264:
process. The list of these microorganisms that employ anaerobic respiration though is growing. At the heart of this metabolic process is an electron transport system that is similar to that of chemoorganotrophs. The major difference between these two microorganisms is that chemolithotrophs directly provide electrons to the electron transport chain, while chemoorganotrophs must generate their own cellular reducing power by oxidizing reduced organic compounds. Chemolithotrophs bypass this by obtaining their reducing power directly from the inorganic substrate or by the reverse electron transport reaction. Certain specialized chemolithotrophic bacteria use different derivatives of the Sox system; a central pathway specific to sulfur oxidation. This ancient and unique pathway illustrates the power that chemolithotrophs have evolved to use from inorganic substrates, such as sulfur.
5031:
1272:". Purple and green bacteria oxidize sulfide, sulfur, sulfite, iron or hydrogen. Cyanobacteria and plants extract reducing equivalents from water, i.e., they oxidize water to oxygen. The electrons obtained from the electron donors are not used for ATP production (as long as there is light); they are used in biosynthetic reactions. Some photolithotrophs shift over to chemolithotrophic metabolism in the dark.
311:). Ecosystems establish in and around hydrothermal vents as the abundance of inorganic substances, namely hydrogen, are constantly being supplied via magma in pockets below the sea floor. Other lithotrophs are able to directly use inorganic substances, e.g., ferrous iron, hydrogen sulfide, elemental sulfur, thiosulfate, or ammonia, for some or all of their energy needs.
203:
The survival of these bacteria is dependent on the physiochemical conditions of their environment. Although they are sensitive to certain factors such as quality of inorganic substrate, they are able to thrive under some of the most inhospitable conditions in the world, such as temperatures above 110
263:
can use to produce energy. Sulfur is one of many inorganic substrates that can be used in different reduced forms depending on the specific biochemical process that a lithotroph uses. The chemolithotrophs that are best documented are aerobic respirers, meaning that they use oxygen in their metabolic
1422:
Acid mine drainage drastically alters the acidity (pH values of 2–3) and chemistry of groundwater and streams, and may endanger plant and animal populations downstream of mining areas. Activities similar to acid mine drainage, but on a much lower scale, are also found in natural conditions such as
1236:
Chemolithotrophs use the above-mentioned inorganic compounds for aerobic or anaerobic respiration. The energy produced by the oxidation of these compounds is enough for ATP production. Some of the electrons derived from the inorganic donors also need to be channeled into biosynthesis. Mostly,
1381:. Carbon and nitrogen are important nutrients, essential for metabolic processes, and can sometimes be the limiting factor that affects organismal growth and development. Thus, lithotrophs are key players in both providing and removing these important resource.
1325:. This capability allows for their growth and development on native, oligotrophic rocks and aids in the subsequent deposition of their organic matter (nutrients) for other organisms to colonize. Colonization can initiate the process of organic compound
77:
possesses the ability to use inorganic compounds as electron sources. Macrofauna and lithotrophs can form symbiotic relationships, in which case the lithotrophs are called "prokaryotic symbionts". An example of this is chemolithotrophic bacteria in
1352:
bacteria can also produce organic carbon, some even in the absence of light. Similar to plants, these microbes provide a usable form of energy for organisms to consume. On the contrary, there are lithotrophs that have the ability to
151:
A chemolithotroph is able to use inorganic reduced compounds in its energy-producing reactions. This process involves the oxidation of inorganic compounds coupled to ATP synthesis. The majority of chemolithotrophs are
1223:
will take up and use organic material to complement their carbon dioxide fixation source (mix between autotrophy and heterotrophy). Many lithotrophs are recognized as mixotrophic in regard to their C-metabolism.
1182:
Photolithotrophs such as plants obtain energy from light and therefore use inorganic electron donors such as water only to fuel biosynthetic reactions (e. g., carbon dioxide fixation in lithoautotrophs).
251:, the cells must cull through large amounts of inorganic substrate to secure just a small amount of energy. This makes their metabolic process inefficient in many places and hinders them from thriving.
204:
degrees
Celsius and below 2 pH. The most important requirement for chemolithotropic life is an abundant source of inorganic compounds, which provide a suitable electron donor in order to fix CO
1751:
Amils, Ricardo (2011). "Chemolithotroph". In
Gargaud, Muriel; Amils, Ricardo; Quintanilla, José Cernicharo; Cleaves, Henderson James II; Irvine, William M.; Pinti, Daniele L.; Viso, Michel (eds.).
187:
The term "chemolithotrophy" refers to a cell's acquisition of energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, also known as electron donors. This form of metabolism is believed to occur only in
1237:
additional energy has to be invested to transform these reducing equivalents to the forms and redox potentials needed (mostly NADH or NADPH), which occurs by reverse electron transfer reactions.
2299:
Kartal B, Kuypers MM, Lavik G, Schalk J, Op den Camp HJ, Jetten MS, Strous M (2007). "Anammox bacteria disguised as denitrifiers: nitrate reduction to dinitrogen gas via nitrite and ammonium".
1653:
2780:
1723:
1623:
Baidouri, F. E., Venditti, C., Suzuki, S., Meade, A., & Humphries, S. (2020). Phenotypic reconstruction of the last universal common ancestor reveals a complex cell.
1813:
4040:
3293:
94:. The term "lithotroph" was created from the Greek terms 'lithos' (rock) and 'troph' (consumer), meaning "eaters of rock". Many but not all lithoautotrophs are
1329:: a primary factor for soil genesis. Such a mechanism has been attributed as part of the early evolutionary processes that helped shape the biological Earth.
4184:
86:, which are organelles within plant cells that may have evolved from photolithotrophic cyanobacteria-like organisms. Chemolithotrophs belong to the domains
1575:
4254:
1844:
247:,. The majority of lithotrophs fix carbon dioxide through the Calvin cycle, an energetically expensive process. For some low-energy substrates, such as
212:
can take place in the absence of sunlight, these organisms are found mostly around hydrothermal vents and other locations rich in inorganic substrate.
2520:
Steele, Andrew; Beaty, David, eds. (September 26, 2006). "Final report of the MEPAG Astrobiology Field
Laboratory Science Steering Group (AFL-SSG)".
3791:
2773:
2727:
1361:. These organisms can use iron as either an electron donor, Fe(II) → Fe(III), or as an electron acceptor, Fe (III) → Fe(II). Another example is the
1321:. This group of bacteria are nitrogen-fixing photolithotrophs that are capable of using energy from sunlight and inorganic nutrients from rocks as
2530:
2268:
2107:
2080:
2024:
1203:
and must consume additional organic compounds in order to break them apart and use their carbon. Only a few bacteria are fully lithoheterotrophic.
307:. Plants use energy from sunlight to drive carbon dioxide fixation, but chemosynthesis can take place in the absence of sunlight (e.g., around a
1419:. The acidic product of these specific lithotrophs has the potential to drain from the mining area via water run-off and enter the environment.
1357:, implying their ability to convert organic carbon into another usable form. Lithotrophs play an important role in the biological aspect of the
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4033:
3286:
2659:
Grotzinger, J.P.; et al. (January 24, 2014). "A Habitable Fluvio-Lacustrine
Environment at Yellowknife Bay, Gale Crater, Mars".
1956:
4857:
3546:
1917:"Biochemistry and molecular biology of lithotrophic sulfur oxidation by taxonomically and ecologically diverse bacteria and archaea"
1127:
2377:
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The energy obtained from inorganic oxidation varies depending on the substrate and the reaction. For example, the oxidation of
4289:
4002:
3869:
3581:
299:, use oxygen to oxidize nitrite to nitrate. Some lithotrophs produce organic compounds from carbon dioxide in a process called
2008:
Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Morgan, David; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter (Nov 20, 2014).
1886:
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102:
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1301:. Lithotrophs may be present in a variety of environments, including deep terrestrial subsurfaces, soils, mines, and in
105:
of life is thought to be a chemolithotroph (due to its presence in the prokaryotes). Different from a lithotroph is an
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1377:. Likewise, there are many lithotrophic bacteria that also convert ammonium into nitrogen gas in a process called
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4367:
4259:
4117:
4102:
4097:
3488:
1635:
Lwoff, A., C.B. van Niel, P.J. Ryan, and E.L. Tatum (1946). Nomenclature of nutritional types of microorganisms.
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In addition to this division, lithotrophs differ in the initial energy source which initiates ATP production:
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the rocky beds of glaciers, in soil and talus, on stone monuments and buildings and in the deep subsurface.
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1513:
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551:
276:
50:
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of elements is an essential component of lithotrophs within microbial environments. For example, in the
976:
397:
58:
2279:
1451:) that are often associated with biominerals are believed to play crucial roles in both pre-biotic and
5397:
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54:
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2683:
2549:"Introduction to Special Issue - Habitability, Taphonomy, and the Search for Organic Carbon on Mars"
5402:
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38:
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2704:
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1298:
192:
140:
137:
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2521:
2181:"Bacterial oxidation of ferrous iron by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans in the pH range 2.5–7.0"
1982:
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700:
308:
2023:
Jorge G. Ibanez; Margarita
Hernandez-Esparza; Carmen Doria-Serrano; Mono Mohan Singh (2007).
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2413:
2316:
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1928:
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Lithotrophs participate in many geological processes, such as the formation of soil and the
697:
624:
288:
284:
216:
1439:
and thus could play an important role in the search for past or present life on the planet
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1960:
1607:
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46:
27:
Organism using inorganic substrate to obtain reducing equivalents for use in biosynthesis
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3702:
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3606:
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3438:
3330:
3125:
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3029:
3016:
2965:
2269:"Molecular hydrogen: an energy source for bacterial activity in nuclear waste disposal"
1698:
1529:
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1314:
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629:
304:
300:
272:
268:
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1600:
1393:. Typically occurring in mining areas, this process concerns the active metabolism of
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1933:
1916:
1639:(5th edn.), Vol. XI, The Biological Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, pp. 302–303,
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95:
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403:
248:
165:
42:
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259:
There is a fairly large variation in the types of inorganic substrates that these
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3034:
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2830:
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1570:
1560:
1191:
Lithotrophic bacteria cannot use, of course, their inorganic energy source as a
1071:
480:
275:, and the electrons are channeled into respiratory chains, ultimately producing
232:
188:
106:
17:
2601:
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34:
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1942:
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source for the synthesis of their cells. They choose one of three options:
2728:"Scientists Just Identified an Organism That Thrives on Eating Meteorites"
2498:
5159:
5047:
4760:
4689:
4220:
3727:
3639:
3586:
3541:
1555:
1370:
1366:
1365:. Many lithotrophic bacteria play a role in reducing inorganic nitrogen (
1302:
1290:
786:
773:
719:
87:
1477:
on Mars will now be searching for evidence of ancient life, including a
5299:
4985:
4965:
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4427:
4422:
4049:
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519:
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that generate organic carbon from atmospheric carbon dioxide. Certain
5304:
5294:
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1286:
1192:
587:
380:
362:
280:
220:
2602:"Special Issue - Table of Contents - Exploring Martian Habitability"
2417:
1910:
1908:
314:
Here are a few examples of chemolithotrophic pathways, any of which
2139:. Advances in Marine Biology. Vol. 48. Elsevier. p. 285.
2079:
Lengeler, Joseph W.; Drews, Gerhart; Schlegel, Hans GĂĽnter (1999).
1885:
Lengeler, Joseph W; Drews, Gerhart; Schlegel, Hans G (2009-07-10).
1505:
1501:
1389:
Lithotrophic microbes are responsible for the phenomenon known as
1241:
1214:
236:
134:
74:
2633:"Special Collection - Curiosity - Exploring Martian Habitability"
1755:(2011 ed.). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 289–291.
208:
and produce the energy the microorganism needs to survive. Since
2752:
1533:
1509:
1459:
1440:
4839:
4022:
3275:
2762:
1210:
2133:
Canfield, Donald E.; Kristensen, Erik; Thamdrup, Bo (2005).
1297:. Lithotrophs also associate with the modern-day issue of
109:, an organism which obtains its reducing agents from the
191:
and was first characterized by
Ukrainian microbiologist
2596:
2594:
2410:
Microorganisms in soils roles in genesis and functions
2376:
J. Heritage; E. G. V. Evans; R. A. Killington (1999).
2052:"Oxidation of Inorganic Compounds by Chemolithotrophs"
1786:"Oxidation of Inorganic Compounds by Chemolithotrophs"
1724:"Oxidation of Inorganic Compounds by Chemolithotrophs"
287:
bacteria), but a variety of other electron acceptors,
2109:
Biogeochemistry of
Wetlands: Science and Applications
1861:
Microbial
Diversity: Form and Function in Prokaryotes
2473:
Kappler, Andreas; Straub, Kristina L. (2005-01-01).
2382:(Repr ed.). Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Press.
2267:
Libert M, Esnault L, Jullien M, Bildstein O (2010).
1313:
A primary example of lithotrophs that contribute to
295:. Aerobic bacteria such as the nitrifying bacteria,
5198:
5122:
5101:
5038:
4994:
4958:
4882:
4873:
4698:
4598:
4523:
4396:
4333:
4193:
4061:
3963:
3842:
3769:
3726:
3648:
3615:
3512:
3424:
3318:
3248:
3221:
3193:
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3155:
3146:
3124:
3082:
3073:
3044:
3015:
2986:
2935:
2895:
2886:
2864:
2822:
2796:
2054:. In Lengeler, J.; Drews, G.; Schlegel, H. (eds.).
1788:. In Lengeler, J.; Drews, G.; Schlegel, H. (eds.).
1726:. In Lengeler, J.; Drews, G.; Schlegel, H. (eds.).
1637:
Cold Spring Harbor
Symposia on Quantitative Biology
2012:(Sixth ed.). Garland Science. pp. 11–12.
1401:. One example is the acidophilic bacterial genus,
1199:Lithoheterotrophs do not have the ability to fix
2542:
2540:
239:/mol) than the oxidation of elemental sulfur to
37:substrate (usually of mineral origin) to obtain
2412:. Soil Biology. Vol. 3. Berlin: Springer.
1687:
1685:
1652:Horneck, Gerda; Rettberg, Petra, eds. (2007).
4851:
4034:
3287:
2774:
2342:
2340:
2106:Reddy, K. Ramesh; DeLaune, Ronald D. (2008).
1921:National Centre for Biotechnology Information
318:use oxygen or nitrate as electron acceptors:
8:
2238:
2236:
2211:
2209:
1244:as their energy source. These organisms are
2449:Soil Microbiology, Ecology and Biochemistry
1694:"Visions of Life on Mars in Earth's Depths"
1576:Dissimilatory metal-reducing microorganisms
1344:, there are certain bacteria classified as
4879:
4858:
4844:
4836:
4255:Latitudinal gradients in species diversity
4041:
4027:
4019:
3294:
3280:
3272:
3190:
3152:
3143:
3079:
2892:
2883:
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2408:François Buscot; Ajit Varma, eds. (2005).
2174:
2172:
320:
184:, iron oxidizers, and hydrogen oxidizers.
33:are a diverse group of organisms using an
2682:
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2320:
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2292:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2256:
1932:
1625:https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.20.260398
267:In chemolithotrophs, the compounds – the
4153:Predator–prey (Lotka–Volterra) equations
3792:Tritrophic interactions in plant defense
2547:Grotzinger, John P. (January 24, 2014).
2403:
2401:
2399:
1717:
1715:
1228:Chemolithotrophs versus photolithotrophs
1209:are able to use carbon dioxide from the
1187:Lithoheterotrophs versus lithoautotrophs
291:and inorganic, are also used by various
4185:Random generalized Lotka–Volterra model
2531:Mars Exploration Program Analysis Group
2441:
2439:
2437:
2371:
2369:
2367:
1592:
1397:and other reduced sulfur components to
3993:Herbivore adaptations to plant defense
2479:Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry
2058:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 249.
1864:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 169.
1843:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1836:
1792:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 243.
1730:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 242.
1496:, as well as ancient water, including
65:include photolithotrophs like plants,
2452:. Academic Press, 2014. p. 598.
2026:Environmental Chemistry: Fundamentals
1983:"Lithotrophic Bacteria - Rock Eaters"
1692:Chang, Kenneth (September 12, 2016).
1490:
1462:reported that current studies by the
243:(150 kcal/mol or 627 kJ/mol) by 3/2 O
7:
4008:Predator avoidance in schooling fish
2475:"Geomicrobiological Cycling of Iron"
2085:. Georg Thieme Verlag. p. 249.
4458:Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
4211:Ecological effects of biodiversity
2276:Physics and Chemistry of the Earth
121:The term was suggested in 1946 by
25:
3547:Generalist and specialist species
2614:(6169): 345–452. January 24, 2014
2523:The Astrobiology Field Laboratory
1989:. University of Wisconsin-Madison
1536:is now a primary NASA objective.
1435:could be important indicators of
1213:as a carbon source, the same way
1128:Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans
255:Overview of the metabolic process
168:, a metabolic pathway in which CO
5029:
4270:Occupancy–abundance relationship
2745:Minerals and the Origins of Life
2313:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.01183.x
1934:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2009.00187.x
1661:. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH.
63:lithotrophs in the broader sense
49:) or energy conservation (i.e.,
4290:Relative abundance distribution
4003:Plant defense against herbivory
3870:Competitive exclusion principle
3582:Mesopredator release hypothesis
1655:Complete Course in Astrobiology
279:. The electron acceptor can be
3875:Consumer–resource interactions
1498:fluvio-lacustrine environments
345:Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans
333:Respiration electron acceptor
103:last universal common ancestor
1:
4721:Biological data visualization
4548:Environmental niche modelling
4275:Population viability analysis
2446:Paul, Eldor A. (2014-11-14).
2200:10.1016/S0304-386X(03)00151-8
2145:10.1016/S0065-2881(05)48017-7
2010:Molecular Biology of the Cell
1761:10.1007/978-3-642-11274-4_273
1516:. The search for evidence of
983:Desulfotignum phosphitoxidans
227:produces far less energy (50
4206:Density-dependent inhibition
3240:Heliobacterium modesticaldum
2179:Meruane G, Vargas T (2003).
1858:Ogunseitan, Oladele (2008).
1753:Encyclopedia of Astrobiology
4675:Liebig's law of the minimum
4510:Resource selection function
3401:Metabolic theory of ecology
2755:) (video, 60m, April 2014).
2533:(MEPAG) - NASA. p. 72.
1431:It has been suggested that
199:Habitat of chemolithotrophs
180:includes sulfur oxidizers,
5429:
4575:Niche apportionment models
4295:Relative species abundance
3499:Primary nutritional groups
3396:List of feeding behaviours
3256:Primary nutritional groups
2955:Rhodopseudomonas palustris
2888:Purple non-sulfur bacteria
2726:McRae, Mike (2019-12-05).
2301:Environmental Microbiology
2112:. CRC Press. p. 466.
2082:Biology of the Prokaryotes
2056:Biology of the Prokaryotes
1888:Biology of the Prokaryotes
1790:Biology of the Prokaryotes
1728:Biology of the Prokaryotes
1250:photolithotrophic bacteria
837:Thiobacillus denitrificans
830:Thiobacillus denitrificans
5377:Category:Eating behaviors
5352:
5027:
4824:
4756:Ecosystem based fisheries
4368:Interspecific competition
4260:Minimum viable population
4118:Maximum sustainable yield
4103:Intraspecific competition
4098:Effective population size
3978:Anti-predator adaptations
3489:Photosynthetic efficiency
3148:Green non-sulfur bacteria
2029:. Springer. p. 156.
1915:Ghosh, W; Dam, B (2009).
1891:. John Wiley & Sons.
1122:Carboxydotrophic bacteria
973:Sulfate-reducing bacteria
912:Sulfate-reducing bacteria
707:Cupriavidus metallidurans
619:Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria
4746:Ecological stoichiometry
4711:Alternative stable state
3171:Chloroflexus aurantiacus
2790:Phototrophic prokaryotes
5357:Antipredator adaptation
4590:Ontogenetic niche shift
4453:Ideal free distribution
4363:Ecological facilitation
4113:Malthusian growth model
4083:Consumer-resource model
3940:Paradox of the plankton
3905:Energy systems language
3625:Chemoorganoheterotrophy
3592:Optimal foraging theory
3567:Heterotrophic nutrition
2693:10.1126/science.1242777
2576:10.1126/science.1249944
2346:Zwolinski, Michele D. "
2215:Zwolinski, Michele D. "
2136:Aquatic Geomicrobiology
1599:Zwolinski, Michele D. "
1369:) to organic nitrogen (
1277:Geological significance
536:(oxygen) + 4H + 4e → 2H
460:(oxygen) + 4H + 4e → 2H
303:, much as plants do in
47:carbon dioxide fixation
4736:Ecological forecasting
4680:Marginal value theorem
4478:Landscape epidemiology
4413:Cross-boundary subsidy
4348:Biological interaction
3698:Microbial intelligence
3386:Green world hypothesis
3108:Ectothiorhodospiraceae
3075:Purple sulfur bacteria
2379:Microbiology in action
2359:Weber State University
2228:Weber State University
1612:Weber State University
1373:) in a process called
1338:Biogeochemical cycling
1333:Biogeochemical cycling
1283:biogeochemical cycling
1044:(sulfate) + 8H + 6e →
922:Desulfovibrio paquesii
736:(oxygen) + 4H + 4e→ 2H
683:(oxygen) + 4H + 4e→ 2H
604:(oxygen) + 4H + 4e→ 2H
552:purple sulfur bacteria
271:– are oxidized in the
113:of organic compounds.
4741:Ecological humanities
4640:Ecological energetics
4585:Niche differentiation
4448:Habitat fragmentation
4216:Ecological extinction
4163:Small population size
3915:Feed conversion ratio
3895:Ecological succession
3827:San Francisco Estuary
3741:Ecological efficiency
3683:Microbial cooperation
3186:Green sulfur bacteria
3131:Bacteriochlorophylls
3088:γ-Proteobacteria
3050:β-Proteobacteria
3021:β-Proteobacteria
2992:α-Proteobacteria
2941:α-Proteobacteria
2901:α-Proteobacteria
2871:Bacteriochlorophylls
2499:10.2138/rmg.2005.59.5
1551:Electrolithoautotroph
1512:) that may have been
1491:chemolithoautotrophic
1458:On January 24, 2014,
1437:extraterrestrial life
1350:chemolithoautotrophic
1240:Photolithotrophs use
1087:(hydrogen) → 2H + 2e
933:(hydrogen) → 2H + 2e
887:(nitrate) + 6H + 5e→
804:(nitrite) + 4H + 3e→
398:Nitrosifying bacteria
59:anaerobic respiration
4766:Evolutionary ecology
4731:Ecological footprint
4726:Ecological economics
4650:Ecological threshold
4645:Ecological indicator
4515:Source–sink dynamics
4468:Land change modeling
4463:Insular biogeography
4315:Species distribution
4054:Modelling ecosystems
3713:Microbial metabolism
3552:Intraguild predation
3341:Biogeochemical cycle
3307:Modelling ecosystems
3261:Microbial metabolism
3228:Bacteriochlorophyll
1566:Microbial metabolism
1404:A. ferrooxidans
1346:photolithoautotrophs
365:iron) + e
330:Source of electrons
154:chemolithoautotrophs
133:Lithotrophs consume
39:reducing equivalents
5372:Carnivorous protist
5226:Intraguild predator
4816:Theoretical ecology
4791:Natural environment
4655:Ecosystem diversity
4625:Ecological collapse
4615:Bateman's principle
4570:Limiting similarity
4483:Landscape limnology
4305:Species homogeneity
4143:Population modeling
4138:Population dynamics
3955:Trophic state index
2675:2014Sci...343A.386G
2567:2014Sci...343..386G
2491:2005RvMG...59...85K
2244:Nitrifying bacteria
2050:Kuenen, G. (2009).
1981:Paustian, Timothy.
1784:Kuenen, G. (2009).
1722:Kuenen, G. (2009).
1504:related to ancient
1363:cycling of nitrogen
1260:), green bacteria (
557:Halothiobacillaceae
475:Nitrifying bacteria
182:nitrifying bacteria
143:(electron donors).
125:and collaborators.
5367:Carnivorous fungus
5017:Sexual cannibalism
5002:Animal cannibalism
4867:Feeding behaviours
4827:Outline of ecology
4776:Industrial ecology
4771:Functional ecology
4635:Ecological deficit
4580:Niche construction
4543:Ecosystem engineer
4320:Species–area curve
4241:Introduced species
4056:: Other components
3988:Deimatic behaviour
3890:Ecological network
3822:North Pacific Gyre
3807:hydrothermal vents
3746:Ecological pyramid
3693:Microbial food web
3504:Primary production
3449:Foundation species
2641:. January 24, 2014
2353:2013-08-24 at the
2222:2013-08-24 at the
1957:"The Calvin Cycle"
1606:2013-08-24 at the
1581:Zetaproteobacteria
1445:organic components
1391:acid mine drainage
1385:Acid mine drainage
1299:acid mine drainage
977:Phosphite bacteria
193:Sergei Winogradsky
5385:
5384:
5362:Carnivorous plant
5238:Aquatic predation
5025:
5024:
5007:Human cannibalism
4833:
4832:
4716:Balance of nature
4473:Landscape ecology
4358:Community ecology
4300:Species diversity
4236:Indicator species
4231:Gradient analysis
4108:Logistic function
4016:
4015:
3973:Animal coloration
3950:Trophic mutualism
3688:Microbial ecology
3479:Photoheterotrophs
3464:Myco-heterotrophy
3376:Ecosystem ecology
3361:Carrying capacity
3326:Abiotic component
3269:
3268:
3217:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3180:
3179:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3102:Chromatium okenii
3069:
3068:
2961:Hyphomicrobiaceae
2910:Rhodospirillaceae
2803:Bacteriorhodopsin
2669:(6169): 1242777.
2561:(6169): 386–387.
2459:978-0-12-391411-8
2427:978-3-540-26609-9
2389:978-0-521-62111-3
2154:978-0-12-026147-5
2119:978-1-56670-678-0
2092:978-3-13-108411-8
2065:978-1-4443-1330-7
2036:978-0-387-26061-7
1898:978-1-4443-1330-7
1871:978-1-4051-4448-3
1799:978-1-4443-1330-7
1770:978-3-642-11271-3
1737:978-1-4443-1330-7
1668:978-3-527-40660-9
1375:nitrogen fixation
1175:
1174:
916:Hydrogen bacteria
701:hydrogen bacteria
309:hydrothermal vent
176:. This group of
16:(Redirected from
5420:
5231:Pursuit predator
5033:
5012:Self-cannibalism
4880:
4860:
4853:
4846:
4837:
4533:Ecological niche
4505:selection theory
4325:Umbrella species
4310:Species richness
4246:Invasive species
4226:Flagship species
4133:Population cycle
4128:Overexploitation
4093:Ecological yield
4043:
4036:
4029:
4020:
3925:Mesotrophic soil
3865:Climax community
3797:Marine food webs
3736:Biomagnification
3537:Chemoorganotroph
3391:Keystone species
3351:Biotic component
3296:
3289:
3282:
3273:
3191:
3153:
3144:
3080:
3001:Rhodobacteraceae
2950:Nitrobacteraceae
2937:Hyphomicrobiales
2921:Acetobacteraceae
2897:Rhodospirillales
2893:
2884:
2783:
2776:
2769:
2760:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2713:
2712:
2686:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2598:
2589:
2588:
2578:
2544:
2535:
2534:
2528:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2443:
2432:
2431:
2405:
2394:
2393:
2373:
2362:
2344:
2335:
2334:
2324:
2296:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2278:. Archived from
2273:
2264:
2251:
2240:
2231:
2213:
2204:
2203:
2185:
2176:
2167:
2166:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1959:. Archived from
1953:
1947:
1946:
1936:
1912:
1903:
1902:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1842:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1825:
1819:. Archived from
1818:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1719:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1689:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1660:
1649:
1643:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1615:
1597:
1443:. Furthermore,
1409:iron(II) sulfide
1178:Photolithotrophs
1169:
1168:
1148:
1147:
1115:
1114:
1064:
1063:
1054:
1053:
1042:
1041:
1023:
1022:
1011:
1010:
997:
996:
966:
965:
956:
955:
945:
944:
904:
903:
885:
884:
871:
870:
860:
859:
850:
849:
821:
820:
802:
801:
770:
769:
744:
743:
734:
733:
691:
690:
681:
680:
663:
662:
652:
651:
642:
641:
625:Rhodobacteraceae
612:
611:
602:
601:
584:
583:
569:
568:
544:
543:
534:
533:
516:
515:
505:
504:
495:
494:
468:
467:
458:
457:
439:
438:
427:
426:
391:
390:
377:
376:
321:
217:hydrogen sulfide
172:is converted to
147:Chemolithotrophs
80:giant tube worms
69:are exclusively
67:chemolithotrophs
53:production) via
21:
18:Chemolithotrophs
5428:
5427:
5423:
5422:
5421:
5419:
5418:
5417:
5388:
5387:
5386:
5381:
5348:
5339:Surplus killing
5211:Ambush predator
5194:
5118:
5097:
5034:
5021:
4990:
4954:
4869:
4864:
4834:
4829:
4820:
4806:Systems ecology
4694:
4665:Extinction debt
4630:Ecological debt
4620:Bioluminescence
4601:
4594:
4563:marine habitats
4538:Ecological trap
4519:
4399:
4392:
4335:
4329:
4285:Rapoport's rule
4280:Priority effect
4221:Endemic species
4189:
4148:Population size
4064:
4057:
4047:
4017:
4012:
3965:
3959:
3945:Trophic cascade
3855:Bioaccumulation
3838:
3765:
3722:
3644:
3611:
3508:
3420:
3381:Ecosystem model
3314:
3300:
3270:
3265:
3244:
3225:
3209:
3176:
3128:
3112:
3065:
3040:
3011:
2988:Rhodobacterales
2982:
2931:
2868:
2866:Purple bacteria
2860:
2841:Prochlorococcus
2828:
2818:
2800:
2792:
2787:
2736:
2734:
2725:
2722:
2717:
2716:
2684:10.1.1.455.3973
2658:
2657:
2653:
2644:
2642:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2617:
2615:
2600:
2599:
2592:
2546:
2545:
2538:
2526:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2460:
2445:
2444:
2435:
2428:
2418:10.1007/b137872
2407:
2406:
2397:
2390:
2375:
2374:
2365:
2355:Wayback Machine
2345:
2338:
2298:
2297:
2290:
2282:
2271:
2266:
2265:
2254:
2241:
2234:
2224:Wayback Machine
2214:
2207:
2188:Hydrometallurgy
2183:
2178:
2177:
2170:
2155:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2120:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2037:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1992:
1990:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1966:
1964:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1927:(6): 999–1043.
1914:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1872:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1835:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1814:"Archived copy"
1812:
1811:
1807:
1800:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1721:
1720:
1713:
1704:
1702:
1691:
1690:
1683:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1658:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1634:
1630:
1622:
1618:
1608:Wayback Machine
1598:
1594:
1589:
1542:
1429:
1414:
1387:
1379:denitrification
1335:
1311:
1279:
1254:purple bacteria
1230:
1207:Lithoautotrophs
1189:
1180:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1154:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1138:carbon monoxide
1113:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1101:
1094:
1085:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1004:
995:
992:
991:
990:
964:
961:
960:
959:
954:
952:
951:
950:
943:
940:
939:
938:
931:
902:
899:
898:
897:
896:(nitrogen) + 3H
894:
883:
880:
879:
878:
869:
866:
865:
864:
858:
855:
854:
853:
848:
846:
845:
844:
819:
816:
815:
814:
813:(nitrogen) + 2H
811:
800:
797:
796:
795:
783:
768:
765:
764:
763:
757:Planctomycetota
742:
739:
738:
737:
732:
729:
728:
727:
716:
689:
686:
685:
684:
679:
676:
675:
674:
661:
658:
657:
656:
650:
647:
646:
645:
640:
638:
637:
636:
627:
610:
607:
606:
605:
600:
597:
596:
595:
582:
580:
579:
578:
567:
565:
564:
563:
542:
539:
538:
537:
532:
529:
528:
527:
514:
511:
510:
509:
503:
500:
499:
498:
493:
490:
489:
488:
466:
463:
462:
461:
456:
453:
452:
451:
437:
434:
433:
432:
425:
422:
421:
420:
413:
389:
386:
385:
384:
383:) + 4H + 4e→ 2H
375:
372:
371:
370:
269:electron donors
257:
246:
226:
207:
201:
171:
163:
149:
131:
119:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5426:
5424:
5416:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5390:
5389:
5383:
5382:
5380:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5353:
5350:
5349:
5347:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5314:Hypercarnivore
5311:
5310:
5309:
5308:
5307:
5297:
5290:Cattle feeding
5287:
5282:
5281:
5280:
5275:
5273:Feeding frenzy
5270:
5265:
5260:
5258:Suction feeder
5255:
5250:
5245:
5235:
5234:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5202:
5200:
5196:
5195:
5193:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5126:
5124:
5120:
5119:
5117:
5116:
5111:
5105:
5103:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5068:Seed predation
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5044:
5042:
5036:
5035:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4998:
4996:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4962:
4960:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4886:
4884:
4877:
4871:
4870:
4865:
4863:
4862:
4855:
4848:
4840:
4831:
4830:
4825:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4786:Microecosystem
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4702:
4700:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4692:
4687:
4685:Thorson's rule
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4610:Assembly rules
4606:
4604:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4566:
4565:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4529:
4527:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4495:
4493:Patch dynamics
4490:
4488:Metapopulation
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4404:
4402:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4390:
4385:
4383:Storage effect
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4339:
4337:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4265:Neutral theory
4262:
4257:
4252:
4250:Native species
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4197:
4195:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4175:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4123:Overpopulation
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4069:
4067:
4059:
4058:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4038:
4031:
4023:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3969:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3930:Nutrient cycle
3927:
3922:
3920:Feeding frenzy
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3900:Energy quality
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3860:Cascade effect
3857:
3852:
3846:
3844:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3773:
3771:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3732:
3730:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3703:Microbial loop
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3668:Lithoautotroph
3665:
3660:
3654:
3652:
3650:Microorganisms
3646:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3621:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3607:Prey switching
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3518:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3484:Photosynthesis
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3439:Chemosynthesis
3436:
3430:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3331:Abiotic stress
3328:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3315:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3291:
3284:
3276:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3236:
3234:
3219:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3199:
3197:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3166:
3164:
3150:
3141:
3126:Green bacteria
3122:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3093:
3091:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3055:
3053:
3046:Comamonadaceae
3042:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3030:Rhodocyclaceae
3026:
3024:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
2997:
2995:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2969:
2966:Rhodomicrobium
2958:
2946:
2944:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2918:
2915:Rhodospirillum
2906:
2904:
2890:
2881:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2851:
2844:
2836:
2834:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2808:
2806:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2742:
2721:
2720:External links
2718:
2715:
2714:
2651:
2624:
2590:
2536:
2512:
2465:
2458:
2433:
2426:
2395:
2388:
2363:
2336:
2288:
2285:on 2014-07-27.
2252:
2232:
2205:
2168:
2153:
2125:
2118:
2098:
2091:
2071:
2064:
2042:
2035:
2015:
2000:
1973:
1948:
1904:
1897:
1877:
1870:
1850:
1805:
1798:
1776:
1769:
1743:
1736:
1711:
1699:New York Times
1681:
1667:
1644:
1628:
1616:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1541:
1538:
1532:on the planet
1530:organic carbon
1494:microorganisms
1428:
1425:
1415:) to generate
1412:
1386:
1383:
1334:
1331:
1315:soil formation
1310:
1309:Soil formation
1307:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1248:; examples of
1246:photosynthetic
1238:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1218:
1204:
1201:carbon dioxide
1188:
1185:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1165:
1157:
1152:
1144:
1131:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1111:
1099:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1060:
1051:
1038:
1031:
1019:
1007:
993:
986:
979:
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953:
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840:
833:
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817:
809:
798:
791:
781:
766:
759:
754:
747:
746:
740:
730:
723:
714:
710:
703:
694:
693:
687:
677:
670:
659:
648:
639:
632:
630:Thiotrichaceae
621:
615:
614:
608:
598:
591:
581:
566:
559:
554:
547:
546:
540:
530:
523:
512:
501:
491:
484:
477:
471:
470:
464:
454:
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435:
423:
411:
407:
400:
394:
393:
387:
373:
366:
348:
341:
335:
334:
331:
328:
325:
305:photosynthesis
301:chemosynthesis
261:microorganisms
256:
253:
244:
224:
210:chemosynthesis
205:
200:
197:
169:
164:) through the
161:
158:carbon dioxide
156:, able to fix
148:
145:
130:
127:
118:
115:
71:microorganisms
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5425:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5354:
5351:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5324:Mesocarnivore
5322:
5320:
5319:Hypocarnivore
5317:
5315:
5312:
5306:
5303:
5302:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5292:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5279:
5278:Filter feeder
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5268:Bottom feeder
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5240:
5239:
5236:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5216:Apex predator
5214:
5212:
5209:
5208:
5207:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5197:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5121:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5100:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5045:
5043:
5041:
5037:
5032:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4995:cannibalistic
4993:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4981:Breastfeeding
4979:
4977:
4976:Placentophagy
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4957:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4895:Egg predation
4893:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4861:
4856:
4854:
4849:
4847:
4842:
4841:
4838:
4828:
4823:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4811:Urban ecology
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4697:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4670:Kleiber's law
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4597:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4526:
4522:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4443:Foster's rule
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4401:
4395:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4332:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4192:
4186:
4183:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4169:
4166:
4164:
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4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4060:
4055:
4051:
4044:
4039:
4037:
4032:
4030:
4025:
4024:
4021:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3962:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3841:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3762:
3761:Trophic level
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3719:
3718:Phage ecology
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3708:Microbial mat
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3663:Bacteriophage
3661:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3630:Decomposition
3628:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3577:Mesopredators
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3522:Apex predator
3520:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3356:Biotic stress
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3297:
3292:
3290:
3285:
3283:
3278:
3277:
3274:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3224:
3223:Heliobacteria
3220:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3127:
3123:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3097:Chromatiaceae
3095:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3018:
3017:Rhodocyclales
3014:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2867:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2848:Synechococcus
2845:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2826:
2825:Cyanobacteria
2821:
2815:
2814:
2813:Halobacterium
2810:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2784:
2779:
2777:
2772:
2770:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2733:
2729:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2663:
2655:
2652:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2628:
2625:
2613:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2532:
2525:
2524:
2516:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2485:(1): 85–108.
2484:
2480:
2476:
2469:
2466:
2461:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2429:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2307:(3): 635–42.
2306:
2302:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2281:
2277:
2270:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2194:(1): 149–58.
2193:
2189:
2182:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2129:
2126:
2121:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2102:
2099:
2094:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2075:
2072:
2067:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2046:
2043:
2038:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2019:
2016:
2011:
2004:
2001:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1974:
1963:on 2013-05-04
1962:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1881:
1878:
1873:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1854:
1851:
1846:
1840:
1826:on 2013-08-26
1822:
1815:
1809:
1806:
1801:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1777:
1772:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1744:
1739:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1670:
1664:
1657:
1656:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1638:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1596:
1593:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1449:biosignatures
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1418:
1417:sulfuric acid
1410:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1327:decomposition
1324:
1320:
1319:Cyanobacteria
1316:
1308:
1306:
1305:communities.
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1276:
1271:
1270:Cyanobacteria
1267:
1266:Chloroflexota
1263:
1262:Chlorobiaceae
1259:
1258:Chromatiaceae
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1227:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1186:
1184:
1177:
1170:
1158:
1155:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1106:
1102:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1056:(sulfur) + 4H
1055:
1043:
1032:
1030:
1029:) + 2H + 2e
1028:
1024:
1002:
998:
987:
985:
984:
980:
978:
974:
971:
970:
957:
946:
935:
932:
926:
924:
923:
919:
917:
913:
910:
909:
906:
895:
886:
875:
872:
852:(sulfur) + 4H
851:
841:
839:
838:
834:
832:
831:
827:
826:
823:
812:
803:
792:
790:
788:
784:
775:
771:
760:
758:
755:
752:
749:
748:
735:
724:
721:
717:
711:
709:
708:
704:
702:
699:
696:
695:
682:
671:
668:
664:
644:(sulfur) + 4H
643:
633:
631:
626:
623:Chemotrophic
622:
620:
617:
616:
603:
592:
589:
585:
574:
570:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:Chemotrophic
549:
548:
535:
524:
521:
517:
497:(nitrite) + H
496:
485:
483:
482:
478:
476:
473:
472:
459:
448:
446:
444:
440:
418:
414:
408:
406:
405:
401:
399:
396:
395:
382:
378:
367:
364:
360:
356:
352:
349:
347:
346:
342:
340:
339:Iron bacteria
337:
336:
332:
329:
326:
323:
322:
319:
317:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
265:
262:
254:
252:
250:
242:
238:
234:
230:
222:
219:to elemental
218:
213:
211:
198:
196:
194:
190:
185:
183:
179:
175:
167:
159:
155:
146:
144:
142:
139:
136:
128:
126:
124:
116:
114:
112:
108:
104:
99:
97:
96:extremophiles
93:
89:
85:
81:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
5413:Soil biology
5408:Microbiology
5344:Trophallaxis
5248:Pivot feeder
5243:Lunge feeder
5221:Egg predator
5179:
5109:Phagocytosis
4959:reproductive
4930:Myrmecophagy
4920:Molluscivore
4796:Regime shift
4781:Macroecology
4502:
4498:
4438:Edge effects
4408:Biogeography
4353:Commensalism
4201:Biodiversity
4078:Allee effect
3817:kelp forests
3770:Example webs
3672:
3635:Detritivores
3474:Organotrophs
3454:Kinetotrophs
3406:Productivity
3239:
3229:
3202:
3169:
3157:Chloroflexia
3136:
3132:
3100:
3084:Chromatiales
3058:
3033:
3004:
2975:
2972:Rhodobiaceae
2964:
2953:
2924:
2913:
2876:
2872:
2853:
2846:
2839:
2811:
2749:Robert Hazen
2735:. Retrieved
2732:ScienceAlert
2731:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2643:. Retrieved
2636:
2627:
2616:. Retrieved
2611:
2605:
2558:
2552:
2522:
2515:
2482:
2478:
2468:
2448:
2409:
2378:
2358:
2304:
2300:
2280:the original
2275:
2247:
2227:
2191:
2187:
2135:
2128:
2108:
2101:
2081:
2074:
2055:
2045:
2025:
2018:
2009:
2003:
1991:. Retrieved
1986:
1976:
1965:. Retrieved
1961:the original
1951:
1924:
1920:
1887:
1880:
1860:
1853:
1828:. Retrieved
1821:the original
1808:
1789:
1779:
1752:
1746:
1727:
1703:. Retrieved
1697:
1674:13 September
1672:. Retrieved
1654:
1647:
1636:
1631:
1619:
1611:
1595:
1524:(related to
1518:habitability
1487:chemotrophic
1470:
1464:
1457:
1430:
1427:Astrobiology
1421:
1403:
1388:
1367:nitrogen gas
1342:carbon cycle
1336:
1312:
1293:, and other
1280:
1231:
1190:
1181:
1160:
1150:
1133:
1126:
1097:
1096:+ 8H + 8e →
1090:
1081:
1046:
1045:
1033:
1014:
1013:
988:
981:
948:
947:+ 8H + 6e →
936:
927:
920:
890:
888:
876:
862:
842:
835:
828:
807:
805:
793:
789:) + 4H + 3e
779:
777:
761:
725:
722:) → 2H + 2e
712:
705:
672:
669:) + 8H + 6e
654:
634:
593:
576:
561:
525:
522:) + 2H + 2e
507:
486:
479:
449:
445:) + 7H + 6e
430:
429:
409:
404:Nitrosomonas
402:
368:
358:
350:
343:
315:
313:
296:
266:
258:
249:ferrous iron
214:
202:
186:
166:Calvin cycle
150:
132:
129:Biochemistry
120:
100:
43:biosynthesis
30:
29:
5398:Lithotrophs
5165:Planktivore
5150:Detritivore
5145:Coprophagia
5135:Bacterivore
5130:Microbivory
5114:Myzocytosis
5073:Nectarivore
5063:Graminivore
4910:Lepidophagy
4905:Insectivore
4900:Hematophagy
4433:Disturbance
4336:interaction
4158:Recruitment
4088:Depensation
3880:Copiotrophs
3751:Energy flow
3673:Lithotrophy
3617:Decomposers
3597:Planktivore
3572:Insectivore
3562:Heterotroph
3527:Bacterivore
3494:Phototrophs
3444:Chemotrophs
3416:Restoration
3366:Competition
3195:Chlorobiota
3035:Rhodocyclus
3006:Rhodobacter
2831:Chlorophyll
2798:Haloarchaea
1571:Organotroph
1561:Heterotroph
1483:autotrophic
1471:Opportunity
1455:reactions.
1433:biominerals
1407:, that use
1171:(hydrogen)
1072:Methanogens
481:Nitrobacter
297:Nitrobacter
189:prokaryotes
107:organotroph
73:; no known
41:for use in
31:Lithotrophs
5403:Metabolism
5392:Categories
5329:Parasitism
5263:Bait balls
5253:Ram feeder
5185:Plastivore
5180:Lithotroph
5170:Saprophagy
5093:Osteophagy
5083:Palynivore
5040:Herbivores
4971:Paedophagy
4945:Spongivore
4935:Ophiophagy
4875:Carnivores
4801:Sexecology
4378:Parasitism
4343:Antibiosis
4178:Resistance
4173:Resilience
4063:Population
3983:Camouflage
3935:Oligotroph
3850:Ascendency
3812:intertidal
3802:cold seeps
3756:Food chain
3557:Herbivores
3532:Carnivores
3459:Mixotrophs
3434:Autotrophs
3313:components
3204:Chlorobium
3161:Eobacteria
3060:Rhodoferax
2737:2019-12-05
2645:2014-01-24
2618:2014-01-24
2529:. U.S.A.:
2348:Lithotroph
2322:2066/35123
2217:Lithotroph
1967:2013-05-15
1830:2013-05-15
1705:2016-09-12
1601:Lithotroph
1587:References
1359:iron cycle
1323:reductants
1221:Mixotrophs
1159:2H + 2e →
1156:+ 2H + 2e
873:+ 8H + 6e
111:catabolism
75:macrofauna
5334:Scavenger
5206:Predation
5175:Xenophagy
5155:Geophagia
5140:Fungivore
5088:Xylophagy
5078:Mellivory
5058:Frugivore
5053:Florivore
4950:Vermivore
4940:Piscivore
4925:Mucophagy
4915:Man-eater
4706:Allometry
4660:Emergence
4388:Symbiosis
4373:Mutualism
4168:Stability
4073:Abundance
3885:Dominance
3843:Processes
3832:tide pool
3728:Food webs
3602:Predation
3587:Omnivores
3514:Consumers
3469:Mycotroph
3426:Producers
3371:Ecosystem
3336:Behaviour
2977:Rhodobium
2926:Rhodopila
2679:CiteSeerX
2507:1529-6466
2248:PowerShow
1993:6 October
1614:. p. 1-2.
1546:Autotroph
1522:taphonomy
1514:habitable
1481:based on
1479:biosphere
1465:Curiosity
1027:phosphate
1001:phosphite
753:bacteria
327:Examples
178:organisms
141:compounds
138:inorganic
35:inorganic
5285:Browsing
5160:Omnivore
5102:Cellular
5048:Folivore
4761:Endolith
4690:Xerosere
4602:networks
4418:Ecocline
3964:Defense,
3640:Detritus
3542:Foraging
3411:Resource
3249:See also
2709:52836398
2701:24324272
2585:24458635
2351:Archived
2331:17298364
2250:. p. 12.
2220:Archived
2163:15797449
1987:Lecturer
1943:19645821
1839:cite web
1604:Archived
1556:Endolith
1540:See also
1371:ammonium
1303:endolith
1295:elements
1291:nitrogen
1268:), and "
1256:(e. g.,
787:nitrogen
774:ammonium
720:hydrogen
357:iron) →
88:Bacteria
84:plastids
61:. While
5300:Grazing
5199:Methods
4986:Weaning
4966:Oophagy
4890:Avivore
4751:Ecopath
4558:Habitat
4428:Ecotype
4423:Ecotone
4400:ecology
4398:Spatial
4334:Species
4194:Species
4065:ecology
4050:Ecology
3998:Mimicry
3966:counter
3910:f-ratio
3658:Archaea
3346:Biomass
3319:General
3311:Trophic
3303:Ecology
2671:Bibcode
2662:Science
2638:Science
2607:Science
2563:Bibcode
2554:Science
2487:Bibcode
2361:. p. 3.
2230:. p. 7.
1528:), and
1526:fossils
1489:and/or
1399:sulfate
1395:pyrites
1355:ferment
1105:methane
1077:Archaea
751:Anammox
698:Aerobic
667:sulfate
590:) + 2e
573:sulfide
520:nitrate
443:nitrite
417:ammonia
355:ferrous
293:species
289:organic
285:aerobic
241:sulfate
235:or 210
174:glucose
135:reduced
117:History
92:Archaea
55:aerobic
45:(e.g.,
5305:Forage
5295:Fodder
5123:Others
3782:Rivers
3678:Marine
2855:Nostoc
2707:
2699:
2681:
2583:
2527:(.doc)
2505:
2456:
2424:
2386:
2329:
2161:
2151:
2116:
2089:
2062:
2033:
1941:
1895:
1868:
1796:
1767:
1734:
1665:
1506:rivers
1502:plains
1475:rovers
1453:biotic
1287:carbon
1215:plants
1193:carbon
1107:) + 2H
588:sulfur
419:) + 2H
381:oxygen
363:ferric
281:oxygen
221:sulfur
4883:adult
4699:Other
4600:Other
4553:Guild
4525:Niche
3777:Lakes
2705:S2CID
2283:(PDF)
2272:(PDF)
2184:(PDF)
1824:(PDF)
1817:(PDF)
1659:(PDF)
1510:lakes
1242:light
1140:) + H
1003:) + H
778:→ 1/2
324:Name
223:by ½O
123:Lwoff
5190:Pica
3787:Soil
3135:and
2875:and
2753:NASA
2697:PMID
2581:PMID
2503:ISSN
2454:ISBN
2422:ISBN
2384:ISBN
2357:."
2327:PMID
2246:."
2226:."
2159:PMID
2149:ISBN
2114:ISBN
2087:ISBN
2060:ISBN
2031:ISBN
1995:2017
1939:PMID
1893:ISBN
1866:ISBN
1845:link
1794:ISBN
1765:ISBN
1732:ISBN
1676:2020
1663:ISBN
1610:."
1534:Mars
1468:and
1460:NASA
1441:Mars
1411:(FeS
1264:and
1252:are
1149:O →
1012:O →
958:+ 4H
861:O →
653:O →
628:and
575:) →
506:O →
428:O →
283:(in
273:cell
229:kcal
101:The
90:and
2689:doi
2667:343
2612:343
2571:doi
2559:343
2495:doi
2414:doi
2317:hdl
2309:doi
2196:doi
2141:doi
1929:doi
1757:doi
1508:or
1317:is
1285:of
1217:do.
1211:air
967:O
905:O
889:1/2
822:O
806:1/2
745:O
545:O
469:O
392:O
316:may
277:ATP
233:mol
160:(CO
82:or
57:or
51:ATP
5394::
4248:/
4052::
3309::
3305::
3099::
3032::
3003::
2974::
2963::
2952::
2923::
2912::
2751:,
2730:.
2703:.
2695:.
2687:.
2677:.
2665:.
2635:.
2610:.
2604:.
2593:^
2579:.
2569:.
2557:.
2551:.
2539:^
2501:.
2493:.
2483:59
2481:.
2477:.
2436:^
2420:.
2398:^
2366:^
2339:^
2325:.
2315:.
2303:.
2291:^
2274:.
2255:^
2235:^
2208:^
2192:71
2190:.
2186:.
2171:^
2157:.
2147:.
1985:.
1937:.
1925:33
1923:.
1919:.
1907:^
1841:}}
1837:{{
1763:.
1714:^
1696:.
1684:^
1520:,
1485:,
1289:,
1151:CO
1134:CO
1116:O
1098:CH
1091:CO
1065:O
1034:SO
1015:PO
989:PO
975::
937:SO
914::
877:NO
863:SO
794:NO
776:)
762:NH
692:O
655:SO
613:O
508:NO
487:NO
431:NO
410:NH
359:Fe
351:Fe
237:kJ
195:.
98:.
4859:e
4852:t
4845:v
4503:K
4501:/
4499:r
4042:e
4035:t
4028:v
3295:e
3288:t
3281:v
3233:)
3230:g
3226:(
3163:)
3159:(
3140:)
3137:d
3133:c
3129:(
3090:)
3086:(
3052:)
3048:(
3023:)
3019:(
2994:)
2990:(
2943:)
2939:(
2903:)
2899:(
2880:)
2877:b
2873:a
2869:(
2833:)
2829:(
2827:"
2823:"
2805:)
2801:(
2782:e
2775:t
2768:v
2747:(
2740:.
2711:.
2691::
2673::
2648:.
2621:.
2587:.
2573::
2565::
2509:.
2497::
2489::
2462:.
2430:.
2416::
2392:.
2333:.
2319::
2311::
2305:9
2242:"
2202:.
2198::
2165:.
2143::
2122:.
2095:.
2068:.
2039:.
1997:.
1970:.
1945:.
1931::
1901:.
1874:.
1847:)
1833:.
1802:.
1773:.
1759::
1740:.
1708:.
1678:.
1642:.
1500:(
1447:(
1413:2
1166:2
1161:H
1153:2
1145:2
1136:(
1112:2
1103:(
1100:4
1093:2
1084:2
1082:H
1061:2
1047:S
1039:4
1025:(
1020:4
1008:2
999:(
994:3
963:2
949:S
942:4
930:2
928:H
901:2
893:2
891:N
882:3
868:4
857:2
843:S
818:2
810:2
808:N
799:2
785:(
782:2
780:N
772:(
767:4
741:2
731:2
726:O
718:(
715:2
713:H
688:2
678:2
673:O
665:(
660:4
649:2
635:S
609:2
599:2
594:O
586:(
577:S
571:(
562:S
541:2
531:2
526:O
518:(
513:3
502:2
492:2
465:2
455:2
450:O
441:(
436:2
424:2
415:(
412:3
388:2
379:(
374:2
369:O
361:(
353:(
245:2
231:/
225:2
206:2
170:2
162:2
20:)
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