316:, and George Gordon, and it was an honor to be striven for to occupy the spare end of the driver's seat when the fearless Charley Parkhurst held the reins of a four-or six-in hand... Last Sunday , in a little cabin on the Moss Ranch, about six miles from Watsonville, Charley Parkhurst, the famous coachman, the fearless fighter, the industrious farmer and expert woodman died of the cancer on his tongue. He knew that death was approaching, but he did not relax the reticence of his later years other than to express a few wishes as to certain things to be done at his death. Then, when the hands of the kind friends who had ministered to his dying wants came to lay out the dead body of the adventurous
45:
199:
272:
164:. Balch took him under his care and returned to Rhode Island. Treating Parkhurst like a son, Balch taught him to work as a stable hand and gradually with the horses. He developed an aptitude with horses, and Balch taught him to drive a coach, first with one, then four, and eventually six horses. Parkhurst worked for Balch for several years. He may have gotten to know
334:
186:
overland and pick up other ships on the west coast. In Panama, Parkhurst met John Morton, returning to San
Francisco where he owned a drayage business; Morton recruited the driver to work for him. Shortly after reaching California, Parkhurst lost the use of one eye after a kick from a horse, leading
324:
The article noted how unusual it was that
Parkhurst could have lived so long with no one discovering his sex, and to "achieve distinction in an occupation above all professions calling for the best physical qualities of nerve, courage, coolness and endurance, and that should add to them the almost
370:
The first ballot by a woman in an
American presidential election was cast on this site November 3, 1868 by Charlotte (Charlie) Parkhurst who masqueraded as a man for much of her life. She was a stagecoach driver in the mother lode country during the gold rush days and shot and killed at least one
250:. Stagecoach drivers carried mail as well as passengers, and had to deal with hold-up attempts, bad weather, and perilous, primitive trails. As historian Charles Outland described the era, "It was a dangerous era in a dangerous country, where dangerous conditions were the norm."
222:
He was ranked with "Foss, Hank Monk and George Gordon" as one of the top drivers of the time. Stagecoach drivers were also nicknamed "Jehus," after a
Biblical passage in Kings 9:20: "…and the driving is like the driving of Jehu the son of Nimshi; for he driveth furiously."
362:. If Parkhurst did vote in 1868, he may have been the first person of the female sex to vote in a presidential election in California. Local legend and Parkhurst's gravestone claims that Parkhurst was "the first woman to vote in the U.S." and the fire station in
307:
on
January 9, 1880, so the extraordinary driving career and the post-mortem discovery of Parkhurst's sex received national coverage. The headline was: "Thirty Years in Disguise: A Noted Old Californian Stage-Driver Discovered. After Death. To be a Woman."
648:
California’s
Sesquicentennial Wagon Train Organization. "Reining a Team Through Yosemite," California: California Sesquicentennial Board of Directors; California: California’s Sesquicentennial Wagon Train, Mariposa Board of Directors, 1999, pp.
379:
Noted whip of the gold rush days drove stage over Mt. Madonna in early days of Valley. Last run San Jaun to Santa Cruz. Death in cabin near the 7 mile house, revealed “One Eyed
Charlie,” a woman. The first woman to vote in the U.S. Nov. 3,
153:, to Mary (Morehouse) Parkhurst and Ebenezer Parkhurst. Parkhurst had two siblings, Charles D. (1811–1813) and Maria. His mother, Mary, died in 1812. Some time after Charles D. died, Charley and Maria were taken to an orphanage in
136:
in 1849; there he became a noted stagecoach driver. In 1868, he may have been the first person who was assigned female at birth to vote in a presidential election in
California. After his death in 1879, others discovered his
1347:
384:
In 2007, the Santa Cruz County
Redevelopment Agency oversaw the completion of the Parkhurst Terrace Apartments, named for the stagecoach driver and located a mile along the old stage route from the place of his death.
160:
Parkhurst ran away from the orphanage at age 12, adopted the name
Charley, and assumed a masculine presentation. According to one account, Parkhurst soon met Ebenezer Balch, who had a livery stable in
288:
and cancer of the tongue were listed as causes of death. In addition, the examining doctor established that Parkhurst had given birth at some time. A trunk in the house contained a baby's dress. The
517:. As of 2019, Raker and Allegretti hoped to continue working with Madagame as a dramaturgical consultant and performer to pitch the work to opera companies in hopes of creating a full production.
175:
to seek their fortunes. Birch soon began a stagecoach service, starting as a driver with one wagon. He gradually consolidated several small stage lines into the California Stage Company.
325:
romantic personal bravery that enables one to fight one's way through the ambush of an enemy..." was seen to be almost beyond believing, but there was ample evidence to prove the case.
218:
Later, Parkhurst went to work for Birch, where he developed a reputation as one of the finest stagecoach drivers (a "whip") on the West Coast. This inspired another nickname for him,
1317:
486:
was written by Cecelia Raker, and the musical score was composed by Keith Allegretti. The protagonist tenor role of Parkhurst can be considered the first opera composed with a
849:
354:
Parkhurst has been variously interpreted as either a woman using a persona to be able to work and have freedoms that were not allowed for women during that time, or a
1218:
1123:"New chamber opera brings to life true story of trans stagecoach driver in the California Gold Rush | College of Fine Arts - The University of Texas at Austin"
1122:
1036:
782:
576:
1332:
1327:
1312:
764:
371:
bandit. In her later years she drove a stagecoach in this area. She died in 1879. Not until then was she found to be a woman. She is buried in Watsonville.
1342:
1322:
1307:
348:
1337:
1251:
1272:
129:, including to drive coaches drawn by multiple horses. He worked in Massachusetts and Rhode Island, traveling to Georgia for associated work.
284:
After Parkhurst died in 1879, neighbors came to the cabin to lay out the body for burial and discovered that his body appeared to be female.
275:
Tombstone of Mary Parkhurst, mother of Charley Parkhurst, and wife of Ebenezer Parkhurst. Location, Broad Brook Cemetery in Sharon, Vermont.
1205:
1161:
996:
20:
1186:
834:
610:
855:
1011:
566:
467:
243:
165:
876:
506:
1150:
Harris, Gloria G.; Hannah S. Cohen (2012). "Chapter 1. Pioneers – Charlotte 'Charley' Parkhurst: Stagecoach Driver".
253:
Seeing that railroads were cutting into the stagecoach business, Parkhurst retired from driving some years later to
1266:
1044:
126:
811:
113:; January 17, 1812 – December 28, 1879) also known as "One-Eyed Charley" or "Six-Horse Charley", was an American
1276:
1090:
312:
He was in his day one of the most dexterous and celebrated of the famous California drivers ranking with Foss,
161:
118:
125:
as a youth, taking the name Charley. Now presenting as a man, he started work as a stable hand and learned to
971:
254:
207:
87:
75:
247:
178:
Seeking other opportunities as well, Parkhurst, in his late 30s, also left for California, sailing on the
154:
150:
61:
684:
433:
375:
In 1955, the Pajaro Valley Historical Association erected a monument at Parkhurst's grave, which reads:
1302:
1297:
1242:
952:
881:
514:
475:
448:
people's contributions to the Old West. Parkhurst was one of the individuals featured in this series.
235:
231:
227:
172:
1228:
738:
567:"'Out West' at the Autry examines the history of homosexuals and transgender people in the Old West"
337:
A plaque on the fire station in Soquel, California, marks the site where Parkhurst might have voted.
343:
292:
reported that this discovery became a local sensation and was soon carried by national newspapers.
239:
122:
935:
363:
303:
297:
257:. For fifteen years he worked at farming and lumbering in the winter. He also raised chickens in
400:, the episode "Cockeyed Charlie Parkhurst" aired. It was loosely based on his life. It featured
171:
In 1848, the 21-year-old Birch and his close friend Frank Stevens went to California during the
44:
717:
157:. (Some sources say Charley was born there.) They were raised under the care of Mr. Millshark.
1201:
1182:
1157:
1098:
992:
927:
830:
606:
571:
479:
415:
396:
258:
198:
919:
743:
203:
1255:
498:
452:
27:
765:
Meet Charley Parkhurst: the Gold Rush's Fearless, Gender Nonconforming Stagecoach Driver
411:
a historical fiction novel about stage coaching covering the period from 1859 to 1869.
347:
of October 17, 1868, lists Charles Darkey Parkhurst on the official poll list for the
264:
He later moved into a small cabin about six miles from Watsonville, and suffered from
1291:
939:
401:
359:
320:, a discovery was made that was literally astounding. Charley Parkhurst was a woman.
268:
in his later years. Parkhurst died there on December 28, 1879, due to tongue cancer.
1151:
1065:
491:
437:
355:
49:
Artist's reimagining of Parkhurst based on descriptions in historical accounts.
1262:
A Conversation about Charley Parkhurst with Karen Kondazian and Peter Robinson
1260:
1174:, American Trails Series, Glendale, California: Arthur H. Clarke Company, 1973
285:
265:
211:
114:
97:
1102:
931:
482:
slang and late 19th century clothing. The opera begins in the year 1849. The
407:
In 1969, Janice Holt Giles had Charley Parkhurst as a character in the novel
886:
487:
313:
271:
133:
907:
923:
497:
around the world applied for the role. The role of Parkhurst was given to
425:
In 2008, Fern J. Hill wrote a fictional memoir based on Parkhurst's life,
149:
Charley Parkhurst was born Charlotte Darkey Parkhurst January 17, 1812 in
1066:"LOLA: Good Country | KMFA 89.5 | Austin's Classical Music Radio Station"
548:, 2008, California Dept. of Parks and Recreation, accessed 13 August 2014
545:
483:
418:
wrote a fictionalized biography of Parkhurst's life for children, titled
317:
720:
Stagecoaching on El Camino Real, Los Angeles to San Francisco: 1861–1901
466:
about Parkhurst's life premiered at the Cohen New Works Festival in the
183:
1282:"The Life and Death of Fearless Stagecoach Driver, Charley Parkhurst"
510:
394:
On March 13, 1958, during the sixth season of the television series
117:
driver, farmer and rancher in California. Raised in New England and
333:
1281:
1237:
625:
502:
494:
463:
444:
which included exhibits, lectures, films and other material about
332:
270:
197:
26:"One Eyed Charley" redirects here. For the 1973 Western film, see
445:
783:
Was Legendary Stagecoach Driver Charlie Parkhurst Gay or Trans?
660:
Cockeyed Charley Parkhurst: The West’s Most Unusual Stage Whip,
877:"Fairy Tale Transformation for a Notorious Aptos Trailer Park"
138:
132:
In his late 30s, Parkhurst sailed to California following the
1348:
Historical figures with ambiguous or disputed gender identity
1238:"Survival with Style: The Women of the Santa Cruz Mountains"
351:. There is no record that Parkhurst actually cast a vote.
1153:
Women Trailblazers of California: Pioneers to the Present
1037:"The Line-up: Concerts at the Draylen Mason Music Studio"
974:
Charley's Choice: The Life and Times of Charley Parkhurst
727:
Summer 1974, Volume 20, Number 3, accessed 13 August 2014
427:
Charley's Choice: The Life and Times of Charley Parkhurst
141:, as well as that he had given birth at an earlier time.
1181:, Roseville, California: Stagecoach Publishing, 2003,
1156:. Charleston, SC: The History Press. pp. 13–25 .
478:, based on written historical accounts, incorporating
226:
Among Parkhurst's routes in northern California were
168:, who was a younger stagecoach driver in Providence.
1127:
College of Fine Arts - University of Texas at Austin
829:, Aptos, California: Pacific Group, pp. 71–72,
93:
82:
68:
54:
35:
182:from Boston to Panama; travelers had to cross the
1275:reading news article of the day about Parkhurst,
1229:"The Strange Life and Times of Charley Parkhurst"
739:"The Strange Life and Times of Charley Parkhurst"
377:
310:
16:American stagecoach driver, farmer, and rancher
605:, University of Nebraska Press, p. 1115,
440:had a series of programs and events, entitled
19:For other people named Charles Parkhurst, see
1091:"Transgender Opera Singers Find Their Voices"
8:
1318:Deaths from oral cancer in the United States
786:, March 8, 2013, updated November 17, 2015,
708:California: Stanford University Press, 1947
546:Kathi Bristow, "Those Daring Stage Drivers"
1208:, self-published (no sources or footnotes)
1189:, self-published (no sources or footnotes)
32:
718:Ward McAfee, Review: Charles F. Outland,
695:, 9 January 1880, accessed 12 August 2014
1192:Southwick, Albert B. (published 1970 in
596:
594:
1219:"Charley Darkey Parkhurst had a secret"
1179:Fascinating Women in California History
725:San Diego Historical Society Quarterly,
603:Encyclopedia of Frontier Biography: P–Z
527:
908:"Six-Horse Hitch by Janice Holt Giles"
680:
678:
676:
674:
672:
670:
668:
541:
539:
537:
535:
533:
531:
295:The obituary about Parkhurst from the
706:Via Western Express & Stagecoach,
560:
558:
556:
554:
7:
490:lead vocalist in mind. Over a dozen
422:It is illustrated by Brian Selznick.
1333:People from Windsor County, Vermont
662:Colorado: Filter Press, 1973, p. 22
1328:People from Lebanon, New Hampshire
1313:People of the California Gold Rush
827:Highway 17: The Road to Santa Cruz
513:, who risked losing his career by
501:, an American classically trained
459:based loosely on Parkhurst's life.
21:Charles Parkhurst (disambiguation)
14:
1343:19th-century American LGBT people
1012:"Good Country | CTX Live Theatre"
737:Hall, Daniel M. (March 5, 2003),
474:portrays Parkhurst's life in the
389:Representation in popular culture
1323:Deaths from cancer in California
875:Fajardo, Aldwin (May 13, 2008),
455:wrote historical fiction novel,
43:
1308:People of the American Old West
1172:Stagecoaching on El Camino Real
579:from the original on 2010-06-08
565:Ng, David (December 15, 2009).
234:, "the great stage route" from
1338:LGBT people from New Hampshire
1089:Cooper, Michael (2019-07-11).
1:
906:Roripaugh, Robert A. (1970).
468:University of Texas at Austin
329:1868 vote, legacy, and honors
202:Parkhurst's headstone at the
1198:Selected Writings Volume II
991:, Hansen Publishing Group,
977:, Infinity Publishing, 2008
953:Review of Pam Muñoz Ryan's
912:Western American Literature
1364:
685:"Thirty Years in Disguise"
111:Charlotte Darkey Parkhurst
25:
18:
1277:California Legacy Project
1035:Sightlines (2021-10-02).
987:Kondazian, Karen (2012),
962:, reprinted at Amazon.com
825:Beal, Richard A. (1991),
404:in the role of Parkhurst.
72:December 28, 1879, age 67
42:
851:Current Housing Projects
687:, Correspondence of the
366:, has a plaque reading:
162:Providence, Rhode Island
119:assigned female at birth
107:Charley Darkey Parkhurst
37:Charley Darkey Parkhurst
601:Thrapp, Dan L. (1991),
432:From 2009 to 2010, the
358:man or other figure in
255:Watsonville, California
100:driver, farmer, rancher
88:Watsonville, California
76:Watsonville, California
854:, 2006, archived from
704:Oscar Osburn Winthur,
382:
373:
338:
322:
276:
215:
155:Lebanon, New Hampshire
151:Lebanon, New Hampshire
62:Lebanon, New Hampshire
924:10.1353/wal.1970.0028
434:Autry National Center
368:
336:
280:Posthumous revelation
274:
201:
1170:Outland, Charles F.
476:California Gold Rush
1223:Santa Cruz Sentinel
344:Santa Cruz Sentinel
187:to his nickname of
1254:2012-01-21 at the
1244:The New York Times
1196:), republished in
1095:The New York Times
1016:ctxlivetheatre.com
813:The New York Times
768:, April 25, 2019,
689:San Francisco Call
364:Soquel, California
339:
304:The New York Times
298:San Francisco Call
277:
220:Six-Horse Charley.
216:
86:Pioneer Cemetery,
960:Publishers Weekly
762:Jessica Placzek,
658:Craig MacDonald,
572:Los Angeles Times
397:Death Valley Days
301:was reprinted in
104:
103:
1355:
1263:
1248:
1225:, 8 October 2006
1194:Carriage Journal
1167:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1076:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1043:. Archived from
1032:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1008:
1002:
1001:
984:
978:
969:
963:
950:
944:
943:
903:
897:
896:
895:
894:
889:on July 14, 2011
885:, archived from
872:
866:
865:
864:
863:
846:
840:
839:
822:
816:
809:
803:
796:
790:
778:
772:
760:
754:
753:
752:
751:
744:Metro Santa Cruz
734:
728:
715:
709:
702:
696:
682:
663:
656:
650:
646:
640:
639:
637:
636:
622:
616:
615:
598:
589:
588:
586:
584:
562:
549:
543:
409:Six Horse Hitch,
349:election of 1868
204:Pioneer Cemetery
193:Cockeyed Charley
189:One Eyed Charley
58:January 17, 1812
47:
33:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1288:
1287:
1261:
1256:Wayback Machine
1246:
1215:
1164:
1149:
1146:
1144:Further reading
1141:
1140:
1131:
1129:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1107:
1105:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1074:
1072:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1050:
1048:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1020:
1018:
1010:
1009:
1005:
999:
986:
985:
981:
970:
966:
951:
947:
905:
904:
900:
892:
890:
882:Mid-County Post
874:
873:
869:
861:
859:
848:
847:
843:
837:
824:
823:
819:
810:
806:
802:(2018), page 57
797:
793:
780:Nick Pachelli,
779:
775:
761:
757:
749:
747:
736:
735:
731:
716:
712:
703:
699:
683:
666:
657:
653:
647:
643:
634:
632:
624:
623:
619:
613:
600:
599:
592:
582:
580:
564:
563:
552:
544:
529:
524:
499:Holden Madagame
453:Karen Kondazian
420:Riding Freedom.
391:
331:
282:
147:
145:Life and career
78:
73:
64:
59:
50:
38:
31:
28:Charley One-Eye
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1361:
1359:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1279:
1269:
1258:
1240:
1235:
1226:
1214:
1213:External links
1211:
1210:
1209:
1206:978-1501015557
1190:
1177:Pryor, Alton.
1175:
1168:
1163:978-1609496753
1162:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1114:
1081:
1057:
1027:
1003:
998:978-1601823021
997:
979:
972:Fern J. Hill,
964:
955:Riding Freedom
945:
918:(2): 159–161.
898:
867:
841:
835:
817:
804:
798:Tess deCarlo,
791:
773:
755:
729:
710:
697:
693:New York Times
664:
651:
641:
617:
611:
590:
550:
526:
525:
523:
520:
519:
518:
507:trans activist
460:
449:
430:
423:
416:Pam Muñoz Ryan
412:
405:
390:
387:
330:
327:
281:
278:
166:James E. Birch
146:
143:
102:
101:
95:
91:
90:
84:
80:
79:
74:
70:
66:
65:
60:
56:
52:
51:
48:
40:
39:
36:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1360:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1273:radio episode
1270:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1250:
1249:1880 Obituary
1245:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1187:0-9660053-9-2
1184:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1128:
1124:
1118:
1115:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1085:
1082:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1058:
1047:on 2022-05-26
1046:
1042:
1038:
1031:
1028:
1017:
1013:
1007:
1004:
1000:
994:
990:
983:
980:
976:
975:
968:
965:
961:
957:
956:
949:
946:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
902:
899:
888:
884:
883:
878:
871:
868:
858:on 2009-06-18
857:
853:
852:
845:
842:
838:
836:0-9629974-0-4
832:
828:
821:
818:
815:
814:
808:
805:
801:
800:Trans History
795:
792:
789:
785:
784:
777:
774:
771:
767:
766:
759:
756:
746:
745:
740:
733:
730:
726:
722:
721:
714:
711:
707:
701:
698:
694:
691:, carried in
690:
686:
681:
679:
677:
675:
673:
671:
669:
665:
661:
655:
652:
645:
642:
631:
627:
621:
618:
614:
612:0-8032-9420-4
608:
604:
597:
595:
591:
578:
574:
573:
568:
561:
559:
557:
555:
551:
547:
542:
540:
538:
536:
534:
532:
528:
521:
516:
515:transitioning
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
495:opera singers
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
458:
454:
450:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
428:
424:
421:
417:
413:
410:
406:
403:
402:Frank Gerstle
399:
398:
393:
392:
388:
386:
381:
376:
372:
367:
365:
361:
360:trans history
357:
352:
350:
346:
345:
335:
328:
326:
321:
319:
315:
309:
306:
305:
300:
299:
293:
291:
287:
279:
273:
269:
267:
262:
260:
256:
251:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
224:
221:
213:
209:
205:
200:
196:
194:
190:
185:
181:
176:
174:
169:
167:
163:
158:
156:
152:
144:
142:
140:
135:
130:
128:
127:handle horses
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
99:
96:
94:Occupation(s)
92:
89:
85:
83:Resting place
81:
77:
71:
67:
63:
57:
53:
46:
41:
34:
29:
22:
1284:, 4 May 2016
1243:
1233:Metro Active
1232:
1222:
1197:
1193:
1178:
1171:
1152:
1130:. Retrieved
1126:
1117:
1106:. Retrieved
1094:
1084:
1073:. Retrieved
1069:
1060:
1049:. Retrieved
1045:the original
1040:
1030:
1019:. Retrieved
1015:
1006:
988:
982:
973:
967:
959:
954:
948:
915:
911:
901:
891:, retrieved
887:the original
880:
870:
860:, retrieved
856:the original
850:
844:
826:
820:
812:
807:
799:
794:
788:The Advocate
787:
781:
776:
769:
763:
758:
748:, retrieved
742:
732:
724:
719:
713:
705:
700:
692:
688:
659:
654:
644:
633:. Retrieved
629:
620:
602:
581:. Retrieved
570:
472:Good Country
471:
462:In 2019, an
456:
441:
426:
419:
408:
395:
383:
378:
374:
369:
353:
342:
340:
323:
311:
302:
296:
294:
289:
283:
263:
252:
225:
219:
217:
192:
188:
180:R. B. Forbes
179:
177:
170:
159:
148:
131:
121:, Parkhurst
110:
106:
105:
1303:1879 deaths
1298:1812 births
630:dailyuv.com
492:transgender
438:Los Angeles
356:transgender
208:Watsonville
1292:Categories
1132:2022-04-07
1108:2022-04-07
1075:2022-04-07
1051:2022-04-07
1041:Sightlines
1021:2022-04-07
893:2009-05-24
862:2009-05-24
750:2009-02-08
635:2016-05-18
522:References
286:Rheumatism
266:rheumatism
248:Santa Cruz
212:California
115:stagecoach
98:Stagecoach
1103:0362-4331
940:165899133
932:1948-7142
626:"dailyUV"
583:March 17,
509:based in
488:trans man
451:In 2012,
442:Out West,
414:In 1999,
314:Hank Monk
173:Gold Rush
134:Gold Rush
1252:Archived
1070:kmfa.org
989:The Whip
577:Archived
484:libretto
480:Old West
457:The Whip
318:Argonaut
290:LA Times
244:San Juan
236:San Jose
232:Mariposa
228:Stockton
123:ran away
1267:YouTube
1200:(2014)
240:Oakland
184:isthmus
1271:Short
1204:
1185:
1160:
1101:
995:
938:
930:
833:
649:107–08
609:
511:Berlin
242:, and
109:(born
1247:'
936:S2CID
503:tenor
464:opera
259:Aptos
1202:ISBN
1183:ISBN
1158:ISBN
1099:ISSN
993:ISBN
928:ISSN
831:ISBN
770:KQED
607:ISBN
585:2011
505:and
446:LGBT
380:1868
341:The
69:Died
55:Born
1265:on
920:doi
436:of
246:to
238:to
230:to
206:in
191:or
139:sex
1294::
1231:,
1221:,
1125:.
1097:.
1093:.
1068:.
1039:.
1014:.
958:,
934:.
926:.
914:.
910:.
879:,
741:,
723:,
667:^
628:.
593:^
575:.
569:.
553:^
530:^
470:.
261:.
210:,
195:.
1166:.
1135:.
1111:.
1078:.
1054:.
1024:.
942:.
922::
916:5
638:.
587:.
429:.
214:.
30:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
