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for firewood. In addition, the surrounding forests had been cut down for fuel, the gardens and several outbuildings were damaged or destroyed, and the lawn had been used as a graveyard. Some of their furniture had been evacuated, but the transport boat sank in the
Rappahannock, ruining much of it. Over the subsequent years, the Union Burial Corps removed many soldiers' remains from the gardens and lawn for reburial at the new national cemetery in Fredericksburg. Unable to maintain their home properly without enslaved people, they moved to their house known as "Ellwood" and sold Chatham in 1872 to a Pennsylvania banker for $ 23,900 (~$ 542,162 in 2023). Betty Lacy helped found the Ladies Memorial Association of Fredericksburg, establishing the Confederate Cemetery, and her husband traveled and made speeches to raise money.
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Louisiana. To be rid of her (and the problem she represented), Lacy sold her to a slave trader, James Aler, in
Fredericksburg. Aler, active in his church and unsure what to do with Mitchell, allowed her a 90-day pass to leave Fredericksburg in early 1860 on a tour during which she and one of her sons attempted to raise money to buy their freedom for $ 1000 (~$ 33,911 in 2023). She gave speeches to church and political groups in Washington City, Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York, and Boston, raising enough money to return to Fredericksburg and buy her own freedom and that of her children. Lacy, impressed, also freed Mitchell's mother. The Mitchell family moved to Cincinnati in the free (i.e., slavery-prohibited) state of
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306:, slaves were legally incapable of choosing whether to remain enslaved or receive their freedom and enough money to establish themselves in another state. While local judges thought the executors should free the slaves per Hannah's intent, a divided Virginia Supreme Court disagreed. Thus, the executors sold Chatham with its slaves to J. Horace Lacy (husband of Hannah's much younger half-sister Betty). However, soon one enslaved person was allowed to travel to raise money to buy freedom for herself and her small family and succeeded.
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1808:(1860–1956) and his wife, Helen Stewart Devore, undertook its restoration (and made significant changes). Their restoration re-oriented the house away from the west front on the river (no longer the main transportation route); the east entrance became the main entrance, easily reached by automobile. They also added a large, walled English-style garden designed by the noted
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century, new structures were built there. The recently discovered sketch shows structures to the south side of the manor house, in an area across a ravine away from the central area of the property. A re-examination of old photographs shows the faint rooflines of structures in that area, which may indicate the location of previously unconfirmed slave dwellings.
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1441:(1771–1838). She received the deed to Chatham as their wedding present. Meanwhile, the 78-year-old William Jones remarried Lucy Gordon, his late wife's niece. Their 18-year marriage produced a daughter, Betty Churchill Jones, who in 1848 married her former tutor, James Horace Lacy of Mississippi, son of a Presbyterian minister.
1553:, whose amputated arm was buried at Ellwood Plantation near Hannah Coalter's grave. At least two formerly enslaved people at Chatham served in the U.S. Colored Troops and survived the war, Charles Sprout and Andrew Weaver, and one may have served as a Confederate scout. Thus, slavery at Chatham ended in 1865 as a result of the
1840:, among many others, essentially to get away from Washington to relax and go duck hunting. Chatham's distinction thus continued during their ownership, as the Pratts did retire to the home and used it as a working "gentleman's" farm. However, he continued to serve on the General Motors Board of Directors until 1968.
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The 1860 census indicated that Lacy owned 39 slaves at
Chatham and another 49 at his Ellwood plantation, and some enslaved people he rented. An outspoken proponent of slavery, Lacy joined the Confederate Army and rose to the rank of major; his brother Beverly Tucker Lacy (a Presbyterian minister) was
1522:, a prosperous businessman and slave owner at Ellwood Plantation, further to the south in the Wilderness area of Spotsylvania County. Lacy convinced the will's executors to seek court direction. The Stafford court upheld the manumissions, but the Virginia Court of Appeals (the name at the time of the
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Hannah survived her last husband by nearly two decades, as did her disabled daughter Janet. The wealthy widow attempted to provide for her daughter's care and free her household's administrator, Charles, and 92 other enslaved people in her will. However, the
Virginia Constitution of 1851 (and earlier
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and garden clubs, the
Friends group supplements NPS-budgeted services by providing extensive garden maintenance and plantings. It has also undertaken repairs of the 1940s-era summer house at the edge of the gardens and a statue of Pan in a scenic gazebo overlooking the city, which vandals damaged in
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on the east side. As a result of the DeVores' efforts, Chatham regained its place among
Virginia's finest homes. However, the DeVores sold Chatham in 1931 to move to Washington D.C., where they built a townhouse later also designated a historic site (and once offered to become the official residence
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Five rooms are open as a (free) museum during designated hours (with an explanatory video tour); the grounds are open to the public. The rest of the houses and outbuildings serve as administrative offices and maintenance facilities. In 2014, the
National Park Service undertook tree removal designed
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By the time the Civil War ended in 1865, Chatham was desolate and severely damaged. When the Lacys returned in
November 1865, over 750 panes of glass had been broken, blood stains spotted on the floors, graffiti marred its bare plaster walls, and much of the interior wood paneling had been removed
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Whitman had come to
Chatham searching for a brother wounded in the fighting. The carnage shocked him. He later wrote a published description that, outside the house, at the foot of a tree, he noticed "a heap of amputated feet, legs, arms, hands, etc.-about a load for a one-horse cart. Several dead
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for a single slave), Hannah gave her each of slaves (other than
Charles, who was freed outright) the choice of remaining enslaved in Virginia (but choosing their mistresses/masters) or manumission and a small stake to enable them to support themselves in another state or country. Her estate, other
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Coalter owned 51 slaves in the 1850 census and, as an anti-slavery Methodist, unlike her late husband, tried to free enslaved people through her will upon her death in 1857. Hannah's will provided that her slaves would have the choice of being freed and migrating to a free state like Ohio, or to
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and significantly improved the estate, adding terraces down to the Rappahannock River and constructing the first bridge across that river to Fredericksburg. The bridge took a year and a half to build but washed away in the flood of 1826, slightly more than three years after Churchill Jones died.
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soldier during the Civil War shows some buildings at the Chatham site that were long gone by the time historians began speculating that most slave dwellings were likely to be in the "rear" or the field-side area of the estate. This area had been cultivated since the slave days, and in the 20th
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William Churchill gave Chatham as a wedding present for his widowed daughter Hannah and the three-time widowed Judge John Coalter. Coalter died in 1838, so Chatham passed to his wife Hannah, who did not remarry (married women at the time could only hold property through their husbands). Hannah
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In January 1805, several Chatham slaves rebelled after an overseer ordered slaves back to work at what they considered was too soon after the Christmas holidays. The slaves overpowered and whipped their overseer and four others who tried to force them back to work. An armed posse put down the
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The Civil War brought change and destruction to Chatham. As discussed above, the house was owned by James Horace Lacy (1823–1906), a former schoolteacher who had married Churchill Jones's niece. As a planter, Lacy sympathized with the South, and at the age of 37, he left Chatham to serve the
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Ellen Mitchell, an enslaved laundress at "Chatham", had known of and counted on Mrs. Coalter's promise of manumission. When Lacy's court case took her freedom away, Mitchell, irate, loudly proclaimed how unfair this denial was, particularly as she feared being sent to a plantation in Monroe,
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than the slaves, was valued at $ 15,000 to $ 20,000, so they could be provided for. However, her executor (presumably emboldened by Betty and her husband) sought court instruction regarding their duties. While the local Stafford court thought the enslaved people should be freed, the
1605:, and also served as field transportation inspector in the Trans-Mississippi Department. His wife and children remained at Chatham until the spring of 1862 when Union troops' arrival forced them to abandon the building and move in with relatives across the river in soon-beleaguered
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Fitzhugh owned upward of 100 slaves and about 49,000 acres of land (including roughly 6000 at Chatham), with anywhere from 60 to 90 being used at Chatham, depending on the season. Most worked as field hands or house servants, but he also employed skilled tradespeople such as
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in the house. As the winter progressed and firewood became scarce, some soldiers tore paneling from the walls for fuel, exposing the underlying plaster. Some of the soldiers' pencil graffiti is still visible, with additional scrawls deciphered by Park Service staff.
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Five decades later, in 1857, owner Hannah Jones Coalter (the 77-year-old mother of a disabled daughter named Janet) died and attempted to manumit her 93 slaves after making provisions both for her daughter and the slaves. Her relatives sued, claiming that after the
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journeyed to Fredericksburg to confer with McDowell about the movement, meeting with the general and his staff at Chatham. His visit gave Chatham the distinction of being one of three houses visited by both Lincoln and Washington (the other two are
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executor). Her neighbor Justice Richard C.L. Moncure dissented vehemently, joined by Justice Samuels, who died shortly after that. Lacy bought Chatham for about $ 35,000 but ultimately sold it in 1872 to a Pennsylvania banker for $ 23,900.
298:. An armed posse of white men quickly gathered. They killed one slave in the attack, and two more died trying to escape capture. Two other slaves were deported, likely to the Caribbean or Louisiana, and Fitzhugh soon sold the property.
1456:. Irving visited twice while researching his multi-volume biography of George Washington, for whom he was named. William Henry Harrison and John Tyler visited on their way to their inauguration as President and Vice-President in 1841.
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at Chatham over three years ending in 1771. Constructed by an enslaved workforce, the house exhibits many architectural highlights, especially on the front or riverside facade meant to be seen from across the river in Fredericksburg.
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1473:, 14 Gratton 394 (1858), a majority of three justices refused to uphold Hannah's testamentary wishes, although she had revised the will shortly before she died to circumvent another recent decision refusing to uphold manumissions (
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1433:, in Spotsylvania County, and inherited Chatham around the time his wife of 40 years died. Hannah Jones Coalter was William's daughter by his first wife. After her first husband died in 1825, she married three-time widower and
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and his wife, purchased the Chatham estate (shrunken to 256 acres) from the Devores in 1931 for $ 150,000 (~$ 2.42 million in 2023) cash. They were looking ahead to retirement. During World War II, Pratt served as one of
313:, the Lacys abandoned Chatham. Its strategic site overlooking Fredericksburg briefly served as a U.S. Army headquarters and later as the significant Union hospital during battles for control of the strategic Virginia city and
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on the James River east of Richmond.) While at Chatham, Lincoln went to Fredericksburg, walked its streets, and visited a New York regiment encamped on what would become known as "Marye's Heights" during a later battle.
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Ruth Coder Fitzgerald, A Different Story: A Black History of Fredericksburg, Stafford and Spottsylvania Virginia (Unicorn, 1979), pp. 22, 86. Will is Deeds RR432, August 4, 1857; also Weekly Advertiser September 5,
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bodies lie near," he added, "each covered with its brown woolen blanket." More than 130 Union soldiers died at Chatham and were initially buried on the grounds. After the war, their bodies were removed to the
1726:. Years later, when three additional bodies were discovered, the remains were buried at Chatham at the outskirts of the again-famous gardens, in graves marked by granite stones lying flush to the ground.
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patrolled the riverfront, keeping a wary eye on their foe. Occasionally the men would trade newspapers and other articles using miniature sailboats. When not on duty, Union pickets slept at Chatham;
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historians and others continue to research, seeking to locate the former slave quarters. As discussed below, the property was extensively damaged during the Civil War. An 1862 sketch by a Unionist
1526:), in a 3 to 2 decision, overturned the 92 conditional manumissions (only upholding Charles' outright manumission). The court denied Coalter's slaves any chance of freedom by ruling that the 1857
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en route to the Confederate capital. Due to wartime use and disuse, Chatham fell into significant disrepair. The Lacys ultimately sold Chatham to pay taxes (including on their other estate,
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to improve the vistas to and from Chatham. This increased the house's visibility from the city and restored the view to what it had been during the Civil War and preceding decades.
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included an orchard, mill, and a race track where Fitzhugh's horses vied with those of other planters for prize money. Fitzhugh named the mansion after the British parliamentarian
321:) in 1872. Saved from destruction as the 20th century began by a series of wealthy American owners, Chatham was refurbished and became a showpiece. The estate was willed to the
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Since 2012 the Friends of Chatham, a 501(c)3 non-profit organization, has provided additional support for preserving the historic house and its grounds. Partnering with local
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1687:, from Chatham's lawn, sent up a reconnaissance balloon with a soldier to observe the battle, an incidence he later often recounted after starting his aircraft factory.
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rebellion and punished those involved. One black man was executed, two died while trying to escape, and two others were deported, perhaps to a slave colony in the
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1773:, behind the town. Many of the 1,000 casualties suffered by the Union army in that 1863 engagement were sent back to Chatham, which again served as a hospital.
1683:, observed the battle from Chatham while U.S. artillery batteries shelled the Confederates from adjacent bluffs. Furthermore, a German Military Observer, Count
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1413:. Flanking the main house were dozens of supporting structures: slave quarters, a dairy, ice house, barns, and stables, plus fish traps installed on the river.
1499:. Little physical evidence remains to show where enslaved people lived; until recently, most knowledge of enslaved people at Chatham was from written records.
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Chatham also reflected the new country's racial tensions. In January 1805, Chatham's slaves overpowered and whipped their overseer and assistants in a minor
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1620:; orders, reports, and letters referred to it as the "Lacy House". Northern officers initially used the mansion as a headquarters. In April 1862, General
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1765:' division at Chatham. The Confederates marched out to meet Hooker's main force, and for a week fighting raged around a country crossroad known as
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for care. For several days, army surgeons operated on hundreds of soldiers inside the house. Assisting them were volunteers, including the poet
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A portion of the east garden wall of the 20th century English-style garden at Chatham Manor, a former plantation near Fredericksburg, Virginia.
1545:. In the 1860 census, Ellen Mitchell was listed as running a laundry business. Today, some of her descendants still live in that area of Ohio.
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Jerrilyn Eby, They Called Stafford Home: The Development of Stafford County, Virginia from 1600 until 1865 (Heritage Books Inc. pp. 280–281)
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Virginia laws) required manumitted slaves to leave the state within a year, and so (as had none other than late U.S. Supreme Court Justice
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Upon Pratt's death in 1975, he bequeathed land around the mansion to Stafford County for parks and a large section to the region's
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1672:, Burnside crossed the Rappahannock River below Chatham, seized Fredericksburg, and launched a series of bloody assaults against
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became a disastrous Union defeat. Burnside suffered 12,600 casualties, many of whom were brought back to Chatham and the nearby
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from Chatham. Washington's diaries note that he was a frequent guest at Chatham. He and Fitzhugh had served together in the
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Today the house and the 85 acres (340,000 m) of surrounding grounds are open to the public. The last private owners,
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Fitzhugh sold the Chatham plantation to Major Churchill Jones, who had served under Col. William Washington and Gen.
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Seven months after Lincoln's visit, fighting again erupted at Fredericksburg. In November 1862, General
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2141:""I was a slave of Major Horace Lacy." – Andrew Weaver of the 23rd United States Colored Troops"
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from Chatham. McDowell planned to use the new bridges to march south and join forces with the
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2002, and has begun repairing all 80-plus windows in the original house and outbuildings.
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Alvin T. Embrey, History of Fredericksburg, Virginia (Old Dominion Press, 1937) p.189
2092:"Fundraising for freedom: Chatham slave Ellen Mitchell buys herself (and her family)"
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Military activity resumed in the spring. In April, the new Union commander, General
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Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania County Battlefields Memorial National Military Park
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had declared that enslaved people were property and not persons with choice.
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1679:, who held the high ground behind the town. One of Burnside's top generals,
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1409:, who championed many of the opinions held by American colonists before the
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2300:, a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan
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1398:, who freed the Custis slaves as the executor after his in-laws' deaths.
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brought 30,000 men to Fredericksburg and supervised the repair of the
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However, in 1848, Hannah's much younger half-sister Betty had married
1394:, born at Ann Page's estate, later wed the future Confederate General
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The property had a succession of owners until the 1920s when General
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and the only private residence in the United States to be visited by
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Paul Finkelman, The law of slavery and Bondage: a casebook(NYU)p.132
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For much of the next thirteen months, Chatham was occupied by the
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National Register of Historic Places in Stafford County, Virginia
1997:
271:. It was for more than a century the center of a large, thriving
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Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
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and shared a love of farming and horses. Fitzhugh's daughter,
1706:(who later founded the American chapter of the International
1832:"dollar-a-year" men. Pratt met and had as visitors Generals
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In the winter following the battle, the U.S. Army camped in
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Churchill's brother William Jones had long owned an estate,
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Homer D. Musselman, Stafford County in the Civil War, p. 89
2116:, Autobiography vol. 1, pp. 38–39 available at google books
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http://homepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~elacey/chatham.htm
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mansion home completed in 1771 by farmer and statesman
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Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania National Military Park
1853:
Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania National Military Park
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as a staff officer. He served on the staff of General
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Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania National Military Park
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Historic district contributing properties in Virginia
1420:. The elderly Fitzhugh then moved to a city house in
325:in 1975 and now serves as the headquarters for the
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223:
215:
205:
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189:
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259:, after about three years of construction, on the
1851:(NPS), which uses it as the headquarters for the
1816:of the Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court).
2030:, National Park Service, accessed April 11, 2009
1733:, behind Chatham. The Confederate army occupied
1628:and construction of several bridges across the
1378:, married the first president's step-grandson,
2394:Slave cabins and quarters in the United States
2314:1771 establishments in the Colony of Virginia
1626:Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad
1319:
8:
2297:Chatham Plantation: Witness to the Civil War
1586:National Archives and Records Administration
1444:Chatham remained known for its hospitality:
2155:"J. Horace Lacy's Chatham Quarters? Part 1"
2409:Brick buildings and structures in Virginia
1326:
1312:
336:
87:
363:Attack and capture of the Crête-à-Pierrot
18:Historic house in Virginia, United States
1362:, whose family's farm was just down the
2179:Original at Virginia Historical Society
1989:
1874:
1714:(as of 2015 the only woman awarded the
1358:Fitzhugh was a friend and colleague of
1350:William Fitzhugh financed building the
348:
2319:American Civil War museums in Virginia
1998:"National Register Information System"
55:
2399:Slave rebellions in the United States
367:Combat et prise de la Crête-à-Pierrot
162:
137:
112:
7:
2003:National Register of Historic Places
1823:native and General Motors executive
1452:often visited Chatham, as later did
1183:Charleston Workhouse Slave Rebellion
2374:Museums in Fredericksburg, Virginia
2359:Houses in Stafford County, Virginia
2251:"Devore-Chase House, Washington DC"
2198:Whitman, Walt (December 30, 2003).
1147:slave revolt in the Cherokee Nation
2404:Virginia in the American Civil War
2349:Historic house museums in Virginia
1787:Historic American Buildings Survey
14:
2414:William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham
2339:Georgian architecture in Virginia
1896:Garden Seedling Cold Frames(1935)
1747:United States Sanitary Commission
1696:Conway House (Falmouth, Virginia)
1407:William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham
1949:
1937:
1925:
1913:
1901:
1889:
1877:
1724:Fredericksburg National Cemetery
404:Slavery among indigenous peoples
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2292:, National Park Service website
2054:homepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com
193:4,601.1 acres (1,862.0 ha)
1609:, and after its fall later to
1584:Chatham Manor, 1862. From the
1380:George Washington Parke Custis
1:
2384:Plantation houses in Virginia
2290:Chatham Manor "Chatham Manor"
1737:, across the river. Opposing
1401:The 1,280-acre (5.2 km)
1190:(South Carolina, suppressed)
170:Show map of the United States
120:Show map of Northern Virginia
1561:abolishing the institution.
1424:. Jones was a member of the
863:Curaçao Slave Revolt of 1795
444:British and French Caribbean
350:North American slave revolts
53:United States historic place
2021:Copied from "Chatham Manor"
1973:Historic houses in Virginia
2430:
2329:Fitzhugh family residences
2127:"George Aler slave trader"
1944:Stable and Garage (c.1900)
1557:, upon the passage of the
1055:Great African Slave Revolt
783:Montserrat slave rebellion
738:Province of South Carolina
482:Santo Domingo Slave Revolt
2201:The Portable Walt Whitman
1668:to Fredericksburg. Using
1549:the chaplain for General
1435:Virginia Court of Appeals
1426:Society of the Cincinnati
1386:together with her friend
265:Stafford County, Virginia
98:
93:Chatham Manor, March 2008
86:
82:
69:
62:
58:
2354:Houses completed in 1771
2204:. Penguin. p. 487.
2050:"RootsWeb.com Home Page"
1968:Battle of Fredericksburg
1692:Battle of Fredericksburg
1664:brought the 120,000-man
1559:constitutional amendment
841:Pointe Coupée Conspiracy
606:Santa Fe de Nuevo México
526:Real Audiencia of Panama
216:Architectural style
184:Fredericksburg, Virginia
2389:Plantations in Virginia
1418:"Light Horse" Harry Lee
1388:Ann Randolph Meade Page
1382:, and became a leading
1253:Jean-Jacques Dessalines
1080:(Virginia, suppressed)
1012:(Virginia, suppressed)
39:38.308833°N 77.455361°W
2026:June 13, 2005, at the
1806:Daniel Bradford Devore
1801:
1789:
1589:
1524:Virginia Supreme Court
1475:Bailey v. Poindexter's
1467:Virginia Supreme Court
1343:
1203:(Virginia, suppressed)
1073:Nat Turner's rebellion
500:San Miguel de Gualdape
449:British Virgin Islands
72:U.S. Historic district
2369:Landmarks in Virginia
2008:National Park Service
1849:National Park Service
1830:President Roosevelt's
1799:
1784:
1603:Battle of Seven Pines
1583:
1565:National Park Service
1471:Williamson v. Coalter
1342:Chatham Manor in 1929
1341:
969:German Coast Uprising
708:St. John Slave Revolt
629:New York Slave Revolt
369:, March 1802) in the
323:National Park Service
76:Contributing property
44:38.308833; -77.455361
2269:"Friends of Chatham"
1813:Ellen Biddle Shipman
1422:Alexandria, Virginia
1293:Toussaint Louverture
1283:Nanny of the Maroons
1130:case, ship rebellion
978:Territory of Orleans
756:Province of New York
668:Chesapeake rebellion
641:Province of New York
515:1548–1558, 1579–1582
394:Atlantic slave trade
289:Dwight D. Eisenhower
145:Show map of Virginia
2255:Historic Structures
2094:. October 27, 2010.
1956:Summer House (1940)
1884:Dairy Barn (c.1900)
1810:landscape architect
1735:Spotsylvania County
1712:Mary Edwards Walker
1666:Army of the Potomac
1662:Ambrose E. Burnside
1654:Berkeley Plantation
1634:Army of the Potomac
1372:American Revolution
1346:Wealthy lawyer and
1140:coast, victorious)
1119:coast, victorious)
911:Gabriel's Rebellion
747:New York Conspiracy
677:Chesapeake Colonies
315:Spotsylvania County
304:Dred Scott decision
35: /
2273:Friends of Chatham
2129:. August 15, 2010.
1802:
1790:
1630:Rappahannock River
1590:
1576:American Civil War
1535:U.S. Supreme Court
1482:Slavery at Chatham
1368:House of Burgesses
1364:Rappahannock River
1344:
1268:Madison Washington
1233:François Mackandal
881:Haitian Revolution
801:Abaco Slave Revolt
371:Haitian Revolution
311:American Civil War
261:Rappahannock River
2324:Conflicts in 1805
2211:978-0-14-243768-1
1908:Greenhouse (1935)
1838:Dwight Eisenhower
1599:Gustavus W. Smith
1551:Stonewall Jackson
1454:Washington Irving
1411:Revolutionary War
1390:. Their daughter
1360:George Washington
1336:
1335:
1223:Charles Deslondes
1197:John Brown's raid
1165:Ladder Conspiracy
1019:Bussa's Rebellion
987:Aponte conspiracy
938:St. Simons Island
409:Slavery in Canada
277:George Washington
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2157:. April 1, 2010.
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2143:. July 20, 2010.
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1767:Chancellorsville
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1109:, ship rebellion
650:First Maroon War
563:Acaxee Rebellion
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257:William Fitzhugh
242:October 15, 1966
210:William Fitzhugh
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2010:. July 9, 2010.
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1731:Stafford County
1670:pontoon bridges
1645:Abraham Lincoln
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1622:Irvin McDowell
1611:Pulaski County
1607:Fredericksburg
1577:
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1520:J. Horace Lacy
1507:or Louisiana.
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521:
510:, victorious)
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1817:
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1777:Postwar years
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1271:
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1263:Joseph Cinqué
1261:
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1231:
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1228:Denmark Vesey
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1141:
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1138:Southern U.S.
1131:
1129:
1128:
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1121:
1120:
1118:
1110:
1108:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1099:
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1039:
1038:
1033:
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1015:
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1013:
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1005:George Boxley
1001:
1000:
999:
997:
989:
988:
983:
982:
981:
979:
971:
970:
965:
964:
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961:
953:
952:
951:Chatham Manor
947:
946:
945:
943:
939:
931:
930:
925:
924:
923:
921:
913:
912:
907:
906:
900:
899:
894:, victorious)
893:
890:
883:
882:
877:
876:
875:
873:
865:
864:
859:
858:
857:
855:
851:
843:
842:
837:
836:
835:
833:
829:
821:
820:
815:
814:
813:
811:
803:
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797:
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749:
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710:
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688:
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670:
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663:
662:
660:
652:
651:
646:
645:
644:
642:
639:
631:
630:
625:
624:
618:
617:
612:, victorious)
611:
607:
600:
599:Pueblo Revolt
597:
594:
593:
592:
590:
582:
579:
576:
575:
574:
572:
564:
561:
558:
557:
556:
554:
550:
541:
538:
535:
534:
533:
531:
527:
519:
516:
513:
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511:
509:
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498:
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493:
491:
490:Santo Domingo
483:
480:
477:
476:
470:
469:
460:
457:
456:
455:
454:United States
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
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435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
424:Latin America
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
391:
385:
384:
380:
379:Ernest Hébert
376:
372:
368:
364:
359:
355:
354:
351:
347:
343:
339:
338:
332:
330:
328:
324:
320:
319:Ellwood Manor
316:
312:
307:
305:
299:
297:
292:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
249:Chatham Manor
241:
239:Added to NRHP
237:
233:
229:
226:
222:
218:
214:
211:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
185:
182:
178:
157:
132:
107:
97:
90:
85:
81:
77:
73:
68:
64:Chatham Manor
61:
57:
51:
48:
16:
2296:
2272:
2263:
2254:
2245:
2236:
2231:Eby at 282–3
2227:
2215:. Retrieved
2200:
2193:
2184:
2172:
2163:
2149:
2135:
2121:
2109:
2100:
2071:
2062:
2053:
2044:
2035:
2016:
2001:
1992:
1861:
1857:
1842:
1818:
1803:
1791:
1763:John Gibbons
1756:
1751:soup kitchen
1743:Dorothea Dix
1728:
1720:
1704:Clara Barton
1700:Walt Whitman
1689:
1681:Edwin Sumner
1677:Confederates
1659:
1650:Mount Vernon
1642:
1615:
1591:
1563:
1547:
1539:
1528:
1517:
1509:
1501:
1485:
1474:
1470:
1458:
1450:James Monroe
1443:
1439:John Coalter
1415:
1400:
1384:abolitionist
1357:
1345:
1243:Gaspar Yanga
1194:
1189:
1180:
1171:
1162:
1153:
1144:
1135:
1125:
1123:
1114:
1104:
1102:
1093:
1084:
1079:
1070:
1061:
1052:
1043:
1034:
1025:
1016:
1011:
1002:
993:
984:
975:
966:
957:
950:
948:
935:
929:Igbo Landing
926:
917:
908:
903:19th century
878:
869:
860:
847:
838:
825:
816:
807:
798:
789:
780:
771:
762:
753:
744:
735:
726:
714:
705:
692:
683:
674:
665:
656:
647:
635:
626:
621:18th century
595:
586:
577:
568:
559:
546:
540:Gaspar Yanga
536:
523:
514:
505:
496:
487:
478:
366:
362:
308:
300:
293:
248:
247:
180:Nearest city
30:77°27′19.3″W
27:38°18′31.8″N
20:
15:
2217:January 14,
1749:operated a
1710:), and Dr.
1595:Confederacy
1497:blacksmiths
1370:before the
1087:Baptist War
518:Bayano Wars
473:Before 1700
459:colonial US
309:During the
267:, opposite
42: /
2308:Categories
2066:Eby at 283
1984:References
1643:President
1618:Union army
1569:New Jersey
1529:Dred Scott
1493:carpenters
1403:plantation
1352:main house
1288:Nat Turner
1258:John Brown
1037:Vesey Plot
879:1791–1804
792:Montserrat
720:Saint John
699:New France
434:New France
333:Antebellum
273:plantation
232:ID66000046
1708:Red Cross
1555:Civil War
1505:Caribbean
1392:Mary Anna
1172:(Spanish
1136:(off the
1115:(off the
1026:(British
994:(Spanish
854:New Spain
850:Louisiana
832:New Spain
828:Louisiana
808:(British
790:(British
772:(British
754:(British
736:(British
695:Louisiana
675:(British
657:(British
610:New Spain
589:New Spain
571:New Spain
553:New Spain
542:'s Revolt
530:New Spain
439:New Spain
2024:Archived
1962:See also
1685:Zeppelin
1638:Richmond
1636:outside
1531:decision
1163:1843–44
1085:1831–32
1028:Barbados
960:Virginia
920:Virginia
763:1760–61
549:Veracruz
342:a series
340:Part of
219:Georgian
206:Built by
1871:Gallery
1745:of the
1739:pickets
1601:at the
1533:by the
1513:Liberia
1489:millers
1348:planter
1218:Carolta
1106:Amistad
942:Georgia
872:Curaçao
870:(Dutch
810:Bahamas
774:Jamaica
659:Jamaica
638:British
537:c. 1570
429:Bahamas
399:Maroons
388:Context
224:Part of
2208:
1864:Rotary
1495:, and
1437:judge
1127:Creole
889:French
717:Danish
287:, and
1674:Lee's
1376:Molly
1278:Maria
1195:1859
1181:1849
1145:1842
1124:1841
1117:Cuban
1103:1839
1071:1831
1053:1825
1035:1822
1017:1816
1003:1815
985:1811
967:1811
949:1805
927:1803
909:1800
861:1795
839:1795
817:1791
799:1787
781:1768
745:1741
727:1739
706:1733
684:1731
666:1730
648:1730
627:1712
419:Haiti
251:is a
198:Built
2219:2023
2206:ISBN
2076:1857
1845:YMCA
1836:and
1690:The
1652:and
1543:Ohio
1448:and
1298:Tula
1174:Cuba
1064:Cuba
996:Cuba
596:1680
578:1616
560:1601
497:1526
479:1521
414:Cuba
201:1771
190:Area
1718:).
373:by
263:in
230:(=
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2271:.
2253:.
2081:^
2052:.
2006:.
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697:,
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344:on
329:.
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283:,
279:,
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