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allowing the family to periodically experience a simple country life. Frederick
William was a loving husband, but as an officer in the Prussian army, his duties increasingly pulled him away from the home. Vicky was an intellectually demanding mother who expected her children to exhibit moral and political leadership, and in her husband's absence she carefully supervised their education and upbringing. Shortly after arriving in her new adopted country, Vicky observed the continuous arguments and intrigues within the Prussian royal family. This bolstered her belief in the superiority of English culture; she raised her children in English-style nurseries, and successfully fostered a love of her native country by incorporating aspects of English culture in the home and taking them on frequent trips to England.
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frequent displays of agitation, such as pulling at her clothes. An early habit of biting her nails led to preventative measures like the forced wearing of gloves, but any methods only provided temporary relief. Queen
Victoria wrote to her daughter, "tell Charlotte I was appalled to hear of her biting her things. Grandmamma does not like naughty little girls". In 1863 the Crown Princess recorded in her diary that Charlotte's "little mind seems almost too active for her body – she is so nervous & sensitive and so quick. Her sleep is not so sound as it should be – and she is so very thin." Charlotte developed violent tantrums; Vicky described them as "such outbreaks of rage & stubbornness that she screams blue murder." The young girl was also underweight and had a troublesome digestion.
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810:, on 12 May 1879. The new princess was the first grandchild of the Crown Prince and Princess, as well as the first great-grandchild of Queen Victoria and Emperor Wilhelm. Charlotte had hated the limitations placed on her while pregnant, and decided this would be her only child, to the dismay of her mother. Following Feodora's birth, Charlotte devoted her time to enjoying society life in Berlin and embarking on long holiday trips. During these trips, Charlotte would often leave her daughter to stay with Vicky, whom she viewed as the source of a convenient nursery. Feodora frequently made long visits to
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renders education a hard and difficult task." The Crown
Princess rarely withheld her true thoughts of those who displeased her, and bluntly admonished her children to encourage their efforts and help them avoid vanity. Queen Victoria urged her daughter to act encouragingly rather than reproachfully towards Charlotte, believing that she could not expect the young princess to share Vicky's tastes. The biographer Jerrold M. Packard thinks it likely that the "pretty but nervous and sullen girl sensed disappointment from an early age," exacerbating the gulf between them.
1055:"It needed years entirely to destroy my feeling for her, and even after I had discovered what a false friend she was, her soft, purring voice could, if I shut my eyes, occasionally awaken again that old sensation of delight she had given me when I was a child. I could see her again arriving at the Rosenau with little presents for us children, filling the quiet house with her delicious perfume of cigarettes and Hammam, and ravishing our adoring eyes with her lovely clothes and beautiful jewels, because Charly loved jewels almost beyond anything else.
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732:. According to a story related by Vicky's biographer, Hannah Pakula, Charlotte fell in love with the prince while they were driving with her eldest brother; Wilhelm sped up during the drive, alarming Charlotte and causing her to cling to Bernhard's arm. Pakula adds that this sudden but temporary passion likely fit Charlotte's "changeable" personality. Van der Kiste believes Charlotte's decision to marry Bernhard also stemmed from a desire to become independent of her parents, and especially from her mother's criticism.
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943:, believing instead that her daughter had contracted a venereal disease from Henry; this opinion outraged Feodora. Over the years members of the family tried to repair the mother-daughter relationship, without success. Charlotte did not write to Feodora for nearly a decade, finally doing so after Feodora underwent a dangerous operation to help her conceive. Charlotte expressed outrage that such an operation had been approved, but eventually visited her in the
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caused by the genetic disease, they believed it beyond dispute, based on the historical and biological evidence, and noted that many of the same symptoms were found in
Charlotte's mother, Vicky, as well as other family members including Queen Victoria. Röhl, Warren, and Hunt conclude "...for what else could have caused their terrible attacks of lameness and abdominal pain and skin rashes – and in Charlotte's case dark red urine?"
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powerful. Some included pornographic images layered upon royal photographs. Several hundred letters were sent over a four-year period. Wilhelm ordered an investigation, but the writer (or writers) were never identified. Some contemporaries speculated that
Charlotte, known for her sharp tongue and love of gossip, may have been responsible. Historians have since suggested that the writer may have been Dona's brother
931:, and they married the following year, on 24 September 1898 in a Lutheran ceremony at Breslau. The groom was fifteen years older than his bride and a captain in a Brunswick regiment, but not wealthy or particularly high-ranked. Many in the family were shocked at the marriage, but the Dowager Empress was at least pleased that her granddaughter seemed happy with the match.
739:. Though regarded as weak-willed, he had many intellectual interests, particularly in archaeology. Charlotte did not share these interests, but Vicky hoped that time as well as marriage would guide Charlotte, so that "at least her wicked qualities will not be able to cause any harm". The engagement lasted nearly a year, with Vicky preparing her daughter's
572:. Charlotte and her brother, Wilhelm, were the only grandchildren born in Albert's lifetime. He and Victoria visited their daughter and two grandchildren when Charlotte was two months old; Vicky and Frederick William in turn brought Wilhelm and Charlotte on a visit to England in June 1861, six months before Albert's death.
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her, concerning her person & health". Charlotte also disliked her son-in-law, criticizing his appearance and inability to control his strong-willed wife. Unlike her mother, Feodora wanted children; her inability to conceive left
Feodora disappointed, though it pleased Charlotte, who had no desire for grandchildren.
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influence increased in Berlin, where she surrounded herself with a wild group of nobles, diplomats, and young officials from the court. While she had gradually reconciled with her mother during
Frederick's illness, Charlotte sided with Wilhelm when he complained that he should have attended Queen Victoria's
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By the time she reached fourteen, Charlotte was described by Vicky as appearing much younger than her age; Vicky wrote, "Charlotte is in everything – health, looks and understanding, like a child of ten!" The princess had short legs, which, paired with a long waist and arms, made her appear tall when
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Roeder von
Diersburg, a court official. Charlotte fiercely denied the allegations. Bernhard defended his wife and criticised the Hohenzollerns for attempting to keep every Prussian princess under the control of the family. Bernhard considered resigning his army position and leaving with his wife for
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Among the era's royal families, it was unusual to be an only child; Feodora likely endured a lonely childhood. Like her mother, Feodora suffered from sickness and various physical pains, as well as severe migraines. Feodora also lacked an interest in her studies, a deficit blamed by Vicky on a lack
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Princess
Charlotte was a difficult child and indifferent student, with a nervous disposition. Her relationship with her demanding mother was strained. As she grew older, Charlotte developed a penchant for spreading gossip and causing trouble. Eager to escape from parental control, at age seventeen,
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Only on horseback we could never stand her ; even then her theories and criticizing superiority made a torture of that favourite sport. Charly belonged to those beings who, with a single word of disdain, could shrivel up your ardent enthusiasm, make your dearest possession appear worthless or
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in
England, but the country's summer heat left her bed-ridden with a swollen face and pain in her limbs. On 25 June 1914, her husband inherited his father's duchy and became Bernhard III, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen. World War I broke out on 28 July; Bernhard left for the front while Charlotte remained
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Van der Kiste writes that Charlotte and Feodora had very similar personalities, "both strong-willed creatures who loved gossip and were too ready to believe the worst of each other". Eventually, their relationship deteriorated enough for Charlotte to bar Feodora and Henry from her house. Charlotte
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In the 1990s, a team led by Röhl exhumed Charlotte's and Feodora's graves and took samples of each princess for testing. In both mother and daughter, the researchers found evidence of a mutation related to porphyria. While the team noted they could not be completely certain that this mutation was
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As her husband acquired military assignments, Feodora travelled throughout Germany. The marriage, however, did not improve relations between mother and daughter. After a visit by the couple in 1899, Charlotte wrote that Feodora was "incomprehensible" and "shrinks away, whenever I try to influence
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in place of his ailing father. Upon Wilhelm's ascension, Charlotte and Bernhard took his side in disputes with Vicky; the Dowager Empress, in turn, was defended by her three youngest daughters. In one letter during this period, Vicky characterised her eldest daughter as "most odd" and "hardly com
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in Berlin and transferred Bernhard to a regiment in the city. Charlotte spent much of her time socialising with other ladies, where it was common to pursue activities such as skating, gossiping, and holding dinner parties. She was admired for her fashion sense, having imported all of her clothing
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Charlotte was an indifferent student, to the dismay of her mother, who placed a high value on education. Charlotte's governess declared she had never seen "more difficulties" than with the princess, while Vicky once wrote of Charlotte in a letter to her mother that "Stupidity is not a sin, but it
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While Vicky was close with her eldest daughter, this changed as the girl grew older; by the time she was two years old, Charlotte had become known as "sweet naughty little Ditta" and would prove to be the most difficult of the family's eight children. As a young girl, she acted nervously and made
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Charlotte's father ascended the German throne as Emperor Frederick III in March 1888, only to succumb to throat cancer in June of that year. Charlotte stayed with her ailing father during this period, alongside most of her siblings. With her brother's ascension as Wilhelm II, Charlotte's social
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The growing family, which came to include eight children, spent its winters in Berlin and summers in Potsdam; the year also usually included a stay in the country, to the delight of the children. In 1863, Vicky and Frederick William purchased a run-down property and refurbished it into a farm,
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In early 1891, Berlin society erupted in scandal after a series of anonymous letters circulated to prominent members of the court, including Wilhelm and his wife Dona. The letters were written in the same handwriting, and featured salacious gossip, accusations, and intrigues among the court's
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As Charlotte grew older, her behaviour came to include flirtation, spreading malicious gossip, and causing trouble, traits her mother had noticed in her daughter's youth and had hoped she would outgrow. Vicky characterised her as a "wheedling little kitten can be so loving whenever she wants
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in 1888, increasing her social influence. Throughout her brother's reign, she was known for her mischief-making, and spent her life in between bouts of illness, in frivolous and extravagant pursuits. She became Duchess of Saxe-Meiningen in 1914, only for her husband to lose his title with the
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Princess Charlotte with her parents and siblings. Standing left to right: Prince Heinrich, Crown Princess Victoria, Crown Prince Frederick William with Princess Margaret, Prince Wilhelm, and Princess Charlotte (far right). (seated left to right) Princess Victoria, Princess Sophie and Prince
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sitting but short when standing. She was also quite plain. She suffered from significant health issues for the majority of her adult life; this was accompanied by a nearly continuous state of mental agitation and wild excitement, confusing her doctors. Her many health issues included
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from Paris. Charlotte also smoked and drank, and was liked by many for hosting entertaining parties. She earned a reputation as a gossip, and many found her acid-tongued. She was known for befriending someone and earning their confidence, only to spread their secrets to others.
898:, effectively exiling him and his wife. As controller of Charlotte's allowance, Wilhelm also limited their ability to travel outside of the country unless they were willing to go without royal honours. In 1896, Dona accused Charlotte of engaging in an affair with Karl-August
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During the letters scandal, Charlotte lost her diary which contained both family secrets and critical thoughts on various members of her family; the diary was eventually given to Wilhelm, who never forgave her for its contents. Bernhard was transferred to a regiment in
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she married Prince Bernhard of Saxe-Meiningen in 1878. Her husband's weak-willed personality had little effect on her. Known for spreading gossip and her eccentric personality, Princess Charlotte enjoyed Berlin society while frequently leaving her only child,
1027:, fainting and nausea," all described by Röhl as a "textbook list of the symptoms of porphyria, and this several decades before the disorder was clinically identified". Röhl also notes further symptoms described in letters between Charlotte and her physician
669:'s animosity against the Emperor Wilhelm was kept alive. Charly had a grudge against her brother and was glad to do him a bad turn whenever she could. I believe her love of mischief was so ingrained that it became a game she could not resist."
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For evidence, Röhl reviewed letters between Charlotte and her doctor, as well as correspondence with her parents, that had been sent over a 25-year period; he found that even as a little girl, Charlotte had suffered from hyperactivity and
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spoiled their granddaughter and encouraged her rebellion against the Crown Prince and Princess, and Charlotte and her brother frequently took their side in disputes with her parents. This rebellion was encouraged by the German chancellor
790:, a decision that angered Wilhelm, who viewed France as an enemy country; Charlotte eventually spent most of her winters in the French city, as she hoped that its warm climate would help alleviate her lifetime of ill health.
972:). During the war, Charlotte increasingly experienced various pains including chronic aches, swollen legs, and kidney problems. The degree of the pain became so severe that she took opium as her only comfortable treatment.
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in collaboration with his mistress. It is clear that the author had an intimate understanding of the many personalities within the royal family, likely making him or her either a family member or courtier.
657:, who held political disagreements with the liberal Crown Prince and Princess. Charlotte also enjoyed a close relationship with her eldest brother, though they grew apart after his marriage in 1881 to
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posits that Vicky's eldest three children "could never live up to idealised memory of the two dead princes." The strict upbringing Vicky gave to the eldest three children—Wilhelm, Charlotte, and
1035:, excruciating 'wandering' abdominal pains, skin oedema and itching, partial paralysis of the legs and dark red or orange urine," the last of which Röhl calls the "decisive diagnostic symptom."
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Meiningen, though the dispute eventually resolved itself when von Diersburg returned to court with his wife. The scandal was considered to have seriously damaged the reputation of the monarchy.
1007:, the historian John C. G. Röhl and the geneticists Martin Warren and David Hunt identify Charlotte as "occup a crucial position in search for the porphyria mutation in the descendants of the
545:, who had been born Princess Charlotte of Prussia. As a compromise, her first name was Victoria, but she was always referred as Charlotte. She was also named after her paternal grandmother,
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to seek medical treatment for her heart, ultimately dying there of a heart attack on 1 October 1919 at the age of 59. Bernhard died nine years later and was buried with her at
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speculates that had Vicky shown the same level of acceptance with Charlotte as with her younger children, "the relationship between them might have been a happier one".
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541:. Her grandmother, Queen Victoria, wanted her eldest granddaughter to be named after her. However, the Prussians wanted the new princess to be named Charlotte after
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who treated her for over two decades beginning in the early 1890s. In them, Charlotte variously complains of "toothache, backache, insomnia, dizzy spells, nausea,
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834:. Her mother, Vicky commented: "The atmosphere of her home is not the best for a child of her age... With Charlotte for an example, what else can one expect".
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something". She believed that Charlotte's "pretty exterior" hid "dangerous character traits," and blamed nature for producing such qualities in her daughter.
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rob your closest friend of her charm, and this with a voice, soft and gentle like a caress. Charly’s appreciation and depreciation of things was a decree.
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since the seventeenth century. By the end of her first year, Charlotte's father had become Crown Prince as his father ascended to the Prussian throne as
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described her "cousin Charly" extensively in her memoirs, as they shared a great friendship in Marie's youth that later soured. Marie wrote:
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in the family. The product of an easy labour, she was a healthy baby who arrived 19 months after the difficult birth of her elder brother,
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An Uncommon Woman: The Empress Frederick, Daughter of Queen Victoria, Wife of the Crown Prince of Prussia, Mother of Kaiser Wilhelm
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This article is about the daughter of Frederick III, German Emperor. For the first wife of George II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen, see
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of parental guidance, as Charlotte and Bernhard were frequently away. Her husband rose to the rank of
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Charlotte was a favourite of her paternal grandparents, whom she frequently saw. King Wilhelm and
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Charlotte of Prussia with Bernhard of Saxe-Meiningen around the time of the engagement, 1876.
470:. She had suffered from a lifetime of ill health. Recent historians have argued that she had
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Dearest Vicky, Darling Fritz: Queen Victoria's Eldest Daughter and the German Emperor
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Charlotte and Feodora: A Troubled Mother-Daughter Relationship in Imperial Germany
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In April 1877, the sixteen-year-old Charlotte became engaged to her second cousin
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Twilight of Splendor: The Court of Queen Victoria During Her Diamond Jubilee Year
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As Feodora grew older, various suitors were considered for marriage. The exiled
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Recent historians have argued that Charlotte and Feodora were afflicted with
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in 1866 and 1879, respectively, devastated the Crown Princess. The historian
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564:. Charlotte's mother, Vicky, was the eldest daughter of the British monarch
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in November 1918. Charlotte died the following year of a heart attack in
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Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria
2669:. State Library of Pennsylvania. C. Scribner’s sons. pp. 208–209.
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Portraits of Princess Charlotte of Prussia, Duchess of Saxe-Meiningen
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Imperial Requiem: Four Royal Women and the Fall of the Age of Empires
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2018:. State Library of Pennsylvania. C. Scribner’s sons. p. 345.
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A year after their marriage, Charlotte gave birth to a daughter,
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Purple Secret: Genes, 'Madness', and the Royal Houses of Europe
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The end of the war in 1918 led to the political demise of the
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Victoria Margaret, Princess Heinrich XXXIII Reuss of Köstritz
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Princess Louise Margaret, Duchess of Connaught and Strathearn
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Ramm, Agatha (2004). "Victoria, Princess Royal (1840–1901)".
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But to Charly’s honour let it here be mentioned that towards
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behind to oversee the duchy, serving mainly as a figurehead (
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Viktoria Luise, Duchess of Brunswick and Princess of Hanover
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From left: Charlotte, Victoria , Feodora, and Queen Victoria
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From top to bottom: Margaret, Sophia, Victoria and Charlotte
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near me, also describing Bernhard as impertinent and rude.
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Victoria Elisabeth Augusta Charlotte Prinzessin von PreuĂźen
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The story of my life [by] Marie, queen of Romania
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Prussian Princesses: The Sisters of Kaiser Wilhelm II
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Wilhelm II: The Kaiser's Personal Monarchy, 1888–1900
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Wilhelm II: The Kaiser's Personal Monarchy, 1888–1900
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and was often away on his military exercises across
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Klara-Maria of Korff genannt Schmising-Kerssenbrock
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2897:Young Wilhelm: The Kaiser's Early Life, 1859–1888
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2847:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
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1066:she was, I believe, loyal to the very end."
491:Portrait of the royal family of Prussia by
36:Alexandra Feodorovna (Charlotte of Prussia)
27:Duchess of Saxe-Meiningen from 1914 to 1918
3301:
3287:
3279:
3151:
3144:
1483:Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn
1101:
1096:Ancestors of Princess Charlotte of Prussia
1092:
939:refused to accept Feodora's claim to have
381:
367:
249:
51:
42:
3711:Children of Frederick III, German Emperor
2991:Kaiser Wilhelm II: Germany's Last Emperor
2158:
1941:
1541:Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
32:Princess Charlotte of Prussia (1831–1855)
3540:Marie, Princess Albert of Saxe-Altenburg
2458:, Cambridge University Press, 2004. p676
1267:Princess Augusta of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
887:Duke Ernst Gunther of Schleswig-Holstein
171:
3613:Princess Antonia, Duchess of Wellington
2844:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2781:The Last Kaiser: The Life of Wilhelm II
2494:
2326:
2248:
2197:
1982:
1888:
1777:
1685:
1649:
1594:
1421:Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
1363:Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
717:, joint pains, headaches and insomnia.
689:Charlotte's residence, Villa Liegnitz,
273:
257:
2871:; Warren, Martin; Hunt, David (1998).
2314:
2278:
2224:
2110:
1815:
1765:
1753:
1726:
1661:
1604:
1462:
1389:Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
1342:
1338:
1328:
1299:Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia
1220:
1179:Duchess Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
1110:
1106:
659:Augusta Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein
543:Empress Alexandra Feodorovna of Russia
444:Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
412:, the duchy's last ruler. Born at the
194:
1538:
1528:
1524:
1512:
1509:Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom
1506:
1496:
1480:
1470:
1466:
1450:
1444:
1434:
1418:
1408:
1404:
1392:
1386:
1376:
1360:
1350:
1346:
1322:
1312:
1296:
1286:
1282:
1270:
1264:
1254:
1238:
1228:
1224:
1208:
1202:
1192:
1176:
1166:
1162:
1150:
1144:
1134:
1118:
1114:
846:Princess Charlotte of Prussia in 1883
765:Queen Marie Henriette of the Belgians
404:; 24 July 1860 – 1 October 1919) was
324:Margaret, Landgravine of Hesse-Kassel
7:
3520:Charlotte, Duchess of Saxe-Meiningen
3422:Wilhelmine, Queen of the Netherlands
2623:
2608:
2581:
2442:
2418:
2406:
2377:
2362:
1999:
1953:
1929:
1900:
1849:
1794:
1741:
1714:
511:Princess Viktoria Elisabeth Auguste
440:Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom
294:Charlotte, Duchess of Saxe-Meiningen
205:Viktoria Elisabeth Auguste Charlotte
156:Bernhard III, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen
18:Charlotte, Duchess of Saxe-Meiningen
3592:Princess Cecilie, Mrs. Clyde Harris
3458:Frederica, Duchess of Anhalt-Dessau
3082:"Charlotte Prinzessin von Preussen"
751:. Charlotte's maternal uncles, the
527:Prince Frederick William of Prussia
2736:Queen Victoria: A Personal History
745:Princess Elisabeth Anna of Prussia
25:
3494:Anna, Landgravine of Hesse-Kassel
3401:Louise, Princess Antoni Radziwiłł
3250:10 November 1918 – 1 October 1919
3245:Duchess consort of Saxe-Meiningen
3204:Duchess consort of Saxe-Meiningen
3142:National Portrait Gallery, London
2946:Kaiser Wilhelm II: A Concise Life
786:. They also purchased a villa in
726:Prince Bernhard of Saxe-Meiningen
408:from 1914 to 1918 as the wife of
70:Duchess consort of Saxe-Meiningen
3208:25 June 1914 – 10 November 1918
2663:of Romania, Queen Marie (1934).
1121:Frederick William III of Prussia
951:Duchess of Saxe-Meiningen; death
802:Princess Charlotte with Feodora.
784:Frederick William III of Prussia
757:Duke of Connaught and Strathearn
707:Frederick William III of Prussia
515:was born on 24 July 1860 at the
265:
3197:Feodora of Hohenlohe-Langenburg
759:, attended the wedding, as did
749:Frederick Augustus of Oldenburg
167:
79:25 June 1914 – 10 November 1918
3535:Margaret, Landgravine of Hesse
3484:Louise, Grand Duchess of Baden
3396:Wilhelmina, Princess of Orange
3375:Louisa Ulrika, Queen of Sweden
3253:Reason for succession failure:
3156:Princess Charlotte of Prussia
2949:. Cambridge University Press.
2925:. Cambridge University Press.
2901:. Cambridge University Press.
1:
3530:Sophia, Queen of the Hellenes
1325:Princess Charlotte of Prussia
1205:Frederick III, German Emperor
776:Auguste, Princess of Liegnitz
699:Auguste, Princess of Liegnitz
394:Princess Charlotte of Prussia
319:Sophia, Queen of the Hellenes
233:Frederick III, German Emperor
58:
3681:Princesses of Saxe-Meiningen
3443:Charlotte, Empress of Russia
3310:Prussian princesses by birth
2861:UK public library membership
2689:. 23 June 1911. p. 625.
2651:Röhl, Warren & Hunt 1998
2636:Röhl, Warren & Hunt 1998
2597:Röhl, Warren & Hunt 1998
2339:Röhl, Warren & Hunt 1998
2065:Röhl, Warren & Hunt 1998
2041:Röhl, Warren & Hunt 1998
2029:Röhl, Warren & Hunt 1998
1874:Röhl, Warren & Hunt 1998
1862:Röhl, Warren & Hunt 1998
434:in 1888. Through her mother
3696:Duchesses of Saxe-Meiningen
3427:Augusta, Electress of Hesse
3080:Blankart, Michaela (2013).
2799:Packard, Jerome M. (1998).
424:Prince Frederick of Prussia
3732:
3651:20th-century German people
3646:19th-century German people
1456:
1340:
1214:
1108:
697:, previously inhabited by
29:
3661:20th-century German women
3656:19th-century German women
3316:
3262:
3235:
3223:
3201:
3188:
3181:
3154:
2964:Rushton, Alan R. (2008).
2778:MacDonogh, Giles (2000).
2763:. John Wiley & Sons.
1526:
1518:
1490:
1468:
1464:
1428:
1406:
1398:
1370:
1348:
1344:
1306:
1284:
1276:
1248:
1226:
1222:
1186:
1164:
1156:
1147:William I, German Emperor
1128:
1112:
921:Prince Peter Karađorđević
794:Birth of Princess Feodora
507:; and Princess Charlotte.
406:Duchess of Saxe-Meiningen
202:
193:
50:
3051:Vovk, Justin C. (2012).
1447:Victoria, Princess Royal
576:Upbringing and education
547:Queen Augusta of Prussia
531:Victoria, Princess Royal
493:Franz Xaver Winterhalter
436:Victoria, Princess Royal
243:Victoria, Princess Royal
3676:House of Saxe-Meiningen
3468:Marie, Queen of Bavaria
3258:Duchy abolished in 1918
2970:. Trafford Publishing.
2822:Pakula, Hannah (1997).
730:Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen
673:Engagement and marriage
495:, 1862. From the left:
2853:10.1093/ref:odnb/36653
2826:. Simon and Schuster.
2807:. St. Martin's Press.
2784:. St. Martin's Press.
2715:. St. Martin's Press.
1069:
1048:Queen Marie of Romania
969:
947:at Feodora's request.
916:
907:Relations with Feodora
881:
847:
803:
709:
682:
663:Queen Marie of Romania
606:
590:
570:Albert, Prince Consort
508:
401:
204:
3706:Daughters of emperors
3666:House of Hohenzollern
3238:— TITULAR —
3161:House of Hohenzollern
3090:House of Hohenzollern
3016:. Sutton Publishing.
2994:. The History Press.
2686:The Edinburgh Gazette
2012:Marie, Queen (1934).
1052:
1003:. In their 1998 book
914:
875:
845:
812:Schloss Friedrichshof
801:
728:, heir to the German
688:
680:
604:
583:
554:House of Hohenzollern
490:
428:House of Hohenzollern
259:House of Hohenzollern
3587:Princess Alexandrine
3380:Princess Anna Amalia
2803:Victoria's Daughters
2731:Hibbert, Christopher
2666:The Story of My Life
828:Imperial German Army
144:, Thuringia, Germany
46:Charlotte of Prussia
3691:Prussian princesses
3686:People from Potsdam
3212:Monarchy abolished
3110:Van der Kiste, John
3038:(Kindle ed.).
3032:Van der Kiste, John
3010:Van der Kiste, John
2986:Van der Kiste, John
2548:, 654–669, 699–740.
737:Franco-Prussian War
505:Princess of Prussia
349:Great Grandchildren
3716:Daughters of kings
3267:Title next held by
3225:Titles in pretence
3193:Title last held by
3116:. Fonthill Media.
3096:on 12 October 2017
2638:, pp. 259–69.
2611:, pp. 105–08.
2570:Van der Kiste 2012
2558:Van der Kiste 2012
2546:Van der Kiste 2012
2534:Van der Kiste 2012
2519:Van der Kiste 2012
2507:Van der Kiste 2012
2480:Van der Kiste 2012
2468:Van der Kiste 2012
2431:Van der Kiste 2012
2421:, pp. 672–73.
2395:Van der Kiste 1999
2351:Van der Kiste 2012
2317:, pp. 461–62.
2303:Van der Kiste 2012
2291:Van der Kiste 2012
2264:Van der Kiste 2012
2237:Van der Kiste 2012
2210:Van der Kiste 2012
2183:Van der Kiste 2012
2171:Van der Kiste 2012
2147:Van der Kiste 2012
2135:Van der Kiste 2012
2123:Van der Kiste 2012
2094:Van der Kiste 2012
2082:Van der Kiste 2012
2053:Van der Kiste 2012
2043:, pp. 184–84.
1971:Van der Kiste 2012
1918:Van der Kiste 2012
1864:, pp. 183–84.
1831:Van der Kiste 2012
1768:, pp. 321–24.
1729:, pp. 153–59.
1703:Van der Kiste 2001
1674:Van der Kiste 2012
1664:, pp. 94–101.
1638:Van der Kiste 1999
1617:Van der Kiste 2012
985:Schloss Altenstein
917:
882:
848:
804:
710:
683:
643:John Van der Kiste
607:
591:
509:
464:end of World War I
459:Emperor Wilhelm II
426:, a member of the
142:Schloss Altenstein
109:Kingdom of Prussia
3621:
3620:
3277:
3276:
3240:
3217:German revolution
3064:978-1-4759-1749-9
2859:(Subscription or
2770:978-0-470-04439-1
2739:. Da Capo Press.
2705:Gelardi, Julia P.
2454:Röhl, John C. G.
1586:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1029:Ernst Schweninger
655:Otto von Bismarck
391:
390:
309:Princess Viktoria
248:
247:
212:
211:
16:(Redirected from
3723:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3280:
3260:
3254:
3236:
3177:
3170:
3152:
3148:
3127:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3092:. Archived from
3068:
3047:
3027:
3005:
2981:
2960:
2936:
2912:
2900:
2886:
2875:. Bantam Press.
2864:
2856:
2837:
2818:
2806:
2795:
2774:
2750:
2726:
2714:
2691:
2690:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2639:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2585:
2579:
2573:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2522:
2516:
2510:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2483:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2452:
2446:
2440:
2434:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2381:
2375:
2366:
2360:
2354:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2306:
2300:
2294:
2288:
2282:
2276:
2267:
2261:
2252:
2246:
2240:
2234:
2228:
2222:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2186:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1957:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1834:
1828:
1819:
1813:
1798:
1792:
1781:
1780:, pp. 9–11.
1775:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1700:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1102:
1093:
1023:," followed by "
991:Medical analysis
878:Philip de László
808:Princess Feodora
568:and her husband
501:the Crown Prince
483:Birth and family
452:Princess Feodora
383:
376:
369:
353:Princess Barbara
339:Prince Sigismund
304:Prince Sigismund
269:
253:Prussian Royalty
250:
195:
175:
173:
169:
121:
97:
95:
63:
60:
55:
43:
21:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3626:
3625:
3622:
3617:
3601:10th generation
3596:
3575:
3554:
3508:
3472:
3431:
3405:
3384:
3343:
3327:
3324:King in Prussia
3312:
3307:
3268:
3256:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3241:
3219:
3214:
3207:
3194:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3157:
3134:
3124:
3108:
3099:
3097:
3079:
3076:
3074:Further reading
3071:
3065:
3050:
3030:
3024:
3008:
3002:
2984:
2978:
2963:
2957:
2941:Röhl, John C.G.
2939:
2933:
2917:Röhl, John C.G.
2915:
2909:
2891:Röhl, John C.G.
2889:
2883:
2869:Röhl, John C.G.
2867:
2858:
2840:
2834:
2821:
2815:
2798:
2792:
2777:
2771:
2753:
2747:
2729:
2723:
2703:
2694:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2649:
2642:
2634:
2630:
2622:
2615:
2607:
2603:
2595:
2588:
2580:
2576:
2568:
2564:
2556:
2552:
2544:
2540:
2532:
2525:
2517:
2513:
2505:
2501:
2493:
2486:
2478:
2474:
2466:
2462:
2453:
2449:
2441:
2437:
2429:
2425:
2417:
2413:
2405:
2401:
2393:
2384:
2376:
2369:
2361:
2357:
2349:
2345:
2337:
2333:
2325:
2321:
2313:
2309:
2301:
2297:
2289:
2285:
2277:
2270:
2262:
2255:
2247:
2243:
2235:
2231:
2223:
2216:
2208:
2204:
2196:
2189:
2181:
2177:
2169:
2165:
2157:
2153:
2145:
2141:
2133:
2129:
2121:
2117:
2109:
2100:
2092:
2088:
2080:
2071:
2063:
2059:
2051:
2047:
2039:
2035:
2027:
2023:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1998:
1989:
1981:
1977:
1969:
1960:
1952:
1948:
1940:
1936:
1928:
1924:
1916:
1907:
1899:
1895:
1887:
1880:
1872:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1848:
1837:
1829:
1822:
1814:
1801:
1793:
1784:
1776:
1772:
1764:
1760:
1752:
1748:
1740:
1733:
1725:
1721:
1713:
1709:
1701:
1692:
1684:
1680:
1672:
1668:
1660:
1656:
1648:
1644:
1636:
1623:
1615:
1611:
1603:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1090:
1074:
1045:
1001:King George III
993:
953:
909:
870:
868:Letters scandal
840:
796:
761:King Leopold II
753:Prince of Wales
747:'s marriage to
675:
623:John C. G. Röhl
578:
485:
480:
387:
344:Prince Heinrich
334:Prince Waldemar
314:Prince Waldemar
207:
177:
165:
161:
158:
145:
139:
129:Weimar Republic
123:
119:
99:
93:
91:
64:
61:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3729:
3727:
3719:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3628:
3627:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3589:
3583:
3581:
3580:9th generation
3577:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3568:
3562:
3560:
3559:8th generation
3556:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3516:
3514:
3513:7th generation
3510:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3480:
3478:
3477:6th generation
3474:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3439:
3437:
3436:5th generation
3433:
3432:
3430:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3413:
3411:
3410:4th generation
3407:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3392:
3390:
3389:3rd generation
3386:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3351:
3349:
3348:2nd generation
3345:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3335:
3333:
3332:1st generation
3329:
3328:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3298:
3291:
3283:
3275:
3274:
3266:
3261:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3209:
3200:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3183:German royalty
3179:
3178:
3176:1 October 1919
3158:
3155:
3150:
3149:
3133:
3132:External links
3130:
3129:
3128:
3123:978-1781554357
3122:
3106:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3063:
3048:
3028:
3022:
3006:
3001:978-0752499284
3000:
2982:
2977:978-1425168100
2976:
2961:
2956:978-1107072251
2955:
2937:
2932:978-0521819206
2931:
2913:
2907:
2887:
2881:
2865:
2838:
2832:
2819:
2813:
2796:
2790:
2775:
2769:
2751:
2745:
2727:
2721:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2692:
2672:
2655:
2653:, p. 310.
2640:
2628:
2626:, p. 109.
2613:
2601:
2599:, p. 182.
2586:
2574:
2562:
2550:
2538:
2523:
2511:
2499:
2497:, p. 118.
2484:
2472:
2460:
2447:
2445:, p. 638.
2435:
2423:
2411:
2409:, p. 676.
2399:
2382:
2380:, p. 664.
2367:
2365:, p. 633.
2355:
2343:
2341:, p. 187.
2331:
2329:, p. 258.
2319:
2307:
2295:
2283:
2281:, p. 561.
2268:
2253:
2251:, p. 292.
2241:
2229:
2227:, p. 374.
2214:
2202:
2200:, p. 117.
2187:
2175:
2163:
2159:MacDonogh 2000
2151:
2139:
2127:
2115:
2113:, p. 371.
2098:
2086:
2069:
2067:, p. 185.
2057:
2045:
2033:
2031:, p. 184.
2021:
2004:
1987:
1985:, p. 173.
1975:
1958:
1946:
1942:MacDonogh 2000
1934:
1922:
1905:
1903:, p. 101.
1893:
1891:, p. 135.
1878:
1876:, p. 183.
1866:
1854:
1852:, p. 107.
1835:
1820:
1818:, p. 335.
1799:
1797:, p. 106.
1782:
1770:
1758:
1756:, p. 323.
1746:
1731:
1719:
1707:
1690:
1688:, p. 261.
1678:
1666:
1654:
1652:, p. 106.
1642:
1621:
1609:
1607:, p. 138.
1593:
1591:
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1044:
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992:
989:
987:in Thuringia.
970:Landesregentin
952:
949:
908:
905:
869:
866:
861:Golden Jubilee
839:
836:
795:
792:
691:Sanssouci Park
674:
671:
577:
574:
566:Queen Victoria
562:King Wilhelm I
539:Prince Wilhelm
497:Prince Wilhelm
484:
481:
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432:German Emperor
389:
388:
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138:7 October 1919
136:
132:
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122:(aged 59)
118:1 October 1919
116:
112:
111:
89:
85:
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81:
80:
77:
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72:
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56:
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26:
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3644:
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3609:
3608:Princess Kira
3606:
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3139:
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3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3095:
3091:
3088:(in German).
3087:
3083:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3066:
3060:
3057:. iUniverse.
3056:
3055:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3023:0-750-93052-7
3019:
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2791:0-312-30557-5
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2748:
2746:0-306-81085-9
2742:
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2722:0-312-32423-5
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2420:
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2408:
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2400:
2397:, p. 91.
2396:
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2203:
2199:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2164:
2161:, p. 60.
2160:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2105:
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2066:
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2058:
2054:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2022:
2017:
2016:
2008:
2005:
2002:, p. 41.
2001:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1956:, p. 50.
1955:
1950:
1947:
1944:, p. 36.
1943:
1938:
1935:
1932:, p. 13.
1931:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1902:
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1759:
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1738:
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1732:
1728:
1723:
1720:
1717:, p. 73.
1716:
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1022:
1018:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
990:
988:
986:
982:
978:
977:German Empire
973:
971:
967:
962:
958:
950:
948:
946:
942:
936:
932:
930:
926:
922:
913:
906:
904:
901:
897:
891:
888:
879:
874:
867:
865:
862:
856:
853:
844:
837:
835:
833:
829:
825:
824:Generaloberst
819:
817:
813:
809:
800:
793:
791:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
768:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
733:
731:
727:
722:
718:
716:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
687:
679:
672:
670:
668:
664:
660:
656:
651:
650:Queen Augusta
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
611:
603:
599:
595:
588:
582:
575:
573:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
550:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
529:and his wife
528:
524:
520:
519:
514:
506:
502:
498:
494:
489:
482:
477:
475:
473:
469:
465:
460:
455:
453:
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
416:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
384:
379:
377:
372:
370:
365:
364:
362:
361:
356:Prince Alfred
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
329:Grandchildren
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
281:
280:
279:
276:
275:Frederick III
272:
268:
264:
263:
260:
256:
252:
251:
244:
241:
237:
234:
231:
227:
224:
221:
219:
215:
206:
201:
196:
192:
189:
186:
184:
180:
157:
152:
148:
143:
137:
133:
130:
126:
117:
113:
110:
106:
102:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
71:
67:
54:
49:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3623:
3519:
3269:
3263:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3231:
3211:
3202:
3195:
3189:
3173:
3169:24 July 1860
3166:
3159:
3113:
3098:. Retrieved
3094:the original
3085:
3053:
3035:
3013:
2990:
2966:
2945:
2921:
2896:
2872:
2842:
2823:
2802:
2780:
2759:
2735:
2710:
2684:
2675:
2665:
2658:
2631:
2604:
2584:, p. 9.
2577:
2565:
2553:
2541:
2514:
2502:
2495:Rushton 2008
2475:
2463:
2455:
2450:
2438:
2426:
2414:
2402:
2358:
2346:
2334:
2327:Packard 1998
2322:
2310:
2298:
2286:
2249:Packard 1998
2244:
2232:
2205:
2198:Rushton 2008
2178:
2166:
2154:
2142:
2130:
2118:
2089:
2060:
2048:
2036:
2024:
2014:
2007:
1983:Packard 1998
1978:
1949:
1937:
1925:
1896:
1889:Packard 1998
1869:
1857:
1778:Gelardi 2005
1773:
1761:
1749:
1722:
1710:
1686:Hibbert 2001
1681:
1669:
1657:
1650:Packard 1998
1645:
1612:
1324:
1082:19 June 1911
1081:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1046:
1037:
1033:constipation
1013:
1004:
994:
974:
954:
937:
933:
918:
892:
883:
876:Portrait by
857:
849:
820:
805:
772:Neues Palais
771:
769:
734:
723:
719:
711:
647:
612:
608:
596:
592:
551:
534:
518:Neues Palais
516:
512:
510:
456:
448:
415:Neues Palais
413:
410:Bernhard III
393:
392:
348:
328:
299:Prince Henry
293:
283:
223:Hohenzollern
120:(1919-10-01)
98:24 July 1860
57:Photograph,
40:
3641:1919 deaths
3636:1860 births
3320:Frederick I
3086:Preussen.de
2697:Works cited
2681:"No. 12366"
2521:, 571, 654.
2315:Pakula 1997
2279:Pakula 1997
2225:Pakula 1997
2111:Pakula 1997
1816:Pakula 1997
1766:Pakula 1997
1754:Pakula 1997
1727:Pakula 1997
1662:Pakula 1997
1605:Pakula 1997
1017:indigestion
1009:Hanoverians
981:Baden-Baden
533:, known as
468:Baden-Baden
125:Baden-Baden
62: 1878
3630:Categories
3100:11 January
3044:B0136DZ71E
2908:0521497523
2882:0593041488
2863:required.)
2833:0684842165
2814:0312244967
2755:King, Greg
2572:, 851–864.
2560:, 785–838.
2470:, 486–499.
2433:, 259–404.
2305:, 207–220.
2293:, 601–614.
2149:, 141–154.
1590:References
961:coronation
945:sanatorium
852:Tiergarten
780:morganatic
715:rheumatism
703:morganatic
667:King Carol
478:Early life
289:Wilhelm II
101:New Palace
94:1860-07-24
2624:Röhl 1998
2609:Röhl 1998
2582:Röhl 2014
2443:Röhl 2004
2419:Röhl 2004
2407:Röhl 2004
2378:Röhl 2004
2363:Röhl 2004
2000:Vovk 2012
1954:King 2007
1930:Röhl 2014
1901:Röhl 1998
1850:Röhl 1998
1795:Röhl 1998
1742:Ramm 2004
1715:Röhl 1998
1025:neuralgia
997:porphyria
838:Adulthood
741:trousseau
615:Sigismund
513:Charlotte
472:porphyria
3326:in 1701.
3112:(2015).
3034:(2012).
3012:(2001).
2988:(1999).
2943:(2014).
2919:(2004).
2893:(1998).
2757:(2007).
2733:(2001).
2707:(2005).
1088:Ancestry
957:George V
900:Freiherr
816:Kronberg
782:wife of
705:wife of
639:Margaret
631:Viktoria
619:Waldemar
587:Waldemar
284:Children
203:German:
3140:at the
1072:Honours
1021:anaemia
941:malaria
896:Breslau
832:Germany
826:in the
695:Potsdam
558:Prussia
523:Potsdam
420:Potsdam
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105:Potsdam
3264:Vacant
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1043:Legacy
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880:, 1899
788:Cannes
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701:, the
637:, and
635:Sophia
589:. 1875
398:German
239:Mother
229:Father
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135:Burial
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3232:None
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3167:Born:
1920:, 60.
1833:, 87.
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535:Vicky
218:House
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3102:2016
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1361:12.
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