537:
513:
increased the total air-pollution emissions of the entire plant or factory. Any company that wished to build a project at a plant that would create new air pollution could avoid the "new-source review" process by simultaneously making other changes to the plant in order to reduce its overall emissions by the same amount. The EPA's new interpretation allowed companies to make industrial decisions more freely as long as the total impact of their plants or factories on air pollution did not increase. It made building industrial projects easier, even if the projects created new air pollution.
653:
42:
582:
delegation of authority to the agency to elucidate a specific provision of the statute by regulation. Such legislative regulations are given controlling weight unless they are arbitrary, capricious, or manifestly contrary to the statute. Sometimes the legislative delegation to an agency on a particular question is implicit rather than explicit. In such a case, a court may not substitute its own construction of a statutory provision for a reasonable interpretation made by the administrator of an agency.
554:, the Court ruled that the ambiguous meaning of the term "source" in the Clean Air Act indicated that Congress had delegated to the EPA the power to make a "policy decision" and choose the meaning of "source". The Court admonished the D.C. Circuit for trying to set government policy on the regulation of air pollution emissions. The Court emphasized that the U.S. judiciary is not a political branch of government and that U.S. federal judges are not elected officials.
1710:
the APA and one often likely compelled by the
Constitution itself. That's a problem for the judiciary. And it is a problem for the people whose liberties may now be impaired not by an independent decisionmaker seeking to declare the law's meaning as fairly as possible – the decisionmaker promised to them by law – but by an avowedly politicized administrative agent seeking to pursue whatever policy whim may rule the day.
464:. But the Constitution sets no express limits on how much federal authority can be delegated to a government agency. Rather, limits on the authority granted to a federal agency occur within the statutes enacted by Congress. It is also worth noting that federal courts are constitutionally of "limited jurisdiction". Congress bestowed on them the authority to adjudicate administrative matters in 1948.
391:(EPA) initially defined "source" to cover essentially any significant change or addition to a plant or factory. In 1981, the EPA changed its definition to mean only an entire plant or factory. This allowed companies to build new projects without going through the EPA's lengthy new review process if they simultaneously modified other parts of their plant to reduce emissions, avoiding any net change.
3122:
604:
determines
Congress has not directly addressed the precise question at issue, the court does not simply impose its own construction on the statute . . . Rather, if the statute is silent or ambiguous with respect to the specific issue, the question for the court is whether the agency's answer is based on a permissible construction of the statute.
1401:, but some scholars suggest that the decision has had little impact on the Supreme Court's jurisprudence and merely clarified the Court's existing approach. The ruling that the judiciary should defer to a federal agency's interpretation of ambiguous language from Congressional legislation relevant to the agency is often referred to as
1985:
1671:, we established a test for reviewing "an agency's construction of the statute which it administers". 467 U.S. 837, 842, 104 S.Ct. 2778, 81 L.Ed.2d 694 (1984). If Congress has "directly spoken to the precise question at issue," we said, "that is the end of the matter." Ibid. A contrary agency interpretation must give way.
559:
constituency—have a duty to respect legitimate policy choices made by those who do. The responsibilities for assessing the wisdom of such policy choices and resolving the struggle between competing views of the public interest are not judicial ones: "Our
Constitution vests such responsibilities in the political branches."
1543:, "ur precedent teaches that there are extraordinary cases ... in which the history and the breadth of authority that the agency has asserted and the economic and political significance of that assertion provide a reason to hesitate before concluding that Congress meant to confer such authority." Within the context of
1547:, the major questions doctrine was applied to rule-making by the EPA to require existing power plants to implement "outside the fence" measures, beyond the scope of the power plant, to reduce emissions, as implementing these measures was considered costly. The major questions doctrine was further evoked in
2376:
Roberts's question was referring to 'Chevron deference,' a doctrine mostly unknown beyond the halls of the
Capitol and the corridors of the Supreme Court. It refers to a 1984 decision, Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., and it is one of the most widely cited cases in law
1698:
Quite literally then, after this court declared the statutes' meaning and issued a final decision, an executive agency was permitted to (and did) tell us to reverse our decision like some sort of super court of appeals. If that doesn't qualify as an unconstitutional revision of a judicial declaration
496:
passed a bill that amended the Clean Air Act of 1963 to require any project that would create a major "stationary source" of air pollution to go through an elaborate new approval process conducted by the EPA called "new-source review". At first, the EPA interpreted the word "source" in the new law to
1709:
For whatever the agency may be doing under
Chevron, the problem remains that courts are not fulfilling their duty to interpret the law and declare invalid agency actions inconsistent with those interpretations in the cases and controversies that come before them. A duty expressly assigned to them by
1538:
deference. Under the major questions doctrine, rules and decisions made by executive branch agencies that are not explicitly defined by their
Congressional mandate and may incur a significant economic or political cost raise major questions of the agency's authority, and thus can be deemed unlawful.
581:
The power of an administrative agency to administer a congressionally created program necessarily requires the formulation of policy and the making of rules to fill any gap left, implicitly or explicitly, by
Congress. If Congress has explicitly left a gap for the agency to fill, there is an express
576:
The Court said that when
Congress passes a law that contains an ambiguity, the ambiguity may represent an implicit delegation of authority from Congress to the executive agency that implements the law. The Court explained that these delegations limit a federal court's ability to review the agency's
1747:
In a proceeding brought by or against the regulated party, the court shall decide all questions of law, including the interpretation of a constitutional or statutory provision or a rule adopted by an agency, without deference to any previous determination that may have been made on the question by
603:
First, always, is the question whether
Congress has directly spoken to the precise question at issue. If the intent of Congress is clear, that is the end of the matter; for the court, as well as the agency, must give effect to the unambiguously expressed intent of Congress. If, however, the court
558:
When a challenge to an agency construction of a statutory provision, fairly conceptualized, really centers on the wisdom of the agency's policy, rather than whether it is a reasonable choice within a gap left open by
Congress, the challenge must fail. In such a case, federal judges—who have no
626:
doctrine requires the court to evaluate whether the interpretation of the law that the executive agency proposes is "reasonable" or "permissible". If it is, then the court must accept the agency's interpretation. If it is not, only then may the court conduct its own interpretation of the law.
512:
became President, the EPA changed its interpretation of the word "source" in the law to mean only an entire plant or factory, not an individual building or machine. Under this new interpretation, a change at a plant or factory needed to go through the "new-source review" process only if it
399:
advocacy group, challenged the legality of the EPA's new definition. NRDC won the case in a federal court, but the Supreme Court overturned that decision and ruled in favor of Chevron on the grounds that the courts should broadly defer to EPA and other independent regulatory agencies.
375:
deference consisted of a two-part test that was deferential to government agencies: first, whether Congress has spoken directly to the precise issue at question, and second, "whether the agency's answer is based on a permissible construction of the statute".
1776:
In interpreting a state statute or rule, a state court or an officer hearing an administrative action pursuant to general law may not defer to an administrative agency's interpretation of such statute or rule, and must instead interpret such statute or rule
4186:
3570:
832:
475:., 323 U. S. 134, 140 (1944). See generally 1 K. Davis, Administrative Law Treatise §§ 5.03-5.06 (1958 ed. and Supp. 1970). ... In order for an agency interpretation to be granted deference, it must be consistent with the congressional purpose.
3788:
3445:
1009:
2923:, 534 (D.C. Cir. 2017) ("Of course, 'if Congress has directly spoken to an issue then any agency interpretation contradicting what Congress has said would be unreasonable.' Entergy, 556 U.S. at 218 n.4, 129 S.Ct. 1498.").
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doctrine requires a court to evaluate whether a law is ambiguous. If the law is unambiguous, then the court must follow it. If the law is ambiguous, however, then the court must proceed to step two. At step two, the
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517:
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3812:
4398:
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221:
Courts must defer to administrative agency interpretations of the authority granted to them by Congress (1) where the intent of Congress was ambiguous and (2) where the interpretation was reasonable or
4952:
4202:
3992:
467:
In 1974 the Supreme Court stated that deference depends on an administrative interpretation being consistent with the agency's other statements and being consistent with the congressional purpose:
4542:
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1664:
My disagreement with the Court is fundamental. It is also easily expressed: A court should not defer to an agency until the court decides, on its own, that the agency is entitled to deference.
4170:
4154:
4138:
4130:
4076:
3126:
595:
The Court's decision set forth a two-step analysis for federal courts to use when adjudicating a challenge to an agency's interpretation of a law. This two-step analysis is now known as "the
1581:
that travel with fishermen during their outings, which under the Service's rules, must be paid by the fishermen. The fisherman challenged this rule, which in lower courts was upheld based on
524:, the D.C. Circuit ruled that the EPA's new interpretation of "source" conflicted with the Circuit's prior cases interpreting the term and that the EPA's new interpretation was invalid.
471:
We have recognized previously that the weight of an administrative interpretation will depend, among other things, upon "its consistency with earlier and later pronouncements" of an agency.
1511:
deference may be inappropriate in regulatory actions of "deep economic and political significance", hinting at the possibility of substantially limiting, or even eliminating, the doctrine.
520:
challenging the legality of the EPA's new interpretation. The D.C. Circuit ruled in the NRDC's favor in 1982. In an opinion written by U.S. circuit judge (and future Supreme Court justice)
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185:
108:
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2377:... A decision based on Chevron deference could say to Congress: Fix the law to make it unambiguous. It says to the executive branch: Implementation of the law is up to you.
1706:(APA) Congress vested the courts with the power to "interpret ... statutory provisions" and overturn agency action inconsistent with those interpretations. 5 U.S.C. § 706.
1446:
regulation, which allowed an employer to refuse to hire an applicant when the applicant's disability on the job would pose a "direct threat" to the applicant's own health.
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2840:
3020:
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1564: (2023), which determined that the Department of Education did not have the authority to cancel hundreds of billions of dollars in federal student loans under the
1048:
2920:
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3218:
2676:
1381:
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4700:
3944:
3866:
3365:
793:
2902:
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725:
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536:
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528:, which had been affected by the EPA's new regulation and had intervened in the case, appealed the D.C. Circuit's decision to the Supreme Court.
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4651:
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4012:
1995:
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445:
357:
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passed a bill on January 11, 2017, called the "Regulatory Accountability Act of 2017", which, if made into law, would change the doctrine of
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876:
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857:
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On June 25, 1984, the Supreme Court issued a unanimous 6–0 decision in favor of the EPA that reversed the judgment of the D.C. Circuit.
2145:
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4868:
4720:
4030:
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1684:, governing judicial review of most agency action, instructs reviewing courts to decide "all relevant questions of law". 5 U.S.C. § 706.
1660:, the dissent by Chief Justice Roberts joined by Justice Kennedy and Justice Alito objected to excessive Chevron deference to agencies:
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1374:
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cover nearly any significant addition or change at a factory or plant. This meant that even a single building or machine, such as a
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69:
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signed a bill prohibiting courts from deferring to agency interpretations, and thus codifying the end to deference in Wisconsin.
1171:
681:
669:
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407:
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4441:
3753:
1323:
1188:
1154:
992:
3003:"Blue Ridge Healthcare Hospitals Inc Carolinas Healthcare System Blue Ridge v. Caldwell Memorial Hospital Inc SCSV LLC (2017)"
516:
In late 1981, the environmentalist advocacy group Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) filed a petition for review in the
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1227:
940:
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735:
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1680:, 1 Cranch 137, 177, 2 L.Ed. 60 (1803). The rise of the modern administrative state has not changed that duty. Indeed, the
1589:
as a means to challenge the validity of the rule. The petition for certiorari to the Court specifically questioned whether
4384:
3902:
3251:
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should apply to less formal agency documents in an attempt to draw a bright line for the question of "force of law" under
1267:
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1306:
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422:
379:
The decision involved a legal challenge to a change in the U.S. government's interpretation of the word "source" in the
2649:"Supreme Court to hear major case on limiting the power of federal government, a long-term goal of legal conservatives"
1608:
will be uncertainty and instability for agencies and industries, inviting legal challenges to any and all FDA, EPA and
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step zero". Thus, for example, a regulation promulgated under the "notice and comment" provisions of § 553 of the
803:
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4378:
4342:
2405:
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deference to agency decisions that have the "force of law". This new doctrine has sometimes been referred to as "
652:
17:
4891:
4886:
4823:
4146:
1604:
Some professors have suggested that the implications for medicine and public health as a result of overturning
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910:
765:
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1217:
982:
967:
755:
3168:
163:
89:
85:
81:
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1964:
1056:
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915:
807:
208:
189:
100:
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1968:
1515:
974:
155:
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1991:
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135:
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of the law by a political branch, I confess I begin to wonder whether we've forgotten what might.
410:
and was cited in thousands of cases. Forty years later, in June 2024, the Supreme Court overruled
3796:
1849:
1688:
Likewise before joining the U.S. Supreme Court, 10th Circuit Judge Gorsuch in his concurrence in
1676:
987:
870:
640:
440:
2146:"Loper Bright Enterprise et al. v. Raimondo, Secretary of State, et al., 603 U. S. ____ (2024)"
3002:
2621:"'How do we know where the line is?' Supreme Court considers 'chevron' principle in major case"
1752:
The bill explicitly exempts health care appeals and actions of agencies created by the state's
590:, 467 U.S. at 843–44 (internal quotation marks, alterations, citations, and footnotes omitted).
4833:
4460:
4390:
4306:
3503:
3405:
3088:
3076:
2725:
2186:
2152:
1960:
1956:
1674:"It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is."
1549:
890:
865:
551:
281:
277:
257:
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3317:
3150:
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2743:
2717:
2709:
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deference. Nevertheless, some lower courts have continued to give agencies deference under
311:
Marshall, Rehnquist and O'Connor took no part in the consideration or decision of the case.
4429:
4266:
4104:
3984:
3626:
3594:
3330:
3266:
2966:
2537:
2522:
1785:
The amendment also stopped deference to agencies' interpretation of its own rules, ending
1503:
848:
798:
449:
1739:
deference with respect to most of its own agencies. In April 2018, the state's governor
4843:
3511:
3347:
3159:
2263:
1967:
had a financial interest in one of the parties and recused herself in order to avoid a
1786:
1561:
1527:
934:
265:
1928:
Chevron, State Farm, and the Impact of Judicial Doctrine on Bureaucratic Policymaking.
1435:
4911:
4858:
4838:
2677:"Supreme Court overturns 1984 Chevron precedent, curbing power of federal government"
2410:
1641:(son of Anne Gorsuch, who was head of EPA at the time of the events which led to the
1473:(SEC) "no-action" letter, would not. However, an agency action that does not receive
509:
384:
119:
3092:
1493:
deference should apply to formal agency documents which have the force of law while
4745:
3241:
3196:
1638:
3722:
2250:
2073:
2071:
2069:
1438: (2002), before the Supreme Court. In a unanimous decision, the Court applied
1405:
deference. Several of the EPA's rulings for emissions regulations, as well as the
103:
2765:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2049:
4863:
1830:
deference, but the state agencies are still entitled to deference comparable to
253:
2591:
Showalter, J. Michael; Garel-Frantzen, Alex; Rasche, Samuel A. (July 7, 2023).
2489:
deference to opinion letter sent by NLRB about interpretation of overtime laws)
2218:"Rep. Boebert, EPA administrator clash over legitimacy of agency and its rules"
1477:
deference may still receive some degree of deference under the old standard of
4299:
4187:
Los Angeles County Flood Control District v. Natural Resources Defense Council
3246:
3185:
3121:
2989:"N.C. Acupuncture Licensing Board v. N.C. Board of Physical Therapy Examiners"
2710:"Implications for Public Health Regulation if Chevron Deference Is Overturned"
2179:"Justices Limit Power of Federal Agencies, Imperiling an Array of Regulations"
1740:
1565:
172:
123:
2729:
2190:
4572:
4312:
4230:
2625:
1649:
deference, with news commentators believing that Gorsuch might rule against
167:
115:
2721:
3177:
2012:
2361:"When the subject is Obamacare, never forget about Chief Justice Roberts"
1449:
Three 21st-century decisions of the Supreme Court may limit the scope of
920:
2708:
Agrawal, Sahil; Ross, Joseph S.; Ramachandran, Reshma (March 20, 2024).
2841:"Bureaucrats May Be The Losers If Gorsuch Wins A Seat On Supreme Court"
1765:
1732:
498:
453:
361:
324:(Pub. L. No. 95-95, 91 Stat. 685); 40 C.F.R. 51.18(j)(1)(i)-(ii) (1983)
3859:
Baltimore Gas & Electric Co. v. Natural Resources Defense Council
2541:, 576 U.S. ___, ___ (2015) (Thomas, J., concurring) (slip op., at 1).
502:
2593:"SCOTUS Update: Administrative Law Takeaways from Biden v. Nebraska"
2406:"How Neil Gorsuch could rein in regulators like the EPA and the FCC"
2388:
Thomas W. Merrill, "Judicial Deference to Executive Precedent", 101
2151:. Supreme Court of the United States. June 28, 2024. Archived from
1577:
in January 2024. The case deals with payment of observers from the
3080:
1963:
did not participate in the decision because of illnesses. Justice
1916:
deference and the deference to be afforded to informal rule making
535:
383:. The Act did not precisely define what constituted a "source" of
4399:
Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference v. Federal Power Commission
2567:"West Virginia v. EPA and the Future of the Administrative State"
1585:
deference, but has been argued by lawyers that oppose the use of
2107:"Supreme Court adds second case in battle over Chevron doctrine"
540:
Justice John Paul Stevens, the author of the Court's opinion in
160:
4085:
Weyerhaeuser Company v. United States Fish and Wildlife Service
4069:
Babbitt v. Sweet Home Chapter of Communities for a Great Oregon
3726:
3200:
3136:
Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.
3128:
Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.
360:
must defer to a government agency's interpretation of a law or
349:
Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.
41:
4203:
National Association of Manufacturers v. Department of Defense
4155:
National Association of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife
4077:
National Association of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife
3993:
HollyFrontier Cheyenne Refining v. Renewable Fuels Association
2681:
2653:
1593:
should be overturned, and it was. The Supreme Court overruled
2526:, 576 U.S. 473, 486 (2015) (internal quotation marks omitted)
2342:
2340:
1669:
Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council Inc.
651:
4171:
Coeur Alaska, Inc. v. Southeast Alaska Conservation Council
4139:
S. D. Warren Co. v. Maine Board of Environmental Protection
4131:
South Florida Water Management District v. Miccosukee Tribe
2816:"Should Chevron be reconsidered? A federal judge thinks so"
306:
Stevens, joined by Burger, Brennan, White, Blackmun, Powell
2867:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2011:
Brannon, Valerie C.; Cole, Jared P. (September 19, 2017).
1694:
also objected to excessive Chevron deference to agencies:
518:
U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
4819:
National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
3398:
Bi-Metallic Investment Co. v. State Board of Equalization
2565:
Engstrom, David Freeman; Priddy, John E. (July 6, 2022).
1994:
from judicial opinions or other documents created by the
122:) 1049; 14 Envtl. L. Rep. 20,507; 52 U.S.L.W. 4845; 1984
3851:
Metropolitan Edison Co. v. People Against Nuclear Energy
2963:"The Demise of Agency Deference: Florida Takes the Lead"
1743:
signed HB 2238 into law, which states in relevant part,
1718:
the court did not defer to the agency's interpretation.
2937:"Arizona Passes New Law Limiting Deference to Agencies"
1530: (2022), established the first explicit use of the
505:, could be a "source" of air pollution under the law.
4093:
United States Fish and Wildlife Service v. Sierra Club
3937:
Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation v. EPA
3813:
Friends of the Earth v. Laidlaw Environmental Services
1534:
by the Supreme Court, which is seen to further weaken
352:, 467 U.S. 837 (1984), was a landmark decision of the
4953:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Burger Court
1903:
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 467
1469:
deference, but a letter sent by an agency, such as a
4609:
Alien Species Prevention and Enforcement Act of 1992
2508:
still applies to agency actions that do not receive
1912:(2001), a more recent case addressing the limits of
4729:
4681:
4449:
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
4263:
4229:
4103:
4041:
4011:
3901:
3831:
3760:
3657:
3538:
3479:
3472:
3373:
3364:
3339:
3302:
3265:
3234:
1881:
Tetra Tech, Inc. v. Wisconsin Department of Revenue
460:, and declare a statute invalid if it violates the
315:
302:
297:
226:
215:
196:
146:
141:
131:
95:
77:
60:
53:
34:
4579:Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
3046:"Summary of Bills Passed in Extraordinary Session"
4633:Coalition for Responsible Regulation, Inc. v. EPA
4691:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
4455:Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act
3821:BP P.L.C. v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore
3071:Hickman, Kristin E.; Pierce, Richard J. (2019).
2892:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2766:"Regulatory Accountability Act of 2017 (H.R. 5)"
2020:. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service
1859:TWISM Enterprises v. State Board of Registration
364:. The decision articulated a doctrine known as "
18:Chevron USA v. Natural Resources Defense Council
4958:Overruled United States Supreme Court decisions
4928:United States statutory interpretation case law
2744:"H.R.5 – Regulatory Accountability Act of 2017"
2504:, 535 U.S. 212 (2002) (stating explicitly that
1774:
1745:
1696:
1662:
601:
579:
556:
469:
4701:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
3945:Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen
3867:Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen
1571:The Supreme Court heard arguments in the case
1397:is probably the most frequently cited case in
4711:United States Environmental Protection Agency
4361:Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act
3738:
3212:
2647:De Vogue, Ariana; Cove, Devan (May 1, 2023).
2331:
2318:
2306:
2089:
2077:
1601:decision on a 6–3 vote issued June 28, 2024.
1507:(2015), the Supreme Court has suggested that
1375:
8:
3921:Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council
2791:"House Passes Bill Ending Chevron Deference"
1645:decision) has also written opinions against
1610:Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services
789:Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs
4567:Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act
3883:Winter v. Natural Resources Defense Council
3875:Norton v. Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance
406:was one of the most important decisions in
35:Chevron U.S.A. v. Natural Res. Def. Council
4561:Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act
3969:American Electric Power Co. v. Connecticut
3961:Environmental Defense v. Duke Energy Corp.
3913:Train v. Natural Resources Defense Council
3828:
3745:
3731:
3723:
3496:Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe
3476:
3422:Board of Regents of State Colleges v. Roth
3370:
3219:
3205:
3197:
3075:(6th ed.). New York: Wolters Kluwer.
1382:
1368:
636:
31:
4319:North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911
4288:Forest Service Organic Administration Act
3929:Whitman v. American Trucking Associations
421:on the ground that it conflicts with the
4282:Yellowstone National Park Protection Act
356:that set forth the legal test used when
4716:United States Fish and Wildlife Service
3682:Bowen v. Georgetown University Hospital
2931:
2929:
2346:
2293:
2281:
2003:
1948:
1926:Wiseman, A., & Wright, J. (2020). "
1811:King v. Mississippi Military Department
1483:, 323 U.S. 134 (1944). The majority in
1444:Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
639:
181:Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.
70:Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.
4809:National Ambient Air Quality Standards
4652:Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act
4549:Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
4537:Hazardous Materials Transportation Act
4211:County of Maui v. Hawaii Wildlife Fund
1996:federal judiciary of the United States
1627:United States House of Representatives
1442:deference and upheld as reasonable an
4923:United States administrative case law
4897:Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action
4418:Environmental Quality Improvement Act
4195:Army Corps of Engineers v. Hawkes Co.
3805:Lujan v. National Wildlife Federation
1471:US Securities and Exchange Commission
29:1984 United States Supreme Court case
7:
4626:Energy Independence and Security Act
4597:National Environmental Education Act
3643:Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo
2619:Groppe, Maurine (January 17, 2024).
2140:
2138:
2105:Schonfeld, Zach (October 13, 2023).
1898:Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo
1574:Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo
1413:have been based on cases decided on
438:Under the Supreme Court's ruling in
417:Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo
338:Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo
4869:Significant New Alternatives Policy
4721:U.S. Global Change Research Program
4031:Southern Union Co. v. United States
3977:Utility Air Regulatory Group v. EPA
3891:Monsanto Co. v. Geertson Seed Farms
1420:In 2002 Chevron was able to invoke
4646:America's Water Infrastructure Act
4636:(D.C. Cir. Court of Appeals, 2012)
4355:Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act
4115:United States v. Riverside Bayview
4053:Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill
4023:City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey
1426:Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Echazabal,
47:Supreme Court of the United States
25:
4948:Natural Resources Defense Council
4918:United States Supreme Court cases
4662:(5th Cir. Court of Appeals, 2022)
4424:National Environmental Policy Act
4402:(2nd Cir. Court of Appeals, 1965)
4163:Entergy Corp. v. Riverkeeper Inc.
4123:SWANCC v. Army Corps of Engineers
3146:837 (1984) is available from:
2404:Lee, Timothy (February 2, 2017).
1637:deference. Supreme Court Justice
1579:National Marine Fisheries Service
1539:Roberts wrote in the majority of
1407:Federal Communications Commission
731:National Environmental Policy Act
550:In an opinion written by justice
393:Natural Resources Defense Council
152:Natural Resources Defense Council
4849:Presidential Climate Action Plan
4829:New Source Performance Standards
4696:Council on Environmental Quality
4585:Emergency Wetlands Resources Act
3228:United States administrative law
3120:
2359:Barnes, Robert (March 5, 2015).
1983:
1878:deference at the state level in
1856:deference at the state level in
1808:deference at the state level in
1653:deference on the Supreme Court.
821:Judicial review of agency action
481:Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC
322:Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977
40:
4485:Water Resources Development Act
4442:Coastal Zone Management Program
3754:United States environmental law
1658:City of Arlington, Texas v. FCC
1656:In the U.S. Supreme Court case
1424:deference to win another case,
1069:Regulated fields (and agencies)
389:Environmental Protection Agency
4943:1984 in United States case law
4776:Environmental impact statement
4756:Corporate average fuel economy
4640:Lautenberg Chemical Safety Act
4061:Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife
3563:Universal Camera Corp. v. NLRB
3488:Abbott Laboratories v. Gardner
3287:Government in the Sunshine Act
3021:"Judicial Thunder Out of Ohio"
2873:City of Arlington, Tex. v. FCC
2675:Fritze, John (June 28, 2024).
2177:Liptak, Adam (June 28, 2024).
866:Committed to agency discretion
736:Government in the Sunshine Act
1:
2216:Caitlyn Kim (July 11, 2024).
1768:approved an amendment to the
675:Notice of proposed rulemaking
4555:Toxic Substances Control Act
3603:Christensen v. Harris County
3462:Logan v. Zimmerman Brush Co.
3275:Administrative Procedure Act
3187:Chevron Two-Step Music Video
2482:Christensen v. Harris County
2446:Christensen v. Harris County
1824:North Carolina Supreme Court
1764:In November 2018, voters in
1704:Administrative Procedure Act
1682:Administrative Procedure Act
1486:Christensen v. Harris County
1463:Administrative Procedure Act
771:Federal Vacancies Reform Act
761:Unfunded Mandates Reform Act
721:Administrative Procedure Act
571:, 437 U.S. 153, 195 (1978)).
483:, 395 U. S. 367, 381 (1969).
446:United States federal courts
423:Administrative Procedure Act
4814:National Climate Assessment
4761:Discharge Monitoring Report
4614:Food Quality Protection Act
4436:Coastal Zone Management Act
3619:United States v. Mead Corp.
3555:Skidmore v. Swift & Co.
3547:NLRB v. Hearst Publications
3311:Code of Federal Regulations
3073:Administrative Law Treatise
2916:Waterkeeper Alliance v. EPA
2898:Gutierrez-Brizuela v. Lynch
2440:United States v. Mead Corp.
2332:Hickman & Pierce (2019)
2319:Hickman & Pierce (2019)
2307:Hickman & Pierce (2019)
2090:Hickman & Pierce (2019)
2078:Hickman & Pierce (2019)
2043:, 533 U.S. 218, 226 (2001).
2040:United States v. Mead Corp.
2014:Chevron Deference: A Primer
1909:United States v. Mead Corp.
1735:has statutorily overturned
1716:Waterkeeper Alliance v. EPA
1691:Gutierrez-Brizuela v. Lynch
1480:Skidmore v. Swift & Co.
1465:would be likely to receive
1399:American administrative law
695:Code of Federal Regulations
577:interpretation of the law.
567:, 467 U.S. at 866 (quoting
354:United States Supreme Court
4974:
4591:Global Change Research Act
4241:United States v. Bestfoods
3325:Emergency Federal Register
3293:Regulatory Flexibility Act
3281:Freedom of Information Act
3178:Oyez (oral argument audio)
2905: (10th Cir. 2016).
2555:, 597 U.S. 697, 724 (2022)
2485:, 529 U.S. 576 (1999) (no
2272:, 237 (U.S. 1974).
2224:. CPR News. Archived from
1990:This article incorporates
1884:(2016). In 2018, Governor
1770:Florida State Constitution
751:Regulatory Flexibility Act
726:Freedom of Information Act
569:Tenn. Valley Auth. v. Hill
477:Espinoza v. Farah Mfg. Co.
473:Skidmore v. Swift & Co
4864:Section 608 Certification
4804:Maximum contaminant level
4741:Best available technology
4387:(1963, 1970, 1977, 1990)
4367:Air Pollution Control Act
4331:Migratory Bird Treaty Act
1932:Perspectives on Politics.
1802:Mississippi Supreme Court
1075:Antitrust and competition
794:Administrative Conference
335:
328:
320:
310:
231:
220:
39:
4892:Toxicity category rating
4887:Total maximum daily load
4824:National Priorities List
4706:Office of Surface Mining
4531:Federal Noxious Weed Act
4432:(1972, 1977, 1987, 2014)
4406:Solid Waste Disposal Act
4147:Rapanos v. United States
2746:. United States Congress
1532:major questions doctrine
1354:Statutory interpretation
1036:Unitary executive theory
827:Arbitrary and capricious
766:Congressional Review Act
741:National Emergencies Act
687:Administrative law judge
54:Argued February 29, 1984
4938:1984 in the environment
4854:Renewable Fuel Standard
4672:Inflation Reduction Act
4479:Safe Drinking Water Act
3366:Supreme Court decisions
3025:The Wall Street Journal
2969:. January–February 2020
2443:, 533 U.S. 218 (2001);
2437:, 535 U.S. 212 (2002);
1872:Wisconsin Supreme Court
983:Congressional oversight
783:Regulatory coordination
756:Paperwork Reduction Act
617:At the first step, the
479:, 414 U. S. 86 (1973);
408:U.S. administrative law
4467:Endangered Species Act
4412:Endangered Species Act
4294:Rivers and Harbors Act
3843:United States v. SCRAP
3789:Vermont Yankee v. NRDC
3446:Vermont Yankee v. NRDC
3430:United States v. FECRC
3355:Foreign Affairs Manual
3257:Nondelegation doctrine
2878:133 S.Ct. 1863
2722:10.1001/jama.2024.3654
2449:, 529 U.S. 576 (2000).
2296:, p. 1190, n.117.
1992:public domain material
1874:judicially overturned
1852:judicially overturned
1804:judicially overturned
1783:
1754:Corporation Commission
1750:
1712:
1686:
1612:(CMS) determinations.
1489:(2000) suggested that
656:
615:
593:
574:
544:
485:
448:have the authority to
246:William J. Brennan Jr.
4792:Executive Order 13990
4786:Executive Order 13432
4781:Environmental justice
4666:CHIPS and Science Act
4373:Fish and Wildlife Act
4249:Guam v. United States
3781:Sierra Club v. Morton
3414:Richardson v. Perales
2903:834 F.3d 1142
2334:, § 3.2, p. 202.
2321:, § 3.2, p. 202.
2309:, § 3.2, p. 201.
2092:, § 3.2, p. 200.
2080:, § 3.2, p. 201.
1453:actions that receive
1451:administrative agency
916:Nationwide injunction
808:Executive Order 12866
804:Cost–benefit analysis
746:Inspector General Act
655:
612:, 467 U.S. at 842–43.
539:
381:Clean Air Act of 1963
56:Decided June 25, 1984
4875:State of the Climate
4543:Magnuson–Stevens Act
4349:McSweeney-McNary Act
4001:West Virginia v. EPA
3953:Massachusetts v. EPA
3635:West Virginia v. EPA
3454:Califano v. Yamasaki
3340:Policies and manuals
2921:853 F.3d 527
2552:West Virginia v. EPA
2270:415 U.S. 199
1969:conflict of interest
1731:At the state level,
1516:West Virginia v. EPA
1017:Independent agencies
956:Separation of powers
114:104 S. Ct. 2778; 81
66:Chevron U.S.A., Inc.
4933:Chevron Corporation
4839:Not-To-Exceed (NTE)
4771:Environmental crime
4766:Effluent guidelines
4527:, 2014, 2016, 2022)
4267:federal legislation
3773:Missouri v. Holland
3438:Mathews v. Eldridge
3267:Federal legislation
3169:Library of Congress
3048:. MacIver Institute
2820:The Washington Post
2598:National Law Review
2571:Stanford Law School
2468:Virginia Law Review
2394:969, 982–985 (1992)
2365:The Washington Post
2349:, pp. 1174–75.
2119:"Docket for 22-451"
1965:Sandra Day O'Connor
1023:Humphrey's Executor
1010:Senate confirmation
962:Appointments Clause
715:Statutory framework
526:Chevron Corporation
522:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
358:U.S. federal courts
290:Sandra Day O'Connor
270:Lewis F. Powell Jr.
177:Chevron U.S.A. Inc.
4659:Louisiana v. Biden
4573:CERCLA (Superfund)
4481:(1974, 1986, 1996)
3797:Hughes v. Oklahoma
3571:MVMA v. State Farm
3528:Corner Post v. FRB
3390:Londoner v. Denver
3382:CMSPR v. Minnesota
3089:Merrill, Thomas W.
2501:Barnhart v. Walton
2458:See, for example,
2434:Barnhart v. Walton
2305:Quoted in part in
2183:The New York Times
1850:Ohio Supreme Court
1677:Marbury v. Madison
1349:Constitutional law
657:
641:Administrative law
545:
441:Marbury v. Madison
242:Associate Justices
4905:
4904:
4834:New Source Review
4620:Energy Policy Act
4603:Oil Pollution Act
4473:Oil Pollution Act
4461:Noise Control Act
4391:Acid Rain Program
4379:Oil Pollution Act
4343:Oil Pollution Act
4337:Clarke–McNary Act
4259:
4258:
4219:Sackett v. EPA II
3720:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3653:
3652:
3504:Heckler v. Chaney
3406:Goldberg v. Kelly
3125:Works related to
1961:William Rehnquist
1957:Thurgood Marshall
1714:Subsequently, in
1550:Biden v. Nebraska
1392:
1391:
552:John Paul Stevens
450:judicially review
345:
344:
278:William Rehnquist
258:Thurgood Marshall
175:granted sub nom.
16:(Redirected from
4965:
4751:Clean Power Plan
4683:Federal agencies
4325:Weeks–McLean Act
4179:Sackett v. EPA I
3829:
3747:
3740:
3733:
3724:
3477:
3371:
3318:Federal Register
3221:
3214:
3207:
3198:
3188:
3182:
3176:
3173:
3167:
3164:
3158:
3155:
3149:
3124:
3110:
3102:Duke Law Journal
3084:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3017:
3011:
3010:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2943:. April 11, 2018
2941:Pace Law Library
2933:
2924:
2918:
2912:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2881:
2875:
2869:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2689:on July 15, 2024
2685:. Archived from
2672:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2562:
2556:
2548:
2542:
2533:
2527:
2519:
2513:
2496:
2490:
2477:
2471:
2460:Cass R. Sunstein
2456:
2450:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2401:
2395:
2391:Yale Law Journal
2386:
2380:
2379:
2373:
2371:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2335:
2328:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2303:
2297:
2291:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2267:
2259:
2253:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2228:on July 15, 2024
2213:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2197:on July 13, 2024
2193:. Archived from
2174:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2158:on July 15, 2024
2157:
2150:
2142:
2133:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2114:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2044:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2019:
2008:
1987:
1986:
1972:
1953:
1772:, which states,
1384:
1377:
1370:
1043:Legislative veto
799:Executive orders
702:Federal Register
637:
613:
591:
572:
397:environmentalist
238:Warren E. Burger
227:Court membership
211:1227 (1984).
201:Rehearing denied
44:
43:
32:
21:
4973:
4972:
4968:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4963:
4962:
4908:
4907:
4906:
4901:
4733:
4725:
4677:
4430:Clean Water Act
4274:
4273:and lower court
4272:
4270:
4265:
4255:
4225:
4099:
4037:
4007:
3985:Michigan v. EPA
3897:
3827:
3764:
3756:
3751:
3721:
3712:
3706:NCTA v. Brand X
3649:
3627:Kisor v. Wilkie
3595:Auer v. Robbins
3587:Chevron v. NRDC
3534:
3473:Judicial Review
3468:
3360:
3335:
3331:Regulations.gov
3298:
3261:
3230:
3225:
3186:
3180:
3174:
3171:
3165:
3162:
3156:
3153:
3147:
3117:
3087:
3070:
3067:
3062:
3061:
3051:
3049:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3029:
3027:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2972:
2970:
2967:The Florida Bar
2961:
2960:
2956:
2946:
2944:
2935:
2934:
2927:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2896:
2895:
2884:
2871:
2870:
2859:
2849:
2847:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2824:
2822:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2799:
2797:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2774:
2772:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2749:
2747:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2692:
2690:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2659:
2657:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2631:
2629:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2603:
2601:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2575:
2573:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2549:
2545:
2538:Michigan v. EPA
2534:
2530:
2523:King v. Burwell
2520:
2516:
2497:
2493:
2478:
2474:
2466:Step Zero", 92
2457:
2453:
2430:
2426:
2416:
2414:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2387:
2383:
2369:
2367:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2345:
2338:
2329:
2325:
2317:
2313:
2304:
2300:
2292:
2288:
2284:, p. 1177.
2280:
2276:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2245:
2241:
2231:
2229:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2200:
2198:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2136:
2132:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2088:
2084:
2076:
2047:
2037:
2033:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2010:
2009:
2005:
1984:
1981:
1976:
1975:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1923:
1921:Further reading
1894:
1868:
1846:
1820:
1798:
1762:
1729:
1724:
1623:
1618:
1504:King v. Burwell
1388:
1359:
1358:
1344:
1336:
1335:
1324:Social Security
1070:
1062:
1061:
993:Organic statute
957:
949:
948:
911:Major questions
822:
814:
813:
784:
776:
775:
716:
708:
707:
665:
633:
614:
608:
592:
586:
573:
563:
534:
508:In 1981, after
490:
488:Case background
436:
431:
331:
282:John P. Stevens
280:
268:
256:
192:956 (1983).
127:
88:
84:
55:
49:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4971:
4969:
4961:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4910:
4909:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4881:Tailoring Rule
4878:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4844:PACE financing
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4795:
4789:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4737:
4735:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4718:
4713:
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3702:
3698:Whitman v. ATA
3694:
3686:
3678:
3670:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3647:
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3551:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3524:
3520:Norton v. SUWA
3516:
3512:Webster v. Doe
3508:
3500:
3492:
3483:
3481:
3474:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3458:
3450:
3442:
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3402:
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3348:Justice Manual
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3115:External links
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2347:Merrill (2021)
2336:
2323:
2311:
2298:
2294:Merrill (2021)
2286:
2282:Merrill (2021)
2274:
2264:Morton v. Ruiz
2254:
2247:28 U.S.C.
2239:
2208:
2169:
2134:
2131:
2130:
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2094:
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2002:
2001:
1980:
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1818:North Carolina
1816:
1797:
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1792:in the state.
1761:
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1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1631:115th Congress
1622:
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1501:step zero. In
1411:net neutrality
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1343:Related topics
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1338:
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1320:
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1309:
1302:Transportation
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435:
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343:
342:
333:
332:
329:
326:
325:
318:
317:
313:
312:
308:
307:
304:
300:
299:
295:
294:
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266:Harry Blackmun
243:
240:
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229:
228:
224:
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218:
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148:
144:
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139:
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133:
129:
128:
113:
97:
93:
92:
79:
75:
74:
62:
61:Full case name
58:
57:
51:
50:
45:
37:
36:
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
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4888:
4885:
4882:
4879:
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4876:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4859:Right to know
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
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4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4799:
4796:
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4782:
4779:
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4709:
4707:
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4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4688:
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4680:
4673:
4670:
4667:
4664:
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4416:
4413:
4410:
4407:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4385:Clean Air Act
4383:
4380:
4377:
4374:
4371:
4368:
4365:
4362:
4359:
4356:
4353:
4350:
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4301:
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4286:
4283:
4280:
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4268:
4262:
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4243:
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4232:
4228:
4221:
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4213:
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4208:
4205:
4204:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4192:
4189:
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4184:
4181:
4180:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4102:
4095:
4094:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4040:
4033:
4032:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4010:
4003:
4002:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3900:
3893:
3892:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3830:
3823:
3822:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3763:
3762:Supreme Court
3759:
3755:
3748:
3743:
3741:
3736:
3734:
3729:
3728:
3725:
3708:
3707:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3690:Gade v. NSWMA
3687:
3684:
3683:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3674:CFTC v. Schor
3671:
3668:
3667:
3666:INS v. Chadha
3663:
3662:
3660:
3658:Agency Action
3656:
3645:
3644:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3530:
3529:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3480:Reviewability
3478:
3475:
3471:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3440:
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3435:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3338:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3301:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3222:
3217:
3215:
3210:
3208:
3203:
3202:
3199:
3193:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3170:
3161:
3152:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3131:at Wikisource
3130:
3129:
3123:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3109:(5): 1153–96.
3108:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3096:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3047:
3041:
3038:
3026:
3022:
3016:
3013:
3008:
3004:
2998:
2995:
2990:
2984:
2981:
2968:
2964:
2958:
2955:
2942:
2938:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2917:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2899:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2874:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2846:
2842:
2836:
2833:
2821:
2817:
2811:
2808:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2783:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2758:
2745:
2739:
2736:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2704:
2701:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2671:
2668:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2643:
2640:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2615:
2612:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2587:
2584:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2532:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2518:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2455:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2435:
2428:
2425:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2385:
2382:
2378:
2366:
2362:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2312:
2308:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2265:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2240:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2212:
2209:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2170:
2154:
2147:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2035:
2032:
2016:
2015:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1978:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1834:
1829:
1826:has rejected
1825:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1782:
1780:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1749:
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1742:
1738:
1734:
1726:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1711:
1707:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1672:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1659:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1620:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1575:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1545:West Virginia
1542:
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316:Laws applied
298:Case opinion
285:
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200:
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142:Case history
107:
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4731:Regulations
3611:FDA v. BWTC
3374:Due Process
3303:Regulations
3065:Works cited
2850:January 31,
2825:January 31,
2800:January 31,
2770:GovTrack.us
2750:January 31,
2632:January 17,
2470:187 (2006).
2251:§ 1331
2124:October 14,
2024:October 12,
1796:Mississippi
1748:the agency.
1417:deference.
1201:Immigration
1189:Health care
1155:Environment
927:Abbott Labs
884:Bi-Metallic
871:Due process
599:doctrine".
456:enacted by
254:Byron White
78:Docket nos.
4912:Categories
4300:Refuse Act
3247:Rulemaking
3081:2018043030
2512:deference)
2330:Quoted in
1938:References
1741:Doug Ducey
1616:Opposition
1566:HEROES Act
1251:Securities
906:Exhaustion
833:State Farm
670:Rulemaking
631:Importance
499:smokestack
429:Background
197:Subsequent
124:U.S. LEXIS
4313:Weeks Act
4307:Lacey Act
4275:decisions
4271:treaties,
3765:decisions
3052:March 14,
3030:March 14,
2775:March 23,
2730:0098-7484
2626:USA Today
2191:0362-4331
1979:Citations
1955:Justices
1866:Wisconsin
1862:in 2023.
1790:deference
1239:trademark
1030:Seila Law
852:deference
844:deference
369:deference
168:D.C. Cir.
116:L. Ed. 2d
96:Citations
4798:LDV Rule
3539:Standard
3235:Concepts
3134:Text of
3091:(2021).
2693:June 28,
2506:Skidmore
2370:March 6,
2232:July 15,
2222:CPR News
2201:June 29,
2162:July 15,
2111:The Hill
1892:See also
1833:Skidmore
1814:(2018).
1495:Skidmore
1268:Taxation
1102:Treasury
1005:Hearings
935:Standing
921:Ripeness
891:Goldberg
877:Londoner
607:—
585:—
562:—
532:Decision
458:Congress
454:statutes
303:Majority
132:Argument
72:, et al.
4438:(1972)
4296:(1899)
3192:YouTube
3151:Findlaw
3095:Chevron
3007:Findlaw
2660:May 13,
2604:July 9,
2576:July 9,
2510:Chevron
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1914:Chevron
1876:Chevron
1854:Chevron
1838:Chevron
1828:Chevron
1806:Chevron
1779:de novo
1766:Florida
1760:Florida
1737:Chevron
1733:Arizona
1727:Arizona
1702:In the
1651:Chevron
1647:Chevron
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1635:Chevron
1629:in the
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1455:Chevron
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968:Freytag
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664:General
643:of the
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610:Chevron
597:Chevron
588:Chevron
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367:Chevron
362:statute
216:Holding
170:1982),
156:Gorsuch
90:82-1591
86:82-1247
82:82-1005
4883:(2010)
4800:(2010)
4794:(2022)
4788:(2007)
4674:(2022)
4668:(2022)
4654:(2021)
4648:(2018)
4642:(2016)
4628:(2007)
4622:(2005)
4616:(1996)
4605:(1990)
4599:(1990)
4593:(1990)
4587:(1986)
4581:(1986)
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4563:(1977)
4557:(1976)
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4357:(1934)
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4333:(1918)
4327:(1913)
4321:(1911)
4315:(1911)
4309:(1900)
4290:(1897)
4284:(1872)
4252:(2021)
4244:(1998)
4231:CERCLA
4222:(2023)
4214:(2020)
4206:(2018)
4198:(2016)
4190:(2013)
4182:(2012)
4174:(2009)
4166:(2009)
4158:(2007)
4150:(2006)
4142:(2006)
4134:(2004)
4126:(2001)
4118:(1985)
4096:(2021)
4088:(2018)
4080:(2007)
4072:(1995)
4064:(1992)
4056:(1978)
4034:(2012)
4026:(1978)
4004:(2022)
3996:(2021)
3988:(2015)
3980:(2014)
3972:(2011)
3964:(2007)
3956:(2007)
3948:(2004)
3940:(2004)
3932:(2001)
3924:(1984)
3916:(1975)
3894:(2010)
3886:(2008)
3878:(2004)
3870:(2004)
3862:(1983)
3854:(1983)
3846:(1973)
3824:(2021)
3816:(2000)
3808:(1990)
3800:(1979)
3792:(1978)
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3677:(1986)
3669:(1983)
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3638:(2022)
3630:(2019)
3622:(2001)
3614:(2000)
3606:(2000)
3598:(1997)
3590:(1984)
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3574:(1983)
3566:(1951)
3558:(1944)
3550:(1944)
3531:(2024)
3523:(2004)
3515:(1988)
3507:(1985)
3499:(1971)
3491:(1967)
3465:(1982)
3457:(1979)
3449:(1978)
3441:(1976)
3433:(1973)
3425:(1972)
3417:(1971)
3409:(1970)
3401:(1915)
3393:(1908)
3385:(1890)
3295:(1980)
3289:(1976)
3283:(1966)
3277:(1946)
3252:Notice
3181:
3175:
3172:
3166:
3163:
3160:Justia
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1049:Chadha
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387:. The
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1943:Notes
1722:State
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1218:Labor
941:Lujan
501:or a
395:, an
207:
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173:cert.
147:Prior
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4521:2000
4517:1999
4513:1996
4509:1992
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4489:1974
4013:RCRA
3833:NEPA
3144:U.S.
3077:LCCN
3054:2023
3032:2023
2975:2021
2949:2018
2852:2017
2827:2017
2802:2017
2777:2017
2752:2017
2726:ISSN
2714:JAMA
2695:2024
2662:2023
2634:2024
2606:2023
2578:2023
2535:See
2498:See
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2431:See
2419:2021
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2203:2024
2187:ISSN
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2126:2023
2026:2017
1959:and
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1848:The
1844:Ohio
1822:The
1800:The
1788:Auer
1625:The
1559:U.S.
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1433:U.S.
1317:NTSB
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1228:NLRB
1211:EOIR
1172:Food
1148:FERC
1114:FDIC
1090:CFPB
1085:CPSC
850:Auer
452:the
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190:U.S.
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1194:HHS
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1177:FDA
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