42:
1628:
824:
2851:
3156:, which provides another technique for LQCD calculations to use. Good agreement with the bottomonium masses has been found, and this provides one of the best non-perturbative tests of LQCD. For charmonium masses the agreement is not as good, but the LQCD community is actively working on improving their techniques. Work is also being done on calculations of such properties as widths of quarkonia states and transition rates between the states.
2985:
5422:
3163:
potential to calculate masses of quarkonium states. In this technique, one uses the fact that the motion of the quarks that comprise the quarkonium state is non-relativistic to assume that they move in a static potential, much like non-relativistic models of the hydrogen atom. One of the most popular
3437:
are determined by fitting the results of the calculations to the masses of well-measured quarkonium states. Relativistic and other effects can be incorporated into this approach by adding extra terms to the potential, much as is done for the model hydrogen atom in non-relativistic quantum mechanics.
2972:
and the large spread in beam energy present significant experimental challenges. Despite this, searches continue through indirect methods, such as detecting specific decay products or anomalies indicating top quark pairs. Studying toponium decays offers a promising approach to search for Higgs
3043:
speeds, since the mass of the bound state is much larger than the mass of the quark. However, the speed of the charm and the bottom quarks in their respective quarkonia is sufficiently small for relativistic effects in these states to be much reduced. It is estimated that the velocity,
41:
808:
for bottomonia. This sequential dissociation process enables the use of quarkonium dissociation probabilities to estimate the medium temperature, assuming quarkonium dissociation is the primary mechanism involved.
931:
have since corroborated these observations. At first, Y(4260) was thought to be a charmonium state, but the evidence suggests more exotic explanations, such as a D "molecule", a 4-quark construct, or a hybrid
2973:
particles with masses up to around 70 GeV, while similar searches in bottomonium decays could extend this range to 160 GeV. Additionally, studying gluon decay widths in light quarkonia can help determine the
3495:
3396:
part of the potential, and parameterizes the poorly understood non-perturbative effects of QCD. Generally, when using this approach, a convenient form for the wave function of the quarks is taken, and then
1641:
In the following table, the same particle can be named with the spectroscopic notation or with its mass. Some of the states are predicted, but have not been identified; others are unconfirmed.
3497:
by Sumino (2003). It is popular because it allows for accurate predictions of quarkonium parameters without a lengthy lattice computation, and provides a separation between the short-distance
3237:
860:
particle have been measured recently by the LHCb experiment at CERN. This measurement shed some light on its identity, excluding the third option among the three envisioned, which are:
3098:
2966:
806:
774:
683:
3064:
3140:
619:
499:
461:
2908:
742:
715:
547:
4149:
579:
651:
527:
3390:
5345:
3363:
3331:
3435:
3415:
3300:
3280:
3260:
2928:
2879:
4058:
5095:
5333:
3070:
for charmonia and roughly 0.1 times the speed of light for bottomonia. The computation can then be approximated by an expansion in powers of
625:
before a bound state can form. The dissociation temperature of quarkonium states depends on their binding energy, with strongly bound states like
165:
4110:
3672:
4131:
W. Buchmuller(CERN), Andre Martin(CERN), Johann H. Kuhn(Munich, Max Planck Inst.), F. Richard(Orsay, LAL), P. Roudeau (Orsay, LAL) (1985).
299:
4375:
558:
3444:
835:
or with its mass. In some cases excitation series are used: ψ′ is the first excitation of ψ (which, for historical reasons, is called
5231:
5312:
203:
417:
quarks and the lighter quarks results in states that are well defined in terms of a quark–antiquark pair of a given flavor.
5328:
228:
3333:, corresponds to the potential induced by one-gluon exchange between the quark and its anti-quark, and is known as the
3512:: Both disappearance and enhancement of their formation depending on the yield of heavy quarks in plasma can occur.
856:
Some of the states are predicted, but have not been identified; others are unconfirmed. The quantum numbers of the
5404:
4816:
4251:
Chung, Hee Sok; Lee, Jungil; Kang, Daekyoung (2008). "Cornell potential parameters for S-wave heavy quarkonia".
3184:
409:
mesons) are quantum mechanical mixtures of the light quark states. The much larger mass differences between the
924:
292:
4634:
2783:
in 1977, and was the first particle containing a bottom quark to be discovered. On 21 December 2011, the
5372:
5007:
4368:
3984:
3864:
3706:
3607:
622:
3509:
554:
502:
5307:
4644:
3149:
3143:
3025:
2974:
832:
397:) are much less massive than the heavier quarks, and so the physical states actually seen in experiments (
198:
3605:
Aaij, R.; et al. (LHCb collaboration) (2013). "Determination of the X(3872) meson quantum numbers".
5394:
2807:
92:
4076:
4323:
4270:
4003:
3883:
3789:
3767:
3725:
3626:
3153:
2772:
193:
3073:
1109:
995:
5409:
4392:
3920:
2933:
779:
747:
656:
506:
285:
256:
97:
5421:
3047:
1070:
5352:
4361:
4339:
4313:
4286:
4260:
4176:
3993:
3873:
3749:
3715:
3650:
3616:
3569:
3103:
3040:
853:
particle); ψ″ is a second excitation, and so on. That is, names in the same cell are synonymous.
592:
472:
434:
2884:
720:
688:
532:
5389:
5302:
4781:
4526:
4453:
4233:
4194:
4143:
4106:
4077:"Observation of a narrow mass state decaying into ϒ(1S) + γ in pp collisions at 1.96 TeV"
4021:
3901:
3741:
3642:
3587:
3365:
form is identical to the well-known
Coulombic potential induced by the electromagnetic force.
3165:
2820:
1627:
564:
238:
170:
3697:) (2005). "Observation of a broad structure in the ππJ/ψ mass spectrum around
628:
5399:
5170:
4945:
4806:
4791:
4473:
4384:
4331:
4278:
4225:
4186:
4132:
4011:
3891:
3733:
3694:
3634:
3579:
2066:
1984:
1699:
1670:
967:
928:
916:
823:
348:
333:
313:
155:
150:
3505:
effects that can be useful in understanding the quark / anti-quark force generated by QCD.
512:
5446:
5367:
5292:
5276:
5216:
4626:
4443:
4040:
3371:
2850:
266:
3340:
3308:
4327:
4274:
4007:
3887:
3729:
3630:
5426:
5340:
5297:
5033:
4821:
4594:
4516:
4511:
4433:
3817:
3420:
3400:
3285:
3265:
3245:
3067:
3036:(LQCD) techniques. However, for heavy quarkonium, other techniques are also effective.
2913:
2864:
2833:
1034:
2984:
5451:
5440:
5384:
5236:
5203:
4995:
4965:
4897:
4756:
4536:
4463:
4448:
4290:
4229:
2815:
2776:
2753:
2700:
2655:
2635:
2589:
2565:
2419:
2189:
2140:
2105:
2020:
1746:
1636:
394:
188:
3753:
3654:
5362:
4912:
4902:
4892:
4653:
4604:
4546:
4468:
4423:
4343:
4335:
4016:
3924:
3896:
3821:
3638:
3029:
414:
380:
368:
352:
210:
160:
145:
140:
107:
73:
51:
4213:
4098:
3737:
3032:
one. As a result, the only general method available is a direct computation using
818:
5377:
5145:
5048:
5043:
4960:
4955:
4885:
4839:
4796:
4761:
4720:
4612:
4576:
4438:
4190:
3557:
3033:
2930:-quark, to complete the third quark-lepton family, attempts to observe toponium
2845:
1647:
942:
410:
356:
117:
68:
3583:
5119:
5013:
5003:
4875:
4776:
4711:
4428:
390:
261:
233:
78:
63:
33:
4237:
4198:
3591:
27:
Meson whose constituents are a quark and its own antiquark of the same flavor
5261:
5251:
5221:
5114:
5080:
5073:
4950:
4940:
4935:
4907:
4675:
4458:
3668:
2969:
2785:
2515:
2465:
2370:
2321:
2272:
1935:
1886:
1837:
582:
402:
398:
344:
4025:
3905:
3745:
3646:
3508:
Quarkonia have been suggested as a diagnostic tool of the formation of the
17:
5357:
5185:
5140:
5124:
5085:
5058:
4771:
4766:
4746:
4716:
4706:
4701:
4551:
4541:
4531:
4521:
4496:
4491:
4418:
4304:
Sumino, Y. (2003). "QCD potential as a "Coulomb-plus-linear" potential".
4282:
3521:
2780:
386:
364:
360:
58:
685:
melting at higher temperatures compared to loosely bound states such as
5266:
5256:
5226:
5180:
5175:
5150:
5068:
5053:
4980:
4975:
4880:
4865:
4811:
4786:
4751:
4680:
4662:
4401:
4353:
4318:
4163:
Fuks, Benjamin; Hagiwara, Kaoru; Ma, Kai; Zheng, Ya-Juan (2021-08-20).
3720:
3574:
1664:
961:
920:
857:
112:
102:
5246:
5241:
4870:
4857:
4848:
4670:
4584:
4483:
3542:
550:
4181:
4059:"Tevatron experiment confirms LHC discovery of Chi-b (P3) particle"
3878:
5271:
5211:
5063:
4922:
4801:
4741:
4696:
4589:
4567:
4410:
4265:
4164:
3998:
3621:
3021:
2849:
2811:
1626:
933:
822:
340:
336:
325:
321:
85:
2910:). While the standard gauge theory predicts the existence of the
621:) is exceedingly challenging as the top quark decays through the
5038:
4970:
4930:
4506:
4501:
3545:(Report). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI).
3490:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}(\Lambda _{\text{QCD}}^{3}\,r^{2})}
831:
In the following table, the same particle can be named with the
406:
271:
4357:
4044:
2979:
3450:
3159:
An early, but still effective, technique uses models of the
549:
families provide direct evidence of the quark structure of
367:. The particles are short-lived due to matter-antimatter
501:) pairs, are crucial probes for studying the deconfined
2996:
3447:
3423:
3403:
3374:
3343:
3311:
3288:
3268:
3248:
3187:
3106:
3076:
3050:
2936:
2916:
2887:
2867:
782:
750:
723:
691:
659:
631:
595:
567:
535:
515:
475:
437:
4165:"Signatures of toponium formation in LHC run 2 data"
2806:(3P) state was the first particle discovered in the
5321:
5285:
5202:
5163:
5133:
5107:
5094:
5026:
4994:
4921:
4856:
4847:
4838:
4734:
4689:
4661:
4652:
4643:
4625:
4603:
4575:
4566:
4482:
4409:
4400:
4391:
1612:
Interpretation as a 1 charmonium state not favored.
3811:
3809:
3807:
3489:
3429:
3409:
3384:
3357:
3325:
3294:
3274:
3254:
3231:
3134:
3092:
3058:
2960:
2922:
2902:
2873:
800:
768:
736:
709:
677:
645:
613:
573:
561:(QCO), and help determine the QCD scale parameter
541:
521:
493:
455:
4041:"LHC reports discovery of its first new particle"
3558:"Quarkonium feed-down and sequential suppression"
3556:Digal, S.; Petreczky, P.; Satz, H. (2001-10-08).
3262:is the effective radius of the quarkonium state,
3669:"A new particle discovered by BaBar experiment"
3543:J/Ψ Suppression By Quark-Gluon Plasma Formation
2968:have been unsuccessful, The rapid decay of the
3305:This potential has two parts. The first part,
2861:is a hypothetical bound state of a top quark (
4369:
4105:, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 447–477,
2818:confirmed the result in a paper published in
293:
8:
4148:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2810:; the discovery article was first posted on
4212:Kühn, J.H.; Zerwas, P.M. (September 1988).
2881:) and its antiparticle, the top antiquark (
5104:
5100:
4853:
4844:
4658:
4649:
4572:
4406:
4397:
4376:
4362:
4354:
3232:{\displaystyle V(r)=-{\frac {a}{r}}+b\,r,}
300:
286:
29:
4317:
4264:
4180:
4015:
3997:
3895:
3877:
3719:
3620:
3573:
3478:
3473:
3467:
3462:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3422:
3402:
3378:
3373:
3347:
3342:
3315:
3310:
3287:
3267:
3247:
3222:
3206:
3186:
3126:
3117:
3111:
3105:
3082:
3077:
3075:
3051:
3049:
2944:
2943:
2935:
2915:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2866:
2746:Preliminary results. Confirmation needed.
781:
749:
728:
722:
690:
658:
635:
630:
600:
599:
594:
566:
534:
514:
480:
479:
474:
442:
441:
436:
1643:
938:
919:announced the discovery of a new state:
355:. The name "quarkonium" is analogous to
4103:Quarks, Leptons, and Their Constituents
3533:
32:
4253:Journal of the Korean Physical Society
4141:
2832:= 2 states were first resolved by the
3860:(3P) and measurement of their masses"
3673:Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
3441:This form was derived from QCD up to
3020:The computation of the properties of
7:
3039:The light quarks in a meson move at
3541:Matsui, T.; Satz, H. (1986-06-01).
559:perturbative quantum chromodynamics
4039:Jonathan Amos (22 December 2011).
3944:state in radiative transitions to
3459:
3164:potential models is the so-called
1617:Predicted, but not yet identified.
783:
751:
660:
568:
536:
25:
3337:part of the potential, since its
2771:(1S) state was discovered by the
5420:
5313:Timeline of particle discoveries
3794:mesons (including possibly non-q
3772:mesons (including possibly non-q
3078:
3066:, is roughly 0.3 times the
3052:
2983:
40:
744:for the charmonium family, and
339:whose constituents are a heavy
204:Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
4336:10.1016/j.physletb.2003.05.010
4017:10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.152001
3897:10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.092002
3816:Sirunyan, A. M.; et al. (
3639:10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.222001
3501:effects and the long-distance
3484:
3455:
3197:
3191:
3093:{\displaystyle \mathbf {v} /c}
2955:
2949:
2937:
2894:
795:
786:
763:
754:
704:
695:
672:
663:
605:
581:. Due to the high mass of the
485:
447:
1:
3738:10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.142001
3152:has also been quantized as a
2961:{\displaystyle (t{\bar {t}})}
801:{\displaystyle \Upsilon (3S)}
769:{\displaystyle \Upsilon (2S)}
678:{\displaystyle \Upsilon (1S)}
5329:History of subatomic physics
4230:10.1016/0370-1573(88)90075-0
3059:{\displaystyle \mathbf {v} }
1532:
1503:
1474:
1445:
1419:
1393:
1337:
507:ultra-relativistic heavy-ion
229:Positron emission tomography
4191:10.1103/PhysRevD.104.034023
3142:. This technique is called
3135:{\displaystyle v^{2}/c^{2}}
614:{\displaystyle t{\bar {t}}}
494:{\displaystyle b{\bar {b}}}
456:{\displaystyle c{\bar {c}}}
5468:
3584:10.1103/physrevd.64.094015
2903:{\displaystyle {\bar {t}}}
2843:
1646:
1634:
1544:
941:
816:
425:Quarkonia, bound state of
378:
5418:
5103:
4133:"TOPONIUM PHYSICS AT LEP"
3693:Aubert, B.; et al. (
864:a charmonium hybrid state
737:{\displaystyle \chi _{c}}
710:{\displaystyle \psi (2S)}
542:{\displaystyle \Upsilon }
166:Gravitational interaction
5346:mathematical formulation
4941:Eta and eta prime mesons
2816:Tevatron's DØ experiment
585:, direct observation of
574:{\displaystyle \Lambda }
5008:Double-charm tetraquark
4214:"The toponium scenario"
3985:Physical Review Letters
3865:Physical Review Letters
3707:Physical Review Letters
3608:Physical Review Letters
2977:(QCD) scale parameter.
2550:(stat.) ± 0.53 (syst.)
2500:(stat.) ± 0.53 (syst.)
646:{\displaystyle J/\psi }
623:electroweak interaction
4097:Martin, André (1988),
3925:"Observation of a new
3919:Aad, G.; et al. (
3491:
3431:
3411:
3386:
3359:
3327:
3296:
3276:
3256:
3233:
3136:
3094:
3060:
3026:quantum chromodynamics
2975:quantum chromodynamics
2962:
2924:
2904:
2875:
2855:
1632:
907:a candidate for the 1D
833:spectroscopic notation
828:
802:
770:
738:
711:
679:
647:
615:
575:
543:
523:
495:
457:
199:Antiproton decelerator
135:Concepts and phenomena
5405:Wave–particle duality
5395:Relativistic particle
4532:Electron antineutrino
3492:
3432:
3412:
3387:
3360:
3328:
3297:
3277:
3257:
3234:
3137:
3095:
3061:
3028:(QCD) is a fully non-
2963:
2925:
2905:
2876:
2853:
2808:Large Hadron Collider
1630:
826:
803:
771:
739:
712:
680:
648:
616:
576:
544:
524:
522:{\displaystyle \psi }
496:
458:
359:, the bound state of
93:Antiprotonic hydrogen
4635:Faddeev–Popov ghosts
4385:Particles in physics
4283:10.3938/jkps.52.1151
3822:"Observation of the
3445:
3421:
3401:
3385:{\displaystyle b\,r}
3372:
3341:
3309:
3286:
3266:
3246:
3185:
3154:lattice gauge theory
3144:non-relativistic QCD
3104:
3074:
3048:
2934:
2914:
2885:
2865:
780:
748:
721:
689:
657:
629:
593:
565:
533:
513:
473:
435:
194:Particle accelerator
5410:Particle chauvinism
5353:Subatomic particles
4328:2003PhLB..571..173S
4275:2008JKPS...52.1151C
4008:2012PhRvL.108o2001A
3921:ATLAS Collaboration
3888:2018PhRvL.121i2002S
3730:2005PhRvL..95n2001A
3695:BaBar Collaboration
3631:2013PhRvL.110v2001A
3472:
3358:{\displaystyle 1/r}
3326:{\displaystyle a/r}
1607:Needs confirmation.
347:, making it both a
257:Carl David Anderson
98:Antiprotonic helium
4099:"Toponium Physics"
3510:quark–gluon plasma
3487:
3458:
3427:
3407:
3392:, is known as the
3382:
3355:
3323:
3292:
3272:
3252:
3229:
3132:
3090:
3056:
3016:QCD and quarkonium
2995:. You can help by
2958:
2920:
2900:
2871:
2856:
1633:
829:
798:
766:
734:
707:
675:
643:
611:
571:
539:
519:
503:quark-gluon plasma
491:
453:
5434:
5433:
5390:Massless particle
5198:
5197:
5194:
5193:
5159:
5158:
5022:
5021:
4834:
4833:
4830:
4829:
4782:Magnetic monopole
4730:
4729:
4621:
4620:
4562:
4561:
4542:Muon antineutrino
4527:Electron neutrino
4306:Physics Letters B
4169:Physical Review D
4112:978-1-4612-8230-3
3818:CMS Collaboration
3562:Physical Review D
3465:
3430:{\displaystyle b}
3410:{\displaystyle a}
3368:The second part,
3295:{\displaystyle b}
3275:{\displaystyle a}
3255:{\displaystyle r}
3214:
3013:
3012:
2952:
2923:{\displaystyle t}
2897:
2874:{\displaystyle t}
2821:Physical Review D
2814:. In April 2012,
2747:
2741:
2734:
2733:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1602:
1598:
1597:
608:
488:
450:
310:
309:
171:Positron emission
16:(Redirected from
5459:
5424:
5400:Virtual particle
5171:Mesonic molecule
5105:
5101:
4946:Bottom eta meson
4854:
4845:
4817:W′ and Z′ bosons
4807:Sterile neutrino
4792:Majorana fermion
4659:
4650:
4573:
4552:Tau antineutrino
4407:
4398:
4378:
4371:
4364:
4355:
4348:
4347:
4321:
4312:(3–4): 173–183.
4301:
4295:
4294:
4268:
4259:(4): 1151–1154.
4248:
4242:
4241:
4209:
4203:
4202:
4184:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4147:
4139:
4137:
4128:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4094:
4088:
4087:
4081:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4055:
4049:
4048:
4036:
4030:
4029:
4019:
4001:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3970:
3969:
3961:
3960:
3959:
3952:
3951:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3933:
3932:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3899:
3881:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3849:
3848:
3840:
3839:
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3830:
3829:
3813:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3723:
3703:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3624:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3577:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3538:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3482:
3471:
3466:
3463:
3454:
3453:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3302:are parameters.
3301:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3253:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3215:
3207:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3121:
3116:
3115:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3055:
3008:
3005:
2987:
2980:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2953:
2945:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2890:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2793:
2792:
2775:team, headed by
2770:
2768:
2767:
2760:
2759:
2745:
2736:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2707:
2706:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2662:
2661:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2642:
2641:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2596:
2595:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2572:
2571:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2523:
2522:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2473:
2472:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2426:
2425:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2378:
2377:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2329:
2328:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2280:
2279:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2233:
2232:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2196:
2195:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2147:
2146:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2112:
2111:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2073:
2072:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2027:
2026:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1991:
1990:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1943:
1942:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1894:
1893:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1845:
1844:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1798:
1797:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1753:
1752:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1706:
1705:
1644:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1250:
1249:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1020:
1018:
1014:
957:
939:
917:BaBar experiment
903:
902:
901:
895:
892:
891:
884:
883:
882:
875:
874:
852:
851:
850:
843:
842:
807:
805:
804:
799:
775:
773:
772:
767:
743:
741:
740:
735:
733:
732:
716:
714:
713:
708:
684:
682:
681:
676:
652:
650:
649:
644:
639:
620:
618:
617:
612:
610:
609:
601:
580:
578:
577:
572:
548:
546:
545:
540:
528:
526:
525:
520:
509:collisions. The
500:
498:
497:
492:
490:
489:
481:
462:
460:
459:
454:
452:
451:
443:
349:neutral particle
314:particle physics
302:
295:
288:
151:Baryon asymmetry
44:
30:
21:
5467:
5466:
5462:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5457:
5456:
5437:
5436:
5435:
5430:
5414:
5368:Nuclear physics
5317:
5281:
5217:Davydov soliton
5190:
5155:
5129:
5090:
5018:
4990:
4917:
4826:
4726:
4685:
4639:
4617:
4599:
4558:
4478:
4387:
4382:
4352:
4351:
4303:
4302:
4298:
4250:
4249:
4245:
4218:Physics Reports
4211:
4210:
4206:
4162:
4161:
4157:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4129:
4125:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4096:
4095:
4091:
4084:www-d0.fnal.gov
4079:
4075:
4074:
4070:
4065:. 9 April 2012.
4057:
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3832:
3828:
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3823:
3815:
3814:
3805:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3773:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3761:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3687:
3678:
3676:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3555:
3554:
3550:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3530:
3518:
3474:
3443:
3442:
3419:
3418:
3399:
3398:
3370:
3369:
3339:
3338:
3307:
3306:
3284:
3283:
3264:
3263:
3244:
3243:
3183:
3182:
3122:
3107:
3102:
3101:
3072:
3071:
3046:
3045:
3018:
3009:
3003:
3000:
2993:needs expansion
2932:
2931:
2912:
2911:
2883:
2882:
2863:
2862:
2848:
2842:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2773:E288 experiment
2766:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2713:
2711:
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2703:
2702:
2701:
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2693:
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2646:
2645:
2644:
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2637:
2636:
2634:
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2612:
2610:
2602:
2600:
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2588:
2578:
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2570:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2558:
2545:
2541:
2539:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2508:
2495:
2491:
2489:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2458:
2446:
2442:
2440:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2412:
2400:
2396:
2394:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2363:
2351:
2347:
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2336:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2314:
2302:
2298:
2296:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2265:
2253:
2249:
2247:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2220:
2209:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2182:
2170:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2133:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2098:
2087:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2059:
2047:
2043:
2041:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2013:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1977:
1965:
1961:
1959:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1928:
1916:
1912:
1910:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1879:
1867:
1863:
1861:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1830:
1818:
1814:
1812:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1785:
1773:
1769:
1767:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1739:
1727:
1723:
1721:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1692:
1660:
1639:
1625:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1573:
1561:
1557:
1555:
1540:
1525:
1511:
1496:
1482:
1467:
1453:
1437:
1427:
1412:
1401:
1386:
1375:
1363:
1359:
1357:
1345:
1330:
1316:
1304:
1300:
1298:
1282:
1270:
1266:
1264:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1235:
1225:
1213:
1209:
1207:
1199:
1185:
1173:
1169:
1167:
1159:
1145:
1133:
1129:
1127:
1118:
1103:
1091:
1087:
1085:
1075:
1064:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1028:
1016:
1012:
1010:
1000:
989:
956:
945:
910:
900:
898:
897:
896:
893:
890:
888:
887:
886:
885:
881:
879:
878:
877:
873:
871:
870:
869:
868:
849:
847:
846:
845:
841:
839:
838:
837:
836:
821:
815:
778:
777:
746:
745:
724:
719:
718:
687:
686:
655:
654:
627:
626:
591:
590:
563:
562:
531:
530:
511:
510:
471:
470:
433:
432:
423:
383:
377:
306:
277:
276:
267:Andrei Sakharov
252:
244:
243:
224:
216:
215:
184:
176:
175:
136:
128:
127:
54:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5465:
5463:
5455:
5454:
5449:
5439:
5438:
5432:
5431:
5427:Physics portal
5419:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5381:
5380:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5349:
5348:
5341:Standard Model
5338:
5337:
5336:
5325:
5323:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5315:
5310:
5308:Quasiparticles
5305:
5300:
5295:
5289:
5287:
5283:
5282:
5280:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5208:
5206:
5204:Quasiparticles
5200:
5199:
5196:
5195:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5167:
5165:
5161:
5160:
5157:
5156:
5154:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5137:
5135:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5111:
5109:
5098:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5077:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5041:
5036:
5030:
5028:
5024:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5017:
5016:
5011:
5000:
4998:
4996:Exotic hadrons
4992:
4991:
4989:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4927:
4925:
4919:
4918:
4916:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4889:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4862:
4860:
4851:
4842:
4836:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4824:
4822:X and Y bosons
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4738:
4736:
4732:
4731:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4693:
4691:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4667:
4665:
4656:
4647:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4637:
4631:
4629:
4623:
4622:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4615:
4609:
4607:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4597:
4595:W and Z bosons
4592:
4587:
4581:
4579:
4570:
4564:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4556:
4555:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4488:
4486:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4449:Strange (quark
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4415:
4413:
4404:
4395:
4389:
4388:
4383:
4381:
4380:
4373:
4366:
4358:
4350:
4349:
4319:hep-ph/0303120
4296:
4243:
4224:(6): 321–403.
4204:
4155:
4123:
4111:
4089:
4068:
4050:
4031:
3992:(15): 152001.
3980:(2S) at ATLAS"
3975:
3967:
3957:
3949:
3938:
3930:
3911:
3854:
3846:
3835:
3827:
3803:
3781:
3759:
3721:hep-ex/0506081
3714:(14): 142001.
3699:4.26 GeV/
3685:
3660:
3615:(22): 222001.
3597:
3575:hep-ph/0106017
3548:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3517:
3514:
3486:
3481:
3477:
3470:
3461:
3457:
3452:
3426:
3406:
3381:
3377:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3291:
3271:
3251:
3240:
3239:
3228:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3213:
3210:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3129:
3125:
3120:
3114:
3110:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3068:speed of light
3054:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3010:
2990:
2988:
2957:
2951:
2948:
2942:
2939:
2919:
2896:
2893:
2870:
2844:Main article:
2841:
2838:
2834:CMS experiment
2798:
2790:
2765:
2757:
2749:
2748:
2732:
2731:
2719:
2712:
2704:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2686:
2674:
2667:
2659:
2647:
2639:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2621:
2608:
2601:
2593:
2577:
2569:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2551:
2537:
2528:
2520:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2487:
2478:
2470:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2451:
2438:
2431:
2423:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2405:
2392:
2383:
2375:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2357:
2356:
2343:
2334:
2326:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2308:
2307:
2294:
2285:
2277:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2245:
2238:
2230:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2193:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2162:
2158:
2152:
2144:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2117:
2109:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2078:
2070:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2039:
2032:
2024:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2006:
2004:
1996:
1988:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1957:
1948:
1940:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1921:
1908:
1899:
1891:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1859:
1850:
1842:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1810:
1803:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1765:
1758:
1750:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1719:
1711:
1703:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1678:
1675:
1661:
1656:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1596:
1595:
1583:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1520:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1491:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1462:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1410:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1384:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1355:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1325:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1296:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1262:
1255:
1247:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1205:
1194:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1165:
1154:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1125:
1113:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1083:
1073:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1044:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1008:
998:
993:
990:
987:
983:
982:
975:
972:
958:
952:
913:
912:
908:
905:
899:
889:
880:
872:
865:
848:
840:
814:
811:
797:
794:
791:
788:
785:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
731:
727:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
674:
671:
668:
665:
662:
642:
638:
634:
607:
604:
598:
570:
553:, support the
538:
518:
487:
484:
478:
449:
446:
440:
422:
419:
385:Light quarks (
379:Main article:
376:
373:
308:
307:
305:
304:
297:
290:
282:
279:
278:
275:
274:
269:
264:
259:
253:
250:
249:
246:
245:
242:
241:
236:
231:
225:
222:
221:
218:
217:
214:
213:
208:
207:
206:
201:
191:
185:
182:
181:
178:
177:
174:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
137:
134:
133:
130:
129:
126:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
82:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
55:
50:
49:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5464:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5444:
5442:
5429:
5428:
5423:
5417:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5385:Exotic matter
5383:
5379:
5376:
5375:
5374:
5373:Eightfold way
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5363:Antiparticles
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5347:
5344:
5343:
5342:
5339:
5335:
5332:
5331:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5320:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5290:
5288:
5284:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5205:
5201:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5162:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5138:
5136:
5132:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5093:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5046:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5034:Atomic nuclei
5032:
5031:
5029:
5025:
5015:
5012:
5009:
5005:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4997:
4993:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4966:Upsilon meson
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4924:
4920:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4898:Lambda baryon
4896:
4894:
4891:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4868:
4867:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4859:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4837:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4757:Dual graviton
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4733:
4722:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4692:
4688:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4654:Superpartners
4651:
4648:
4646:
4642:
4636:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4628:
4624:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4602:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4578:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4565:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4537:Muon neutrino
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4485:
4481:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4469:Bottom (quark
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4379:
4374:
4372:
4367:
4365:
4360:
4359:
4356:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4300:
4297:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4247:
4244:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4208:
4205:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4175:(3): 034023.
4174:
4170:
4166:
4159:
4156:
4151:
4145:
4134:
4127:
4124:
4114:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4093:
4090:
4085:
4078:
4072:
4069:
4064:
4060:
4054:
4051:
4046:
4042:
4035:
4032:
4027:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3986:
3981:
3922:
3915:
3912:
3907:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3872:(9): 092002.
3871:
3867:
3866:
3861:
3819:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3799:
3785:
3782:
3777:
3763:
3760:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3708:
3702:
3696:
3689:
3686:
3675:. 6 July 2005
3674:
3670:
3664:
3661:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3609:
3601:
3598:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3552:
3549:
3544:
3537:
3534:
3527:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3479:
3475:
3468:
3439:
3424:
3404:
3395:
3379:
3375:
3366:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3336:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3303:
3289:
3269:
3249:
3226:
3223:
3219:
3216:
3211:
3208:
3203:
3200:
3194:
3188:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3162:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3145:
3127:
3123:
3118:
3112:
3108:
3087:
3083:
3069:
3042:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3015:
3007:
2998:
2994:
2991:This section
2989:
2986:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2971:
2946:
2940:
2917:
2891:
2868:
2860:
2852:
2847:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2804:
2782:
2778:
2777:Leon Lederman
2774:
2769:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2739:
2720:
2716:
2698:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2675:
2671:
2651:
2633:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2609:
2605:
2586:
2581:
2563:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2538:
2534:
2513:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2488:
2484:
2463:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2439:
2435:
2417:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2393:
2389:
2368:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2344:
2340:
2319:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2295:
2291:
2270:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2246:
2225:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2205:
2187:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2163:
2156:
2138:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2103:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2083:
2064:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2040:
2036:
2018:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1982:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1958:
1954:
1933:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1909:
1905:
1884:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1860:
1856:
1835:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1811:
1790:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1766:
1762:
1744:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1720:
1716:
1697:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1638:
1637:Upsilon meson
1629:
1622:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1442:
1438:
1432:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1416:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1390:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1263:
1261:
1251:η′
1240:
1236:
1230:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1206:
1203:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1166:
1163:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1069:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1009:
1006:
1002:
1001:
994:
991:
985:
984:
980:
976:
973:
970:
969:
964:
963:
959:
955:
951:
948:
944:
940:
937:
935:
930:
926:
922:
918:
915:In 2005, the
906:
866:
863:
862:
861:
859:
854:
834:
825:
820:
812:
810:
792:
789:
760:
757:
729:
725:
701:
698:
692:
669:
666:
640:
636:
632:
624:
602:
596:
588:
584:
560:
556:
552:
516:
508:
504:
482:
476:
469:
466:
444:
438:
431:
428:
420:
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
382:
374:
372:
370:
366:
365:anti-electron
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
303:
298:
296:
291:
289:
284:
283:
281:
280:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
254:
248:
247:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
226:
220:
219:
212:
209:
205:
202:
200:
197:
196:
195:
192:
190:
189:Cloud chamber
187:
186:
180:
179:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
138:
132:
131:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
90:
89:
88:
87:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
67:
65:
62:
60:
57:
56:
53:
52:Antiparticles
48:
47:
43:
39:
38:
35:
31:
19:
5425:
5096:Hypothetical
5044:Exotic atoms
4985:
4913:Omega baryon
4903:Sigma baryon
4893:Delta baryon
4645:Hypothetical
4627:Ghost fields
4613:Higgs boson
4547:Tau neutrino
4439:Charm (quark
4309:
4305:
4299:
4256:
4252:
4246:
4221:
4217:
4207:
4172:
4168:
4158:
4126:
4116:, retrieved
4102:
4092:
4083:
4071:
4062:
4053:
4034:
3989:
3983:
3914:
3869:
3863:
3784:
3762:
3711:
3705:
3700:
3688:
3677:. Retrieved
3663:
3612:
3606:
3600:
3565:
3561:
3551:
3536:
3507:
3502:
3498:
3440:
3393:
3367:
3334:
3304:
3241:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3160:
3158:
3148:
3041:relativistic
3038:
3030:perturbative
3019:
3001:
2997:adding to it
2992:
2858:
2857:
2829:
2825:
2819:
2750:
2737:
2735:
2584:
1681:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1653:
1650:
1640:
1599:
1579:
1549:
1527:
1521:
1517:
1498:
1492:
1488:
1469:
1463:
1459:
1440:
1433:
1414:
1407:
1388:
1381:
1351:
1332:
1326:
1322:
1292:
1288:
1242:
1238:
1231:
1201:
1195:
1191:
1161:
1155:
1151:
1121:
1114:
1110:
1079:
1071:
1040:
1035:
1004:
996:
978:
966:
960:
953:
949:
946:
914:
855:
830:
586:
467:
464:
429:
426:
424:
421:Heavy quarks
384:
381:Vector meson
375:Light quarks
369:annihilation
353:antiparticle
351:and its own
343:and its own
329:
317:
311:
211:Penning trap
161:CP violation
146:Baryogenesis
141:Annihilation
122:
108:True muonium
84:
83:
74:Antihydrogen
5378:Quark model
5146:Theta meson
5049:Positronium
4961:Omega meson
4956:J/psi meson
4886:Antineutron
4797:Dark photon
4762:Graviphoton
4721:Stop squark
4429:Down (quark
3503:confinement
3394:confinement
3034:lattice QCD
2846:Theta meson
1648:Term symbol
1631:Bottomonium
1623:Bottomonium
943:Term symbol
557:picture of
555:quark-gluon
505:created in
465:bottomonium
357:positronium
118:Positronium
69:Antineutron
5441:Categories
5120:Heptaquark
5081:Superatoms
5014:Pentaquark
5004:Tetraquark
4986:Quarkonium
4876:Antiproton
4777:Leptoquark
4712:Neutralino
4474:antiquark)
4464:antiquark)
4459:Top (quark
4454:antiquark)
4444:antiquark)
4434:antiquark)
4424:antiquark)
4393:Elementary
4182:2102.11281
4118:2024-06-08
3923:) (2012).
3879:1805.11192
3820:) (2018).
3679:2010-03-06
3528:References
3004:April 2017
1680:mass (MeV/
1635:See also:
977:mass (MeV/
827:Charmonium
817:See also:
813:Charmonium
427:charmonium
334:flavorless
318:quarkonium
262:Paul Dirac
251:Scientists
123:Quarkonium
79:Antihelium
64:Antiproton
34:Antimatter
18:Charmonium
5358:Particles
5303:Particles
5262:Polariton
5252:Plasmaron
5222:Dropleton
5115:Hexaquark
5086:Molecules
5074:Protonium
4951:Phi meson
4936:Rho meson
4908:Xi baryon
4840:Composite
4676:Gravitino
4419:Up (quark
4291:118586941
4266:0803.3116
4238:0370-1573
4199:2470-0010
3999:1112.5154
3962:(1S) and
3841:(3P) and
3622:1302.6269
3592:0556-2821
3499:Coulombic
3460:Λ
3335:Coulombic
3204:−
3175:potential
3161:effective
3146:(NRQCD).
2970:top quark
2950:¯
2895:¯
2836:in 2018.
1677:Particle
974:Particle
819:J/ψ meson
784:Υ
752:Υ
726:χ
693:ψ
661:Υ
641:ψ
606:¯
583:top quark
569:Λ
537:Υ
517:ψ
486:¯
448:¯
345:antiquark
330:quarkonia
5334:timeline
5186:R-hadron
5141:Glueball
5125:Skyrmion
5059:Tauonium
4772:Inflaton
4767:Graviton
4747:Curvaton
4717:Sfermion
4707:Higgsino
4702:Chargino
4663:Gauginos
4522:Neutrino
4507:Antimuon
4497:Positron
4492:Electron
4402:Fermions
4144:cite web
4063:Symmetry
4026:22587245
3906:30230889
3754:32538123
3746:16241645
3655:11478351
3647:23767712
3522:OZI rule
3516:See also
2859:Toponium
2854:Toponium
2840:Toponium
2828:= 1 and
2781:Fermilab
2718:(11020)
2673:(10860)
2653:(5S) or
2607:(10580)
1291:(2S) or
1036:J/ψ
904:molecule
844:J/ψ
587:toponium
361:electron
59:Positron
5322:Related
5293:Baryons
5267:Polaron
5257:Plasmon
5232:Fracton
5227:Exciton
5181:Diquark
5176:Pomeron
5151:T meson
5108:Baryons
5069:Pionium
5054:Muonium
4981:D meson
4976:B meson
4881:Neutron
4866:Nucleon
4858:Baryons
4849:Hadrons
4812:Tachyon
4787:Majoron
4752:Dilaton
4681:Photino
4517:Antitau
4484:Leptons
4344:9000097
4324:Bibcode
4271:Bibcode
4004:Bibcode
3884:Bibcode
3798:states"
3776:states"
3726:Bibcode
3627:Bibcode
3167:Cornell
1582:(4260)
1552:(3872)
1354:(3770)
1295:(3686)
921:Y(4260)
858:X(3872)
551:hadrons
395:strange
332:) is a
183:Devices
113:Pionium
103:Muonium
5447:Mesons
5298:Mesons
5247:Phonon
5242:Magnon
5164:Others
5134:Mesons
5027:Others
4923:Mesons
4871:Proton
4735:Others
4690:Others
4671:Gluino
4605:Scalar
4585:Photon
4568:Bosons
4411:Quarks
4342:
4289:
4236:
4197:
4109:
4024:
3934:χ
3904:
3850:χ
3831:χ
3752:
3744:
3653:
3645:
3590:
3242:where
3171:funnel
3022:mesons
2824:. The
2794:χ
2524:χ
2474:χ
2379:χ
2330:χ
2281:χ
2074:η
1992:η
1944:χ
1895:χ
1846:χ
1707:η
1601:Notes:
1241:), or
1111:χ
997:η
463:) and
415:bottom
405:, and
393:, and
328:, pl.
320:(from
239:Weapon
5286:Lists
5277:Trion
5272:Roton
5212:Anyon
5039:Atoms
4802:Preon
4742:Axion
4697:Axino
4590:Gluon
4577:Gauge
4340:S2CID
4314:arXiv
4287:S2CID
4261:arXiv
4177:arXiv
4136:(PDF)
4080:(PDF)
3994:arXiv
3874:arXiv
3750:S2CID
3716:arXiv
3651:S2CID
3617:arXiv
3570:arXiv
3568:(9).
3150:NRQCD
2812:arXiv
2779:, at
2738:Notes
2696:0(1)
2631:0(1)
2587:) or
2561:0(1)
2536:(3P)
2511:0(2)
2486:(3P)
2461:0(1)
2437:(3S)
2415:0(1)
2391:(2P)
2366:0(2)
2342:(2P)
2317:0(1)
2293:(2P)
2268:0(0)
2244:(2P)
2223:0(1)
2210:(1D)
2185:0(3)
2161:(1D)
2136:0(2)
2123:(1D)
2101:0(1)
2088:(1D)
2062:0(2)
2038:(2S)
2016:0(1)
2003:(2S)
1980:0(0)
1956:(1P)
1931:0(2)
1907:(1P)
1882:0(1)
1858:(1P)
1833:0(0)
1809:(1P)
1788:0(1)
1764:(1S)
1742:0(1)
1718:(1S)
1695:0(0)
1576:?(1)
1514:0(2)
1485:0(1)
1456:0(0)
1430:0(1)
1404:0(3)
1378:0(2)
1348:0(1)
1319:0(2)
1307:0.025
1285:0(1)
1228:0(0)
1188:0(2)
1148:0(1)
1106:0(0)
1067:0(1)
1055:0.006
1031:0(1)
992:0(0)
934:meson
929:Belle
911:state
411:charm
341:quark
337:meson
326:onium
324:and -
322:quark
156:Comet
5452:Onia
5237:Hole
5064:Onia
4971:Kaon
4931:Pion
4502:Muon
4234:ISSN
4195:ISSN
4150:link
4107:ISBN
4022:PMID
3902:PMID
3742:PMID
3643:PMID
3588:ISSN
3417:and
3282:and
3169:(or
3100:and
2751:The
2548:0.57
2498:0.41
2403:0.55
2354:0.55
2050:0.31
1968:0.40
1919:0.40
1870:0.52
1776:0.26
1586:4263
1564:0.17
1543:0(1)
1366:0.35
1303:.097
1216:0.09
1176:0.07
1136:0.31
1094:0.11
1051:.900
927:and
925:CLEO
653:and
529:and
413:and
391:down
363:and
272:CERN
234:Fuel
223:Uses
86:Onia
4512:Tau
4332:doi
4310:571
4279:doi
4226:doi
4222:167
4187:doi
4173:104
4045:BBC
4012:doi
3990:108
3892:doi
3870:121
3790:"b
3768:"c
3734:doi
3704:".
3635:doi
3613:110
3580:doi
3464:QCD
3024:in
2999:.
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2305:0.6
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2250:259
2173:1.7
2167:161
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1964:.21
1962:912
1915:.76
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1301:686
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