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372:, where she attended the Higginson Grammar School, a private academy for young women. She was the only non-white student in a class of 200. The school offered classes in history, geography, drawing, and cartography, with special emphasis placed on critical thinking skills. After Higginson, Forten studied literature and education at the Salem Normal School, which trained teachers. Forten cited
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866:, that were popular among the slaves. Forten admitted that she could not describe the manner of singing but she did write that the songs "can't be sung without a full heart and a troubled spirit." Those conditions inspired countless blues songs and could be described as the essence of blues singing.
854:
She was a regular journal writer until she returned north after teaching in South
Carolina. After her return, her entries were less frequent, although she wrote about her daughter's death and her busy life with her husband. Her journals are a rare example of documents detailing the life of a free
793:
Charlotte Grimké assisted her husband in his ministry, helping create important networks in the community, including providing charity and education. Many church members were leaders in the
African-American community in the capital. She organized a women's missionary group and focused on "racial
609:
Forten was the first
African American to teach at the Penn School (now the Penn Center) on St. Helena's Island, South Carolina. The school was initially founded to teach enslaved African-American children and eventually African-American children freed during the U.S. Civil War. The Union forces
862:" as a sad or depressed state of mind. She was teaching in South Carolina at the time and wrote that she came home from a church service "with the blues" because she "felt very lonesome and pitied myself." She soon got over her sadness and later noted certain songs, including one called
352:
in 1840, Edy continued to care for her grandchild
Charlotte alongside Charlotte's young aunt, Annie Wood, who was only six years older. Upon Edy Wood's death in 1846, Charlotte was raised by various members of the Forten-Purvis family, while her aunt Annie moved to the
789:
were the sons of Henry Grimké and Nancy Weston (a woman of color). At the time of their marriage, Forten was 41 years old and Grimké was 28. On
January 1, 1880, the couple's daughter Theodora Cornelia Grimké was born, but the child died less than five months later.
635:
during the Sea
Islands Campaign. She was present when the 54th stormed Fort Wagner on the night of July 18, 1863. Shaw was killed in the battle, and Forten volunteered as a nurse to the surviving members of the 54th.
321:. Edy Wood and the wealthy planter James Cathcart Johnston carried on a longstanding relationship and had four daughters: Mary Virginia, Caroline (1827–1836), Louisa (1828–1836), and Annie E. (1831–1879).
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in
Washington, D.C. The goals of the service-oriented club were to promote unity, social progress, and the best interests of the African-American community. In 1896, Forten assisted in starting the
298:
While the
Fortens were free northern blacks, Charlotte's mother, Mary Virginia Wood, had been born into slavery in the south. She was the daughter of wealthy planter James Cathcart Johnston of
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as some of her favorite authors. Her first teaching position was at Eppes
Grammar School in Salem, becoming the first African American hired to teach white students in a Salem public school.
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In 1856, finances forced Forten to take a teaching position at Epes
Grammar School in Salem. She was well received as a teacher but returned to Philadelphia after two years due to
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606:. The Union allowed Northerners to set up schools to begin teaching freedmen who remained on the islands, which had been devoted to large plantations for cotton and rice.
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After Mary Virginia Wood's 1836 marriage to Robert B. Forten, her mother Edy joined the Forten household and paid board to her son-in-law. When Mary died of
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Forten occasionally spoke to public groups on abolitionist issues. In addition, she arranged for lectures by prominent speakers and writers, including
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Johnston emancipated Edy and their children in 1832 and settled them in Philadelphia in 1833 where they rented a Pine Street home for two years from
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society. She responded that black Americans achieved success over extraordinary social odds, and they simply wanted fair and respectful treatment.
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editorial, "Relations of Blacks and Whites: Is There a Color Line in New England?" It asserted that blacks were not discriminated against in
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have been published in numerous editions in the 20th century and are significant as a rare record of the life of a free black woman in the
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Grimké assisted with her husband's ministry at Fifteenth Street Presbyterian Church in Washington, DC, shown here as it was in about 1899.
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Charlotte's maternal grandmother, Edith "Edy" Wood (1795–1846) was the slave of Captain James Wood, owner of the Eagle Inn and Tavern in
805:
Details of Charlotte Forten Grimké's health and travels during the 1880s and 1890s are documented in the recently discovered letters of
1475:
1397:
Maillard, Mary (2013). ""Faithfully Drawn from Real Life" Autobiographical Elements in Frank J. Webb's The Garies and Their Friends".
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During the American Civil War, Forten was the first black teacher to join the mission to the South Carolina Sea Islands known as the
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divided the land, giving freedmen families plots to work independently. Forten worked with many freedmen and their children on
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1270:"Life on the Sea Islands: A young black woman describes her experience teaching freed slaves during the Civil War"
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1018:'Faithfully Drawn from Real Life:' Autobiographical Elements in Frank J. Webb's The Garies and Their Friends",
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591:. At this point, Forten began writing poetry, much of which was activist in theme. Her poetry was published in
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building and fund-raising. She proved to be influential as an activist and leader on civil rights.
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uplift" efforts. When Francis's brother, Archibald Grimke, was appointed as U.S. consul in the
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Forten became a member of the Salem Female Anti-Slavery Society, where she was involved in
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Whispers of Cruel Wrongs: The Correspondence of Louisa Jacobs and Her Circle, 1879–1911
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Whispers of Cruel Wrongs: The Correspondence of Louisa Jacobs and Her Circle, 1879–1911
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In 1854, Forten joined the household of Amy Matilda Cassey and her second husband,
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1035:, NCpedia, 1988. Revised by SLNC Government and Heritage Library, July 2023.
809:, Charlotte's third-cousin, and daughter of fugitive-slave-narrative author
515:
1244:"Seaside Plantation, Beaufort County (S.C. Sec. Rd. 77, St. Helena Island)"
757:
529:. Forten was acquainted with many other anti-slavery proponents, including
235:, to Mary Virginia Wood (1815–1840) and Robert Bridges Forten (1813–1864).
1427:
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1507:, Selections from 1854 to 1859 (age 16 to 21), National Humanities Center
185:
177:
685: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
442: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
256:
1451:
Afro-American Women Writers 1746–1933: An Anthology and Critical Guide
1066:"Charlotte Forten, Women In Education: Teacher Of Emancipated Slaves"
1384:
Forgotten Americans: Footnote Figures who Changed American History.
918:"PBS Online: Only A Teacher: Schoolhouse Pioneers, Charlotte Forten"
843:
Charlotte Forten Grimké's last literary effort was in response to
815:
773:, pastor of the prominent Fifteenth Street Presbyterian Church in
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184:. She taught school for years, including during the Civil War, to
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The Journal of Charlotte Forten: A Free Negro in the Slave Era
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The Journal of Charlotte Forten: A Free Negro in the Slave Era
654:
411:
338:
Sketches of Black Upper Class Life in Antebellum Philadelphia
302:, Edenton, North Carolina, and the granddaughter of Governor
27:
American anti-slavery activist, poet and educator (1837–1914)
858:
In her diary on December 14, 1862, she made a reference to "
579:. Forten stayed active in activist circles until her death.
227:
Forten, known as "Lottie," was born on August 17, 1837, in
798:(1894–98), Francis and Charlotte cared for his daughter
639:
Following the war in the late 1860s, she worked for the
1208:"Charlotte Forten Grimké (U.S. National Park Service)"
180:. She grew up in a prominent abolitionist family in
1250:. South Carolina Department of Archives and History
243:Her father, Robert Forten, and his brother-in-law,
204:, for decades. He was a nephew of the abolitionist
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110:
100:
90:
78:
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1505:"Journal of Charlotte Forten, Free Woman of Color"
992:, New York: Oxford University Press, 2002, 279–80.
981:
979:
777:, a major African-American congregation. He was a
259:. Her paternal grandfather, the wealthy sailmaker
1453:, New Haven, Connecticut: Meridian Books, 1989.
165:Forten; August 17, 1837 – July 23, 1914) was an
1581:People from Saint Helena Island, South Carolina
1183:(v1 ed.). Gale Research Inc. p. 123.
357:, where she was adopted by Amy Matilda Cassey.
1485:A Gentleman of Color: The Life of James Forten
1399:Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
1248:National Register Properties in South Carolina
1020:Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
990:A Gentleman of Color: The Life of James Forten
403:The Fifteenth Street Presbyterian Church today
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1153:
8:
1536:19th-century African-American women writers
1487:, New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
785:of South Carolina. Francis and his brother
1386:Perseus Books Group, United States, 1998.
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211:Her diaries written before the end of the
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953:"Mary Virginia Wood (Forten) (1815-1840)"
745:Learn how and when to remove this message
502:Learn how and when to remove this message
1046:"Cassey, Amy Matilda Williams 1808–1856"
627:Forten struck up a deep friendship with
288:Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society
255:, ered assistance to people who escaped
1432:. University of Wisconsin Press, 2017.
904:
1352:, London: Barrie & Rockliff, p. 8.
1132:"A Tribute to Charlotte Forten Grimke"
893:List of African-American abolitionists
855:black female in the antebellum North.
831:in Washington, D.C., is listed on the
1561:Political activists from Pennsylvania
1546:19th-century African-American writers
1202:
1200:
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577:National Association of Colored Women
344:Woods–Forten marriage and family life
160:
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1601:20th-century African-American people
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833:National Register of Historic Places
683:adding citations to reliable sources
624:in the May and June issues of 1864.
440:adding citations to reliable sources
1606:20th-century African-American women
1541:19th-century American women writers
1314:National Historic Landmarks Program
1098:"Charlotte Forten Grimke biography"
951:Maillard, Mary (17 November 2019).
614:. During this time, she resided at
286:, were all founding members of the
200:minister who led a major church in
1426:Maillard, Mary, ed. (2017-05-09).
25:
1419:10.5215/pennmaghistbio.137.3.0261
1411:10.5215/pennmaghistbio.137.3.0261
1292:. University of Wisconsin Press.
1231:Bio: "Charlotte L. Forten Grimke"
1179:(1992). "Josephine Beall Bruce".
765:In December 1878, Forten married
761:Charlotte L. Forten Grimké, 1870s
631:, the Commander of the all-black
1470:, New York: Oxford Press, 1988.
1468:The Journals of Charlotte Forten
1164:The Journals of Charlotte Forten
876:
659:
416:
282:– and her paternal grandmother,
253:Philadelphia Vigilance Committee
208:and was active in civil rights.
95:Salem Normal School For Teachers
1166:, New York: Oxford Press, 1988.
1076:from the original on 2020-06-03
965:from the original on 2020-10-24
928:from the original on 2001-03-05
670:needs additional citations for
427:needs additional citations for
157:Charlotte Louise Bridges Grimké
53:Charlotte Louise Bridges Forten
1551:19th-century American diarists
1531:African-American abolitionists
781:nephew of white abolitionists
540:and the orators and activists
1:
1571:Salem State University alumni
829:Charlotte Forten Grimke House
822:Charlotte Forten Grimke House
571:, and Evelyn Shaw formed the
192:. Later in life, she married
1276:, Vol. 13, No. 79, May 1864.
1181:Notable Black American women
1104:. 2005-03-06. Archived from
149:(maternal great-grandfather)
1566:Activists from Philadelphia
633:54th Massachusetts Regiment
334:Mother Bethel A.M.E. Church
1622:
1369:, New York: Norton, 1981.
1033:"Johnston, James Cathcart"
276:Sarah Louisa Forten Purvis
18:Charlotte L. Forten Grimke
1336:, New York: Norton, 1981.
1070:History of American Women
783:Sarah and Angelina Grimké
694:"Charlotte Forten Grimké"
451:"Charlotte Forten Grimké"
39:
1576:American women essayists
1127:Williams, Fannie Barrier
641:U.S. Treasury Department
284:Charlotte Vandine Forten
223:Early life and education
1591:American women diarists
1380:Randall, Willard Sterne
1286:Maillard, Mary (2017).
294:Maternal family lineage
239:Paternal family lineage
34:Charlotte Forten Grimké
1365:Billington, Ray, ed.,
1350:The Story of the Blues
1332:Billington, Ray, ed.,
1022:137.3 (2013): 265–271.
824:
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573:Colored Women's League
531:William Lloyd Garrison
404:
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270:Her paternal aunts –
142:(paternal grandfather)
1320:June 6, 2011, at the
888:List of abolitionists
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807:Louisa Matilda Jacobs
760:
604:Port Royal Experiment
402:
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280:Harriet Forten Purvis
170:anti-slavery activist
132:Harriet Forten Purvis
114:Robert Bridges Forten
1177:Smith, Jessie Carney
883:Biography portal
800:Angelina Weld Grimké
679:improve this article
546:Maria Weston Chapman
436:improve this article
362:Charles Lenox Remond
194:Francis James Grimké
105:Francis James Grimké
1447:Shockley, Ann Allen
1268:Forten, Charlotte,
1233:, Poetry Foundation
651:Marriage and family
569:Mary Church Terrell
565:Mary Jane Patterson
550:William Wells Brown
523:Ralph Waldo Emerson
374:William Shakespeare
306:of North Carolina.
251:and members of the
1556:American essayists
1382:and Nahra, Nancy.
1031:Smith, Martha M.,
825:
811:Harriet Ann Jacobs
796:Dominican Republic
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616:Seaside Plantation
405:
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386:William Wordsworth
332:of Philadelphia's
263:Sr., was an early
116:Mary Virginia Wood
1464:Stevenson, Brenda
1439:978-0-299-31180-3
1375:978-0-393-00046-7
1299:978-0-299-31180-3
771:Francis J. Grimké
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629:Robert Gould Shaw
612:St. Helena Island
561:Anna Julia Cooper
555:In 1892, Forten,
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315:Perquimans County
272:Margaretta Forten
267:in Philadelphia.
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139:James Forten, Sr.
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125:Margaretta Forten
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378:John Milton
328:, widow of
326:Sarah Allen
1515:Categories
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864:Poor Rosy
860:the blues
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