2025:
210:
1012:(1763) / translated by S. M. Rowland, S. Korolev. Boulder: Geological Soc. of America, 2012. 41 p. (Special paper; 485) "And so, there is no doubt that black soil is not primordial matter, but that it has been produced by the decomposition of animal and plant bodies over time"
639:
on exposure to heat. Temperatures sufficient to elevate maghemite on a landscape scale indicate the influence of fire. Given the rarity of such natural phenomena in the modern day, magnetic susceptibility in
Chernozem likely relates to
47:
1198:
These data challenge the common paradigm that chernozems are zonal soils with climate, parent material and bioturbation dominating soil formation, and introduce fire as a novel, important factor in the formation of these
618:
to roughly 5500 BC. However, no single paleo-climate reconstruction could accurately explain geochemical variations found in
Chernozems throughout central Europe. Evidence of anthropomorphic origins of stable
1161:
Schmidt, M.W.I.; Skjemstad, J.O.; Jäger, C. (2002), "Carbon isotope geochemistry and nanomorphology of soil black carbon: Black chernozemic soils in central Europe originate from ancient biomass burning",
658:
processes that contribute to the formation of dark earth, the term
Chernozem summarizes different types of black soils with the same appearance but different formation histories.
1335:
384:
for the soil in
Ukraine. The sale of agricultural land was illegal in Ukraine from 1992 to 2020, but the soil, transported by truck, could be traded legally. According to the
1227:
It is now an open question as to whether
Neolithic settlers did indeed prefer to grow crops where Chernozems occurred or if Neolithic burning formed the chernozemic soils.
1099:
Russian
Chernozem (1883) // Israel Program for Scientific Translations Ltd. (for USDA-NSF), S. Monson, Jerusalem, 1967. (Translated from Russian into English by N. Kaner)
354:
of the United States as far south as Kansas. Chernozem layer thickness may vary widely, from several centimetres up to 1.5 metres (60 inches) in
Ukraine, as well as the
388:-based Green Front NGO, the black market for illegally acquired chernozem in Ukraine was projected to reach approximately US$ 900 million per year in 2011.
1240:
1113:
1459:
1322:
Chernozem soils exhibit similar features worldwide and are generally characterized by significant magnetic enhancement in the upper soil horizons.
962:
415:
408:
214:
198:
76:
68:
1736:
404:
56:
1087:
Tchernozème (terre noire) de la Russie d'Europe. St.-Ptb.: Soc. Imp. libre économ., 1879. 66 p. (Comptes-rendus Soc. Imp. libre économ. T. 4).
2062:
1389:
1315:
922:
780:
1442:
1049:"The Origins of the Russian Chernozem Soil (Black Earth): Franz Joseph Ruprecht's 'Geo-Botanical Researches into the Chernozem' of 1866"
1720:
1725:
809:
775:
IUSS Working Group WRB: World
Reference Base for Soil Resources, fourth edition. International Union of Soil Sciences, Vienna 2022.
505:
156:
365:
The terrain can also be found in small quantities elsewhere (for example, on 1% of Poland, Hungary, and Texas). It also exists in
1730:
999:. Upsaliae, 1761. 8, 4, 322 p.; The natural and chemical elements of agriculture. London, York: Bell, Etherington, 1770. 198 p.
979:
641:
1741:
1410:
914:
2067:
1761:
2057:
2052:
2047:
1746:
937:
525:
303:
110:
1756:
762:
Prolonged use may still require replenishment with fertilizers because it easily can get depleted of nutrients.
799:
1751:
1714:
1435:
719:
624:
327:
2082:
2028:
553:
1296:"Chapter 8 - The discriminating power of soil magnetism for the characterization of different soil types"
1295:
1271:
1144:
2072:
933:
1882:
1347:
1255:
1171:
1128:
579:
482:
1384:
W. Zech, P. Schad, G. Hintermaier-Erhard: Soils of the World. Springer, Berlin 2022, Chapter 5.3.2.
1451:
692:
623:
in
Chernozem led to improved formation theories. Vegetation burning could explain Chernozem's high
2002:
1635:
1428:
1363:
1189:
1068:
539:
419:
194:
784:
1336:"Mineralogy of a burned soil compared with four anomalously red Quaternary deposits in Denmark"
2077:
1917:
1385:
1311:
1030:
918:
805:
776:
532:
343:
502:
1922:
1355:
1303:
1263:
1218:
1179:
1136:
1060:
734:
600:
589:
355:
311:
256:
240:
124:
439:
1987:
1972:
1832:
1414:
509:
366:
335:
315:
279:
264:
251:). The soil, rich in organic matter presenting a black color, was first identified by the
1351:
1259:
1175:
1132:
1962:
1907:
1307:
331:
268:
190:
863:
197:
with its high moisture-storage capacity. Chernozems are a
Reference Soil Group of the
2041:
2007:
1892:
1367:
1334:
Nørnberg, P.; Schwertmann, U.; Stanjek, H.; Andersen, T.; Gunnlaugsson, H.P. (2004).
560:
546:
1193:
890:"How Chemical Pre-Treatments in Particle Size Analysis Impact Wind Erosion Modeling"
889:
627:, the highest of the major soil types. Soil magnetism increases when soil minerals
1992:
1937:
1267:
1140:
651:
647:
632:
620:
381:
359:
351:
87:
27:
Soil type; very fertile, black-coloured soil containing a high percentage of humus
1048:
1997:
1977:
1897:
1877:
1857:
1847:
1842:
949:
677:
655:
611:
1407:
1239:
Eckmeier, Eileen; Gerlach, Renate; Gehrt, Ernst; Schmidt, Michael W.I. (2007),
1112:
Eckmeier, Eileen; Gerlach, Renate; Gehrt, Ernst; Schmidt, Michael W.I. (2007),
1982:
1932:
1887:
1872:
1837:
1807:
1673:
1580:
1545:
1520:
672:
374:
182:
1359:
1064:
963:"Ukraine lifts ban on sale of farmland in bid to receive international funds"
950:
The Tertiary Geology And Geomorphology Of The Monaro: The Perspective In 1994
358:
region in the northern United States and Canada (location of the prehistoric
1967:
1912:
1852:
1615:
1610:
1600:
1535:
1485:
983:
835:
636:
400:
209:
17:
1952:
1867:
1822:
1698:
1678:
1668:
1653:
1625:
1620:
1605:
1575:
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1550:
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1510:
1500:
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1490:
1401:
1184:
687:
682:
628:
615:
447:
347:
299:
287:
275:
1072:
614:
of Chernozem originally stemmed from climatic conditions from the early
610:
As seen in the list above, the 19th and 20th-century discussions on the
1902:
1862:
1827:
1817:
1812:
1802:
1797:
1693:
1663:
1658:
1648:
1643:
1595:
1590:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1530:
1515:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1034:
385:
339:
323:
319:
307:
283:
186:
1420:
836:"chernozem | Etymology, origin and meaning of chernozem by etymonline"
2012:
1947:
1688:
1683:
1585:
1222:
1214:
Detecting prehistoric fire-based farming using biogeochemical markers
370:
295:
291:
260:
252:
46:
1927:
278:
of land. There are two "chernozem belts" in the world. One is the
208:
178:
100:
1957:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1010:
On the strata of the Earth: a translation of "O sloiakh zemnykh"
667:
174:
52:
1424:
1279:
magnetic susceptibility of soil material may reflect past fires
1942:
1212:
997:
Agriculturae fundamenta chemica, åkerbrukets chemiska grunder
654:) absent a pyrogenic carbon component. Given the symphony of
414:
Chernozemic soil type "equivalents", in the Canadian system,
130:
133:
1217:(Dissertation), University of Zurich, Faculty of Science.,
145:
139:
804:. International Business Publications. 2007. p. 63.
373:. The only true chernozem in Australia is located around
952:" Centre For Australian Regolith Studies, Canberra 1994
606:
1999: Michael W. I. Schmidt (neolithic biomass burning)
572:
1853: Vangengeim von Qualen (silt from northern swamps)
1241:"Pedogenesis of Chernozems in Central Europe—A review"
1114:"Pedogenesis of Chernozems in Central Europe—A review"
596:
with a complete study of this soil in European Russia.
724:
157:
142:
136:
915:
Ecology of Arable Land – Perspectives and Challenges
585:
1879: First chernozem papers translated from Russian
1770:
1707:
1634:
1458:
148:
127:
106:
96:
86:
75:
64:
34:
858:
856:
213:Distribution of chernozem soils according to the
460:Aridic Mollisol subgroups (Xerolls and Ustolls)
392:Canadian and United States soil classification
377:, some of the richest soils on the continent.
1436:
712:
575:1862: Rudolf Ludwig (bog on place of forests)
8:
1289:
1287:
830:
828:
420:U.S. Department of Agriculture soil taxonomy
222: Dominant (more than 50% of soil cover)
739:
1443:
1429:
1421:
31:
1408:IUSS profile photos (with classification)
1183:
1107:
1105:
1020:
1018:
791:
704:
556:(weathered from Jurassic marine shales)
409:World Reference Base for Soil Resources
215:World Reference Base for Soil Resources
199:World Reference Base for Soil Resources
1737:Canadian system of soil classification
1047:Fedotova, Anastasia A. (August 2010),
405:Canadian system of soil classification
733:
496:Boralfic Mollisol subgroups, Albolls
7:
1402:profile photos (with classification)
1302:. Academic Press. pp. 349–365.
801:Russia Investment and Business Guide
181:(4% to 16%) and high percentages of
1721:Unified Soil Classification System
1308:10.1016/B978-0-12-809239-2.00008-5
274:Chernozem cover about 230 million
25:
1726:AASHTO Soil Classification System
1027:Life of Sir Roderick I, Murchison
980:Black market for rich black earth
868:Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
247:) and soil, earth or land (земля
2024:
2023:
917:by M. Clarholm and L. Bergström
535:(plant and animal decomposition)
444:Kastanozem, Chernozem, Phaeozem
177:containing a high percentage of
123:
45:
642:control of fire by early humans
342:. The other stretches from the
1742:Australian Soil Classification
1733:(French classification system)
1268:10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.01.009
1141:10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.01.009
1:
1294:Jordanova, Neli, ed. (2017).
569:1852: Nikifor Borisyak (peat)
519:Theories of Chernozem origin:
189:compounds. Chernozem is very
2063:Geology of the United States
1164:Global Biogeochemical Cycles
582:(decomposed steppe grasses)
1762:List of vineyard soil types
1008:'Lomonosov M. V. § 125. //
725:
2099:
1747:Polish Soil Classification
566:1851: А. Petzgold (swamps)
526:Johan Gottschalk Wallerius
433:
430:
427:
282:that extends from eastern
193:soil and can produce high
2021:
1771:Non-systematic soil types
713:
471:Typic Mollisol subgroups
259:in 1883 in the tallgrass
228: Codominant (25-50%)
44:
39:
1757:List of U.S. state soils
1413:9 September 2018 at the
1360:10.1180/0009855043910122
1065:10.3197/096734010x519762
380:Previously, there was a
306:), southern and eastern
243:terms for black (чёрный
239:The name comes from the
234: Associated (5-25%)
1752:1938 USDA soil taxonomy
1731:Référentiel pédologique
1715:FAO soil classification
1053:Environment and History
938:Encyclopædia Britannica
625:magnetic susceptibility
328:Central-Chernozem Strip
554:Sir Roderick Murchison
236:
1211:Eckmeier, E. (2007),
735:[tɕɪrnɐˈzʲɵm]
528:(plant decomposition)
508:14 March 2016 at the
465:Dark Brown Chernozem
212:
173:, is a black-colored
1883:Calcareous grassland
1460:World Reference Base
1185:10.1029/2002GB001939
580:Franz Josef Ruprecht
490:Dark Grey Chernozem
457:Kastanozem (Aridic)
1452:Soil classification
1417:IUSS World of Soils
1352:2004ClMin..39...85N
1260:2007Geode.139..288E
1176:2002GBioC..16.1123S
1133:2007Geode.139..288E
1025:Geikie, A. (1875),
693:Soil organic matter
592:published his book
493:Greyzemic Phaeozem
485:Mollisol subgroups
195:agricultural yields
2068:Geology of Ukraine
1636:USDA soil taxonomy
1462:for Soil Resources
840:www.etymonline.com
650:can darken soils (
540:Peter Simon Pallas
468:Haplic Kastanozem
237:
2058:Geology of Russia
2053:Geology of Canada
2048:Canadian Prairies
2035:
2034:
1390:978-3-540-30460-9
1317:978-0-12-809239-2
1277:on 8 March 2016,
986:(9 November 2011)
923:978-94-010-6950-2
781:979-8-9862451-1-9
723:
594:Russian Chernozem
533:Mikhail Lomonosov
516:
515:
397:Chernozemic soils
344:Canadian Prairies
171:black cotton soil
116:
115:
111:Humid continental
16:(Redirected from
2090:
2027:
2026:
1923:Hydrophobic soil
1445:
1438:
1431:
1422:
1372:
1371:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1291:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1270:, archived from
1254:(3–4): 288–299,
1245:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1223:10.5167/uzh-3752
1208:
1202:
1201:
1187:
1170:(4): 70–1–70–8,
1158:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1143:, archived from
1127:(3–4): 288–299,
1118:
1109:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1022:
1013:
1006:
1000:
995:Wallerius J. G.
993:
987:
977:
971:
970:
969:. 31 March 2020.
959:
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741:
737:
732:
728:
718:
716:
715:
709:
621:pyrogenic carbon
590:Vasily Dokuchaev
476:Black Chernozem
454:Brown Chernozem
425:
424:
356:Red River Valley
312:Wallachian Plain
257:Vasily Dokuchaev
233:
227:
221:
217:classification:
155:
154:
151:
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144:
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138:
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132:
129:
49:
40:Chernozemic soil
32:
21:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2092:
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2089:
2088:
2087:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2017:
1988:Subaqueous soil
1973:Serpentine soil
1833:Parent material
1766:
1703:
1630:
1461:
1454:
1449:
1415:Wayback Machine
1398:
1381:
1379:Further reading
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1274:
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1209:
1205:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1150:on 8 March 2016
1147:
1116:
1111:
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1103:
1097:Dokuchaev V. V.
1095:
1091:
1085:Dokoutchaief B.
1083:
1079:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1029:, vol. 1,
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1016:
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664:
521:
510:Wayback Machine
394:
367:Northeast China
336:Southern Russia
322:, to northeast
316:Moldavian Plain
280:Eurasian steppe
265:Eastern Ukraine
235:
231:
229:
225:
223:
219:
207:
161:), also called
126:
122:
97:Parent material
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1975:
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1965:
1963:Prime farmland
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1950:
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1918:Fuller's earth
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1908:Expansive clay
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1396:External links
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1300:Soil Magnetism
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1059:(3): 271–293,
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941:
934:Ukraine: Soils
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896:. 28 July 2021
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269:Western Russia
263:or prairie of
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2083:Types of soil
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2029:Types of soil
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2008:Tropical peat
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1708:Other systems
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1340:Clay Minerals
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948:KG McQueen. "
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811:9781433041686
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711:Russian:
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605:
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601:Otto Schlüter
598:
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584:
581:
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574:
571:
568:
565:
562:
561:Karl Eichwald
558:
555:
551:
548:
547:Charles Lyell
544:
542:(reeds marsh)
541:
537:
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290:), along the
289:
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216:
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78:
74:
70:
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63:
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54:
48:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2073:Great Plains
1938:Martian soil
1505:
1404:WRB homepage
1346:(1): 85–98.
1343:
1339:
1329:
1321:
1299:
1278:
1272:the original
1251:
1247:
1234:
1226:
1213:
1206:
1197:
1167:
1163:
1156:
1145:the original
1124:
1120:
1096:
1092:
1084:
1080:
1056:
1052:
1042:
1026:
1009:
1004:
996:
991:
975:
966:
957:
944:
929:
910:
898:. Retrieved
893:
884:
872:. Retrieved
867:
843:. Retrieved
839:
815:. Retrieved
800:
794:
758:
749:black ground
707:
652:melanization
648:Humification
646:
633:ferrihydrite
609:
593:
413:
396:
395:
382:black market
379:
364:
360:Lake Agassiz
352:Great Plains
350:through the
273:
248:
244:
238:
205:Distribution
170:
166:
162:
118:
117:
29:
2003:Terra rossa
1998:Terra preta
1978:Spodic soil
1898:Duplex soil
1878:Brown earth
1858:Alkali soil
1848:Rhizosphere
1843:Laimosphere
1717:(1974–1998)
1674:Inceptisols
1581:Plinthosols
1546:Kastanozems
864:"Chernozem"
678:Terra preta
635:convert to
612:pedogenesis
440:Chernozemic
326:across the
298:, northern
158:CHUR-nə-zem
18:Chernozemic
2042:Categories
1983:Stagnogley
1933:Lunar soil
1888:Dark earth
1873:Brickearth
1838:Pedosphere
1808:Soil crust
1616:Technosols
1601:Solonchaks
1521:Ferralsols
1486:Anthrosols
1035:B0095632AU
817:11 January
770:References
673:Dark earth
603:(man-made)
479:Chernozem
375:Nimmitabel
294:(northern
255:geologist
183:phosphorus
167:regur soil
163:black soil
51:Mollisol (
1968:Quicksand
1913:Fill dirt
1853:Bulk soil
1699:Vertisols
1689:Spodosols
1679:Mollisols
1669:Histosols
1654:Aridisols
1626:Vertisols
1621:Umbrisols
1611:Stagnosol
1576:Planosols
1571:Phaeozems
1551:Leptosols
1536:Gypsisols
1526:Fluvisols
1506:Chernozem
1501:Cambisols
1496:Calcisols
1491:Arenosols
1368:129974901
984:Kyiv Post
900:30 August
845:5 October
726:Černozjom
720:romanized
656:pedogenic
637:maghemite
428:Canadian
401:soil type
119:Chernozem
35:Chernozem
2078:Pedology
1953:Paleosol
1868:Blue goo
1823:Gypcrust
1694:Ultisols
1664:Gelisols
1659:Entisols
1649:Andisols
1644:Alfisols
1606:Solonetz
1596:Retisols
1591:Regosols
1566:Nitisols
1561:Luvisols
1556:Lixisols
1541:Histosol
1531:Gleysols
1516:Durisols
1511:Cryosols
1481:Andosols
1471:Acrisols
1411:Archived
1248:Geoderma
1194:56045817
1121:Geoderma
1073:20723789
967:Euronews
894:AZoM.com
714:Чернозём
688:Mollisol
683:Vertisol
662:See also
629:goethite
616:Holocene
506:Archived
501:Source:
448:Mollisol
407:and the
348:Manitoba
300:Bulgaria
288:Slavonia
276:hectares
1903:Eluvium
1863:Bay mud
1828:Caliche
1818:Hardpan
1813:Claypan
1803:Subsoil
1798:Topsoil
1684:Oxisols
1586:Podzols
1476:Alisols
1464:(1998–)
1348:Bibcode
1256:Bibcode
1172:Bibcode
1129:Bibcode
743:
549:(loess)
411:(WRB).
403:in the
386:Kharkiv
369:, near
340:Siberia
332:Central
324:Ukraine
320:Moldova
318:), and
308:Romania
284:Croatia
253:Russian
245:čjornyj
241:Russian
201:(WRB).
191:fertile
187:ammonia
107:Climate
88:Profile
71:, other
65:Used in
2013:Yedoma
1948:Muskeg
1388:
1366:
1314:
1192:
1071:
1033:
921:
874:7 July
870:. 2008
808:
779:
599:1929:
588:1883:
578:1866:
563:(peat)
559:1850:
552:1840:
545:1835:
538:1799:
531:1763:
524:1761:
418:, and
399:are a
371:Harbin
296:Serbia
292:Danube
261:steppe
249:zemlja
232:
226:
220:
1993:Takir
1928:Loess
1364:S2CID
1275:(PDF)
1244:(PDF)
1199:soils
1190:S2CID
1148:(PDF)
1117:(PDF)
1069:JSTOR
699:Notes
338:into
179:humus
101:Loess
1958:Peat
1793:Loam
1788:Clay
1783:Silt
1778:Sand
1386:ISBN
1312:ISBN
1031:ASIN
919:ISBN
902:2022
876:2008
847:2022
819:2018
806:ISBN
777:ISBN
740:lit.
731:IPA:
668:Loam
631:and
483:Udic
431:WRB
334:and
314:and
267:and
185:and
175:soil
92:AhBC
79:code
57:NRCS
53:USDA
1943:Mud
1356:doi
1304:doi
1264:doi
1252:139
1219:doi
1180:doi
1137:doi
1125:139
1061:doi
936:in
416:WRB
362:).
346:in
330:of
169:or
134:ɜːr
77:WRB
69:WRB
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