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The rising temperatures in the oceans also cause a reduced solubility of oxygen in the water, which can explain about 50% of oxygen loss in the upper level of the ocean (>1000 m). Warmer ocean water holds less oxygen and is more buoyant than cooler water. This leads to reduced mixing of oxygenated
607:
At another extreme, some marine extremophiles inhabit sea ice brine pockets where temperature is very low and salinity is very high. Organisms trapped within freezing sea ice must adapt to a rapid change in salinity up to 3 times higher than that of regular seawater, as well as the rapid change to
1013:
A change in pH by 0.1 represents a 26% increase in hydrogen ion concentration in the world's oceans (the pH scale is logarithmic, so a change of one in pH units is equivalent to a tenfold change in hydrogen ion concentration). Sea-surface pH and carbonate saturation states vary depending on ocean
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significantly contributes as well. It is a combination of chemicals and trash, most of which comes from land sources and is washed or blown into the ocean. This pollution results in damage to the environment, to the health of all organisms, and to economic structures worldwide. Since most inputs
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Breitburg, Denise; Levin, Lisa A.; Oschlies, Andreas; Grégoire, Marilaure; Chavez, Francisco P.; Conley, Daniel J.; Garçon, Véronique; Gilbert, Denis; Gutiérrez, Dimitri; Isensee, Kirsten; Jacinto, Gil S.; Limburg, Karin E.; Montes, Ivonne; Naqvi, S. W. A.; Pitcher, Grant C.; Rabalais, Nancy N.;
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ratio will be lower because more magnesium ions are being removed from seawater and consumed by the rock, and more calcium ions are being removed from the rock and released to seawater. Hydrothermal activity at ridge crest is efficient in removing magnesium. A lower Mg/Ca ratio favors the
608:
regular seawater salinity when ice melts. Most brine-pocket dwelling organisms are photosynthetic, therefore, these microenvironments can become hyperoxic, which can be toxic to its inhabitants. Thus, these extremophiles often produce high levels of antioxidants.
694:
Experiments show that most modern high-Mg calcite organisms would have been low-Mg calcite in past calcite seas, meaning that the Mg/Ca ratio in an organism's skeleton varies with the Mg/Ca ratio of the seawater in which it was grown.
1156:. The reason for this lies in the multiple connections between density and solubility effects that result from warming. As a side effect, the availability of nutrients for marine life is reduced, therefore adding further stress to
363:
The impact of human activity on the chemistry of the Earth's oceans has increased over time, with pollution from industry and various land-use practices significantly affecting the oceans. Moreover, increasing levels of
467:
Marine life is largely similar in biochemistry to terrestrial organisms, except that they inhabit a saline environment. One consequence of their adaptation is that marine organisms are the most prolific source of
1117:. Secondly, ocean deoxygenation occurs also in the open ocean. In that part of the ocean, there is nowadays an ongoing reduction in oxygen levels. As a result, the naturally occurring low oxygen areas (so called
578:
S is abundant in hydrothermal vents, formed through interactions between seawater and rock at the high temperatures found within vents. This compound is a major energy source, forming the basis of the
372:, which has negative effects on marine ecosystems. The international community has agreed that restoring the chemistry of the oceans is a priority, and efforts toward this goal are tracked as part of
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water near the surface with deeper water, which naturally contains less oxygen. Warmer water also raises oxygen demand from living organisms; as a result, less oxygen is available for marine life.
596:. Iron-oxidation can be oxic, occurring in oxygen-rich parts of the ocean, or anoxic, requiring either an electron acceptor such as nitrate or light energy. In iron-oxidation, Fe(II) is used as an
1853:
Coggon, R. M.; Teagle, D. A. H.; Smith-Duque, C. E.; Alt, J. C.; Cooper, M. J. (2010-02-26). "Reconstructing Past
Seawater Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca from Mid-Ocean Ridge Flank Calcium Carbonate Veins".
687:
Slow spreading at mid-ocean ridges has the opposite effect and will result in a higher Mg/Ca ratio favoring the precipitation of aragonite and high-Mg calcite polymorphs of calcium carbonate (
2016:
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Studies have shown that oceans have already lost 1-2% of their oxygen since the middle of the 20th century, and model simulations predict a decline of up to 7% in the global ocean O
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formed from the fragmentation of plastic material. Marine debris is mainly discarded human rubbish which floats on, or is suspended in the ocean. Plastic pollution is harmful to
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and sediment-producing organisms is thus regulated by chemical reactions occurring along the mid-ocean ridge, the rate of which is controlled by the rate of sea-floor spreading.
2855:
Bednaršek, N., Harvey, C.J., Kaplan, I.C., Feely, R.A. and Možina, J. (2016) "Pteropods on the edge: Cumulative effects of ocean acidification, warming, and deoxygenation".
1915:
Ries, Justin B. (2004). "Effect of ambient Mg/Ca ratio on Mg fractionation in calcareous marine invertebrates: A record of the oceanic Mg/Ca ratio over the
Phanerozoic".
1018:. This can cause acidity to rise, lowering the pH and carbonate saturation levels in these areas. There are several other factors that influence the atmosphere-ocean CO
3146:
484:– organisms that thrive in extreme conditions of temperature, pressure, and light availability. Extremophiles inhabit many unique habitats in the ocean, such as
600:; conversely, iron-reducers utilize Fe(III) as an electron acceptor. These two metabolisms form the basis of the iron-redox cycle and may have contributed to
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can utilize thiosulfate as an electron donor, producing elemental sulfur. Additionally, many marine microorganisms are capable of iron-oxidation, such as
2335:"The recent state and variability of the carbonate system of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and adjacent basins in the context of ocean acidification"
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and dust can also play a role, as these pollutants can settle into waterways and oceans. Pathways of pollution include direct discharge, land runoff,
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2294:"Two Decades of Ocean Acidification in the Surface Waters of the Beaufort Gyre, Arctic Ocean: Effects of Sea Ice Melt and Retreat From 1997–2016"
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586:; closer to the vents, organisms must use alternate metabolic pathways or utilize another electron acceptor, such as nitrate. Some species of
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has driven some quite rapid (in a few decades) declines in oxygen to very low levels. This type of ocean deoxygenation is also called
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Bopp, L; Resplandy, L; Orr, JC; Doney, SC; Dunne, JP; Gehlen, M; Halloran, P; Heinze, C; Ilyina, T; Seferian, R; Tjiputra, J (2013).
1084:). The map indicates coastal sites where oxygen levels have declined to less than 2 mg/L (red dots), as well as expanding ocean
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464:(CDOM) is estimated to range 20-70% of carbon content of the oceans, being higher near river outlets and lower in the open ocean.
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Stanley, S.M.; Hardie, L.A. (1999). "Hypercalcification: paleontology links plate tectonics and geochemistry to sedimentology".
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1129:, as well as to people who depend on marine life for nutrition or livelihood. A decrease in ocean oxygen levels affects how
391:. An interdisciplinary field, chemical oceanographers study the distributions and reactions of both naturally occurring and
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Keeling, Ralph F., and Hernan E. Garcia (2002) "The change in oceanic O2 inventory associated with recent global warming."
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in hydrothermal vent ecosystems. In the colder waters surrounding vents, sulfur-oxidation can occur using oxygen as an
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Roman, Michael R.; Rose, Kenneth A.; Seibel, Brad A.; Telszewski, Maciej; Yasuhara, Moriaki; Zhang, Jing (2018).
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content over the next hundred years. The decline of oxygen is projected to continue for a thousand years or more.
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Several different metabolisms are present in hydrothermal vent ecosystems. Many marine microorganisms, including
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Spreading rates on mid-ocean ridges vary between 10 and 200 mm/yr. Rapid spreading rates cause increased
30:"Marine chemist" redirects here. For the National Fire Protection Association professional certification, see
2017:"The Impacts of Atmospheric Deposition to the Ocean on Marine Ecosystems and Climate WMO Bulletin Vol 58 (1)"
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and cause harmful effects there. The majority of this waste (80%) comes from land-based activity, although
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Due to the interrelatedness of the ocean, chemical oceanographers frequently work on problems relevant to
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2128:"Ocean acidification in emission-driven temperature stabilization scenarios: the role of TCRE and non-CO
1962:. Vol. III, Ecological Issues and Environmental Impacts (Second ed.). London: Academic Press.
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Handbook of methods for the analysis of the various parameters of the carbon dioxide system in sea water
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Magnesium to calcium ratio changes associated with hydrothermal activity at mid-ocean ridge locations
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2641:"Biotic and Human Vulnerability to Projected Changes in Ocean Biogeochemistry over the 21st Century"
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920:. Between 1950 and 2020, the average pH of the ocean surface fell from approximately 8.15 to 8.05.
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this increases the loss of oxygen in the oceans. This is because the warmer temperatures increase
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496:. Some scientists have speculated that life may have evolved from hydrothermal vents in the ocean.
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Chemical oceanographers collect and measure chemicals in seawater, using the standard toolset of
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545:. Chemoautotrophic organisms, primarily prokaryotes, derive energy from these chemicals through
1121:(OMZs)) are now expanding slowly. This expansion is happening as a consequence of human caused
841:, toxins and underwater noise. Plastic pollution in the ocean is a type of marine pollution by
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2923:"Multiple stressors of ocean ecosystems in the 21st century: projections with CMIP5 models"
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Jiang, Li-Qing; Carter, Brendan R.; Feely, Richard A.; Lauvset, Siv K.; Olsen, Are (2019).
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Gribble, Gordon W. (2004). "Natural
Organohalogens: A New Frontier for Medicinal Agents?".
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In hydrothermal vents and similar environments, many extremophiles acquire energy through
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Coble, Paula G. (2007). "Marine
Optical Biogeochemistry: The Chemistry of Ocean Color".
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due to human activities. There are two areas where this occurs. Firstly, it occurs in
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depth and location. Colder and higher latitude waters are capable of absorbing more CO
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Ocean deoxygenation: Everyone's problem - Causes, impacts, consequences and solutions
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Limburg, Karin E.; Breitburg, Denise; Swaney, Dennis P.; Jacinto, Gil (2020-01-24).
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Global map of low and declining oxygen levels in coastal waters (mainly due to
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1977:
1652:"Pace of Ocean Acidification Has No Parallel in 300 Million Years, Paper Says"
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1746:"Chemoautotrophy at Deep-Sea Vents: Past, Present, and Future | Oceanography"
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system. Hydrothermal vents at spreading centers introduce various amounts of
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Oschlies, Andreas; Brandt, Peter; Stramma, Lothar; Schmidtko, Sunke (2018).
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1125:. The resulting decrease in oxygen content of the oceans poses a threat to
312:, is the study of chemical content in marine environments as influenced by
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Beaupré-Laperrière, Alexis; Mucci, Alfonso; Thomas, Helmuth (2020-07-31).
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from human activities are the primary cause of ocean acidification, with
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to collect seawater for analysis. Sediments are commonly studied with a
518:. Hydrothermal vents enrich the nearby environment in chemicals such as
4031:
2974:"Decline in global oceanic oxygen content during the past five decades"
2784:"Guest post: How global warming is causing ocean oxygen levels to fall"
2268:
1731:
1342: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1209: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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and other elements into the ocean, some of which are recycled into the
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Early inquiries into marine chemistry usually concerned the origin of
514:, using chemical compounds as energy sources, rather than light as in
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519:
98:
2049:. Silver Spring, MD: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1304:, which made the first systematic measurements of ocean chemistry.
1297:. Modern chemical oceanography began as a field with the 1872–1876
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is also a contributing factor by carrying off iron, carbonic acid,
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2068:"Ocean salinity: Climate change is also changing the water cycle"
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or dust particles into the ocean. The pollution often comes from
4006:
2219:"Surface ocean pH and buffer capacity: past, present and future"
2190:
Ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide
988:
633:
538:
3128:
2438:
2436:
2091:
Millero, Frank J. (2007). "The Marine
Inorganic Carbon Cycle".
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The types of marine pollution can be grouped as pollution from
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in particular attracts significant interest due to its role in
4016:
1311:
1178:
2272:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
2292:
Zhang, Y.; Yamamoto-Kawai, M.; Williams, W.J. (2020-02-16).
2126:
Terhaar, Jens; Frölicher, Thomas L.; Joos, Fortunat (2023).
1022:
exchange, and thus local ocean acidification. These include
480:
The ocean is home to a variety of marine organisms known as
940:
is absorbed by the oceans. This chemical reaction produces
913:
864:
Effects of climate change on oceans § Chemical effects
333:
3029:
Ralph F. Keeling; Arne
Kortzinger; Nicolas Gruber (2010).
2812:"Oceans losing oxygen at unprecedented rate, experts warn"
2582:
Stramma, L; Johnson, GC; Printall, J; Mohrholz, V (2008).
2385:"Declining oxygen in the global ocean and coastal waters"
1637:
The
American Sea: A natural history of the gulf of Mexico
727:
occurs when substances used or spread by humans, such as
549:. These organisms then serve as food sources for higher
3088:"Europa's Ocean May Have An Earthlike Chemical Balance"
2584:"Expanding Oxygen-Minimum Zones in the Tropical Oceans"
2043:"What is the biggest source of pollution in the ocean?"
2274:
Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
2725:
Long, Matthew C.; Deutsch, Curtis; Ito, Taka (2016).
1533:
3948:
3709:
3625:
3546:
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3372:
3315:
3191:
39:
3112:"The Chemistry of Enceladus' Plumes: Life or Not?"
503:A diagram showing ocean chemistry around deep sea
1803:"Hydrothermal helium plumes in the Pacific Ocean"
1482:Marine chemistry on other planets and their moons
2877:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2842:Laffoley, D. & Baxter, J.M. (eds.) (2019).
2529:"Drivers and mechanisms of ocean deoxygenation"
1030:zones, proximity to large continental rivers,
3140:
2972:Schmidtko, S; Stramma, L; Visbeck, M (2017).
2015:Duce, Robert; Galloway, J.; Liss, P. (2009).
360:are sensitive to changes in ocean chemistry.
8:
1494:vents hydrogen and carbon dioxide to space.
425:. Many chemical oceanographers investigate
3147:
3133:
3125:
1474:, and older sediments may be recovered by
815:, atmospheric pollution and, potentially,
553:, forming the basis of unique ecosystems.
2997:
2956:
2946:
2750:
2727:"Finding forced trends in oceanic oxygen"
2666:
2656:
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2495:
2408:
2358:
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2252:
2242:
1826:
1402:Learn how and when to remove this message
1269:Learn how and when to remove this message
987:) lowers the pH of the ocean, increasing
441:. Other major topics of interest include
352:has adapted to the chemistries unique to
32:Confined space § Entry certification
3031:"Ocean Deoxygenation in a Warming World"
1034:coverage, and atmospheric exchange with
951:
947:
366:carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere
36:
2446:Ocean deoxygenation: everyone's problem
1996:Education | National Geographic Society
1960:World seas: an Environmental Evaluation
1807:Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans
1598:
1540:
983:). The presence of free hydrogen ions (
884:have significant implications for the
1910:
1908:
1438:is used as well. On an oceanographic
7:
4062:
3058:10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163855
1848:
1846:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1613:. In A.G. Dickson; C. Goyet (eds.).
1340:adding citations to reliable sources
1207:adding citations to reliable sources
1088:at 300 metres (blue shaded regions).
4086:
2449:. Switzerland: Gland. p. 562.
1504:Global Ocean Data Analysis Project
779:are more vulnerable to pollution.
25:
775:or the atmosphere, it means that
476:Chemical ecology of extremophiles
398:from molecular to global scales.
4085:
4073:
4061:
4050:
4049:
2443:Laffoley, D; Baxter, JM (2019).
2267:
1579:
1567:
1555:
1543:
1316:
1293:in the ocean, including work by
1183:
1060:This section is an excerpt from
901:This section is an excerpt from
876:, are changing ocean chemistry.
716:This section is an excerpt from
672:precipitation of low-Mg calcite
462:Colored dissolved organic matter
3038:Annual Review of Marine Science
2782:Pearce, Rosamund (2018-06-15).
2472:"Ocean Deoxygenation: A Primer"
1958:Sheppard, Charles, ed. (2019).
1327:needs additional citations for
1194:needs additional citations for
932:exceeding 410 ppm (in 2020). CO
912:is the ongoing decrease in the
767:come from land, either via the
457:Organic compounds in the oceans
374:Sustainable Development Goal 14
2958:11858/00-001M-0000-0014-6A3A-8
2136:Environmental Research Letters
1424:electrical conductivity meters
926:atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO
1:
3414:Interface and colloid science
3168:Glossary of chemical formulae
3086:Greicius, Tony (2016-05-16).
2639:Mora, C; et al. (2013).
1712:Journal of Chemical Education
1650:Gillis, Justin (2012-03-02).
1492:subsurface ocean of Enceladus
663:reactions with seawater. The
470:halogenated organic compounds
2865:10.1016/j.pocean.2016.04.002
2731:Global Biogeochemical Cycles
2658:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001682
2497:10.1016/j.oneear.2020.01.001
2298:Geophysical Research Letters
1458:, and is often mounted on a
1418:as well as instruments like
999:, with a pH higher than 8).
872:levels, mostly from burning
451:anthropogenic climate change
27:Chemistry of oceans and seas
4119:Oceanographical terminology
3691:Bioorganometallic chemistry
3178:List of inorganic compounds
2047:National Ocean Service (US)
1801:Lupton, John (1998-07-15).
1001:Marine calcifying organisms
995:is acidic yet; it is still
492:, hypersaline regions, and
4142:
3617:Dynamic covalent chemistry
3588:Enantioselective synthesis
3568:Physical organic chemistry
3521:Organolanthanide chemistry
2244:10.1038/s41598-019-55039-4
1488:subsurface ocean of Europa
1099:in different parts of the
1059:
900:
861:
715:
593:Mariprofundus ferrooxydans
29:
4045:
3206:Electroanalytical methods
3163:
2690:Carrington (2018-01-04).
2553:10.1038/s41561-018-0152-2
991:(this does not mean that
3961:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
3877:Supramolecular chemistry
3516:Organometallic chemistry
2857:Progress in Oceanography
2156:10.1088/1748-9326/acaf91
1095:is the reduction of the
922:Carbon dioxide emissions
3899:Combinatorial chemistry
3810:Food physical chemistry
3773:Environmental chemistry
3657:Bioorthogonal chemistry
3583:Retrosynthetic analysis
3404:Chemical thermodynamics
3387:Spectroelectrochemistry
3330:Computational chemistry
2948:10.5194/bg-10-6225-2013
2609:10.1126/science.1153847
2410:10.1126/science.aam7240
2360:10.5194/bg-17-3923-2020
2279:16 October 2017 at the
2196:. Royal Society. 2005.
1875:10.1126/science.1182252
1758:10.5670/oceanog.2012.21
1448:electrical conductivity
48:Concentration (mol/kg)
3971:of element discoveries
3817:Agricultural chemistry
3805:Carbohydrate chemistry
3696:Bioinorganic chemistry
3561:Alkane stereochemistry
3506:Coordination chemistry
3335:Mathematical chemistry
3201:Instrumental chemistry
2885:10.1073/pnas.122154899
1490:may be Earthlike. The
1286:
1089:
624:Seafloor spreading on
621:
602:banded iron formations
507:
4114:Chemical oceanography
3966:Timeline of chemistry
3863:Post-mortem chemistry
3848:Clandestine chemistry
3778:Atmospheric chemistry
3701:Biophysical chemistry
3533:Solid-state chemistry
3483:Equilibrium chemistry
3392:Photoelectrochemistry
2897:"Ocean deoxygenation"
2879:, 99(12): 7848–7853.
1514:Physical oceanography
1486:The chemistry of the
1285:HMS Challenger (1858)
1284:
1071:
862:Further information:
795:such as agricultural
764:marine transportation
619:
502:
494:sea ice brine pockets
427:biogeochemical cycles
403:physical oceanography
18:Chemical oceanography
3956:History of chemistry
3911:Chemical engineering
3686:Bioorganic chemistry
3436:Structural chemistry
3173:List of biomolecules
2846:. IUCN, Switzerland.
2752:10.1002/2015GB005310
2311:10.1029/2019GL086421
1416:analytical chemistry
1336:improve this article
1203:improve this article
1154:ocean stratification
1150:oceans become warmer
1131:productive the ocean
1119:oxygen minimum zones
1086:oxygen minimum zones
443:analytical chemistry
435:carbon sequestration
383:is the study of the
342:metamorphic activity
3979:The central science
3933:Ceramic engineering
3858:Forensic toxicology
3831:Chemistry education
3729:Radiation chemistry
3711:Interdisciplinarity
3664:Medicinal chemistry
3602:Fullerene chemistry
3478:Microwave chemistry
3347:Molecular mechanics
3342:Molecular modelling
3050:2010ARMS....2..199K
2999:10.1038/nature21399
2990:2017Natur.542..335S
2939:2013BGeo...10.6225B
2743:2016GBioC..30..381L
2600:2008Sci...320..655S
2545:2018NatGe..11..467O
2488:2020OEart...2...24L
2401:2018Sci...359M7240B
2351:2020BGeo...17.3923B
2235:2019NatSR...918624J
2148:2023ERL....18b4033T
2023:on 18 December 2023
1929:2004Geo....32..981R
1867:2010Sci...327.1114C
1861:(5969): 1114–1117.
1819:1998JGR...10315853L
1813:(C8): 15853–15868.
1724:2004JChEd..81.1441G
1617:. 2. ORNL/CDIAC-74.
1476:scientific drilling
1446:is used to measure
1093:Ocean deoxygenation
1062:Ocean deoxygenation
910:Ocean acidification
903:Ocean acidification
835:ocean acidification
787:, silicon, sulfur,
777:continental shelves
439:ocean acidification
431:marine carbon cycle
423:atmospheric science
370:ocean acidification
41:
4022:Chemical substance
3884:Chemical synthesis
3853:Forensic chemistry
3734:Actinide chemistry
3676:Clinical chemistry
3357:Molecular geometry
3352:Molecular dynamics
3307:Elemental analysis
3260:Separation process
2395:(6371): eaam7240.
2223:Scientific Reports
1992:"Marine Pollution"
1732:10.1021/ed081p1441
1635:Darnell, Rezneat.
1622:2015-07-18 at the
1351:"Marine chemistry"
1287:
1218:"Marine chemistry"
1139:carbon move around
1090:
839:nutrient pollution
756:invasive organisms
698:The mineralogy of
628:is a global scale
622:
508:
505:hydrothermal vents
486:hydrothermal vents
318:seafloor spreading
37:
4101:
4100:
4037:Quantum mechanics
4002:Chemical compound
3985:Chemical reaction
3923:Materials science
3841:General chemistry
3836:Amateur chemistry
3764:Photogeochemistry
3749:Stellar chemistry
3719:Nuclear chemistry
3640:Molecular biology
3607:Polymer chemistry
3578:Organic synthesis
3573:Organic reactions
3538:Ceramic chemistry
3528:Cluster chemistry
3458:Chemical kinetics
3446:Molecular physics
3325:Quantum chemistry
3238:Mass spectrometry
2984:(7641): 335–339.
2933:(10): 6625–6245.
2594:(5876): 655–658.
2533:Nature Geoscience
2456:978-2-8317-2013-5
2345:(14): 3923–3942.
2132:greenhouse gases"
2105:10.1021/cr0503557
1969:978-0-12-805204-4
1828:10.1029/98jc00146
1689:10.1021/cr050350+
1519:World Ocean Atlas
1412:
1411:
1404:
1386:
1279:
1278:
1271:
1253:
827:plastic pollution
678:calcium carbonate
584:electron acceptor
488:, black smokers,
358:marine ecosystems
296:
295:
16:(Redirected from
4131:
4089:
4088:
4077:
4065:
4064:
4053:
4052:
3997:Chemical element
3652:Chemical biology
3511:Magnetochemistry
3488:Mechanochemistry
3441:Chemical physics
3382:Electrochemistry
3287:Characterization
3149:
3142:
3135:
3126:
3116:
3115:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3068:. Archived from
3035:
3026:
3020:
3019:
3001:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2950:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2893:
2887:
2873:
2867:
2853:
2847:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2754:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2670:
2660:
2651:(10): e1001682.
2636:
2630:
2629:
2611:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2499:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2440:
2431:
2430:
2412:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2362:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2313:
2289:
2283:
2271:
2266:
2256:
2246:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2195:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2093:Chemical Reviews
2088:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2019:. Archived from
2012:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1937:10.1130/G20851.1
1912:
1903:
1902:
1850:
1841:
1840:
1830:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1779:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1677:Chemical Reviews
1672:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1632:
1626:
1618:
1612:
1603:
1584:
1583:
1572:
1571:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1539:
1407:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1387:
1385:
1344:
1320:
1312:
1274:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1254:
1252:
1211:
1187:
1179:
1158:marine organisms
986:
982:
974:
973:
972:
969:
954:
793:nonpoint sources
725:Marine pollution
718:Marine pollution
711:Marine pollution
626:mid-ocean ridges
562:Halothiobacillus
520:elemental sulfur
447:marine pollution
301:, also known as
299:Marine chemistry
287:
286:
285:
266:
265:
264:
229:
228:
227:
193:
192:
191:
172:
171:
170:
151:
150:
149:
129:
128:
127:
108:
107:
106:
87:
86:
85:
66:
64:
63:
42:
21:
4141:
4140:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4104:
4103:
4102:
4097:
4041:
3944:
3938:Polymer science
3894:Click chemistry
3889:Green chemistry
3783:Ocean chemistry
3759:Biogeochemistry
3705:
3621:
3593:Total synthesis
3556:Stereochemistry
3542:
3492:
3409:Surface science
3399:Thermochemistry
3368:
3311:
3282:Crystallography
3187:
3159:
3153:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3096:
3094:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3072:
3033:
3028:
3027:
3023:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2906:
2904:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2874:
2870:
2854:
2850:
2841:
2837:
2828:
2826:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2792:
2790:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2710:
2708:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2457:
2442:
2441:
2434:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2281:Wayback Machine
2216:
2215:
2211:
2204:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2076:
2074:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2052:
2050:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2026:
2024:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2000:
1998:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1970:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1914:
1913:
1906:
1852:
1851:
1844:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1781:
1780:
1771:
1762:
1760:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1660:
1658:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1624:Wayback Machine
1610:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1578:
1566:
1556:
1554:
1544:
1542:
1534:
1500:
1484:
1440:research vessel
1432:floats or buoys
1408:
1397:
1391:
1388:
1345:
1343:
1333:
1321:
1310:
1275:
1264:
1258:
1255:
1212:
1210:
1200:
1188:
1177:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1143:marine habitats
1065:
1057:
1052:
1051:
1021:
1017:
984:
980:
970:
967:
966:
964:
961:bicarbonate ion
953:
949:
945:
935:
929:
916:of the Earth's
906:
898:
880:and changes in
866:
860:
855:
854:
817:deep sea mining
813:bilge pollution
721:
713:
708:
614:
612:Plate tectonics
577:
573:
547:redox reactions
534:
527:
516:photoautotrophy
512:chemoautotrophy
478:
459:
445:of the oceans,
314:plate tectonics
303:ocean chemistry
284:
282:
281:
280:
278:
263:
261:
260:
259:
257:
244:
226:
224:
223:
222:
220:
208:
190:
188:
187:
186:
184:
169:
167:
166:
165:
163:
148:
145:
144:
143:
141:
126:
124:
123:
122:
120:
105:
103:
102:
101:
99:
84:
82:
81:
80:
78:
62:
59:
58:
57:
55:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4139:
4138:
4135:
4127:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4106:
4105:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4095:
4083:
4071:
4059:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3993:
3992:
3982:
3975:
3974:
3973:
3963:
3958:
3952:
3950:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3860:
3850:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3838:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3822:Soil chemistry
3814:
3813:
3812:
3807:
3800:Food chemistry
3797:
3795:Carbochemistry
3792:
3790:Clay chemistry
3787:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3769:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3761:
3751:
3745:Astrochemistry
3741:Cosmochemistry
3738:
3737:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3724:Radiochemistry
3715:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3681:Neurochemistry
3678:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3631:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3619:
3614:
3612:Petrochemistry
3609:
3604:
3599:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3552:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3513:
3508:
3502:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3473:Spin chemistry
3470:
3468:Photochemistry
3465:
3460:
3455:
3453:Femtochemistry
3450:
3449:
3448:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3378:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3327:
3321:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3265:Chromatography
3262:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3208:
3203:
3197:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3183:Periodic table
3180:
3175:
3170:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3144:
3137:
3129:
3118:
3117:
3103:
3078:
3075:on 2016-03-01.
3021:
2964:
2927:Biogeosciences
2913:
2888:
2868:
2848:
2835:
2810:(2019-12-07).
2799:
2774:
2737:(2): 381–397.
2717:
2682:
2631:
2574:
2539:(7): 467–473.
2519:
2462:
2455:
2432:
2374:
2339:Biogeosciences
2325:
2284:
2209:
2202:
2180:
2129:
2118:
2099:(2): 308–341.
2083:
2059:
2034:
2007:
1983:
1968:
1950:
1904:
1842:
1793:
1769:
1737:
1702:
1683:(2): 402–418.
1667:
1642:
1627:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1576:
1564:
1552:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1499:
1496:
1483:
1480:
1464:Nansen bottles
1436:remote sensing
1410:
1409:
1324:
1322:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1277:
1276:
1191:
1189:
1182:
1176:
1173:
1167:
1123:climate change
1109:eutrophication
1097:oxygen content
1082:climate change
1074:eutrophication
1066:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1024:ocean currents
1019:
1015:
933:
927:
907:
899:
897:
894:
878:Global warming
870:carbon dioxide
859:
858:Climate change
856:
809:ship pollution
752:carbon dioxide
722:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
689:aragonite seas
613:
610:
598:electron donor
588:Thiomicrospira
575:
571:
558:Thiomicrospira
551:trophic levels
532:
525:
477:
474:
458:
455:
354:Earth's oceans
340:constituents,
294:
293:
290:
283:
273:
272:
269:
262:
252:
251:
248:
242:
236:
235:
232:
225:
215:
214:
211:
206:
200:
199:
196:
189:
179:
178:
175:
168:
158:
157:
154:
146:
136:
135:
132:
125:
115:
114:
111:
104:
94:
93:
90:
83:
73:
72:
69:
60:
50:
49:
46:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4137:
4136:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4094:
4093:
4084:
4082:
4081:
4076:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4060:
4058:
4057:
4048:
4047:
4044:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4027:Chemical bond
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3986:
3983:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3921:
3917:
3916:Stoichiometry
3914:
3913:
3912:
3909:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3882:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3872:Nanochemistry
3870:
3869:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3815:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3739:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3708:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3650:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3624:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3597:Semisynthesis
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3545:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3495:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3431:Sonochemistry
3429:
3427:
3426:Cryochemistry
3424:
3420:
3419:Micromeritics
3417:
3416:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3297:Wet chemistry
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3158:
3150:
3145:
3143:
3138:
3136:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3123:
3113:
3107:
3104:
3093:
3089:
3082:
3079:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3022:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2968:
2965:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2917:
2914:
2902:
2898:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2859:, 145: 1–24.
2858:
2852:
2849:
2845:
2839:
2836:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2808:Harvey, Fiona
2803:
2800:
2789:
2785:
2778:
2775:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2721:
2718:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2686:
2683:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2635:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2578:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2523:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2466:
2463:
2458:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2378:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2329:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2270:
2264:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2213:
2210:
2205:
2203:0-85403-617-2
2199:
2192:
2191:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2142:(2): 024033.
2141:
2137:
2133:
2122:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2087:
2084:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2022:
2018:
2011:
2008:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1797:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1741:
1738:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1706:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1668:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1643:
1638:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1616:
1609:
1602:
1599:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1563:
1553:
1551:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1472:sediment trap
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1406:
1403:
1395:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1353: –
1352:
1348:
1347:Find sources:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1325:This section
1323:
1319:
1314:
1313:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1283:
1273:
1270:
1262:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1220: –
1219:
1215:
1214:Find sources:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1192:This section
1190:
1186:
1181:
1180:
1174:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1105:coastal zones
1102:
1098:
1094:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1076:) and in the
1075:
1070:
1063:
1055:Deoxygenation
1054:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
978:
962:
958:
943:
942:carbonic acid
939:
931:
923:
919:
915:
911:
904:
896:Acidification
895:
893:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
865:
857:
852:
848:
847:microplastics
844:
840:
836:
832:
831:microplastics
828:
824:
823:marine debris
820:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
799:, wind-blown
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
781:Air pollution
778:
774:
770:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
738:
734:
730:
726:
719:
710:
706:Human impacts
705:
703:
701:
700:reef-building
696:
692:
690:
685:
683:
679:
675:
670:
666:
662:
657:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
618:
611:
609:
605:
603:
599:
595:
594:
589:
585:
581:
569:
568:
563:
559:
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
528:
521:
517:
513:
506:
501:
497:
495:
491:
487:
483:
482:extremophiles
475:
473:
471:
465:
463:
456:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
399:
397:
394:
393:anthropogenic
390:
386:
382:
377:
375:
371:
367:
361:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
310:
304:
300:
291:
289:
288:
275:
274:
270:
268:
267:
254:
253:
249:
247:(total boron)
246:
245:
238:
237:
233:
231:
230:
217:
216:
212:
210:
209:
202:
201:
197:
195:
194:
181:
180:
176:
174:
173:
160:
159:
155:
153:
152:
138:
137:
133:
131:
130:
117:
116:
112:
110:
109:
96:
95:
91:
89:
88:
75:
74:
70:
68:
67:
52:
51:
47:
44:
43:
40:
33:
19:
4124:Geochemistry
4090:
4078:
4066:
4054:
3904:Biosynthesis
3754:Geochemistry
3669:Pharmacology
3645:Cell biology
3635:Biochemistry
3463:Spectroscopy
3362:VSEPR theory
3211:Spectroscopy
3155:Branches of
3121:
3106:
3095:. Retrieved
3091:
3081:
3070:the original
3041:
3037:
3024:
2981:
2977:
2967:
2930:
2926:
2916:
2905:. Retrieved
2903:. 2019-12-06
2900:
2891:
2876:
2871:
2856:
2851:
2838:
2827:. Retrieved
2816:The Guardian
2815:
2802:
2791:. Retrieved
2788:Carbon Brief
2787:
2777:
2734:
2730:
2720:
2709:. Retrieved
2697:The Guardian
2695:
2685:
2648:
2645:PLOS Biology
2644:
2634:
2591:
2587:
2577:
2536:
2532:
2522:
2482:(1): 24–29.
2479:
2475:
2465:
2445:
2392:
2388:
2377:
2342:
2338:
2328:
2301:
2297:
2287:
2229:(1): 18624.
2226:
2222:
2212:
2189:
2183:
2175:
2139:
2135:
2121:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2075:. Retrieved
2072:usys.ethz.ch
2071:
2062:
2051:. Retrieved
2046:
2037:
2027:22 September
2025:. Retrieved
2021:the original
2010:
1999:. Retrieved
1995:
1986:
1959:
1953:
1920:
1916:
1858:
1854:
1810:
1806:
1796:
1787:
1783:
1761:. Retrieved
1749:
1740:
1718:(10): 1441.
1715:
1711:
1705:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1659:. Retrieved
1655:
1645:
1636:
1630:
1614:
1606:DOE (1994).
1601:
1529:RISE project
1509:Oceanography
1485:
1428:fluorometers
1413:
1398:
1389:
1379:
1372:
1365:
1358:
1346:
1334:Please help
1329:verification
1326:
1299:
1295:Robert Boyle
1288:
1265:
1256:
1246:
1239:
1232:
1225:
1213:
1201:Please help
1196:verification
1193:
1162:
1147:
1113:
1091:
1046:burning and
977:hydrogen ion
908:
890:environments
874:fossil fuels
867:
829:, including
733:agricultural
723:
697:
693:
686:
682:calcite seas
658:
630:ion-exchange
623:
606:
591:
587:
580:sulfur cycle
565:
561:
557:
555:
509:
479:
466:
460:
419:biochemistry
411:geochemistry
400:
381:oceanography
378:
368:have led to
362:
309:oceanography
306:
302:
298:
297:
276:
255:
239:
218:
203:
182:
161:
139:
118:
97:
76:
53:
38:
4092:WikiProject
3317:Theoretical
3302:Calorimetry
3044:: 199–229.
1923:(11): 981.
1452:temperature
1127:marine life
1048:agriculture
1044:fossil fuel
957:dissociates
851:marine life
737:residential
650:ocean crust
387:of Earth's
350:Marine life
338:atmospheric
4108:Categories
3928:Metallurgy
3627:Biological
3193:Analytical
3097:2022-05-22
2907:2021-05-02
2829:2019-12-07
2793:2023-07-04
2711:2023-07-04
2077:2022-05-22
2053:2022-09-21
2001:2023-06-19
1978:1052566532
1763:2024-02-08
1661:2020-04-28
1656:Green Blog
1593:References
1392:April 2021
1362:newspapers
1302:expedition
1300:Challenger
1259:April 2021
1229:newspapers
1145:function.
1141:, and how
1114:dead zones
1078:open ocean
1003:, such as
938:atmosphere
888:of marine
868:Increased
789:pesticides
758:enter the
729:industrial
674:polymorphs
490:cold seeps
429:, and the
3990:Catalysis
3498:Inorganic
3292:Titration
3157:chemistry
2824:0261-3077
2769:130885459
2761:0886-6236
2706:0261-3077
2626:206510856
2569:135112478
2561:1752-0894
2514:214348057
2506:2590-3330
2476:One Earth
2427:206657115
2369:221369828
2320:214271838
2176:Figure 1f
2172:255431338
2164:1748-9326
1945:0091-7613
1883:0036-8075
1837:0148-0227
1790:(2): 1–7.
1784:GSA Today
1562:Geography
1550:Chemistry
1468:box corer
1420:pH meters
1135:nutrients
1028:upwelling
936:from the
750:, excess
744:particles
665:magnesium
642:manganese
567:Beggiatoa
396:chemicals
385:chemistry
379:Chemical
330:sediments
322:turbidity
307:chemical
292:0.000068
271:0.000091
250:0.000416
234:0.000844
45:Component
4056:Category
4012:Molecule
3949:See also
3374:Physical
3066:21141663
3008:28202958
2677:24143135
2618:18451300
2419:29301986
2277:Archived
2263:31819102
2113:17300138
1899:22739139
1891:20133522
1697:17256912
1620:Archived
1524:Seawater
1498:See also
1456:pressure
1291:salinity
1133:is, how
1080:(due to
1036:nitrogen
1005:mollusks
997:alkaline
993:seawater
975:) and a
955:) which
930:) levels
882:salinity
843:plastics
785:nitrogen
654:Helium-3
336:levels,
326:currents
213:0.00206
4068:Commons
4032:Alchemy
3548:Organic
3046:Bibcode
3016:4404195
2986:Bibcode
2935:Bibcode
2739:Bibcode
2668:3797030
2596:Bibcode
2588:Science
2541:Bibcode
2484:Bibcode
2397:Bibcode
2389:Science
2347:Bibcode
2254:6901524
2231:Bibcode
2144:Bibcode
1925:Bibcode
1917:Geology
1863:Bibcode
1855:Science
1815:Bibcode
1750:tos.org
1720:Bibcode
1574:Science
1536:Portals
1460:rosette
1376:scholar
1243:scholar
1175:History
1148:As the
1032:sea ice
989:acidity
959:into a
886:ecology
669:calcium
646:silicon
543:methane
415:biology
407:geology
346:ecology
198:0.0102
177:0.0103
156:0.0282
134:0.0528
4080:Portal
3226:UV-Vis
3064:
3014:
3006:
2978:Nature
2822:
2767:
2759:
2704:
2675:
2665:
2624:
2616:
2567:
2559:
2512:
2504:
2453:
2425:
2417:
2367:
2318:
2261:
2251:
2200:
2170:
2162:
2111:
1976:
1966:
1943:
1897:
1889:
1881:
1835:
1695:
1586:Oceans
1454:, and
1434:, but
1378:
1371:
1364:
1357:
1349:
1245:
1238:
1231:
1224:
1216:
1107:where
1040:sulfur
1009:corals
805:debris
801:debris
797:runoff
773:sewage
769:rivers
661:basalt
638:sulfur
564:, and
541:, and
449:, and
421:, and
389:oceans
356:, and
344:, and
113:0.469
92:0.546
3253:MALDI
3221:Raman
3073:(PDF)
3034:(PDF)
3012:S2CID
2765:S2CID
2622:S2CID
2565:S2CID
2510:S2CID
2423:S2CID
2365:S2CID
2316:S2CID
2304:(3).
2194:(PDF)
2168:S2CID
1895:S2CID
1611:(PDF)
1470:or a
1383:JSTOR
1369:books
1308:Tools
1250:JSTOR
1236:books
1101:ocean
1042:from
918:ocean
760:ocean
748:noise
740:waste
71:53.6
4007:Atom
3275:HPLC
3092:NASA
3062:PMID
3004:PMID
2901:IUCN
2820:ISSN
2757:ISSN
2702:ISSN
2673:PMID
2614:PMID
2557:ISSN
2502:ISSN
2451:ISBN
2415:PMID
2259:PMID
2198:ISBN
2160:ISSN
2109:PMID
2029:2020
1974:OCLC
1964:ISBN
1941:ISSN
1887:PMID
1879:ISSN
1833:ISSN
1693:PMID
1442:, a
1355:news
1222:news
1137:and
1038:and
1026:and
1007:and
735:and
634:iron
574:S. H
437:and
417:and
409:and
316:and
4017:Ion
3248:ICP
3231:NMR
3054:doi
2994:doi
2982:542
2953:hdl
2943:doi
2881:doi
2861:doi
2747:doi
2663:PMC
2653:doi
2604:doi
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