1010:
This implies that known ability would attenuate the effect of external status, implying a given external status characteristic is not a master status. The program of research finds characteristics assumed to be master statuses (e.g., mental illness) are, in fact, attenuated by known ability. Moreover, status affects group members' assertiveness only when characteristics differentiate group members (i.e., groups are mixed-race or mixed-gender). With respect to gender, experimental tests repeatedly found that women are highly deferential only in the presence of men. Although for disadvantaged groups, status disadvantage is not completely negated by valued characteristics, their social status does not depend predominantly on any one group membership. As such, status characteristics research has yet to identify a social characteristic that operates like a robust cross-situational master status.
1314:). Status groups are communities that are based on ideas of lifestyles and the honor the status group both asserts, and is given by others. Status groups exist in the context of beliefs about relative prestige, privilege, and honor. People in status groups are only supposed to engage with people of like status, and in particular, marriage inside or outside the group is discouraged. Status groups in some societies include professions, club-like organizations, ethnicity, race, and any other socially (de)valued group that organizes interaction among relative equals.
36:
882:, assumed competence, and deference. On one hand, social scientists view status as a "reward" for group members who treat others well and take initiative. This is one explanation for its apparent cross-cultural universality. On the other hand, while people with higher status experience a litany of benefitsâsuch as greater health, admiration, resources, influence, and freedomâthose with lower status experience poorer outcomes across all of those metrics.
1169:, which simultaneously decreases their status. In task-focused interpersonal encounters, people unconsciously combine this information to develop impressions of their own and others' relative rank. At one time, researchers thought status inconsistency would be a source of stress, though evidence for this hypothesis proved inconsistent, leaving some to conclude conflicting expectations through occupying incompatible roles may be the true stressor.
977:
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1067:, when people are placed in the stratification structure based on their individual merits or achievements like education or training, is thought to be reflective of modern developed societies. Consequently, achieved status implies that social mobility in a society is possible, as opposed to caste systems characterized by immobility based solely on ascribed status.
1019:
useful. They allow leaders to emerge who set informed precedents and influence less knowledgeable group members, allowing groups to use the shared information of their group to make more correct decisions. This can be especially helpful in novel situations where group members must determine who is best equipped to complete a task.
1101:. Mere inequality in resources and privileges is perceived as unfair and thus prompts retaliation and resistance from those of lower status, but if some individuals are seen as better than others (i.e., have higher status), then it seems natural and fair that high-status people receive more resources and privileges. Historically,
964:. These are cues or characteristics that people in a society agree indicate how much status a person holds and how they should be treated. Such symbols can include the possession of valued attributes, like being beautiful or having a prestigious degree. Other status symbols include wealth and its display through
1035:
Whether formal or informal, status hierarchies are present in all societies. In a society, the relative honor and prestige accorded to individuals depends on how well an individual is perceived to match a society's values and ideals (e.g., being pious in a religious society or wealthy in a capitalist
1026:
Finallyâfor good or illâstatus maintains social inequality. Because status is based on beliefs about social worth and esteem, sociologists argue it can then appear only natural that higher-status people have more material resources and power. Status makes it appear that a person's rank or position in
985:
Because status is always relative to others, a person may enter many situations throughout their life or even a single day in which they hold high, equal, or low status depending on who is around them. For instance, a doctor holds high status when interacting with a patient, equal status in a meeting
1138:
behaviors tend to increase reproductive opportunity, while others tend to raise the survival rates of an individual's offspring. Neurochemicals, particularly serotonin, prompt social dominance behaviors without need for an organism to have abstract conceptualizations of status as a means to an end.
1133:
Social status hierarchies have been documented in a wide range of animals: apes, baboons, wolves, cows/bulls, hens, even fish, and ants. Natural selection produces status-seeking behavior because animals tend to have more surviving offspring when they raise their status in their social group. Such
1009:
argues members of a task group will listen to whomever they believe will most help them solve a problem. One's external status in society (e.g., race or gender) determines influence in small groups, but so does a person's known ability on the task (e.g., mechanical ability when a car breaks down).
891:
about who members of a society judge as more competent or moral. While such beliefs can stem from an impressive performance or success, they can also arise from possessing characteristics a society has deemed meaningful like a person's race or occupation. In this way, status reflects how a society
1022:
In addition, groups accord more respect and esteem to members who help them succeed, which encourages highly capable members to contribute in the first place. This helps groups motivate members to contribute to a collective good by offering respect and esteem as a kind of compensation for helping
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Some perspectives on status emphasize its relatively fixed and fluid aspects. Ascribed statuses are fixed for an individual at birth, while achieved status is determined by social rewards an individual acquires during his or her lifetime as a result of the exercise of ability and/or perseverance.
972:
have also shown that one's affiliations can also be a source of status. Several studies document that being popular or demonstrating dominance over peers increases a person's status. Analyses of private companies also find that organizations can gain status from having well-respected corporate
916:
in a society: class, status, and power. In his scheme, which remains influential today, people possess status in the sense of honor because they belong to specific groups with unique lifestyles and privileges. Modern sociologists and social psychologists broadened this understanding of status to
1018:
Although a person's status does not always correspond to merit or actual ability, it does allow the members of a group to coordinate their actions and quickly agree on who among them should be listened to. When actual ability does correspond to status, then status hierarchies can be especially
1183:
Status is one of the major components of social stratification, the way people are hierarchically placed in a society. The members of a group with similar status interact mainly within their own group and to a lesser degree with those of higher or lower status in a recognized system of social
986:
with fellow doctors, and low status when meeting with their hospital's chief of medicine. A person can also be a 'big fish in a small pond' such that they have higher status than everyone else in their organization, but low or equal status relative to professionals in their entire field.
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society is due to their relative merit, and therefore deserved. For instance, if a society holds that the homeless are unworthy of respect or dignity, then their poor material conditions are not evaluated as unjust by members of that society, and therefore are not subject to change.
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judges a person's relative social worth and meritâhowever accurate or inaccurate that judgement may be. Because societies use status to allocate resources, leadership positions, and other forms of power, status can make unequal distributions of resources and
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A medical professional shows students a model of human anatomy. People with higher status, like this instructor, command more attention, are more influential, and their statements are evaluated as more accurate, compared to others in the
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Status refers to a person's relative level of respectability and social honor. Weber's interest was particularly in status groups, which have distinct cultural dispositions and privileges, and whose members mostly socialize with one
1227:
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man is expected to take his wife's mother quite seriously (a non-joking relationship), although the mother-in-law has no special "status" over anyone except her son-in-lawâand only then in specific contexts.
998:, and beauty among others. Meanwhile, achieved statuses are akin to one's educational credentials or occupation: these things require a person to exercise effort and often undergo years of training. The term
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944:." They note that while many scholars differentiate those terms, they can define those terms in a way that clashes with the definitions of another scholar; for example they state that "
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is the ability to do what one wants, regardless of the will of others. (Domination, a closely related concept, is the power to make others' behavior conform to one's commands).
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everyone in the group succeed. For instance, people recognized as achieving great feats for their group or society are sometimes accorded legendary status as heroes.
2100:
Berger, Joseph; Norman, Robert Z.; Balkwell, James W.; Smith, Roy F. (1992). "Status
Inconsistency in Task Situations: A Test of Four Status Processing Principles".
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Weber, Max. 1946. "Class, Status, Party." pp. 180â195 in From Max Weber: Essays in
Sociology, H. H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills (eds.). New York: Oxford University.
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refers to one's material possessions. If someone has control of property, that person has power over others and can use the property to his or her own benefit.
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stratification. Although the determinants of status are specific to different cultures, some of the more common bases for status-based stratification include:
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968:. Status in face-to-face interaction can also be conveyed through certain controllable behaviors, such as assertive speech, posture, and emotional displays.
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Tiedens, Larissa Z. (2001). "Anger and advancement versus sadness and subjugation: The effect of negative emotion expressions on social status conferral".
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Anderson, Cameron; Hildreth, John; Howland, Laura (2015). "Is the Desire for Status a
Fundamental Human Motive? A Review of the Empirical Literature".
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and
Katherine Faust Stanley cautioned "there is considerable disagreement among social scientists about the definitions of the related concepts of
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Johnson, Cathryn; Clay-Warner, Jody; Funk, Stephanie (1996). "Effects of
Authority Structures and Gender on Interaction in Same-Sex Task Groups".
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has been used to describe the status most important for determining a person's position in a given context, like possessing a mental illness.
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2012:
1545:"How Status Shapes Social Cognition: Introduction to the Special Issue, 'The Status of Status: Vistas from Social Cognition'"
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Social status is often associated with clothing and possessions. Compare the foreman with a horse and high hat with the
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In pre-modern societies, status differentiation is widely varied. In some cases it can be quite rigid, such as with the
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McPherson, Miller; Smith-Lovin, Lynn; Cook, James M (2001-08-01). "Birds of a
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McPherson, Miller; Smith-Lovin, Lynn; Cook, James M (2001). "Birds of a
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Some writers have also referred to a socially valued role or category a person occupies as a "status" (e.g.,
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is the relative level of social value a person is considered to possess. Such social value includes respect,
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Weber's
Rationalism and Modern Society: New Translations on Politics, Bureaucracy, and Social Stratification
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may have a positive societal image (respect, prestige) which increases their status but may earn little
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behaviors vary widely because they are adaptations to a wide range of environmental niches. Some social
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is usually thought of as the main determinant of status, but other memberships or affiliations (such as
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Rutberg, Allen T. (2010). "Factors Influencing Dominance Status in American Bison Cows (Bison bison)".
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Smuts, B.B., Cheney, D.L. Seyfarth, R.M., Wrangham, R.W., & Struhsaker, T.T. (Eds.) (1987).
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societies. In these cases, status is limited to specific personal relationships. For example, a
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2227:
Johnson, Cathryn (1994). "Gender, Legitimate Authority, and Leader-Subordinate Conversations".
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Status: Why Is It Everywhere? Why Does It Matter?: Why Is It Everywhere? Why Does It Matter?
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system. In other cases, status exists without class and/or informally, as is true with some
932:, having a criminal conviction, having a mental illness, etc.). As social network analysts,
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2359:"Groups Reward Individual Sacrifice: The Status Solution to the Collective Action Problem"
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have both positive and negative influences on his or her social status. For example, a
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81:
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Edited and Translated by Tony Waters and Dagmar Waters. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
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1987:
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society). Status often comes with attendant rights, duties, and lifestyle practices.
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948:
uses the term 'status' in a way that is identical to our use of the term "position".
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2801:
1927:"Why is the Pack Persuasive? The Effect of Choice Status on Perceptions of Quality"
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is a result of the interaction of wealth (class), prestige status (or in German
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27:
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1521:
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developed the idea of "status group" which is a translation of the German
917:
refer to one's relative level of respectability and honor more generally.
3896:
3868:
3854:
3721:
3687:
3645:
3630:
3590:
3335:
2980:, translated by Richard Nice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1984.
2851:
The Status Syndrome: How Social Standing Affects Our Health and Longevity
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2004:
Choosing the right pond : human behavior and the quest for status
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Lynn, Freda; Simpson, Brent; Walker, Mark; Peterson, Colin (2016).
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Weber, Max (2015) "Classes, Stände, Parties," pp. 37â58 in
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2984:
Ridgeway, Cecilia (2014). "Why Status Matters for Inequality".
1216:
2412:. Otis Dudley Duncan, Andrea Tyree. New York: Free Press.
1157:
Status inconsistency is a situation where an individual's
1005:
However, the concept of a master status is controversial.
2192:
Johnson, Cathryn (1993). "Gender and Formal Authority".
1604:(2006). "Consensus and the Creation of Status Beliefs".
2978:
Distinction: a Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste
2618:(1975, 2000) Belknap Press of Harvard University Press
1143:
emerges from individual survival-seeking behaviors.
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1768:Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications
1255:argued stratification is based on three factors:
2576:"In Fish, Social Status Goes Right to the Brain"
1234:in picture. Image from 19th century rural Chile.
896:appear natural and fair, supporting systems of
2712:Stryker, Sheldon; Macke, Anne Statham (1978).
1842:Evolutionary Perspectives on Social Psychology
1794:Evolutionary Perspectives on Social Psychology
1241:Max Weber's three dimensions of stratification
960:depend primarily on the possession and use of
885:Importantly, status is based in widely shared
3035:
1796:. Evolutionary Psychology. pp. 303â315.
856:
8:
3719:
2085:The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology
1874:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1495:
1493:
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1489:
1113:or SES, usually operationalized as a simple
2952:. LLC: Bolender Initiatives. Archived from
1771:. Cambridge University Press. p. 348.
1716:Pescosolido, Bernice; Martin, Jack (2015).
3945:
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34:
18:
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1942:
1885:
1741:
1563:
2715:"Status Inconsistency and Role Conflict"
2652:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1247:Three-component theory of stratification
1447:
26:
2627:Wrangham, R. and Peterson, D. (1996).
2095:
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2007:. New York: Oxford University Press.
7:
2868:(10th ed.). Thomson Wadsworth.
1655:
1653:
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990:Examples of ascribed status include
2732:10.1146/annurev.so.04.080178.000421
2463:Journal of Psychoneuroendocrinology
2409:The American occupational structure
2300:"Coordination and Status Influence"
2143:Lucas, Jeffrey; Phelan, Jo (2012).
1662:"Why status matters for inequality"
1543:Sedikides, C.; Guinote, A. (2018).
3285:
2548:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1983.tb00087.x
912:outlined three central aspects of
14:
1734:10.1146/annurev-soc-071312-145702
1472:10.1146/annurev-soc-071811-145503
4287:
4286:
2631:. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
2059:. Cengage Learning. p. 88.
1324:
1224:(also called sociometric status)
1097:Status maintains and stabilizes
830:
16:Position within social structure
2948:Bolender, Ronald Keith (2006).
2754:from the original on 2022-12-05
2588:from the original on 2014-05-06
2536:Zeitschrift fĂźr Tierpsychologie
2515:from the original on 6 May 2014
2434:from the original on 2024-08-27
2339:from the original on 2024-08-27
2079:Ferris, Kelly, and Jill Stein.
1698:from the original on 2020-11-12
416:Peace, war, and social conflict
3928:
2816:Rationalism and Modern Society
2053:Robert Brym; John Lie (2009).
1:
2968:Chernoff, Seth David (2015).
2885:American Journal of Sociology
2574:Natalie Angier (1991-11-12).
1007:Status characteristics theory
2986:American Sociological Review
2933:10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.415
2786:10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.415
2683:10.1016/0006-8993(85)90445-7
2505:"Accessed 10 September 2012"
2475:10.1016/0306-4530(92)90029-7
2406:Blau, Peter Michael (1978).
2363:American Sociological Review
2229:American Sociological Review
2102:American Sociological Review
1850:10.1007/978-3-319-12697-5_24
1802:10.1007/978-3-319-12697-5_24
1669:American Sociological Review
1391:Power (social and political)
2357:Willer, Robb (2009-02-01).
2264:Social Psychology Quarterly
2194:Social Psychology Quarterly
2149:Social Psychology Quarterly
2081:"The Self and Interaction."
1825:Veblen, Thornstein (1899).
1125:and occupational prestige.
4344:
3134:Weberian (three-component)
2921:Annual Review of Sociology
2774:Annual Review of Sociology
2720:Annual Review of Sociology
2376:10.1177/000312240907400102
2042:. Appleton Century Crofts.
1722:Annual Review of Sociology
1660:Ridgeway, Cecilia (2014).
1583:. Russell Sage Foundation.
1579:Ridgeway, Cecilia (2019).
1460:Annual Review of Sociology
1296:
1244:
1176:
1150:
1105:distinguished status from
1055:, voluntary associations,
87:Human environmental impact
4282:
3948:
3935:
3922:
3292:
3279:
3092:
3063:
2839:Botton, Alain De (2004),
2001:Frank, Robert H. (1985).
1896:10.1037/0022-3514.80.1.86
1063:) can have an influence.
4323:Sociological terminology
4256:Pre-industrial East Asia
2998:10.1177/0003122413515997
2317:10.1177/1043463106066379
2161:10.1177/0190272512459968
1681:10.1177/0003122413515997
1565:10.1521/soco.2018.36.1.1
1366:Expressions of dominance
181:Structural functionalism
3304:Administrative detainee
2848:Michael Marmot (2004),
2562:Zeitschrift Psychologie
2305:Rationality and Society
1251:The German sociologist
970:Social network analysts
966:conspicuous consumption
201:Symbolic interactionism
96:Industrial revolutions
3720:
2818:. Palgrave Macmillan.
2036:Linton, Ralph (1936).
1502:Psychological Bulletin
1376:In-group and out-group
1235:
1081:societies such as the
1031:In different societies
982:
973:partners or investors.
191:Social constructionism
4328:Social stratification
4261:Pre-industrial Europe
2950:"Max Weber 1864â1920"
1618:10.1353/sof.2006.0139
1411:Social stratification
1381:Occupational prestige
1271:) and power (party).
1265:social stratification
1229:
1179:Social stratification
1173:Social stratification
1099:social stratification
1087:Indigenous Australian
1039:In modern societies,
979:
940:, social status, and
898:social stratification
566:Conversation analysis
141:Social stratification
4118: or countries
3929:By country or region
3167:Class discrimination
1931:Sociological Science
1718:"The Stigma Complex"
1598:Ridgeway, Cecilia L.
1416:Socioeconomic status
1371:Identity performance
1153:Status inconsistency
1147:Status inconsistency
1111:socioeconomic status
3650:Vanniar (Chieftain)
1356:Dominance hierarchy
1141:dominance hierarchy
1129:In nonhuman animals
151:Social cycle theory
22:Part of a series on
4231:18th-century Spain
4085:Standard of living
3789:Upper middle class
3784:Lower middle class
3375:Political prisoner
3157:Chattering classes
3129:Spoon class theory
2976:Bourdieu, Pierre.
2581:The New York Times
1421:Sociometric status
1263:. He claimed that
1236:
983:
837:Society portal
460:History of science
441:Race and ethnicity
121:Social environment
4300:
4299:
4278:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4111:
4110:
3918:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3812:Lumpenproletariat
3314:illegal immigrant
3275:
3274:
3187:Classless society
2970:"What is Success"
2845:, Hamish Hamilton
2650:Primate Societies
1972:10.1093/sf/sos074
1426:Status attainment
1406:Social inequality
1361:Economic mobility
934:Stanley Wasserman
873:
872:
591:Social experiment
471:Social psychology
116:Social complexity
4335:
4290:
4289:
4117:
4018:Mexican-American
3946:
3937:
3924:
3725:
3668:Business magnate
3558:Knowledge worker
3443:
3331:dual or multiple
3294:
3281:
3235:Social exclusion
3230:Social cleansing
3144:
3094:
3083:Economic classes
3044:
3037:
3030:
3021:
3009:
2973:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2944:
2908:
2891:(5): 1143â1178.
2879:
2828:
2825:
2819:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2717:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2666:
2660:
2646:
2640:
2625:
2619:
2612:
2606:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2571:
2565:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2542:(2â3): 206â212.
2531:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2378:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2302:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2172:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2097:
2088:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2039:The Study of Man
2033:
2027:
2026:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1966:(4): 1207â1235.
1955:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1889:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1745:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1697:
1666:
1657:
1644:
1641:
1630:
1629:
1602:Correll, Shelley
1594:
1585:
1584:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1552:Social Cognition
1549:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1514:10.1037/a0038781
1497:
1484:
1483:
1455:
1334:
1329:
1328:
1159:social positions
908:The sociologist
865:
858:
851:
835:
834:
586:Network analysis
476:Sociocybernetics
466:Social movements
196:Social darwinism
146:Social structure
38:
19:
4343:
4342:
4338:
4337:
4336:
4334:
4333:
4332:
4303:
4302:
4301:
4296:
4270:
4219:
4107:
4079:
4046:
4030:Underprivileged
3972:
3931:
3930:
3906:
3836:
3793:
3753:
3735:
3654:
3572:
3532:
3434:
3389:
3288:
3287:
3271:
3250:Social position
3240:Social mobility
3138:
3088:
3059:
3058:
3048:
2983:
2967:
2959:
2957:
2947:
2918:
2915:73(2): 358â391.
2882:
2876:
2860:
2836:
2834:Further reading
2831:
2826:
2822:
2813:
2809:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2757:
2755:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2647:
2643:
2626:
2622:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2600:
2591:
2589:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2559:
2555:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2518:
2516:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2437:
2435:
2420:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2342:
2340:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2276:10.2307/2787020
2261:
2260:
2256:
2241:10.2307/2096136
2226:
2225:
2221:
2206:10.2307/2786778
2191:
2190:
2186:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2114:10.2307/2096127
2099:
2098:
2091:
2078:
2074:
2067:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2015:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1944:10.15195/v3.a12
1924:
1923:
1919:
1887:10.1.1.333.5115
1871:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1664:
1659:
1658:
1647:
1642:
1633:
1596:
1595:
1588:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1547:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1499:
1498:
1487:
1457:
1456:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1386:Positional good
1346:Ascribed status
1341:Achieved status
1330:
1323:
1320:
1301:
1295:
1249:
1243:
1181:
1175:
1155:
1149:
1131:
1079:Hunter-Gatherer
1065:Achieved status
1033:
1016:
954:
938:social position
906:
869:
829:
822:
821:
782:
772:
771:
699:
625:
611:
609:Major theorists
601:
600:
536:
526:
525:
216:
206:
205:
176:Critical theory
171:Conflict theory
166:
156:
155:
126:Social equality
67:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4341:
4339:
4331:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4305:
4304:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4294:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4251:Ottoman Empire
4248:
4243:
4238:
4236:Ancient Greece
4233:
4227:
4225:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4217:
4212:
4210:United Kingdom
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4121:
4119:
4113:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4103:Home-ownership
4100:
4095:
4089:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4056:
4054:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4037:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4005:
4004:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3982:
3980:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3958:American Dream
3955:
3949:
3943:
3933:
3932:
3927:
3920:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3899:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3871:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3846:
3844:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3803:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3763:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3745:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3726:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3695:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3664:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3582:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3542:
3540:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3451:
3449:
3440:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3401:
3399:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3370:Migrant worker
3367:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3306:
3300:
3298:
3290:
3289:
3286:By demographic
3284:
3277:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3266:Status Anxiety
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3220:Ranked society
3217:
3212:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3162:Class conflict
3159:
3154:
3148:
3146:
3145: topics
3140:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3119:Mudsill theory
3116:
3111:
3106:
3100:
3098:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3079:
3072:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3010:
2981:
2974:
2965:
2945:
2916:
2913:World Politics
2909:
2897:10.1086/341744
2880:
2875:978-0495093442
2874:
2858:
2855:
2846:
2842:Status Anxiety
2835:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2820:
2807:
2780:(1): 415â444.
2764:
2704:
2677:(2): 274â282.
2661:
2641:
2637:978-0395877432
2620:
2607:
2598:
2566:
2553:
2526:
2496:
2469:(6): 701â709.
2453:
2444:
2418:
2398:
2349:
2311:(3): 367â391.
2289:
2270:(3): 221â236.
2254:
2235:(1): 122â135.
2219:
2200:(3): 193â210.
2184:
2155:(4): 310â333.
2135:
2108:(6): 843â855.
2089:
2072:
2066:978-0495598930
2065:
2045:
2028:
2013:
1993:
1950:
1917:
1864:
1859:978-3319126968
1858:
1832:
1817:
1811:978-3319126968
1810:
1784:
1778:978-0521387071
1777:
1757:
1708:
1645:
1631:
1586:
1571:
1535:
1508:(3): 574â601.
1485:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1396:Ranked society
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1332:Society portal
1319:
1316:
1297:Main article:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1283:
1279:
1259:, status, and
1245:Main article:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1200:
1195:
1177:Main article:
1174:
1171:
1151:Main article:
1148:
1145:
1130:
1127:
1032:
1029:
1015:
1014:Uses of status
1012:
962:status symbols
953:
950:
914:stratification
905:
902:
871:
870:
868:
867:
860:
853:
845:
842:
841:
840:
839:
824:
823:
820:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
783:
778:
777:
774:
773:
627:
626:
612:
607:
606:
603:
602:
599:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
537:
532:
531:
528:
527:
524:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
236:Astrosociology
233:
228:
223:
217:
212:
211:
208:
207:
204:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
167:
162:
161:
158:
157:
154:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
94:
89:
84:
82:Human behavior
79:
74:
68:
65:
64:
61:
60:
59:
58:
53:
48:
40:
39:
31:
30:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4340:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4313:Social status
4311:
4310:
4308:
4293:
4285:
4284:
4281:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4222:
4216:
4215:United States
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4116:Other regions
4114:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4049:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4028:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4009:
4006:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3975:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3941:United States
3938:
3934:
3925:
3921:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3839:
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3808:
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3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3392:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3380:Socioeconomic
3378:
3376:
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3363:
3359:
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3354:
3351:
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3320:
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3307:
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3299:
3295:
3291:
3282:
3278:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3255:Social stigma
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3245:Social orphan
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3204:
3203:Nouveau riche
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3177:Class traitor
3175:
3173:
3172:Class society
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3141:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3109:Gilbert model
3107:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3073:
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3070:
3066:
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3062:
3055:
3052:
3051:
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3040:
3038:
3033:
3031:
3026:
3025:
3022:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2966:
2956:on 2016-04-27
2955:
2951:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2917:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2881:
2877:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2862:Stark, Rodney
2859:
2856:
2854:, Times Books
2853:
2852:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2811:
2808:
2803:
2799:
2795:
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2779:
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2749:
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2700:
2696:
2692:
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2676:
2672:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2629:Demonic males
2624:
2621:
2617:
2614:Wilson, E.O,
2611:
2608:
2602:
2599:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2554:
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2255:
2250:
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2215:
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2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2188:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2139:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2083:Chapter 4 of
2082:
2076:
2073:
2068:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2049:
2046:
2041:
2040:
2032:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2010:
2006:
2005:
1997:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1960:Social Forces
1954:
1951:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1879:
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1611:
1607:
1606:Social Forces
1603:
1599:
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1566:
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1546:
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1486:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1437:
1436:Status symbol
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
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1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1351:Belongingness
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1309:
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1215:
1213:
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1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
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1190:
1187:
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1172:
1170:
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1128:
1126:
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1120:
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1095:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1003:
1001:
1000:master status
997:
993:
987:
978:
974:
971:
967:
963:
959:
952:Determination
951:
949:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
918:
915:
911:
903:
901:
899:
895:
890:
889:
883:
881:
877:
876:Social status
866:
861:
859:
854:
852:
847:
846:
844:
843:
838:
833:
828:
827:
826:
825:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
802:Organizations
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
784:
781:
776:
775:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
751: ¡
750:
747: ¡
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
707: ¡
706:
703:
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
639: ¡
638:
634:
631:
624:
620:
617:
614:
613:
610:
605:
604:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
556:Computational
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
538:
535:
530:
529:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
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404:
402:
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389:
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379:
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369:
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364:
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344:
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339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
301:Environmental
299:
296:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
251:Consciousness
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
218:
215:
210:
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189:
187:
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182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
168:
165:
160:
159:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
131:Social equity
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
103:
99:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
77:Globalization
75:
73:
70:
69:
63:
62:
57:
54:
52:
49:
47:
44:
43:
42:
41:
37:
33:
32:
29:
25:
21:
20:
4318:Anthropology
4266:Soviet Union
4241:Ancient Rome
4098:Homelessness
4023:Upper Middle
3895: /
3876: /
3867: /
3832:Working poor
3728:
3715:Robber baron
3538:Intellectual
3528:Royal family
3492:Ancient Rome
3346:second-class
3264:
3207:
3206: /
3201:
3197:High society
3104:Elite theory
3081:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3054:Social class
3013:
2989:
2985:
2977:
2958:. Retrieved
2954:the original
2924:
2920:
2912:
2888:
2884:
2865:
2849:
2840:
2823:
2815:
2810:
2777:
2773:
2767:
2756:. Retrieved
2723:
2719:
2707:
2674:
2670:
2664:
2649:
2644:
2628:
2623:
2616:Sociobiology
2615:
2610:
2601:
2590:. Retrieved
2579:
2569:
2561:
2556:
2539:
2535:
2529:
2517:. Retrieved
2509:freewebs.com
2508:
2499:
2466:
2462:
2456:
2447:
2436:. Retrieved
2408:
2401:
2369:(1): 23â43.
2366:
2362:
2352:
2341:. Retrieved
2308:
2304:
2292:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2197:
2193:
2187:
2152:
2148:
2138:
2105:
2101:
2084:
2075:
2055:
2048:
2038:
2031:
2003:
1996:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1934:
1930:
1920:
1880:(1): 86â94.
1877:
1873:
1867:
1841:
1835:
1829:. MacMillan.
1826:
1820:
1793:
1787:
1767:
1760:
1725:
1721:
1711:
1700:. Retrieved
1672:
1668:
1609:
1605:
1580:
1574:
1555:
1551:
1538:
1505:
1501:
1463:
1459:
1401:Social class
1311:
1307:
1302:
1299:Status group
1293:Status group
1268:
1250:
1212:Social class
1182:
1156:
1132:
1107:social class
1096:
1069:
1045:ethnic group
1038:
1034:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1004:
988:
984:
955:
926:social class
919:
907:
886:
884:
875:
874:
787:Bibliography
701:
629:
628:
615:
581:Mathematical
561:Ethnographic
541:Quantitative
226:Architecture
164:Perspectives
136:Social power
4185:New Zealand
3902:Untouchable
3827:Proletariat
3817:Pea-pickers
3767:Bourgeoisie
3455:Aristocracy
3341:naturalized
3336:native-born
2992:(1): 1â16.
2927:: 415â444.
2827:Weber 48â56
1937:: 239â263.
1612:: 431â453.
1466:: 267â283.
1085:, and some
958:hierarchies
942:social role
792:Terminology
761:Baudrillard
637:Tocqueville
551:Comparative
546:Qualitative
516:Victimology
346:Immigration
331:Generations
246:Criminology
4307:Categories
4175:Luxembourg
4065:Inequality
3730:Superclass
3521:Hereditary
3497:Post-Roman
3488:Patrician
3358:adolescent
3182:Classicide
2960:2010-10-15
2758:2021-02-25
2658:0226767159
2592:2014-05-24
2438:2021-02-25
2419:0029036704
2343:2021-02-25
2014:0195035208
1728:: 87â116.
1702:2019-01-02
1558:(1): 1â3.
1443:References
1431:Status set
1222:Popularity
1217:Occupation
1041:occupation
904:Definition
817:By country
571:Historical
496:Technology
436:Punishment
421:Philosophy
396:Mathematic
386:Literature
351:Industrial
341:Historical
266:Demography
186:Positivism
111:Popularity
66:Key themes
4200:Sri Lanka
4093:Education
4060:Household
3953:Affluence
3888:Rat tribe
3850:Ant tribe
3822:Precariat
3807:Lazzaroni
3749:Bohemians
3710:Overclass
3705:Old money
3641:Spartiate
3616:Kshatriya
3606:Hashashin
3563:Professor
3504:Political
3477:Oligarchy
3467:Hanseaten
3385:Stateless
3365:Convicted
3297:By status
3260:Subaltern
3192:Euthenics
3124:New class
2905:142599569
2866:Sociology
2794:0360-0572
2740:0360-0572
2726:: 57â90.
2671:Brain Res
2385:0003-1224
2333:145446268
2325:1043-4631
2122:0003-1224
1988:144789481
1980:0037-7732
1904:0022-3514
1882:CiteSeerX
1626:145216264
1304:Max Weber
1253:Max Weber
1232:inquilino
1207:Ethnicity
1136:dominance
1123:education
1103:Max Weber
930:ethnicity
910:Max Weber
633:Martineau
576:Interview
501:Terrorism
481:Sociology
426:Political
366:Knowledge
286:Education
28:Sociology
4292:Category
4224:Historic
4145:Colombia
4135:Cambodia
4070:Personal
3968:Mobility
3897:Freedman
3883:Plebeian
3869:Prisoner
3855:Commoner
3741:Creative
3722:Seigneur
3688:Nobility
3646:Vanniyar
3631:Pendekar
3591:Cossacks
3225:Snobbery
3097:Theories
3006:17880907
2864:(2007).
2752:Archived
2699:38842663
2586:Archived
2513:Archived
2491:23895155
2432:Archived
2393:15074581
2337:Archived
2179:25473142
2023:11089364
1912:11195894
1752:26855471
1693:Archived
1689:17880907
1675:: 1â16.
1530:17129083
1522:25774679
1480:73700406
1318:See also
1282:another.
1276:Property
1257:property
1049:religion
812:Timeline
797:Journals
765:Bourdieu
757:Habermas
753:Luhmann
749:Foucault
693:Mannheim
673:Durkheim
446:Religion
406:Military
371:Language
356:Internet
311:Feminist
295:Jealousy
281:Economic
276:Disaster
271:Deviance
214:Branches
92:Identity
4195:Romania
4190:Nigeria
4075:Poverty
3978:Classes
3963:History
3874:Peasant
3860:Outcast
3799:Working
3779:Burgher
3636:Samurai
3626:OcÄlĹtl
3586:Chhetri
3578:Warrior
3568:Scholar
3482:Russian
3472:Magnate
3460:Aristoi
3439:By type
3326:Citizen
3319:refugee
3215:Poverty
3209:Parvenu
3143:Related
3114:Marxian
3076:Stratum
2941:2341021
2802:2341021
2748:2945965
2691:3878181
2483:1287688
2428:3669292
2284:2787020
2249:2096136
2214:2786778
2170:4248597
2130:2096127
1743:4737963
1163:teacher
1139:Social
1091:Khoisan
1083:Khoisan
956:Status
888:beliefs
769:Giddens
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659:¡
645:Spencer
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511:Utopian
456:Science
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391:Marxist
381:Leisure
291:Emotion
256:Culture
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51:Outline
46:History
4150:France
4130:Belize
4125:Africa
4052:Income
4008:Middle
4001:Gentry
3865:Outlaw
3772:Petite
3759:Middle
3693:Landed
3678:Gentry
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