336:
two years whilst he reorganised his business. These were similar in format, and general appearance to the official series, often using the same woodcuts, but contained only his name as printer and distributor. They did not always adhere to the same high moral tone of the official series but were sometimes a little racier in content. The official body warned potential purchasers about the status of
Marshall's tracts and surviving copies sometimes have the words 'Cheap Repository' obliterated from the title page. However, the different series are often confused with one another. In some examples of the Dublin tracts an official tract was paired with one of Marshall's unofficial tracts. Marshall ceased publishing his series in December 1799.
340:
407:
to the S.P.C.K. This firm published a collected edition of official tracts in three volumes, (also printed by Evans), in the same year. This edition was reprinted in 1799 and 1800, and then at regular intervals until 1830. More later regretted having 'given half the profits' to
Rivington. Between 1829 and 1851 the firm published, two series of the existing titles with the imprints J.G. & F. and J.G.F. & J. Rivington on behalf of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. These were printed by R. Gilbert (latterly Gilbert & Rivington), as both individual tracts and in collected editions. Twenty-nine titles are listed on the
291:
two different centres in
England was not sustainable in the long term, and she was hearing complaints about the low level of discounts offered to the hawkers who were expected to distribute many of the copies. At the same time she was receiving requests from the wealthier supporters of the scheme for an edition printed on better quality paper in the more compact duodecimo format which might be bound into annual collected volumes. As a result, the publication scheme was re-organised in January 1796, and a new prospectus issued.
275:
449:
390:, which does not later appear in Hannah More's collected works. These do not appear to have had the same impact as the earlier series of tracts. Nevertheless, reprints of the original individual titles continued to be printed by John Evans and his successors. These included, J. Evans & Co. (1799-1802), Howard and Evans (1802-1811), John Evans (1811), J. Evans and son (c.1812-1817), John Evans and sons (1818–20) and J.& C. Evans (1820-29), and J.E. Evans (1829-1846).
319:
Marshall had by this time devoted virtually the whole of his business to the production and distribution of the tracts and their cessation would have been a financial disaster to him. He was on the point of issuing a third collected volume of the tracts in
November 1797 when he quarrelled with More over the ownership of copyrights. This led to his refusal to continue as printer and the main distributor of the tracts, and the appointment of John Evans in his place.
362:
were also printed more compactly than the
English equivalents and so in many cases two of the English titles were combined in one 24-page chapbook. William Watson continued to re-issue tracts until his death in 1805, when he was succeeded by his son, also named William Watson (d. 1818). He was succeeded by his widow, Ann Watson, who continued to issue the tracts well into the 1820s. Further reprints were issued by A. & W. Watson until the early 1830s.
399:
68:, she decided that an entire series might be undertaken to provide 'religious and useful knowledge, as an antidote to the poison continually flowing thro’ the channel of vulgar and licentious publications. These, by their cheapness, as well as by their being, unhappily, congenial to a depraved taste, obtain a mischievous popularity among the lower ranks. She, drew up her plan for publishing such works in the
323:
366:
295:
216:; and John Evans of 42 Long Lane, London. Several tracts were also reprinted in the US by printers in both New York and Philadelphia. Until the end of 1798 the publisher undertaking the work was 'The Cheap Repository', but thereafter the copyrights of the official tracts were sold and later collected editions were published by
424:
volumes of the tracts were published in New York by
Cornelius Davis. Then during the course of 1800 a further forty-two of the titles were published in Philadelphia by B. & J. Johnson in a numbered Cheap Repository series. Further American collected editions were published by E. Lincoln of Boston in 1802 and 1803.
505:. However, this may be an oversimplification of Hannah More's motives. Only a small proportion of the 1790s tracts were political in content; the majority attempted to reform the morals of the working classes, "adopting the forms, writing styles, and even distribution channels of popular literature".
406:
In addition to the continuing demand for reprints of individual tracts, there was also a demand for collected editions, aimed at a middle-class audience. In the Spring of 1798 the committee under Henry
Thornton sold the copyrights of all the existing titles to Francis and Charles Rivington, printers
361:
Dublin. He became known as the ‘Printer to the Cheap
Repository’ in Ireland. Most of the Irish tracts were reprints of the English equivalents although a few were amended to suit the Irish situation and given new titles. There are also a few tracts that were only issued in Ireland. The Irish editions
290:
The tracts were still selling well by
December 1795, but there continued to be distribution problems, particularly in those parts of the United Kingdom further from London, notably Scotland and the north of England. Hannah More also began to realise that the cost of producing simultaneous editions at
282:
By the end of April 1795 it was apparent that Hazard would be unable to cope with the demand for new titles and for reprints from his limited business in Bath and so after the twenty-third tract issued in May 1795 John
Marshall (who operated a far more substantial printing and publishing business at
432:
A similar monthly series of twenty-nine ‘’Scotch Cheap Repository Tracts; containing Moral Tales for the Instruction of the Young,’’ were produced by ‘a Society of Clergymen in Dumfries-Shire’. They were modelled on Hannah More's tracts but sought, ‘to adapt this captivating more of instruction to
335:
Marshall felt aggrieved by his treatment by Hannah More and as an experienced publisher of ballads and chapbooks he had no difficulty in securing further suitable texts to continue the series. He therefore issued a further seventy-three 'unofficial' Cheap Repository tracts on his own over the next
318:
However, as the scheme progressed through 1796 and 1797 Hannah More found it increasingly difficult to find authors for new tracts and relations with her publisher began to deteriorate leading to her decision to reduce the rate of publication to three tracts each quarter after December 1797. John
524:
Yet the extent of the impact that they may have had on the lives of the working classes, at whom they were aimed, has also been questioned. They may have been: "a huge hit among the middle classes, who …had set up 'very respectable Societies' throughout the country, in order to distribute them."
314:
A further sixty five new titles were printed and published by John Marshall between February 1796 and December 1797 in the two chapbook formats but the broadside ballad editions were gradually phased out, and the existing ballads were re-issued in small booklets containing three or four titles.
423:
Individual tract titles were imported to the US soon after their publication in England. From 1797 a few US editions also began to be published in Philadelphia by B. Johnson. Then in 1799 about sixty of the tracts (together with a few other non-Cheap-Repository titles) appeared in two collected
261:
reported that 300,000 copies were sold wholesale and the presses hardly able to keep pace with orders arriving from all parts of the country. By July of the same year, the number sold had more than doubled; According to the ‘Advertisement’ prefacing one of the collected editions of the tracts:
203:
The individual tracts have a complex bibliographical history often going through many editions and involving several different individuals who were designated 'Printer to the Cheap Repository,' together with many distributors and publishers. Retail sales were made by 'booksellers, newsmen, and
310:
Following the re-organisation, John Marshall became the sole printer of the tracts with Samuel Hazard demoted to the role of a distributor. William Watson also was appointed as "Printer to the Cheap Repository" in Dublin and permitted to reprint the existing titles once they had been issued in
264:
Many persons exerted their influence, not only by circulating the tracts in their own families, in schools, and among their dependants, but also by encouraging booksellers to supply themselves with them; by inspecting retailers and hawkers, to whom they gave a few in the first instance, and
233:
265:
afterwards directed them in the purchase; also by recommending the tracts to the occupiers of stalls at fairs, and by sending them to hospitals, workhouses, and prisons. They were also liberally distributed among soldiers and sailors, through the influence of their commanders.
283:
4 Aldermary Churchyard, London) was recruited to become a joint 'Printer to the Cheap Repository'. The next twenty-six or twenty-seven tracts were consequently issued simultaneously in editions printed in London and in Bath. The discrepancy is because one title
49:
During the early 1790s there was widespread concern about the possibility of a popular uprising in Britain following the French Revolution, and the radical ideas which were circulating in popular publications. The English religious writer and philanthropist
356:
and Promoting the Knowledge and Practice of Religion and Virtue, in Dublin, (of which she was an honorary member) to reprint her tracts in Ireland. This was undertaken by William Watson, Secretary to the Association, and a printer and bookseller of 7
72:
during 1794 and circulated it among her friends who encouraged her to extend it to cover the whole country and to appoint London distributors. A committee to form the Cheap Repository for Moral and Religious Tracts was established with
485:. She also amended several of the earlier tracts to give them a stronger political message. These were later republished in a collected edition, together with some of the more political earlier titles, entitled
181:
54:
referred to the ‘corrupt and vicious little books and ballads which have been hung out of windows in the most alluring forms or hawked through town and country.’ Following the commercial success of her
508:
They were an undoubted publishing phenomenon and according to Richard Altick: "there had never been anything like it in the history of English books." Some of the titles, such as
469:
of December 1816 and an abortive attempt to take control of the government. Hannah More therefore issued a number of entirely new, pro-establishment, titles during 1817 including
972:
Society of Clergymen in Dumfries-Shire, ‘Scotch Cheap Repository Tracts; containing Moral Tales for the Instruction of the Young,’ Edinburgh: Oliphant Waugh and Innes, 1815.
378:
After the resignation of Marshall in December 1797, a further fifteen new titles in the official Cheap Repository Tracts series, written by Hannah More were printed by
986:
433:
the religious sentiments, as well as to the manner and habits, of the intelligent peasantry in the division of the United Kingdom’. The first of the Scots tracts was
985:
Stoker, David, 'An Unrecorded Cheap Repository Tract: The Rebellion of Korah, Dathan, and Abiram, A Monument of Fame: The Lambeth Palace Library Blog , August 2015,
982:
Stoker, David, ‘John Marshall, John Evans and the Cheap Repository Tracts,’ ‘’Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America,’’ Vol. 107:1 (2013), pp.81-118.
353:
143:. Approximately one third of them were designated as ‘Sunday Reading’ and contained simplified Bible stories or else a more specifically religious message.
195:, and retellings of Bible stories. The scheme was subsidised by subscriptions from supporters, enabling the publications to be sold at below cost price.
29:
issued in a number of series between March 1795 and 1817, and subsequently re-issued in various collected editions until the 1830s. They were devised by
41:
publications. The tracts proved to be enormously successful with more than two million copies sold or distributed during the first year of the scheme.
221:
386:, which contained an announcement of the new publishing arrangements.” The new series includes at least one tract, commenting on the
987:
https://lambethpalacelibrary.wordpress.com/2015/08/14/an-unrecorded-cheap-repository-tract-the-rebellion-of-korah-dathan-and-abiram/
339:
278:
The Carpenter, 1795 in the format of a broadside ballad. Both Hazard and Marshall are described as 'Printer to the Cheap Repository'
311:
London. An additional distributor, John Elder, of North Bridge, Edinburgh, was appointed to cover Scotland and Northern England.
156:
33:
and intended for sale or distribution to literate poor people, as an alternative to what she regarded as the immoral traditional
534:
998:
Stoker, David, ‘The Watson family, the Association for the Discountenancing of Vice, and the Irish Cheap Repository Tracts,’
1036:
1031:
77:
as Treasurer. A printed prospectus was issued listing eighteen titles, to secure subscriptions to underwrite the project.
191:
175:, the artist and writer on the picturesque. A few titles were condensed versions of existing well-known works, such as
501:
has been represented by some political historians as a conservative reaction to the success enjoyed by Thomas Paine's
442:
437:, published in 1807 to raise funds to support the family of the executed criminal in the title. Other titles included
955:
209:
168:
74:
1041:
958:, ‘Hannah More Meets Simple Simon: Tracts, Chapbooks, and Popular Culture in Late Eighteenth-Century England,’
287:
appears to have been withdrawn after printing. Marshall also began to print editions of the earlier tracts.
387:
172:
217:
921:‘’Cheap Repository for Moral and Religious Publications’’, : London: J. Marshall, . ESTC T030543.
155:
A further six were perhaps written by her sister Sarah, others by evangelical friends such as the poet
274:
379:
301:, one of the most popular tracts. Only Marshall is now described as ‘Printer to the Cheap Repository’
81:
878:
E. P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class (New York: Vintage Books, 1966), pp. 141–42.
448:
517:
239:- the seventh Cheap Repository Tract to be issued, printed at Bath by Samuel Hazard in March 1795
26:
255:. Publication commenced in March 1795 and in the first six weeks (March 3 – April 18, 1795) the
243:
Under More's initial scheme the tracts were all to be printed by Samuel Hazard, of Cheap Street
445:. A 2nd collected edition ‘corrected and greatly enlarged’ was published in Edinburgh in 1815.
513:
398:
140:
136:
937:
Kelly, Gary. "Revolution, Reaction, and the Expropriation of Popular Culture: Hannah More's
466:
160:
34:
232:
462:
208:, in town and country.' The most important printers involved were Samuel Hazard of Bath;
315:
Annual collected editions of the tracts were also published for the years 1795 and 1796.
948:
Myers, Mitzi. "Hannah More's Tracts for the Times: Social Fiction and Female Ideology."
512:
were later translated into French, German and Russian. This title was also satirized by
128:, by means of simple ballads and short instructive tales. They were published as either
257:
244:
205:
365:
1025:
952:. Eds. Mary Anne Schofield and Cecilia Macheski. Athens: Ohio University Press, 1986.
326:’’The contented cobler’’ (1798) one of John Marshall's 'unofficial' series of tracts.
101:
64:
343:
The history of Charles Jones, the footman, as published in Dublin by William Watson.
918:
Altick, Richard D. ‘’The English common reader’’ University of Chicago Press, 1957,
358:
186:
69:
60:
252:
176:
164:
152:
85:
51:
30:
322:
25:
consisted of more than two hundred moral, religious and occasionally political
967:
In Praise of Poverty: Hannah More Counters Thomas Paine and the Radical Threat
121:
113:
924:
Cheap repository shorter tracts, (F. and C. Rivington, 1798), ESTC T030544.
382:. These were issued between December 1797 and October 1798, starting with
294:
412:
132:
117:
93:
89:
38:
975:
Spinney, G. H. 'Cheap Repository Tracts; Hazard and Marshall edition,'
125:
109:
248:
213:
129:
105:
1012:
Weiss, Harry B. ‘Hannah More's Cheap Repository Tracts in America,’
934:
Jones, Mary G. ‘’Hannah More’’, (Cambridge University Press, 1952)
447:
408:
397:
364:
338:
321:
293:
273:
231:
330:
151:
More than half of the official series of tracts were written by
97:
685:
Cheap Repository for Moral and Religious Publications, (1796).
929:
Georgian imprints: printing and publishing at Bath 1729-1815,
520:
who talks of Lady Emily Hornblower and her tracts including
563:
A plan for establishing a repository of cheap publications,
331:
Marshall's 'Unofficial' Series (January 1798-December 1799)
991:
Stoker, David, ‘The later years of the Cheap Repository,’
465:
saw popular dissatisfaction in England culminating in the
80:
The new tracts were intended to point out the pitfalls of
759:
Dictionary of members of the Dublin book trade 1550-1800,
1000:
The Library, Transaction of the Bibliographical Society
306:
Marshall Official Series (February 1796-December 1797)
159:, the philanthropists and campaigners against slavery
610:
This statement appears on the majority of the tracts.
487:
Cheap Repository Tracts, suited to the present times,
950:
Fetter'd or Free? British Women Novelists, 1670-1815
452:One of Hannah More's 'Spa Fields' Tracts from 1817
761:London: Bibliographical Society, 2000, pp. 595-6.
439:The Happy daughter, or the history of Jean Morton
993:Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America
969:. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2002.
369:The Black Prince, printed by John Evans in 1798.
247:and distributed by him and by John Marshall in
979:, Vol. 20, 4th Series, (1939–40), pp. 295–340.
270:Hazard/Marshall Series (May 1795-January 1796)
8:
354:Association for the Discountenancing of Vice
1002:, 7th series Vol. 21:3 (2020), pp. 343-384.
192:The History of the Plague in London in 1665
962:, Vol. 25, No. 1 (Jan., 1986), pp. 84–113.
352:In March 1795, Hannah More authorised the
402:The Lancashire Collier Girl, 1838 edition
222:Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge
479:The Private Virtues of public Reformists
1014:Bulletin of the New York Public Library
546:
456:
419:Series published in the US (1799-1803)
592:G. H. Spinney (1939–40), pp. 295–340.
461:The period immediately following the
139:, emulating the traditional forms of
104:, whilst simultaneously praising the
7:
815:Stoker (2017), pp. 329-30 & 343.
522:The washerwoman of Finchley Common.
503:The Rights of Man and Age of Reason
471:The loyal subjects political creed
100:, and seeking to rise above one's
14:
374:Evans Official Series (1798-1800)
1007:Hannah More. The First Victorian
842:Weiss (1946), pp. 542 & 634.
428:The Cheap Repository in Scotland
348:Watson Dublin Series (1796-1800)
59:(1792), which was a rebuttal of
647:Cheap repository shorter tracts
535:List of Cheap Repository Tracts
510:The shepherd of Salisbury plain
299:The Shepherd of Salisbury Plain
124:of one's pre-ordained place in
995:Vol. 111:3 (2017), pp. 317–44.
960:The Journal of British Studies
394:Rivington editions (1798-1851)
228:Hazard Series (March–May 1795)
1:
1016:50.7 (1946), and 50.8 (1946).
435:The History of Maitland Smith
237:Divine Songs ... for children
212:of London, William Watson of
483:Fair words and foul meaning
443:Elizabeth Hamilton (writer)
1058:
869:Stoker (2017), p. 332-343.
667:Spinney (1939), pp. 322-3.
457:'Spa Fields' tracts (1817)
285:The middle way is the best
860:Weiss (1946), pp. 639-41.
797:Stoker (2017), pp. 321-3.
788:Stoker (2020), pp. 362-4.
748:Stoker (2020), pp. 347-9.
712:Stoker (2013), pp. 111-6.
703:Stoker (2017), pp. 320-3.
694:Stoker (2013), pp. 105-7.
676:Stoker (2013), pp. 103-4.
851:Weiss (1946), pp. 636-9.
251:and by Richard White in
218:John and James Rivington
16:Physical literary scheme
1009:(Oxford: O.U.P., 2003).
779:Pollard (2000), p. 596.
574:Cheap Repository (1795)
553:Cheap Repository (1795)
499:Cheap Repository Tracts
497:The publication of the
388:Irish Rebellion of 1798
22:Cheap Repository Tracts
887:Pedersen(1986), p. 88.
739:Stoker (2020), p. 359.
730:Stoker (2017), p. 321.
658:Stoker (2013), p. 103.
628:Fawcett (2008), p. 63.
619:Stoker (2013), p. 102.
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403:
370:
344:
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905:Stott (2003), p. 176.
896:Altick (1957), p. 75.
721:Jones (1952), p. 143.
637:Altick (1957), p. 75.
601:Jones (1952), p. 138.
583:Stoker (2013), p. 97.
451:
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368:
342:
325:
297:
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1037:Christian literature
1032:Political literature
833:Stoker (2017), 343.
770:Stoker (2020), 351.
965:Scheuerman, Mona.
931:Bath: Ruton, 2008.
824:Stott (2003), 208.
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404:
371:
345:
328:
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280:
241:
945:6 (1987): 147–59.
927:Fawcett, Trevor.
514:William Thackeray
141:Street literature
137:broadside ballads
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939:Cheap Repository
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57:Village Politics
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215:
211:
210:John Marshall
207:
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157:William Mason
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115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
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83:
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76:
71:
67:
66:
65:Rights of Man
62:
58:
53:
44:
42:
40:
36:
32:
28:
24:
23:
1019:
1013:
1006:
999:
992:
976:
966:
959:
949:
942:
938:
928:
901:
892:
883:
874:
865:
856:
847:
838:
829:
820:
811:
802:
793:
784:
775:
766:
758:
753:
744:
735:
726:
717:
708:
699:
690:
681:
672:
663:
654:
646:
642:
633:
624:
615:
606:
597:
588:
579:
570:
562:
558:
549:
521:
509:
507:
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498:
496:
486:
482:
478:
475:The Delegate
474:
470:
460:
438:
434:
431:
422:
405:
383:
377:
359:Capel Street
351:
334:
317:
313:
309:
298:
289:
284:
281:
263:
256:
242:
236:
224:(S.P.C.K.).
202:
190:
187:Daniel Defoe
182:Divine Songs
180:
150:
79:
70:West Country
63:
56:
48:
21:
20:
18:
977:The Library
518:Vanity Fair
415:databases.
253:Westminster
199:Publication
177:Isaac Watts
165:John Newton
153:Hannah More
135:or else as
82:drunkenness
52:Hannah More
31:Hannah More
1026:Categories
380:John Evans
171:, or else
147:Authorship
122:acceptance
116:, thrift,
86:debauchery
45:Background
913:Resources
649:, (1798).
489:in 1819.
133:chapbooks
529:See also
413:WorldCat
220:for the
118:patience
114:industry
94:gambling
90:idleness
39:chapbook
565:(1795).
206:hawkers
126:society
120:and an
110:honesty
106:virtues
102:station
493:Impact
481:; and
249:London
214:Dublin
167:, and
130:octavo
27:tracts
541:Notes
441:. by
409:Copac
411:and
245:Bath
185:and
37:and
19:The
941:."
516:in
189:'s
179:'s
108:of
1028::
477:;
473:;
163:,
112:,
96:,
92:,
88:,
84:,
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