94:
166:, and other elements. The existence of undiscovered strains of microbial lithoautotrophs is theorized based on some of these cycles, as they are needed to explain phenomena like the conversion of ammonium in iron-reducing environments. Lithoautotrophs may be present in the deep terrestrial subsurface (they have been found well over 3 km below the surface of the planet), in
101:
Lithoautotrophs are extremely specific in their source of reduced compounds. Thus, despite the diversity in using inorganic compounds that lithoautotrophs exhibit as a group, one particular lithoautotroph would use only one type of inorganic molecule to get its energy. A chemolithotrophic example are
42:(inorganic) origin. Two types of lithoautotrophs are distinguished by their energy source; photolithoautotrophs derive their energy from light while chemolithoautotrophs (chemolithotrophs or chemoautotrophs) derive their energy from chemical reactions. Chemolithoautotrophs are exclusively
78:(τροφοσ) meaning "consumer"; literally, it may be read "eaters of rock". The "lithotroph" part of the name refers to the fact that these organisms use inorganic elements/compounds as their electron source, while the "autotroph" part of the name refers to their carbon source being CO
133:
Some chemolithotrophs use redox half-reactions with low reduction potentials for their metabolisms, meaning that they do not harvest a lot of energy compared to organisms that use organotrophic pathways. This leads some chemolithotrophs, such as
376:
Finlay, Roger D.; Mahmood, Shahid; Rosenstock, Nicholas; Bolou-Bi, Emile B.; Köhler, Stephan J.; Fahad, Zaenab; Rosling, Anna; Wallander, Håkan; Belyazid, Salim; Bishop, Kevin; Lian, Bin (2020).
182:
on Earth. For example, the
Nitrogen cycle is influenced by the activity of ammonium-oxidizing archaea, ANAMMOX bacteria, and Complete Ammonium-Oxidizing (COMAMMOX) bacteria of the genus
282:, and may endanger plant and animal populations. Activity similar to acid mine drainage, but on a much lower scale, is also found in natural conditions such as the rocky beds of
236:. Although it was long believed that these organisms require oxygen to make these conversions, recent literature suggests that anaerobic oxidation also exists for these systems.
1833:
1086:
1977:
2047:
54:
such as plants; these do not possess the ability to use mineral sources of reduced compounds for energy. Most chemolithoautotrophs belong to the domain
1584:
2643:
640:
2057:
1785:
361:
2062:
1619:
138:, to be unable to reduce NAD directly; therefore, these organisms rely on reverse electron transport to reduce NAD and form NADH and H.
2250:
1667:
2003:
1826:
1079:
1339:
959:
378:"Reviews and syntheses: Biological weathering and its consequences at different spatial levels – from nanoscale to global scale"
2082:
1795:
1662:
1374:
2340:
2467:
2112:
97:
The different types of organisms involved in biological weathering of the Earth's crust and a timescale for their evolution.
2513:
2067:
1819:
1072:
1945:
2302:
1193:
633:
2367:
2087:
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47:
106:. Additionally, in July 2020, researchers reported the discovery of chemolithoautotrophic bacterial cultures that
2548:
2160:
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1910:
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2407:
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2140:
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1490:
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communities. As they are responsible for the liberation of many crucial nutrients, and participate in the
2432:
2377:
2240:
2225:
2008:
1965:
1955:
1950:
1707:
1687:
1543:
1533:
1475:
1470:
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1158:
904:
833:
218:), may be converted by chemolithoautotrophs into forms that are less environmentally harmful, such as N
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1173:
1099:
1048:
984:
954:
748:
713:
151:
102:
Anaerobic
Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria (ANAMMOX), which use ammonia and nitrite to produce N
450:
393:
2578:
2402:
2355:
2285:
2280:
2175:
2042:
1915:
1722:
1712:
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1123:
1040:
979:
543:
510:
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353:
230:
208:
66:
as substrates in their energy-releasing reactions. The term "lithotroph" is from Greek
600:
567:
93:
2632:
2603:
1579:
1553:
1510:
1500:
1455:
1442:
1422:
1314:
1148:
1103:
995:
419:
308:- reactions governing much of energy metabolism and other chemical processes on Earth
267:
83:
43:
17:
583:
2588:
2573:
2230:
2200:
2145:
2028:
1993:
1870:
1369:
1053:
1014:
989:
969:
808:
743:
649:
377:
299:
568:"Lessons from the Genome of a Lithoautotroph: Making Biomass from Almost Nothing"
250:
Lithoautotrophic microbial consortia are responsible for the phenomenon known as
1880:
1609:
1427:
1389:
1364:
1354:
1319:
1266:
1246:
1020:
974:
753:
738:
668:
275:
175:
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2170:
2135:
1775:
1727:
1672:
1642:
1548:
1465:
1409:
1286:
1236:
1035:
864:
728:
718:
708:
703:
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663:
458:
258:
present in mine tailing heaps and in exposed rock faces is metabolized, using
184:
147:
116:
51:
591:
534:
466:
411:
2498:
2452:
2180:
1624:
1594:
1394:
1349:
1324:
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1251:
1226:
1218:
1163:
888:
767:
723:
683:
526:
402:
163:
111:
609:
552:
484:
86:, but this is not universally so, and some can be found to be the cause of
2553:
2482:
2013:
1520:
1432:
1379:
1334:
813:
786:
688:
678:
283:
263:
192:
171:
55:
2543:
2350:
2220:
2215:
1842:
1790:
1450:
1095:
849:
223:
211:
114:
after performing unrelated experiments and named its bacterial species
59:
39:
146:
Lithoautotrophs participate in many geological processes, such as the
839:
279:
274:. Acid mine drainage drastically alters the acidity and chemistry of
271:
259:
255:
159:
511:"The hunt for the most-wanted chemolithoautotrophic spookmicrobes"
305:
287:
92:
35:
618:
179:
167:
155:
1815:
1068:
622:
178:, lithoautotrophs play a crucial role in the maintenance of
435:"Bacterial chemolithoautotrophy via manganese oxidation"
34:
is an organism which derives energy from reactions of
2491:
2391:
2316:
2189:
2126:
1986:
1854:
1756:
1635:
1562:
1519:
1441:
1408:
1305:
1217:
1111:
937:
887:
848:
785:
776:
656:
270:when dissolved in water and exposed to aerial
1827:
1080:
634:
8:
505:in ‘t Zandt, Michiel H; de Jong, Anniek EE;
2048:Latitudinal gradients in species diversity
1834:
1820:
1812:
1087:
1073:
1065:
782:
641:
627:
619:
27:Microbe which derives energy from minerals
599:
542:
474:
401:
62:. Lithoautotrophic bacteria can only use
1946:Predator–prey (Lotka–Volterra) equations
1585:Tritrophic interactions in plant defense
1978:Random generalized Lotka–Volterra model
433:Yu, Hang; Leadbetter, Jared R. (2020).
317:
191:Several environmental hazards, such as
158:, as well as biogeochemical cycling of
1786:Herbivore adaptations to plant defense
340:Hooper, A.B.; DiSpirito, A.A. (2013),
7:
1801:Predator avoidance in schooling fish
500:
498:
496:
494:
346:Encyclopedia of Biological Chemistry
335:
333:
331:
329:
327:
325:
323:
321:
2251:Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
266:, which form potentially corrosive
2004:Ecological effects of biodiversity
354:10.1016/b978-0-12-378630-2.00219-x
302:- pathways sulfur travels on Earth
58:, while some belong to the domain
25:
1340:Generalist and specialist species
960:Acidophiles in acid mine drainage
2063:Occupancy–abundance relationship
2083:Relative abundance distribution
1796:Plant defense against herbivory
1663:Competitive exclusion principle
1375:Mesopredator release hypothesis
584:10.1128/JB.185.9.2690-2691.2003
2644:Microbial growth and nutrition
1668:Consumer–resource interactions
348:, Elsevier, pp. 486–492,
290:, and in the deep subsurface.
1:
2514:Biological data visualization
2341:Environmental niche modelling
2068:Population viability analysis
1999:Density-dependent inhibition
119:Manganitrophus noduliformans
2468:Liebig's law of the minimum
2303:Resource selection function
1194:Metabolic theory of ecology
82:. Many lithoautotrophs are
2665:
2368:Niche apportionment models
2088:Relative species abundance
1292:Primary nutritional groups
1189:List of feeding behaviours
945:Abiogenic petroleum origin
878:Thermococcus gammatolerans
509:; Jetten, Mike SM (2018).
243:
123:Ramlibacter lithotrophicus
2617:
2549:Ecosystem based fisheries
2161:Interspecific competition
2053:Minimum viable population
1911:Maximum sustainable yield
1896:Intraspecific competition
1891:Effective population size
1771:Anti-predator adaptations
1282:Photosynthetic efficiency
566:Ramos, Juan-Luis (2003).
515:FEMS Microbiology Ecology
459:10.1038/s41586-020-2468-5
2539:Ecological stoichiometry
2504:Alternative stable state
796:Chloroflexus aurantiacus
2383:Ontogenetic niche shift
2246:Ideal free distribution
2156:Ecological facilitation
1906:Malthusian growth model
1876:Consumer-resource model
1733:Paradox of the plankton
1698:Energy systems language
1418:Chemoorganoheterotrophy
1385:Optimal foraging theory
1360:Heterotrophic nutrition
919:Halicephalobus mephisto
912:Paralvinella sulfincola
898:Cyanidioschyzon merolae
803:Deinococcus radiodurans
572:Journal of Bacteriology
403:10.5194/bg-17-1507-2020
2529:Ecological forecasting
2473:Marginal value theorem
2271:Landscape epidemiology
2206:Cross-boundary subsidy
2141:Biological interaction
1491:Microbial intelligence
1179:Green world hypothesis
98:
2534:Ecological humanities
2433:Ecological energetics
2378:Niche differentiation
2241:Habitat fragmentation
2009:Ecological extinction
1956:Small population size
1708:Feed conversion ratio
1688:Ecological succession
1620:San Francisco Estuary
1534:Ecological efficiency
1476:Microbial cooperation
905:Galdieria sulphuraria
834:Spirochaeta americana
527:10.1093/femsec/fiy064
96:
74:) meaning "rock" and
18:Chemolithoautotrophic
2559:Evolutionary ecology
2524:Ecological footprint
2519:Ecological economics
2443:Ecological threshold
2438:Ecological indicator
2308:Source–sink dynamics
2261:Land change modeling
2256:Insular biogeography
2108:Species distribution
1847:Modelling ecosystems
1506:Microbial metabolism
1345:Intraguild predation
1134:Biogeochemical cycle
1100:Modelling ecosystems
827:Thermus thermophilus
142:Geological processes
48:Photolithoautotrophs
2609:Theoretical ecology
2584:Natural environment
2448:Ecosystem diversity
2418:Ecological collapse
2408:Bateman's principle
2363:Limiting similarity
2276:Landscape limnology
2098:Species homogeneity
1936:Population modeling
1931:Population dynamics
1748:Trophic state index
1026:Radiotrophic fungus
1003:Helaeomyia petrolei
950:Acidithiobacillales
859:Pyrococcus furiosus
451:2020Natur.583..453Y
394:2020BGeo...17.1507F
64:inorganic molecules
2620:Outline of ecology
2569:Industrial ecology
2564:Functional ecology
2428:Ecological deficit
2373:Niche construction
2336:Ecosystem engineer
2113:Species–area curve
2034:Introduced species
1849:: Other components
1781:Deimatic behaviour
1683:Ecological network
1615:North Pacific Gyre
1600:hydrothermal vents
1539:Ecological pyramid
1486:Microbial food web
1297:Primary production
1242:Foundation species
342:"Chemolithotrophy"
252:acid mine drainage
246:Acid mine drainage
240:Acid mine drainage
154:(bedrock) to form
99:
88:acid mine drainage
2626:
2625:
2509:Balance of nature
2266:Landscape ecology
2151:Community ecology
2093:Species diversity
2029:Indicator species
2024:Gradient analysis
1901:Logistic function
1809:
1808:
1766:Animal coloration
1743:Trophic mutualism
1481:Microbial ecology
1272:Photoheterotrophs
1257:Myco-heterotrophy
1169:Ecosystem ecology
1154:Carrying capacity
1119:Abiotic component
1062:
1061:
1009:Hydrothermal vent
933:
932:
871:Pyrolobus fumarii
820:Thermus aquaticus
507:Slomp, Caroline P
445:(7816): 453–458.
363:978-0-12-378631-9
176:formation of soil
16:(Redirected from
2656:
2326:Ecological niche
2298:selection theory
2118:Umbrella species
2103:Species richness
2039:Invasive species
2019:Flagship species
1926:Population cycle
1921:Overexploitation
1886:Ecological yield
1836:
1829:
1822:
1813:
1718:Mesotrophic soil
1658:Climax community
1590:Marine food webs
1529:Biomagnification
1330:Chemoorganotroph
1184:Keystone species
1144:Biotic component
1089:
1082:
1075:
1066:
965:Archaeoglobaceae
938:Related articles
783:
763:Thermoacidophile
758:Hyperthermophile
734:Polyextremophile
643:
636:
629:
620:
614:
613:
603:
578:(9): 2690–2691.
563:
557:
556:
546:
502:
489:
488:
478:
430:
424:
423:
405:
388:(6): 1507–1533.
373:
367:
366:
337:
201:hydrogen sulfide
21:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2639:Lithoautotrophs
2629:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2613:
2599:Systems ecology
2487:
2458:Extinction debt
2423:Ecological debt
2413:Bioluminescence
2394:
2387:
2356:marine habitats
2331:Ecological trap
2312:
2192:
2185:
2128:
2122:
2078:Rapoport's rule
2073:Priority effect
2014:Endemic species
1982:
1941:Population size
1857:
1850:
1840:
1810:
1805:
1758:
1752:
1738:Trophic cascade
1648:Bioaccumulation
1631:
1558:
1515:
1437:
1404:
1301:
1213:
1174:Ecosystem model
1107:
1093:
1063:
1058:
1049:Thermostability
985:Grylloblattidae
955:Acidobacteriota
929:
883:
844:
778:
772:
714:Metallotolerant
652:
647:
617:
565:
564:
560:
504:
503:
492:
432:
431:
427:
375:
374:
370:
364:
339:
338:
319:
315:
296:
248:
242:
234:
227:
221:
217:
206:
198:
152:parent material
144:
131:
105:
81:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2662:
2660:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2631:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2579:Microecosystem
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2478:Thorson's rule
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2403:Assembly rules
2399:
2397:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2322:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2288:
2286:Patch dynamics
2283:
2281:Metapopulation
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2197:
2195:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2176:Storage effect
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2132:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2058:Neutral theory
2055:
2050:
2045:
2043:Native species
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1916:Overpopulation
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1862:
1860:
1852:
1851:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1831:
1824:
1816:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1762:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1723:Nutrient cycle
1720:
1715:
1713:Feeding frenzy
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1693:Energy quality
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1653:Cascade effect
1650:
1645:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1525:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1496:Microbial loop
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1461:Lithoautotroph
1458:
1453:
1447:
1445:
1443:Microorganisms
1439:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1414:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1400:Prey switching
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1311:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1277:Photosynthesis
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1232:Chemosynthesis
1229:
1223:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1124:Abiotic stress
1121:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1084:
1077:
1069:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1011:
1006:
999:
992:
987:
982:
980:Thermoproteota
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
941:
939:
935:
934:
931:
930:
928:
927:
922:
915:
908:
901:
893:
891:
885:
884:
882:
881:
874:
867:
862:
854:
852:
846:
845:
843:
842:
837:
830:
823:
816:
811:
806:
799:
791:
789:
780:
774:
773:
771:
770:
765:
760:
751:
749:Radioresistant
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
699:Lithoautotroph
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
660:
658:
654:
653:
648:
646:
645:
638:
631:
623:
616:
615:
558:
490:
425:
382:Biogeosciences
368:
362:
316:
314:
311:
310:
309:
303:
295:
292:
286:, in soil and
244:Main article:
241:
238:
232:
225:
219:
215:
209:greenhouse gas
204:
196:
143:
140:
130:
127:
103:
79:
32:lithoautotroph
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2661:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2621:
2616:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2604:Urban ecology
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2463:Kleiber's law
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2390:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2236:Foster's rule
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2125:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1837:
1832:
1830:
1825:
1823:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1554:Trophic level
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1511:Phage ecology
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1501:Microbial mat
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1456:Bacteriophage
1454:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1423:Decomposition
1421:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1370:Mesopredators
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1315:Apex predator
1313:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1149:Biotic stress
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1004:
1000:
998:
997:
996:Halobacterium
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
942:
940:
936:
926:
923:
921:
920:
916:
914:
913:
909:
907:
906:
902:
900:
899:
895:
894:
892:
890:
886:
880:
879:
875:
873:
872:
868:
866:
863:
861:
860:
856:
855:
853:
851:
847:
841:
838:
836:
835:
831:
829:
828:
824:
822:
821:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
804:
800:
798:
797:
793:
792:
790:
788:
784:
781:
779:extremophiles
775:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
661:
659:
655:
651:
650:Extremophiles
644:
639:
637:
632:
630:
625:
624:
621:
611:
607:
602:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
562:
559:
554:
550:
545:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
501:
499:
497:
495:
491:
486:
482:
477:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
429:
426:
421:
417:
413:
409:
404:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
372:
369:
365:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
336:
334:
332:
330:
328:
326:
324:
322:
318:
312:
307:
304:
301:
298:
297:
293:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
268:sulfuric acid
265:
262:, to produce
261:
257:
253:
247:
239:
237:
235:
228:
213:
210:
202:
194:
189:
187:
186:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
141:
139:
137:
128:
126:
124:
120:
118:
113:
109:
95:
91:
89:
85:
84:extremophiles
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
38:compounds of
37:
33:
19:
2589:Regime shift
2574:Macroecology
2295:
2291:
2231:Edge effects
2201:Biogeography
2146:Commensalism
1994:Biodiversity
1871:Allee effect
1610:kelp forests
1563:Example webs
1460:
1428:Detritivores
1267:Organotrophs
1247:Kinetotrophs
1199:Productivity
1054:Thermotogota
1041:
1015:Methanopyrus
1013:
1001:
994:
990:Halobacteria
970:Berkeley Pit
925:Pompeii worm
917:
910:
903:
896:
876:
869:
857:
832:
825:
818:
809:Deinococcota
801:
794:
756: /
744:Psychrophile
698:
575:
571:
561:
518:
514:
442:
438:
428:
385:
381:
371:
345:
300:Sulfur cycle
249:
207:S), and the
190:
183:
145:
136:Nitrosomonas
135:
132:
122:
115:
100:
75:
71:
67:
31:
29:
2226:Disturbance
2129:interaction
1951:Recruitment
1881:Depensation
1673:Copiotrophs
1544:Energy flow
1466:Lithotrophy
1410:Decomposers
1390:Planktivore
1365:Insectivore
1355:Heterotroph
1320:Bacterivore
1287:Phototrophs
1237:Chemotrophs
1209:Restoration
1159:Competition
1021:Movile Cave
975:Blood Falls
754:Thermophile
739:Psammophile
669:Alkaliphile
276:groundwater
2633:Categories
2594:Sexecology
2171:Parasitism
2136:Antibiosis
1971:Resistance
1966:Resilience
1856:Population
1776:Camouflage
1728:Oligotroph
1643:Ascendency
1605:intertidal
1595:cold seeps
1549:Food chain
1350:Herbivores
1325:Carnivores
1252:Mixotrophs
1227:Autotrophs
1106:components
1044:polymerase
1036:Tardigrade
865:Strain 121
729:Piezophile
719:Oligotroph
709:Methanogen
704:Lithophile
674:Capnophile
664:Acidophile
313:References
254:, whereby
185:Nitrospira
148:weathering
129:Metabolism
117:Candidatus
110:the metal
52:macroflora
2499:Allometry
2453:Emergence
2181:Symbiosis
2166:Mutualism
1961:Stability
1866:Abundance
1678:Dominance
1636:Processes
1625:tide pool
1521:Food webs
1395:Predation
1380:Omnivores
1307:Consumers
1262:Mycotroph
1219:Producers
1164:Ecosystem
1129:Behaviour
1031:Rio Tinto
889:Eukaryota
768:Xerophile
724:Osmophile
694:Lipophile
684:Halophile
592:0021-9193
535:1574-6941
467:0028-0836
420:216276453
412:1726-4170
170:, and in
164:potassium
112:manganese
2554:Endolith
2483:Xerosere
2395:networks
2211:Ecocline
1757:Defense,
1433:Detritus
1335:Foraging
1204:Resource
814:Snottite
787:Bacteria
689:Hypolith
679:Endolith
610:12700247
553:29873717
485:32669693
294:See also
284:glaciers
264:sulfites
193:ammonium
172:endolith
56:Bacteria
50:include
44:microbes
2649:Ecology
2544:Ecopath
2351:Habitat
2221:Ecotype
2216:Ecotone
2193:ecology
2191:Spatial
2127:Species
1987:Species
1858:ecology
1843:Ecology
1791:Mimicry
1759:counter
1703:f-ratio
1451:Archaea
1139:Biomass
1112:General
1104:Trophic
1096:Ecology
850:Archaea
777:Notable
544:5989612
476:7802741
447:Bibcode
390:Bibcode
280:streams
212:methane
108:feed on
76:trōphos
60:Archaea
40:mineral
36:reduced
1575:Rivers
1471:Marine
840:GFAJ-1
608:
601:154387
598:
590:
551:
541:
533:
483:
473:
465:
439:Nature
418:
410:
360:
272:oxygen
260:oxygen
256:pyrite
229:, and
160:sulfur
68:lithos
2492:Other
2393:Other
2346:Guild
2318:Niche
1570:Lakes
657:Types
521:(6).
416:S2CID
306:Redox
288:talus
168:soils
72:λίθος
1580:Soil
606:PMID
588:ISSN
549:PMID
531:ISSN
481:PMID
463:ISSN
408:ISSN
358:ISBN
278:and
180:life
156:soil
121:and
1042:Taq
596:PMC
580:doi
576:185
539:PMC
523:doi
471:PMC
455:doi
443:583
398:doi
350:doi
214:(CH
199:),
195:(NH
150:of
2635::
2041:/
1845::
1102::
1098::
604:.
594:.
586:.
574:.
570:.
547:.
537:.
529:.
519:94
517:.
513:.
493:^
479:.
469:.
461:.
453:.
441:.
437:.
414:.
406:.
396:.
386:17
384:.
380:.
356:,
344:,
320:^
231:CO
224:SO
222:,
203:(H
188:.
162:,
125:.
90:.
46:.
30:A
2296:K
2294:/
2292:r
1835:e
1828:t
1821:v
1088:e
1081:t
1074:v
642:e
635:t
628:v
612:.
582::
555:.
525::
487:.
457::
449::
422:.
400::
392::
352::
233:2
226:4
220:2
216:4
205:2
197:4
104:2
80:2
70:(
20:)
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