, with a
226:
research and a Canadian former professor of anatomy. Leblond is notable for developing
145:
782:
Medal Léo-Pariseau, «Assoc. Canadienne Française pour l'Avancement des Sciences», 1962
266:
The existence of stem cells in adult organs, as shown by autoradiography with labeled
2682:
2594:
2576:
2512:
2400:
2388:
2354:
2280:
2270:
2262:
2244:
2239:
2224:
2161:
2094:
2048:
2033:
2013:
1993:
1973:
1940:
1871:
1826:
1813:
1770:
1765:
1699:
1679:
1578:
1553:
1475:
1182:
1155:
C.P. Leblond. Distribution of periodic acid reactive carbohydrates in the adult rat.
805:
590:
512:
508:
482:
458:
408:
393:
389:
361:
353:
309:
289:
2632:
2626:
2566:
2350:
2133:
2076:
1953:
1920:
1912:
1907:
1735:
1707:
1674:
1636:
1470:
1465:
586:
531:
520:
504:
435:
243:
219:
1394:
230:
and his work showing how cells continuously renew themselves, regardless of age.
2620:
2616:
2586:
2560:
2384:
2378:
2293:
2216:
2112:
2023:
2003:
1998:
1988:
1876:
1646:
1616:
1498:
1276:
Droz B, Leblond CP. Migration of proteins along the axons of the sciatic nerve.
570:
278:
2304:
2234:
2176:
2153:
1861:
1654:
651:
555:"Renewing cell populations" in which adult stem cells are an essential feature
427:
749:
Duncan Graham Award, Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, 1986
2550:
2416:
1793:
1755:
1631:
665:
577:
continuously synthesized in the nucleus and then migrates to the cytoplasm.
404:
342:
267:
223:
129:
85:
36:
877:
858:
1181:
M. Neutra and C.P. Leblond. Synthesis of the carbohydrate of mucus in the
1064:
Y. Clermont and C.P. Leblond. Renewal of spermatogonia in the rat testis.
30:
2446:
661:
594:
515:, which then differentiated into mature sperm cells in a specific cycle.
69:
639:
491:
365:
352:
in 1934. His doctoral thesis described the histochemical localizion of
255:, so that radio-elements can be localized at high magnification in the
172:
759:
447:
381:
334:
293:
73:
626:
At 65, instead of retiring, Leblond continued his research with an
470:
330:
50:
597:
is quite variable. Leblond had shown in earlier studies that the
658:
549:
2308:
1421:
627:
474:
466:
385:
392:, presumably incorporated into the thyroid hormone precursor
957:.C.P. Leblond. Extra hormonal factors in maternal behavior.
859:"Charles Philippe Leblond. 5 February 1910 -- 10 April 2007"
739:
J.C.B. Grant Award, Canadian Association of Anatomists, 1979
983:
C.P. Leblond. Extra hormonal factors in maternal behavior.
218:(February 5, 1910 – April 10, 2007) was a pioneer of
752:
Centennial Award, American Association of Anatomists, 1979
736:
Henry Grey Award, American Association of Anatomists, 1978
277:
in living cells, as shown by autoradiography with labeled
450:, where he conducted medical exams of would-be soldiers.
544:"Expanding cell populations" in which small numbers of
407:(25 minutes), disintegrated so quickly that too little
411:
remained to be detected by the photographic emulsion.
1376:
Pedersen, Anne-Marie; Clermont, Yves (24 July 2015).
388:
and found that the label promptly accumulated in the
864:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
581:
Role of the Golgi apparatus in protein glycosylation
469:
molecules in situ, and to study the localization of
434:
Leblond's early career at McGill was interrupted by
2343:
664:activation switch for the first time in remodeling
238:In 1946, Leblond found that, when he poured liquid
178:
168:
138:
117:
91:
81:
58:
43:
21:
548:exist, and give rise to skeletal fiber nuclei or
996:Leblond CP. The time dimension in cell biology.
788:George Gomori Medal, Histochemical Society, 1988
785:McLaughlin Medal, Royal Society of Canada, 1983
2734:Grand Officers of the National Order of Quebec
345:and decided to pursue this field as a career.
2320:
1433:
731:International Association for Dental Research
8:
564:Continuous protein synthesis in living cells
519:dormant cell which acts as the stem cell of
499:Identification of stem cells in adult organs
426:At McGill, Leblond used the newly-available
341:. He was fascinated by his first course in
292:, as shown by autoradiography with labeled
16:Canadian cell biology researcher, professor
2729:Fellows of the Royal Microscopical Society
2327:
2313:
2305:
1440:
1426:
1418:
1340:
1338:
348:Leblond obtained his M.D. degree from the
29:
18:
2779:French military personnel of World War II
1090:Cairnie A.B., Lala P.K. and D.G. Osmond.
1047:
1045:
876:
1362:2006 Sep;54(9):965-80. Epub 2006 May 18.
1092:Stem Cells of renewing Cell Populations
849:
724:Gairdner Foundation International Award
2719:Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
681:Honorary degrees of Doctor of Sciences
813:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
642:, rather than as layers of separated
632:National Institute of Dental Research
7:
1397:at The Canadian Medical Hall of Fame
654:was a tool for sharpening pencils."
2739:Academic staff of McGill University
720:Prix Saintour, French Academy, 1935
358:Rockefeller postdoctoral fellowship
35:Charles Philippe Leblond, Canadian
312:noted on the occasion of the 1992
14:
2714:Companions of the Order of Canada
744:American Society for Cell Biology
2774:21st-century Canadian biologists
2769:20th-century Canadian biologists
932:"Les Prix du Québec: CP Leblond"
438:, during which he served in the
585:A majority of body proteins is
415:Development of autoradiography
1:
2764:Université de Montréal alumni
1450:Canadian Medical Hall of Fame
826:Canadian Medical Hall of Fame
646:initially favored by others.
589:, although the proportion of
442:. He was dispatched first to
2724:Fellows of the Royal Society
2709:Canadian medical researchers
2661:Jennifer Lippincott-Schwartz
1406:Prix Marie-Victorin Ceremony
1348:1983 Nov;97(5 Pt 1):1524-37.
2289:Marie-Marguerite d'Youville
819:Royal Microscopical Society
630:Fogarty Scholarship at the
622:"Retirement" and later days
2795:
2754:French medical researchers
2744:University of Paris alumni
1378:"Charles Philippe Leblond"
1094:Academic Press. N.Y. 1976.
985:Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.
959:Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.
419:In 1941, Leblond moved to
364:-orientated Department of
2019:Jonathan Campbell Meakins
1456:
1383:The Canadian Encyclopedia
1215:. 1950 Mar;86(2):289-341.
1079:J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol.
634:, where he learned about
188:
161:
152:Gairdner Foundation Award
28:
2704:Scientists from Montreal
2129:Cheryl Rockman-Greenberg
2064:William Thornton Mustard
1931:Charles Philippe Leblond
1412:National Order of Quebec
1401:Order of Canada citation
1395:Charles Philippe Leblond
1228:1950 Jun;184(2):489-500.
838:National Order of Quebec
195:Charles Philippe Leblond
23:Charles Philippe Leblond
1627:William Arthur Cochrane
1280:1962 Sep 28;137:1047-8.
1254:1953 May;202(1):177-86.
1039:Sci. 1952, 55, 548 573.
1000:1995 Sep;9(12): 1234-8.
919:J. Histochem. Cytochem.
800:Royal Society of Canada
777:Royal Society of Canada
692:McGill University, 1982
329:CP Leblond was born in
234:Main research interests
2759:Yale University alumni
2230:Lucille Teasdale-Corti
2044:Frederick Montizambert
1549:Wilfred Gordon Bigelow
1332:1974 Jan;60(1):92-127.
1319:1966 Jan;154(1):41-71.
1241:1951 Jun;48(6):714-25.
878:10.1098/rsbm.2007.0042
836:2001 – Grand Officer,
696:University of Montreal
104:Université de Montréal
2699:Scientists from Lille
1360:J Histochem Cytochem.
817:1988 - Fellow of the
804:1965 – Fellow of the
798:1951 – Fellow of the
708:Sherbrooke University
373:had 7 grandchildren.
240:photographic emulsion
2517:Alexander Varshavsky
2187:F. Estelle R. Simons
1685:Charles George Drake
1612:Harvey Max Chochinov
946:Arch. Anat. microse.
906:Amer. J. Roentgenoi.
895:. 1946, 39, 386-400.
857:Bennett, G. (2008).
729:Isaac Schour Award,
636:immunohistochemistry
573:in their functions.
378:radioactive isotopes
284:The key role of the
2613:William R. Brinkley
2591:J. Richard McIntosh
2507:Elizabeth Blackburn
2144:Jean-Lucien Rouleau
1832:Emmett Matthew Hall
1642:Douglas Harold Copp
1504:Charles Thomas Beer
1494:Henry J. M. Barnett
1448:Inductees into the
1386:(online ed.).
1120:1957, 101, 225 271.
1107:1953, 115, 559 586.
756:Prix Marie-Victorin
350:University of Paris
339:University of Paris
314:Prix Marie-Victorin
130:Stem cell discovery
99:University of Paris
2655:Peter N. Devreotes
2639:Franz-Ulrich Hartl
2435:S. Jonathan Singer
2250:Sir Charles Tupper
2192:Duncan G. Sinclair
2054:Thomas John Murray
1882:Charles B. Huggins
1867:Charles Hollenberg
1847:Donald Olding Hebb
1837:Judith Goslin Hall
1822:Vladimir Hachinski
1746:John G. FitzGerald
1524:Michel G. Bergeron
1306:1964 Apr;21:143-8.
1202:1966, 30, 137 150.
1189:1966, 30, 119 136.
1172:1969, 40, 395 414.
1146:1965, 38, 314 340.
1133:1960, 20, 250 253.
1081:1962, 20, 530 562.
1068:1953, 93, 475 502.
1055:1955, 96, 229 250.
1026:1948, 43, 306 324.
1013:1946, 39, 386 400.
948:1934, 30, 105 129.
934:. 7 December 1992.
921:1962, 10, 269-284.
908:1951, 65, 420-468.
830:2000 – Companion,
742:E-B Wilson Award,
552:cells of the brain
440:Free French Forces
308:As Nobel laureate
273:The continuity of
2749:French biologists
2676:
2675:
2667:Pietro De Camilli
2529:Thomas D. Pollard
2423:Christian de Duve
2405:David D. Sabatini
2336:E.B. Wilson Medal
2302:
2301:
2182:Louis Siminovitch
1842:Michael R. Hayden
1799:Richard Goldbloom
1713:John Robert Evans
1690:Daniel J. Drucker
1564:Adolfo J. de Bold
1489:Frederick Banting
1484:Elizabeth Bagshaw
1293:1963 Jan;16:1-24.
687:Acadia University
421:McGill University
275:protein synthesis
192:
191:
183:McGill University
163:Scientific career
2786:
2649:Barbara J. Meyer
2547:Richard O. Hynes
2501:Gottfried Schatz
2481:James E. Darnell
2429:Morris Karnovsky
2411:Marilyn Farquhar
2369:Alex B. Novikoff
2329:
2322:
2315:
2306:
2255:D. Lorne Tyrrell
2207:Bette Stephenson
2167:Robert B. Salter
2090:Annette O'Connor
2009:Joseph B. Martin
1969:Walter Mackenzie
1959:Ernest McCulloch
1895:David J. Jenkins
1809:Wilfred Grenfell
1741:C. Miller Fisher
1665:Thomas A. Dignan
1584:G. Malcolm Brown
1559:Stephen Blizzard
1544:John Bienenstock
1519:Philip B. Berger
1442:
1435:
1428:
1419:
1391:
1388:Historica Canada
1363:
1355:
1349:
1342:
1333:
1326:
1320:
1313:
1307:
1300:
1294:
1287:
1281:
1274:
1268:
1261:
1255:
1248:
1242:
1235:
1229:
1222:
1216:
1209:
1203:
1196:
1190:
1179:
1173:
1166:
1160:
1153:
1147:
1140:
1134:
1127:
1121:
1114:
1108:
1101:
1095:
1088:
1082:
1075:
1069:
1062:
1056:
1049:
1040:
1033:
1027:
1020:
1014:
1007:
1001:
994:
988:
987:1938, 38, 66 70.
981:
975:
968:
962:
961:1938, 38, 66 70.
955:
949:
942:
936:
935:
928:
922:
915:
909:
902:
896:
889:
883:
882:
880:
854:
546:adult stem cells
360:in hand, to the
257:light microscope
217:
65:
47:February 5, 1910
33:
19:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2627:Elaine V. Fuchs
2607:John R. Pringle
2601:Susan Lindquist
2573:Stuart Kornfeld
2475:John C. Gerhart
2469:Donald D. Brown
2453:Barbara Gibbons
2365:Charles Leblond
2339:
2333:
2303:
2298:
2202:Nahum Sonenberg
2172:Charles Scriver
2139:Noralou P. Roos
2108:Wilder Penfield
1979:David MacLennan
1936:Maurice LeClair
1900:Harold E. Johns
1857:FĂ©lix d'Herelle
1789:Gustave Gingras
1761:Armand Frappier
1731:William Feindel
1721:Ray Farquharson
1660:Naranjan Dhalla
1622:Michel Chrétien
1602:Elaine A. Carty
1514:Bernard Belleau
1452:
1446:
1375:
1372:
1367:
1366:
1356:
1352:
1343:
1336:
1327:
1323:
1314:
1310:
1301:
1297:
1288:
1284:
1275:
1271:
1262:
1258:
1249:
1245:
1236:
1232:
1223:
1219:
1210:
1206:
1197:
1193:
1180:
1176:
1167:
1163:
1154:
1150:
1141:
1137:
1128:
1124:
1115:
1111:
1102:
1098:
1089:
1085:
1076:
1072:
1063:
1059:
1050:
1043:
1034:
1030:
1021:
1017:
1008:
1004:
995:
991:
982:
978:
974:1940, 133, 543.
972:C.R. Soc. Biol.
969:
965:
956:
952:
943:
939:
930:
929:
925:
916:
912:
903:
899:
890:
886:
856:
855:
851:
846:
832:Order of Canada
795:
769:
717:
702:York University
683:
678:
624:
615:
583:
566:
528:skeletal muscle
501:
487:
481:Studies on the
428:radioiodine-131
417:
398:autoradiography
382:radioiodine-128
370:Yale University
327:
322:
286:Golgi apparatus
236:
228:autoradiography
197:
157:
134:
125:Autoradiography
113:
109:Yale University
92:Alma mater
77:
67:
63:
54:
48:
39:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2792:
2790:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2681:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2646:
2643:Arthur Horwich
2636:
2630:
2624:
2617:John E. Heuser
2610:
2604:
2598:
2584:
2581:Randy Schekman
2570:
2564:
2557:Martin Chalfie
2554:
2544:
2541:Joel Rosenbaum
2538:
2535:Joan A. Steitz
2532:
2526:
2523:Marc Kirschner
2520:
2510:
2504:
2497:Walter Neupert
2494:
2488:
2485:Sheldon Penman
2478:
2472:
2466:
2460:
2457:Ian R. Gibbons
2450:
2444:
2438:
2432:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2398:
2392:
2382:
2372:
2362:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2324:
2317:
2309:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2260:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2214:
2212:Calvin Stiller
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2118:
2110:
2105:
2103:Anthony Pawson
2100:
2092:
2087:
2079:
2074:
2072:Arnold Naimark
2069:
2061:
2059:Fraser Mustard
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2039:Julio Montaner
2036:
2031:
2029:Ronald Melzack
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1964:John McEachern
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:Peter Lougheed
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1926:Bernard Langer
1923:
1918:
1910:
1905:
1897:
1892:
1890:Herbert Jasper
1887:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1784:Jacques Genest
1781:
1779:William Gallie
1776:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1751:Claude Fortier
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1726:Sylvia Fedoruk
1723:
1718:
1710:
1705:
1697:
1695:Jacalyn Duffin
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1607:Brock Chisholm
1604:
1599:
1594:Alan C. Burton
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1569:Roberta Bondar
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1539:Norman Bethune
1536:
1531:
1529:Alan Bernstein
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1437:
1430:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1398:
1392:
1371:
1370:External links
1368:
1365:
1364:
1350:
1334:
1321:
1308:
1295:
1282:
1269:
1267:, 171, 737-738
1256:
1243:
1239:Endocrinology.
1230:
1217:
1204:
1191:
1174:
1161:
1148:
1144:Exp. Cell Res.
1135:
1131:Exp. Cell Res.
1122:
1109:
1096:
1083:
1070:
1057:
1041:
1028:
1015:
1002:
989:
976:
963:
950:
937:
923:
910:
897:
884:
848:
847:
845:
842:
841:
840:
834:
828:
822:
815:
809:
802:
794:
791:
790:
789:
786:
783:
780:
773:Flavelle Medal
768:
765:
764:
763:
762:Province, 1992
753:
750:
747:
740:
737:
734:
727:
721:
716:
713:
712:
711:
705:
699:
693:
690:
682:
679:
677:
674:
644:macromolecules
623:
620:
614:
611:
582:
579:
571:multipotential
565:
562:
557:
556:
553:
542:
500:
497:
486:
479:
444:Rio de Janeiro
416:
413:
326:
323:
321:
318:
298:
297:
282:
271:
235:
232:
190:
189:
186:
185:
180:
176:
175:
170:
166:
165:
159:
158:
156:
155:
149:
146:Flavelle Medal
142:
140:
136:
135:
133:
132:
127:
121:
119:
118:Known for
115:
114:
112:
111:
106:
101:
95:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
68:
66:(aged 97)
62:April 10, 2007
60:
56:
55:
49:
45:
41:
40:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2791:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2595:James Spudich
2592:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2577:James Rothman
2574:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2513:Avram Hershko
2511:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2463:Bruce Nicklas
2461:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2417:Elizabeth Hay
2415:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2401:Gunter Blobel
2399:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2389:Theodore Puck
2386:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2356:
2355:George Palade
2352:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2330:
2325:
2323:
2318:
2316:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2281:Ronald Worton
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2271:Mark Wainberg
2269:
2267:
2264:
2263:Mladen Vranic
2261:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2245:Endel Tulving
2243:
2241:
2240:Lap-Chee Tsui
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2225:Charles Tator
2223:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2197:Michael Smith
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2162:David Sackett
2160:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:William Osler
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2049:Balfour Mount
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2034:Brenda Milner
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2014:Pierre Masson
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1994:Ian McWhinney
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1974:Peter Macklem
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1941:Heinz Lehmann
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1872:James C. Hogg
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1852:Carol Herbert
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1827:Antoine Hakim
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1814:Gordon Guyatt
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1771:Henry Friesen
1769:
1767:
1766:Clarke Fraser
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1700:Jean Dussault
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1680:Tommy Douglas
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1579:Henri Breault
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1554:Michael Bliss
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1476:Albert Aguayo
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1443:
1438:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1361:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1346:J. Cell Biol.
1341:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1330:J. Cell Biol.
1325:
1322:
1318:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1304:J. Cell Biol.
1299:
1296:
1292:
1291:J. Cell Biol.
1286:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1200:J. Cell Biol.
1195:
1192:
1188:
1187:J. Cell Biol.
1184:
1183:Golgi complex
1178:
1175:
1171:
1170:J. Cell Biol.
1165:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1037:Ann. NY Acad.
1032:
1029:
1025:
1024:Endocrinology
1019:
1016:
1012:
1011:Endocrinology
1006:
1003:
999:
993:
990:
986:
980:
977:
973:
967:
964:
960:
954:
951:
947:
941:
938:
933:
927:
924:
920:
914:
911:
907:
901:
898:
894:
893:Endocrinology
888:
885:
879:
874:
870:
866:
865:
860:
853:
850:
843:
839:
835:
833:
829:
827:
823:
820:
816:
814:
810:
807:
806:Royal Society
803:
801:
797:
796:
793:Other honours
792:
787:
784:
781:
778:
774:
771:
770:
766:
761:
757:
754:
751:
748:
745:
741:
738:
735:
732:
728:
725:
722:
719:
718:
714:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
691:
688:
685:
684:
680:
675:
673:
669:
667:
663:
660:
655:
653:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
621:
619:
613:Other studies
612:
610:
607:
603:
600:
596:
592:
591:carbohydrates
588:
580:
578:
574:
572:
563:
561:
554:
551:
547:
543:
540:
539:
538:
535:
533:
529:
524:
522:
521:spermatocytes
516:
514:
513:spermatocytes
511:gave rise to
510:
509:spermatogonia
506:
498:
496:
493:
484:
480:
478:
476:
472:
468:
463:
460:
459:Eastman Kodak
456:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
432:
429:
424:
422:
414:
412:
410:
409:radioactivity
406:
401:
399:
395:
394:thyroglobulin
391:
390:thyroid gland
387:
383:
379:
374:
371:
367:
363:
362:endocrinology
359:
355:
354:ascorbic acid
351:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
324:
319:
317:
315:
311:
310:George Palade
306:
302:
295:
291:
290:glycosylation
287:
283:
280:
276:
272:
269:
265:
264:
263:
260:
258:
254:
249:
245:
241:
233:
231:
229:
225:
221:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
187:
184:
181:
177:
174:
171:
167:
164:
160:
153:
150:
147:
144:
143:
141:
137:
131:
128:
126:
123:
122:
120:
116:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
96:
94:
90:
87:
84:
80:
75:
71:
61:
57:
52:
46:
42:
38:
32:
27:
20:
2633:Mina Bissell
2567:Peter Walter
2491:Edwin Taylor
2441:Shinya Inoue
2395:Hewson Swift
2359:Keith Porter
2351:Daniel Mazia
2283:
2276:Samuel Weiss
2265:
2257:
2219:
2156:
2134:Allan Ronald
2123:
2121:RĂ©mi Quirion
2115:
2097:
2084:
2082:Robert Noble
2077:David Naylor
2066:
1984:John Macleod
1954:Jeanne Mance
1948:
1930:
1921:Marc Lalonde
1915:
1913:Leonora King
1908:Wilbert Keon
1902:
1884:
1816:
1773:
1736:Brett Finlay
1715:
1708:Connie Eaves
1702:
1675:James Dosman
1649:
1637:James Collip
1596:
1574:John Bradley
1534:Charles Best
1478:
1471:Oswald Avery
1466:Maude Abbott
1460:
1381:
1359:
1353:
1345:
1329:
1324:
1316:
1311:
1303:
1298:
1290:
1285:
1277:
1272:
1264:
1259:
1252:J Biol Chem.
1251:
1246:
1238:
1233:
1226:J Biol Chem.
1225:
1220:
1212:
1207:
1199:
1194:
1186:
1177:
1169:
1164:
1159:1950, 86, 1.
1157:Am. J. Anat.
1156:
1151:
1143:
1138:
1130:
1125:
1118:Am. J. Anat.
1117:
1112:
1104:
1099:
1091:
1086:
1078:
1073:
1066:Am. J. Anat.
1065:
1060:
1053:Am. J. Anat.
1052:
1036:
1031:
1023:
1018:
1010:
1005:
997:
992:
984:
979:
971:
966:
958:
953:
945:
940:
926:
918:
913:
905:
900:
892:
887:
868:
862:
852:
808:, London, UK
670:
656:
648:
625:
616:
608:
604:
587:glycosylated
584:
575:
567:
558:
536:
525:
517:
505:seminiferous
503:In the male
502:
488:
464:
452:
436:World War II
433:
425:
418:
402:
375:
347:
328:
307:
303:
299:
261:
244:histological
237:
220:cell biology
194:
193:
179:Institutions
162:
64:(2007-04-10)
2694:2007 deaths
2689:1910 births
2621:Peter Satir
2587:Gary Borisy
2561:Roger Tsien
2385:Harry Eagle
2379:Hugh Huxley
2375:Joseph Gall
2294:Salim Yusuf
2217:Emily Stowe
2113:Vera Peters
2024:Maud Menten
2004:Marco Marra
1999:Tak Wah Mak
1989:John McCrae
1877:David Hubel
1647:Max Cynader
1617:Bruce Chown
1589:John Browne
1499:Murray Barr
1414:(in French)
1408:(in French)
871:: 175–191.
477:sequences.
288:in protein
279:amino acids
82:Nationality
2683:Categories
2344:Recipients
2338:recipients
2235:James Till
2177:Hans Selye
2154:Ian Rusted
2149:Claude Roy
1862:Jack Hirsh
1670:John Dirks
1655:Paul David
1105:Anat. Rec.
844:References
652:PowerPoint
455:resolution
446:, then to
325:Early days
253:resolution
2551:Zena Werb
1804:Jean Gray
1794:Phil Gold
1756:Terry Fox
1632:May Cohen
1317:Anat Rec.
1213:Am J Anat
666:cartilage
405:half-life
384:, into a
343:histology
320:Biography
268:thymidine
224:stem cell
37:biologist
2447:Hans Ris
1509:John Bel
1278:Science.
998:FASEB J.
662:cysteine
595:proteins
485:of cells
483:turnover
248:fixation
86:Canadian
76:, Canada
70:Montreal
53:, France
824:1995 –
811:1970 -
640:polymer
492:mitotic
366:Anatomy
294:hexoses
173:Biology
2669:(2021)
2663:(2020)
2657:(2019)
2651:(2018)
2645:(2017)
2635:(2016)
2629:(2015)
2623:(2014)
2609:(2013)
2603:(2012)
2597:(2011)
2593:, and
2583:(2010)
2579:, and
2569:(2009)
2563:(2008)
2553:(2007)
2543:(2006)
2537:(2005)
2531:(2004)
2525:(2003)
2519:(2002)
2509:(2001)
2503:(2000)
2493:(1999)
2487:(1998)
2477:(1997)
2471:(1996)
2465:(1995)
2459:(1994)
2449:(1993)
2443:(1992)
2437:(1991)
2431:(1990)
2425:(1989)
2419:(1988)
2413:(1987)
2407:(1986)
2397:(1985)
2391:(1984)
2381:(1983)
2371:(1982)
2361:(1981)
1265:Nature
779:, 1961
767:Medals
760:Quebec
746:, 1982
733:, 1974
726:, 1965
715:Prizes
710:, 1988
704:, 1986
698:, 1985
689:, 1972
676:Honors
532:nuclei
448:London
335:France
169:Fields
154:(1965)
148:(1961)
139:Awards
74:Quebec
599:Golgi
550:glial
471:genes
331:Lille
242:on a
213:
209:
205:
201:
51:Lille
2641:and
2619:and
2559:and
2549:and
2515:and
2499:and
2483:and
2455:and
2403:and
2387:and
2377:and
2367:and
2357:and
821:, UK
659:MMP9
473:and
222:and
215:FRSC
211:FRMS
59:Died
44:Born
873:doi
628:NIH
593:in
475:DNA
467:RNA
386:rat
368:at
207:FRS
203:GOQ
2685::
2615:,
2589:,
2575:,
2353:,
1380:.
1337:^
1044:^
869:54
867:.
861:.
775:,
758:,
668:.
400:.
333:,
259:.
199:CC
72:,
2328:e
2321:t
2314:v
2284:Y
2266:W
2258:V
2220:T
2157:S
2124:R
2116:Q
2098:P
2085:O
2067:N
1949:M
1916:L
1903:K
1885:J
1817:H
1774:G
1716:F
1703:E
1650:D
1597:C
1479:B
1461:A
1441:e
1434:t
1427:v
1390:.
881:.
875::
296:.
281:.
270:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
