139:
1956:
The vocalic system of Proto-Chimakuan is much harder to reconstruct as Boas’ Chemakum data don’t allow for an unambiguous reading of the phonemic vowels in that language. However, assuming a
Quileute-like 3-vowel system with an extra parameter of vowel length, Powel was able to reconstruct a similar
1534:
Glottalized resonants, common in neighboring language families like
Salishan, do not occur in either daughter language synchronically, but they must be reconstructed to account for some seemingly irregular correspondences between the languages with respect to occurrences of a glottal stop before
906:
The regular reflexes of the Proto-Chimakuan consonant phonemes in the attested
Chimakuan languages are tabled below. Where the official Quileute orthography or Boas’ Chemakum transcription differ from the Proto-Chimakuan transcription (on whose IPA values, cf. table above), the orthographical
878:
are largely in complementary distribution, though they are clearly phonemized in the modern languages (and probably already was in Late Proto-Chimakuan before it split) owing to loans and some irregular and analogical developments, especially in
Chemakum. Note that the palatalization and
1672:
causing mergers (a few instances of the glides survive without hardening in
Chimakum, e.g., in a demonstrative). A sub-table from the table above is reproduced below to illustrate these mergers more clearly. All of these developments have parallels in neighboring Salishan languages.
261:
Quileute is now extinct. During the late 20th and early 21st centuries a revitalization effort began, and it is today spoken as a second language by a relatively small amount of the
Quileute tribe on the west coast of the Olympic Peninsula, south of
306:
The Proto-Chimakuan sound system, as reconstructed by Powell, contained three vowels, long and short, and lexical stress (accompanied by a higher pitch as in
English). It had the consonants listed in the following table. In angle brackets
311:
following each IPA symbol are Powell’s own (Americanist) notation, which shall be used henceforth instead of the IPA. The plain voiceless stops and affricates were probably mildly aspirated as in modern
Quileute.
1538:
Apart from the loss of glottalized resonants, Quileute has more-or-less kept the Proto-Chimakuan phonemic inventory unaltered. The only major change (sub-phonemic) is the infamous denasalization of *
1535:
resonant-reflexes, as well as language-internal evidence showing presence and absence of glottal stops around resonants in various related morphological forms, cf. Powell (1974) for more details.
1981:. Stress was phonemic. In Quileute, the stress became fixed to the penultimate syllable, though subsequent changes made it somewhat unpredictable. Open syllables developed long vowels.
5381:
4407:
1989:
There are more than 20 known common inflectional suffixed and about 200 derivational suffixes. No common prefixes are known. In some cases, infixes are used in both languages.
4398:
1997:
Below is a table listing numerals from 1 to 10 in
Chemakum and Quileute. Only 1 through 4 and 6 are cognate, the rest being independently innovated in the two languages.
5391:
4263:
5287:
1570:, respectively, ridding the language of nasal consonants except in certain archaïcizing narrative registers. Quileute also acquired the (presently rare) phonemes
171:
2365:
5386:
5432:
4391:
4411:
3888:
3778:
3359:
615:
741:
5260:
719:
534:
2860:
544:
5340:
4045:
4384:
2330:
2322:
2307:
4021:
1592:
The development of
Chemakum, on the other hand, has seen more significant changes. The Proto-Chimakuan palato-alveolar sibilants *
5396:
3260:
625:
437:
4790:
4759:
3179:
3115:
2358:
3792:
3543:
3034:
3905:
3040:
4258:
2865:
2651:
2645:
2569:
3952:
3240:
5417:
4268:
4253:
3253:
3011:
2972:
605:
425:
5108:
4027:
2885:
4248:
4242:
3300:
3218:
3191:
2895:
675:
524:
5345:
3814:
3272:
2930:
2890:
2880:
5422:
4726:
3475:
3070:
2900:
2586:
2351:
729:
655:
415:
405:
4033:
4009:
3984:
3957:
3940:
2848:
2419:
4226:
2950:
2905:
2875:
2374:
635:
239:
5206:
4434:
3705:
3537:
2592:
2408:
5427:
5355:
5188:
4851:
4273:
4080:
3717:
2599:
467:
4376:
278:
The Chimakuan languages have phonemic inventories similar to other languages of the region, with few vowels,
3278:
3203:
2606:
2556:
447:
5182:
5140:
4949:
4915:
4633:
4292:
4140:
3935:
3930:
3711:
3664:
3294:
3211:
2870:
2854:
2662:
2563:
2426:
2402:
1581:
which occur primarily in loans but also a few words and morphemes of uncertain origin (and in the case of
514:
504:
2628:
5350:
5296:
5215:
5193:
4834:
4716:
4338:
4236:
3925:
3728:
3518:
3507:
3469:
3076:
3050:
2955:
2945:
2544:
2395:
707:
697:
5248:
5241:
4039:
3764:
5175:
5023:
4589:
4555:
4313:
4198:
4070:
3878:
3851:
3834:
3802:
3700:
3414:
3339:
3266:
3045:
3022:
2994:
2925:
2836:
2617:
574:
5360:
5199:
5157:
5097:
5076:
4870:
4806:
4749:
4697:
4682:
4655:
4439:
4090:
3994:
3894:
3883:
3845:
3824:
3722:
3681:
3456:
3438:
3432:
3407:
3400:
3306:
3289:
3028:
2694:
2681:
2575:
2525:
2382:
2284:. Columbia University contributions to anthropology (Vol. 12). New York: Columbia University Press.
554:
5271:
5227:
5151:
5051:
5037:
4967:
4857:
4673:
4617:
4610:
4521:
4505:
4004:
3999:
3989:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3946:
3915:
3910:
3863:
3857:
3808:
3753:
3676:
3560:
3524:
3485:
3427:
3234:
3229:
2940:
2699:
2668:
2634:
2622:
2581:
2456:
2237:
325:
320:
279:
190:
155:
47:
4494:
4101:
4064:
2340:. Working Papers in Linguistics (Vol. 7, № 2), Department of Linguistics, University of Hawaiʻi.
5335:
5277:
5030:
5013:
4988:
4974:
4829:
4692:
4687:
4649:
4532:
4106:
4095:
4075:
4015:
3920:
3900:
3839:
3819:
3530:
3491:
3462:
3450:
3387:
3333:
3311:
3284:
3224:
3197:
3016:
2977:
2967:
2935:
2808:
2734:
2716:
2710:
2612:
2530:
2444:
2413:
2326:
2318:
2303:
345:
330:
287:
251:
220:
209:
159:
91:
81:
43:
5365:
5310:
5303:
5221:
5162:
5090:
5083:
5002:
4960:
4925:
4883:
4864:
4839:
4800:
4779:
4773:
4736:
4643:
4541:
4487:
4480:
4473:
4452:
4323:
4183:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4122:
4116:
4111:
4085:
3978:
3873:
3797:
3735:
3687:
3622:
3615:
3608:
3601:
3594:
3583:
3567:
3502:
3497:
3480:
3421:
3315:
3247:
3158:
3125:
3103:
3093:
2989:
2961:
2910:
2831:
2815:
2801:
2783:
2776:
2762:
2722:
2704:
2688:
2674:
2496:
2479:
2227:
340:
283:
235:
5168:
5125:
5118:
4995:
4981:
4931:
4845:
4820:
4743:
4709:
4703:
4600:
4566:
4466:
4428:
4318:
4193:
4178:
4147:
3868:
3829:
3694:
3640:
3512:
3374:
3140:
3135:
3000:
2915:
2796:
2789:
2769:
2751:
2656:
2639:
2438:
335:
291:
186:
175:
60:
54:
5234:
5066:
5044:
4897:
4876:
4768:
4662:
4582:
4575:
4514:
4459:
4328:
4188:
4157:
4128:
3759:
3645:
3628:
3578:
3573:
3444:
3381:
3151:
3145:
3065:
3060:
3006:
2983:
2728:
2550:
2507:
2490:
2484:
2462:
2450:
808:
796:
786:
774:
764:
129:
5411:
4938:
4904:
4890:
4548:
4445:
4212:
4152:
4134:
3650:
3634:
3588:
3345:
3165:
3130:
3120:
3098:
3055:
2920:
2501:
2433:
665:
645:
584:
564:
477:
457:
263:
3109:
487:
2173:. Working Papers in Linguistics, Department of Linguistics, University of Hawaiʻi.
238:. It was spoken until the 1940s on the east side of the Olympic Peninsula between
2269:
Andrade, Manuel J. (1953). Notes on the relations between Chemakum and Quileute.
2232:
2756:
295:
243:
182:
178:
138:
290:. However, both languages have typological oddities — Chemakum had no simple
2343:
595:
394:
123:
109:
105:
2188:. Working Papers in Linguistics, Department of Linguistics. pp. 50–67.
115:
1695:
plain stops and affricates, along with plain and glottalized semi-vowels
686:
247:
167:
163:
17:
246:. The name Chemakum is an Anglicized version of a Salishan word for the
2300:
American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America
2200:
389:
2241:
2215:
4333:
4231:
854:. This is why the Quileute and Chemakum reflexes of Proto-Chimakuan *
154:
are a group of extinct languages that were spoken in northwestern
189:. Due to proximity, the Chimakuan languages are also similar to
4380:
4352:
Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
2347:
826:
The Proto-Chimakuan palato-alveolar fricative and affricates *
2266:(Vol. 3, pp. 151–292); Andrade's doctoral dissertation).
1957:
provisional vocalic inventory for the proto-language: short *
838:
developed as positional allophones of Pre-Proto-Chimakuan *
2280:
Andrade, Manuel J.; & Frachtenberg, Leo J. (1931).
298:— because of regular sound changes in these languages.
185:. The two languages were about as close as English and
2287:
Boas, Franz. (1892). Notes on the Chemakum language.
2262:. New York: Columbia University Press. (Extract from
1604:
were fronted and merged with the alveolar sibilants *
225:
214:
95:
85:
5374:
5328:
5286:
5259:
5139:
5107:
5065:
5012:
4948:
4914:
4819:
4789:
4758:
4725:
4672:
4632:
4599:
4565:
4531:
4504:
4418:
4306:
4283:
4211:
4055:
3777:
3745:
3663:
3552:
3358:
3325:
3178:
3086:
2830:
2744:
2521:
2472:
2381:
907:representations have been given in angle brackets.
181:, and one of its languages is famous for having no
122:
104:
74:
66:
53:
37:
32:
1656:were subsequently (or concurrently) hardened to (
2338:Proto-Chimakuan: Materials for a Reconstruction
2186:Proto-Chimakuan: Materials for a Reconstruction
2171:Proto-Chimakuan: Materials for a Reconstruction
1585:, phonemization of the biconsonantal sequence *
143:Pre-contact distribution of Chimakuan languages
1938:As an illustrative example, consider Chemakum
4392:
2359:
2271:International Journal of American Linguistics
8:
4362:Families with more than 30 languages are in
5283:
5104:
5009:
4722:
4501:
4399:
4385:
4377:
4219:
3785:
3669:
3366:
3184:
2841:
2536:
2387:
2366:
2352:
2344:
4408:Indigenous language families and isolates
2317:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2231:
1999:
1675:
909:
879:delabialization of Pre-Proto-Chimakuan *
314:
2161:
29:
2315:The languages of Native North America
2302:. New York: Oxford University Press.
2264:Handbook of American Indian Languages
317:
213:(also known as Chimakum or Chimacum)
73:
7:
270:, the name of a village at La Push.
1628:were palatalized and affricated to
25:
1807:glottalized stops and affricates
1067:glottalized stops and affricates
807:
795:
785:
773:
763:
740:
728:
718:
706:
696:
674:
664:
654:
644:
634:
624:
614:
604:
583:
573:
563:
553:
543:
533:
523:
513:
503:
486:
476:
466:
456:
446:
436:
424:
414:
404:
2216:"Notes on the Chemakum language"
137:
1616:. Thereäfter the plain velars *
266:. The name Quileute comes from
27:Native American language family
5433:Endangered Chimakuan languages
1640:. The Proto-Chimakuan glides *
1:
1949:‘aunt’ < Proto-Chimakuan *
891:did not cause a merger with *
174:tribes. They are part of the
2233:10.1525/aa.1892.5.1.02a00050
2199:The Quileute Nation (2017).
2258:Andrade, Manuel J. (1933).
931:plain stops and affricates
250:people, such as the nearby
224:(also known as Quillayute)
59:One of the world's primary
5449:
2313:Mithun, Marianne. (1999).
1066:
4347:
4222:
3788:
3672:
3369:
3187:
2844:
2539:
2390:
2375:Primary language families
2336:Powell, James V. (1974).
2184:Powell, James V. (1974).
2169:Powell, James V. (1974).
1943:⟨tcā′atcis⟩
1908:
1900:
1874:
1846:
1832:
1806:
1793:
1773:
1756:
1742:
1712:
1703:
1694:
1451:
1372:
1296:
1291:
1245:
1160:
1152:
998:
990:
930:
685:
594:
485:
388:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
136:
55:Linguistic classification
3192:Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan
2298:Campbell, Lyle. (1997).
850:before the front vowel *
158:, United States, on the
4359:have no living members.
2289:American Anthropologist
2220:American Anthropologist
2201:"The Quileute Language"
5392:Unclassified languages
4339:Unclassified languages
4293:list of sign languages
3261:Northeastern Tasmanian
1452:glottalized resonants
294:, and Quileute has no
162:. They were spoken by
4314:Constructed languages
2861:Binanderean–Goilalan
2214:Boas, Franz (1892).
1681:Pre-Proto-Chimakuan
1118:⟨t!lʻ⟩
917:Pre-Proto-Chimakuan
5418:Chimakuan languages
5341:Algonquian–Wakashan
4143:(Maku-Auari/Jukude)
4046:Tequiraca–Canichana
3889:Harákmbut–Katukinan
2652:Northwest Caucasian
2646:Northeast Caucasian
2570:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
2001:
1866:⟨k!u⟩
1855:⟨c̓h⟩
1841:⟨t̓s⟩
1835:⟨ts!⟩
1818:⟨tc!⟩
1223:⟨ʞ!u⟩
1217:⟨ḳ̓ʷ⟩
1183:⟨k!u⟩
1169:⟨c̓h⟩
1155:⟨ts!⟩
1149:⟨t̓s⟩
1135:⟨tc!⟩
1112:⟨t̓ƚ⟩
911:
670:⟨x̣ʷ⟩
589:⟨q̓ʷ⟩
569:⟨k̓ʷ⟩
280:ejective consonants
152:Chimakuan languages
5329:Proposed groupings
4419:Language families
3765:Tarascan/Purépecha
3254:Northern Tasmanian
3012:South Bougainville
2973:North Bougainville
2244:– via JSTOR.
2000:
1928:⟨qu⟩
1917:⟨sh⟩
1776:⟨ku⟩
1765:⟨ch⟩
1751:⟨ts⟩
1745:⟨ts⟩
1706:⟨tc⟩
1575:⟨tƚ⟩
1526:⟨ku⟩
1508:⟨tc⟩
1446:⟨ku⟩
1429:⟨tc⟩
1353:⟨qu⟩
1319:⟨qu⟩
1305:⟨sh⟩
1260:⟨lʻ⟩
1203:⟨ʞ!⟩
1197:⟨ḳ̓⟩
1098:⟨t!⟩
1081:⟨p!⟩
1061:⟨ʞu⟩
1055:⟨ḳʷ⟩
1021:⟨ku⟩
1007:⟨ch⟩
993:⟨ts⟩
987:⟨ts⟩
973:⟨tc⟩
910:
813:⟨w̓⟩
801:⟨y̓⟩
791:⟨l̓⟩
779:⟨n̓⟩
769:⟨m̓⟩
660:⟨x̣⟩
650:⟨xʷ⟩
579:⟨q̓⟩
559:⟨k̓⟩
549:⟨č̓⟩
539:⟨ƛ̓⟩
529:⟨c̓⟩
519:⟨t̓⟩
509:⟨p̓⟩
482:⟨qʷ⟩
462:⟨kʷ⟩
288:lateral affricates
5423:Language families
5405:
5404:
5387:Extinct languages
5324:
5323:
5320:
5319:
5135:
5134:
5061:
5060:
4815:
4814:
4791:Takelma–Kalapuyan
4374:
4373:
4324:Language isolates
4302:
4301:
4207:
4206:
3773:
3772:
3659:
3658:
3354:
3353:
3301:Western Tasmanian
3219:Eastern Tasmanian
3174:
3173:
2896:East Geelvink Bay
2826:
2825:
2517:
2516:
2153:
2152:
1936:
1935:
1886:⟨c⟩
1532:
1531:
1336:⟨q⟩
1277:⟨c⟩
1240:⟨′⟩
1041:⟨ʞ⟩
1035:⟨ḳ⟩
824:
823:
760:
746:⟨w⟩
734:⟨y⟩
724:⟨l⟩
712:⟨n⟩
702:⟨m⟩
693:
680:⟨h⟩
640:⟨x⟩
630:⟨š⟩
620:⟨ƚ⟩
610:⟨s⟩
500:
492:⟨ʔ⟩
472:⟨q⟩
452:⟨k⟩
442:⟨č⟩
430:⟨c⟩
420:⟨t⟩
410:⟨p⟩
401:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
284:uvular consonants
160:Olympic Peninsula
148:
147:
61:language families
44:Olympic Peninsula
16:(Redirected from
5440:
5397:Linguistic areas
5284:
5105:
5010:
4723:
4502:
4401:
4394:
4387:
4378:
4220:
4174:Huaorani/Waorani
4058:(extant in 2000)
4022:Esmeralda–Yaruro
3793:Andoque–Urequena
3786:
3670:
3476:Plateau Penutian
3367:
3342:(Northern Daly?)
3185:
3071:Northwest Papuan
3035:Trans–New Guinea
2901:East New Britain
2876:Central Solomons
2842:
2587:Great Andamanese
2537:
2388:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2345:
2246:
2245:
2235:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2166:
2118:ʞ!ʼoa′yēkoant *
2014:Proto-Chimakuan
2002:
1944:
1929:
1918:
1887:
1867:
1856:
1842:
1836:
1819:
1777:
1766:
1752:
1746:
1707:
1684:Proto-Chimakuan
1676:
1576:
1527:
1509:
1447:
1430:
1354:
1337:
1320:
1306:
1278:
1261:
1241:
1224:
1218:
1204:
1198:
1184:
1170:
1156:
1150:
1136:
1119:
1113:
1099:
1082:
1062:
1056:
1042:
1036:
1022:
1008:
994:
988:
974:
920:Proto-Chimakuan
912:
814:
811:
802:
799:
792:
789:
780:
777:
770:
767:
758:
747:
744:
735:
732:
725:
722:
713:
710:
703:
700:
691:
681:
678:
671:
668:
661:
658:
651:
648:
641:
638:
631:
628:
621:
618:
611:
608:
590:
587:
580:
577:
570:
567:
560:
557:
550:
547:
540:
537:
530:
527:
520:
517:
510:
507:
498:
493:
490:
483:
480:
473:
470:
463:
460:
453:
450:
443:
440:
431:
428:
421:
418:
411:
408:
399:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
315:
310:
309:⟨⟩
296:nasal consonants
292:velar consonants
234:Chemakum is now
227:
216:
183:nasal consonants
156:Washington state
141:
132:
118:
97:
87:
30:
21:
5448:
5447:
5443:
5442:
5441:
5439:
5438:
5437:
5428:Mosan languages
5408:
5407:
5406:
5401:
5370:
5316:
5282:
5264:linguistic area
5263:
5255:
5144:linguistic area
5143:
5131:
5103:
5057:
5008:
4953:linguistic area
4952:
4944:
4918:linguistic area
4917:
4910:
4811:
4785:
4754:
4721:
4668:
4628:
4595:
4561:
4527:
4500:
4420:
4414:
4405:
4375:
4370:
4369:
4343:
4329:Mixed languages
4298:
4279:
4214:
4203:
4057:
4051:
3906:Katembri–Taruma
3780:
3769:
3741:
3655:
3548:
3361:
3350:
3321:
3170:
3082:
3041:Turama–Kikorian
2951:Lower Mamberamo
2906:East Strickland
2834:
2822:
2740:
2528:
2523:
2513:
2468:
2377:
2372:
2255:
2250:
2249:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2121:ƚaʔwı̇́·t̓aƚi
2105:ts!ʞō′olkoant
1995:
1987:
1942:
1927:
1916:
1885:
1865:
1854:
1840:
1834:
1817:
1775:
1764:
1750:
1744:
1705:
1574:
1525:
1507:
1445:
1428:
1352:
1335:
1318:
1304:
1276:
1259:
1239:
1222:
1216:
1202:
1196:
1182:
1168:
1154:
1148:
1134:
1117:
1111:
1097:
1080:
1060:
1054:
1040:
1034:
1020:
1006:
992:
986:
972:
812:
800:
790:
778:
768:
745:
733:
723:
711:
701:
679:
669:
659:
649:
639:
629:
619:
609:
588:
578:
568:
558:
548:
538:
528:
518:
508:
491:
481:
471:
461:
451:
441:
429:
419:
409:
393:
308:
304:
302:Proto-Chimakuan
276:
232:
199:
197:Family division
144:
128:
114:
70:Proto-Chimakuan
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5446:
5444:
5436:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5410:
5409:
5403:
5402:
5400:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5382:Classification
5378:
5376:
5372:
5371:
5369:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5356:Macro-Chibchan
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5332:
5330:
5326:
5325:
5322:
5321:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5314:
5307:
5300:
5292:
5290:
5281:
5280:
5275:
5267:
5265:
5257:
5256:
5254:
5253:
5245:
5238:
5231:
5224:
5219:
5212:
5211:
5210:
5203:
5191:
5189:Tequistlatecan
5186:
5179:
5172:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5147:
5145:
5137:
5136:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5129:
5122:
5114:
5112:
5102:
5101:
5094:
5087:
5080:
5072:
5070:
5063:
5062:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5055:
5048:
5041:
5034:
5027:
5019:
5017:
5007:
5006:
4999:
4992:
4985:
4978:
4971:
4964:
4956:
4954:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4942:
4935:
4928:
4922:
4920:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4908:
4901:
4894:
4887:
4880:
4873:
4868:
4861:
4854:
4852:Tequistlatecan
4849:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4826:
4824:
4817:
4816:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4809:
4804:
4796:
4794:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4783:
4776:
4771:
4765:
4763:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4747:
4740:
4732:
4730:
4720:
4719:
4714:
4713:
4712:
4707:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4679:
4677:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4659:
4652:
4647:
4639:
4637:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4626:
4621:
4614:
4606:
4604:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4593:
4586:
4579:
4571:
4569:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4559:
4552:
4545:
4537:
4535:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4525:
4518:
4510:
4508:
4499:
4498:
4491:
4484:
4477:
4470:
4463:
4456:
4449:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4424:
4422:
4416:
4415:
4406:
4404:
4403:
4396:
4389:
4381:
4372:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4360:
4353:
4349:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4310:
4308:
4304:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4296:
4287:
4285:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4277:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4254:Indo-Pakistani
4251:
4246:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4223:
4217:
4209:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4202:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4137:
4132:
4125:
4120:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4061:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4049:
4043:
4037:
4031:
4025:
4019:
4013:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3953:Piaroa–Saliban
3950:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3854:
3849:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3789:
3783:
3775:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3732:
3725:
3720:
3718:Tequistlatecan
3715:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3691:
3684:
3679:
3673:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3631:
3626:
3619:
3612:
3605:
3598:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3564:
3556:
3554:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3534:
3527:
3522:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3466:
3459:
3454:
3447:
3442:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3418:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3390:
3385:
3378:
3370:
3364:
3356:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3337:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3309:
3304:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3276:
3269:
3264:
3257:
3250:
3245:
3241:Marrku–Wurrugu
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3215:
3208:
3200:
3195:
3188:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3155:
3149:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3107:
3101:
3096:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3074:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3031:
3026:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2851:
2845:
2839:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2812:
2805:
2799:
2794:
2786:
2781:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2754:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2732:
2726:
2720:
2714:
2708:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2685:
2678:
2671:
2666:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2603:
2600:Hurro-Urartian
2596:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2572:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2548:
2540:
2534:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2505:
2499:
2494:
2487:
2482:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2431:
2423:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2399:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2334:
2311:
2296:
2285:
2282:Quileute texts
2278:
2267:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2206:
2191:
2176:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2131:kuē′lʻtsqal *
2129:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:ƚaʔwáḳt̓sisi
2106:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
1994:
1991:
1986:
1983:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1924:
1920:
1919:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1862:
1858:
1857:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1530:
1529:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1003:
1000:
996:
995:
989:
983:
980:
976:
975:
969:
966:
963:
959:
958:
955:
952:
949:
945:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
928:
927:
924:
921:
918:
915:
903:at any point.
822:
821:
819:
817:
815:
805:
803:
793:
783:
781:
771:
761:
755:
754:
752:
750:
748:
738:
736:
726:
716:
714:
704:
694:
689:
683:
682:
672:
662:
652:
642:
632:
622:
612:
602:
600:
598:
592:
591:
581:
571:
561:
551:
541:
531:
521:
511:
501:
495:
494:
484:
474:
464:
454:
444:
434:
432:
422:
412:
402:
397:
386:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
349:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
303:
300:
275:
272:
231:
230:
229:
228:
217:
200:
198:
195:
146:
145:
142:
134:
133:
126:
120:
119:
112:
102:
101:
100:
99:
98:(both extinct)
88:
76:
72:
71:
68:
67:Proto-language
64:
63:
57:
51:
50:
41:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5445:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5373:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5333:
5331:
5327:
5313:
5312:
5308:
5306:
5305:
5301:
5299:
5298:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5289:
5285:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5273:
5269:
5268:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5251:
5250:
5246:
5244:
5243:
5239:
5237:
5236:
5232:
5230:
5229:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5217:
5213:
5209:
5208:
5204:
5202:
5201:
5197:
5196:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5184:
5180:
5178:
5177:
5173:
5171:
5170:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5153:
5149:
5148:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5128:
5127:
5123:
5121:
5120:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5109:Calusa–Tunica
5106:
5100:
5099:
5095:
5093:
5092:
5088:
5086:
5085:
5081:
5079:
5078:
5074:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5064:
5054:
5053:
5049:
5047:
5046:
5042:
5040:
5039:
5035:
5033:
5032:
5028:
5026:
5025:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5011:
5005:
5004:
5000:
4998:
4997:
4993:
4991:
4990:
4986:
4984:
4983:
4979:
4977:
4976:
4972:
4970:
4969:
4965:
4963:
4962:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4941:
4940:
4936:
4934:
4933:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4919:
4913:
4907:
4906:
4902:
4900:
4899:
4895:
4893:
4892:
4888:
4886:
4885:
4881:
4879:
4878:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4862:
4860:
4859:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4847:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4818:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4802:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4788:
4782:
4781:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4757:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4741:
4739:
4738:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4724:
4718:
4715:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4705:
4701:
4700:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4671:
4665:
4664:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4631:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4619:
4615:
4613:
4612:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4598:
4592:
4591:
4587:
4585:
4584:
4580:
4578:
4577:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4564:
4558:
4557:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4546:
4544:
4543:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4534:
4530:
4524:
4523:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4503:
4497:
4496:
4492:
4490:
4489:
4485:
4483:
4482:
4478:
4476:
4475:
4471:
4469:
4468:
4464:
4462:
4461:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4417:
4413:
4412:North America
4409:
4402:
4397:
4395:
4390:
4388:
4383:
4382:
4379:
4365:
4361:
4358:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4346:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4305:
4295:
4294:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4282:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4264:Original Thai
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4210:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4130:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4054:
4047:
4044:
4041:
4038:
4035:
4032:
4029:
4028:Hibito–Cholón
4026:
4023:
4020:
4017:
4014:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3948:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3847:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3776:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3755:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3744:
3738:
3737:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3545:
3544:Yuman–Cochimí
3542:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3357:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3324:
3317:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3279:Southern Daly
3277:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3204:Darwin Region
3201:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2886:Demta–Sentani
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2833:
2829:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2607:Indo-European
2604:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2557:Austroasiatic
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2527:
2520:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2369:
2364:
2362:
2357:
2355:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2331:0-521-29875-X
2328:
2324:
2323:0-521-23228-7
2320:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2308:0-19-509427-1
2305:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2210:
2207:
2202:
2195:
2192:
2187:
2180:
2177:
2172:
2165:
2162:
2155:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1992:
1990:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1852:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1780:
1770:
1769:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1748:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1710:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1302:
1299:
1295:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1220:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1038:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1004:
1001:
997:
984:
981:
978:
977:
970:
967:
964:
961:
960:
956:
953:
950:
947:
946:
942:
939:
936:
933:
929:
925:
922:
919:
916:
914:
913:
908:
904:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
820:
818:
816:
810:
806:
804:
798:
794:
788:
784:
782:
776:
772:
766:
762:
757:
756:
753:
751:
749:
743:
739:
737:
731:
727:
721:
717:
715:
709:
705:
699:
695:
690:
688:
684:
677:
673:
667:
663:
657:
653:
647:
643:
637:
633:
627:
623:
617:
613:
607:
603:
601:
599:
597:
593:
586:
582:
576:
572:
566:
562:
556:
552:
546:
542:
536:
532:
526:
522:
516:
512:
506:
502:
497:
496:
489:
479:
475:
469:
465:
459:
455:
449:
445:
439:
435:
433:
427:
423:
417:
413:
407:
403:
398:
396:
391:
387:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
350:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
316:
313:
301:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
273:
271:
269:
265:
264:Cape Flattery
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
240:Port Townsend
237:
223:
222:
218:
212:
211:
207:
206:
205:
202:
201:
196:
194:
192:
188:
184:
180:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
140:
135:
131:
127:
125:
121:
117:
113:
111:
107:
103:
94:
93:
89:
84:
83:
79:
78:
77:
69:
65:
62:
58:
56:
52:
49:
45:
42:
36:
31:
19:
5346:Aztec–Tanoan
5309:
5302:
5297:Guanahatabey
5295:
5288:Pre-Arawakan
5270:
5247:
5240:
5233:
5226:
5214:
5205:
5198:
5183:Oto-Manguean
5181:
5174:
5167:
5150:
5141:Mesoamerican
5124:
5117:
5096:
5089:
5082:
5075:
5050:
5043:
5036:
5029:
5022:
5001:
4994:
4987:
4980:
4973:
4966:
4959:
4950:Coahuiltecan
4937:
4930:
4903:
4896:
4889:
4882:
4875:
4863:
4856:
4844:
4799:
4778:
4760:Coast Oregon
4742:
4735:
4702:
4661:
4654:
4642:
4634:Macro-Siouan
4623:
4616:
4609:
4588:
4581:
4574:
4554:
4547:
4540:
4520:
4513:
4493:
4486:
4479:
4472:
4465:
4458:
4451:
4444:
4427:
4421:and isolates
4363:
4356:
4355:Families in
4290:
4241:
4139:
4127:
3977:
3945:
3936:Pano-Tacanan
3893:
3856:
3844:
3815:Arutani–Sape
3807:
3752:
3734:
3727:
3712:Oto-Manguean
3710:
3693:
3686:
3633:
3621:
3614:
3607:
3600:
3593:
3566:
3559:
3536:
3529:
3517:
3490:
3468:
3461:
3449:
3437:
3420:
3413:
3406:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3380:
3373:
3332:
3299:
3295:Western Daly
3273:Pama–Nyungan
3271:
3259:
3252:
3239:
3217:
3212:Eastern Daly
3210:
3202:
3157:
3033:
3021:
2999:
2982:
2960:
2931:Kaure–Kosare
2891:Doso–Turumsa
2881:Chimbu–Wahgi
2871:Bulaka River
2855:Austronesian
2853:
2814:
2807:
2788:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2663:Sino-Tibetan
2661:
2644:
2627:
2605:
2598:
2591:
2574:
2564:Austronesian
2562:
2555:
2543:
2489:
2427:Nilo-Saharan
2425:
2418:
2403:Austronesian
2401:
2394:
2337:
2314:
2299:
2292:
2288:
2281:
2274:
2270:
2263:
2259:
2253:Bibliography
2226:(1): 37–44.
2223:
2219:
2209:
2194:
2185:
2179:
2170:
2164:
2144:tc!ʼē′taa *
2134:wı̇́ƚt̓aƚi
1996:
1988:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1969:, and long *
1966:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1937:
1778:
1708:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1537:
1533:
905:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
825:
759:glottalized
305:
277:
267:
260:
258:(earlier ).
255:
233:
219:
208:
203:
151:
149:
90:
80:
75:Subdivisions
40:distribution
5351:Macro-Mayan
5216:Uto-Aztecan
5194:Totozoquean
5024:Coahuilteco
4835:Palaihnihan
4717:Tsimshianic
4249:Germanosign
4153:Mura-Pirahã
4034:Lule–Vilela
4010:Bora-Witoto
3985:Uru–Chipaya
3958:Ticuna–Yuri
3941:Peba–Yaguan
3926:Nambikwaran
3729:Uto-Aztecan
3665:Mesoamerica
3519:Uto-Aztecan
3508:Tsimshianic
3470:Palaihnihan
3340:Malak-Malak
3077:Papuan Gulf
3051:West Papuan
2956:Lower Sepik
2946:Lakes Plain
2849:Arai–Samaia
2837:the Pacific
2545:Afroasiatic
2420:Niger–Congo
2396:Afroasiatic
2091:tsĕ′lʻas *
1945:, Quileute
1875:fricatives
1246:fricatives
268:kʷoʔlí·yot'
5412:Categories
5207:Mixe–Zoque
5176:Misumalpan
5098:Chitimacha
4590:Algonquian
4556:Athabaskan
4435:Yuki–Wappo
4243:Francosign
4091:Chiquitano
4071:Alacalufan
3879:Guaicuruan
3852:Chapacuran
3835:Cahuapanan
3803:Araucanian
3706:Mixe–Zoque
3701:Misumalpan
3415:Comecrudan
3267:Nyulnyulan
3046:Upper Yuat
3023:Torricelli
2995:Senu River
2926:Foja Range
2832:New Guinea
2757:Burushaski
2618:Kartvelian
2593:Hmong–Mien
2409:Khoe–Kwadi
2277:, 212–215.
2156:References
2094:chiƚá·si
2036:lʻa′kua *
1985:Morphology
1373:resonants
400:voiceless
383:labialized
373:labialized
244:Hood Canal
179:sprachbund
48:Washington
38:Geographic
5361:Tolatecan
5261:Caribbean
5249:Alagüilac
5242:Purépecha
5228:Cuitlatec
5200:Totonacan
5158:Jicaquean
5077:Muskogean
5052:Mamulique
5038:Comecrudo
4968:Karankawa
4871:Jicaquean
4858:Chimariko
4807:Kalapuyan
4750:Sahaptian
4698:Yok-Utian
4683:Chinookan
4656:Iroquoian
4624:Chimakuan
4440:Chumashan
4274:Tanzanian
4215:languages
4112:Hodï/Joti
4056:Isolates
3995:Yanomaman
3931:Otomákoan
3895:Jirajaran
3884:Guajiboan
3846:Catacaoan
3825:Barbacoan
3754:Cuitlatec
3723:Totonacan
3682:Jicaquean
3561:Chimariko
3457:Muskogean
3439:Kalapuyan
3433:Iroquoian
3408:Chumashan
3401:Chinookan
3394:Chimakuan
3312:Yangmanic
3307:Worrorran
3290:Wagaydyic
3180:Australia
3029:Trans-Fly
2695:Yeniseian
2682:Tyrsenian
2576:Dravidian
2078:tcā′aa *
2050:ʞoā′lē *
2022:kuē′lʻ *
2011:Quileute
2008:Chemakum
1690:Quileute
1687:Chemakum
926:Chemakum
923:Quileute
596:Fricative
499:ejective
395:Affricate
274:Phonology
204:Chimakuan
124:Glottolog
106:ISO 639-2
33:Chimakuan
18:Chimakuan
5272:Arawakan
5152:Chibchan
5031:Cotoname
4989:Quinigua
4975:Maratino
4674:Penutian
4618:Wakashan
4611:Salishan
4522:Eskimoan
4506:Eskaleut
4307:See also
4284:Isolates
4259:Japanese
4199:Yuracaré
4081:Candoshi
4040:Macro-Jê
4005:Zaparoan
4000:Zamucoan
3990:Witotoan
3973:Tucanoan
3968:Tiniguan
3963:Timotean
3947:Quechuan
3916:Matacoan
3911:Mascoian
3901:Jivaroan
3864:Chibchan
3858:Charruan
3809:Arawakan
3746:Isolates
3677:Chibchan
3553:Isolates
3525:Wakashan
3486:Salishan
3428:Eskaleut
3334:Giimbiyu
3326:Isolates
3235:Jarrakan
3230:Iwaidjan
3087:Isolates
2941:Kutubuan
2809:Sumerian
2745:Isolates
2700:Yukaghir
2669:Tungusic
2635:Mongolic
2623:Koreanic
2582:Eskaleut
2473:Isolates
2457:Ubangian
2295:, 37–44.
2260:Quileute
2147:t̓ó·pa
2097:*čiƚás-
2070:*may̓ás
2067:báʔyas
2064:mĕ′ēs *
2056:*qʷál̓-
2025:wı̇́·ƚ
2005:Numeral
1940:čā́ʔᵃčis
687:Sonorant
358:sibilant
326:Alveolar
321:Bilabial
248:Chimakum
221:Quileute
210:Chemakum
191:Wakashan
168:Quileute
164:Chimakum
130:chim1311
92:Quileute
82:Chemakum
5336:Amerind
5311:Ciguayo
5304:Macorix
5278:Cariban
5252: ?
5111: ?
5091:Atakapa
5084:Natchez
5069: ?
5016: ?
5014:Pakawan
5003:Tonkawa
4961:Aranama
4916:Pueblo
4884:Salinan
4865:Esselen
4830:Shastan
4823: ?
4801:Takelma
4793: ?
4780:Siuslaw
4762: ?
4737:Klamath
4729: ?
4727:Plateau
4693:Maiduan
4688:Wintuan
4676: ?
4650:Caddoan
4636: ?
4603: ?
4542:Tlingit
4533:Na-Dene
4488:Waikuri
4481:Timucua
4474:Kutenai
4453:Beothuk
4357:italics
4334:Pidgins
4319:Creoles
4269:Swedish
4237:Chinese
4184:Urarina
4169:Puinave
4123:Itonama
4117:Irantxe
4086:Chimane
4016:Chimuan
3921:Nadahup
3840:Cariban
3820:Aymaran
3781:America
3623:Waikuri
3616:Tonkawa
3609:Timucua
3602:Takelma
3595:Siuslaw
3584:Kutenai
3568:Esselen
3531:Wintuan
3492:Shastan
3463:Na-Dene
3451:Maiduan
3388:Caddoan
3362:America
3316:Wagiman
3314:(incl.
3285:Tangkic
3225:Garawan
3198:Bunuban
3159:Tambora
3126:Maybrat
3094:Abinomn
3017:Teberan
2978:Pauwasi
2968:Mairasi
2936:Kiwaian
2816:Tambora
2802:Shompen
2784:Kusunda
2777:Kenaboi
2763:Elamite
2735:Siangic
2717:Kho-Bwa
2711:Hrusish
2629:Kra–Dai
2613:Japonic
2522:Eurasia
2497:Sandawe
2480:Bangime
2445:Songhay
2325:(hbk);
2081:tá·si
2053:ḳʷáʔl
2042:*ƚáw̓-
1993:Lexicon
1794:w (ʔw)
1713:y (ʔy)
1546:) and *
692:normal
390:Plosive
363:lateral
346:Glottal
331:Palatal
256:čə́bqəb
236:extinct
5366:Waroid
5222:Xincan
5163:Lencan
5126:Calusa
5119:Tunica
4996:Solano
4982:Naolan
4926:Tanoan
4840:Pomoan
4774:Coosan
4769:Alsean
4744:Molala
4704:Yokuts
4644:Siouan
4495:Pericú
4467:Cayuse
4232:BANZSL
4194:Yamana
4179:Trumai
4148:Movima
4102:Fulniô
4065:Aikanã
3979:Tupian
3874:Chonan
3798:Arauan
3736:Xincan
3688:Lencan
3641:Yokuts
3538:Yukian
3503:Tanoan
3498:Siouan
3481:Pomoan
3422:Coosan
3248:Mirndi
3141:Porome
3136:Pawaia
2990:Senagi
2962:Madang
2911:Eleman
2866:Border
2797:Nihali
2790:Minoan
2770:Hattic
2752:Basque
2723:Mijiic
2705:Digaro
2689:Uralic
2675:Turkic
2526:Europe
2383:Africa
2329:
2321:
2306:
2242:658768
2240:
2039:ƚáʔw
2028:*wé·ƚ
1951:káy̓is
1947:káʔyis
1779:(ʔkʷ)
1554:) to (
1528:, ʔkʷ
1521:w, ʔw
1503:y, ʔy
1492:l, ʔl
1489:l, ʔl
1478:n, ʔn
1475:d, ʔd
1464:m, ʔm
1461:b, ʔb
341:Uvular
286:, and
187:German
5375:Lists
5235:Huave
5169:Mayan
5045:Garza
4932:Keres
4898:Washo
4877:Karuk
4846:Yuman
4821:Hokan
4710:Utian
4663:Yuchi
4601:Mosan
4583:Yurok
4576:Wiyot
4567:Algic
4515:Aleut
4460:Bidai
4429:Haida
4189:Warao
4158:Nukak
4129:Kunza
4107:Guató
4096:Cofán
4076:Camsá
3869:Choco
3830:Boran
3779:South
3760:Huave
3695:Mayan
3646:Yuchi
3629:Washo
3579:Karuk
3574:Haida
3513:Utian
3445:Keres
3382:Alsea
3375:Algic
3360:North
3152:Taiap
3146:Sulka
3001:Sepik
2916:Engan
2657:Ongan
2640:Nivkh
2508:Shabo
2491:Jalaa
2485:Hadza
2439:Mande
2238:JSTOR
1861:*k̓ʷ
1847:*k̓ʷ
1709:(ʔč)
1664:and (
1562:and (
1510:, ʔč
1345:*x̣ʷ
1342:*x̣ʷ
1212:*q̓ʷ
1209:*q̓ʷ
1175:*k̓ʷ
1161:*k̓ʷ
866:and *
378:plain
368:plain
353:plain
336:Velar
254:word
252:Twana
176:Mosan
5067:Gulf
4939:Zuni
4905:Yana
4891:Seri
4549:Eyak
4446:Adai
4364:bold
4291:See
4227:Arab
4213:Sign
4164:Páez
4141:Maku
4135:Leco
3651:Zuni
3635:Yana
3589:Seri
3346:Tiwi
3166:Wiru
3131:Mpur
3121:Kuot
3104:Anêm
3099:Abun
3066:Yuat
3061:Yawa
3007:Skou
2984:Ramu
2835:and
2729:Miju
2551:Ainu
2531:Asia
2529:and
2502:Laal
2463:Kadu
2451:Ijaw
2414:Kx'a
2327:ISBN
2319:ISBN
2304:ISBN
1923:*xʷ
1909:*xʷ
1870:k̓ʷ
1864:k̓ʷ
1850:*č̓
1830:*c̓
1827:*c̓
1813:*k̓
1810:*k̓
1802:*w̓
1799:*w̓
1771:*kʷ
1757:*kʷ
1701:*y̓
1698:*y̓
1577:and
1518:*w̓
1515:*w̓
1500:*y̓
1497:*y̓
1486:*l̓
1483:*l̓
1472:*n̓
1469:*n̓
1458:*m̓
1455:*m̓
1351:x̣ʷ
1348:x̣ʷ
1328:*x̣
1325:*x̣
1311:*xʷ
1297:*xʷ
1221:q̓ʷ
1215:q̓ʷ
1192:*q̓
1189:*q̓
1181:k̓ʷ
1178:k̓ʷ
1164:*č̓
1144:*c̓
1141:*c̓
1127:*k̓
1124:*k̓
1107:*ƛ̓
1104:*ƛ̓
1090:*t̓
1087:*t̓
1073:*p̓
1070:*p̓
1050:*qʷ
1047:*qʷ
1013:*kʷ
999:*kʷ
545:t͡ʃʼ
535:t͡ɬʼ
525:t͡sʼ
242:and
170:and
150:The
4410:of
3116:Kol
3110:Ata
3056:Yam
2921:Fas
2434:Tuu
2228:doi
2141:10
1977:, *
1973:, *
1965:, *
1961:, *
1932:xʷ
1926:xʷ
1912:*š
1898:*s
1895:*s
1881:*x
1878:*x
1853:č̓
1839:c̓
1833:c̓
1822:k̓
1816:č̓
1791:*w
1788:*w
1783:kʷ
1774:kʷ
1760:*č
1740:*c
1737:*c
1729:*k
1726:*k
1721:*y
1718:*y
1652:, *
1648:, *
1644:, *
1624:, *
1620:, *
1612:, *
1608:, *
1600:, *
1596:, *
1589:).
1587:t‿ƚ
1524:kʷ
1444:kʷ
1438:*w
1435:*w
1421:*y
1418:*y
1407:*l
1404:*l
1393:*n
1390:*n
1379:*m
1376:*m
1362:*h
1359:*h
1334:x̣
1331:x̣
1317:xʷ
1314:xʷ
1300:*š
1286:*s
1283:*s
1269:*x
1266:*x
1252:*ƚ
1249:*ƚ
1232:*ʔ
1229:*ʔ
1201:q̓
1195:q̓
1167:č̓
1153:c̓
1147:c̓
1133:č̓
1130:k̓
1116:ƛ̓
1110:ƛ̓
1096:t̓
1093:t̓
1079:p̓
1076:p̓
1059:qʷ
1053:qʷ
1030:*q
1027:*q
1019:kʷ
1016:kʷ
1002:*č
982:*c
979:*c
965:*k
962:*k
951:*t
948:*t
937:*p
934:*p
899:, *
895:, *
889:k̓ʷ
887:, *
883:, *
874:, *
870:, *
864:k̓ʷ
862:, *
858:, *
848:k̓ʷ
846:, *
842:, *
834:, *
830:, *
585:qʷʼ
565:kʷʼ
438:t͡ʃ
426:t͡s
172:Hoh
116:nai
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2291:,
2275:19
2273:,
2236:.
2222:.
2218:.
2128:9
2115:8
2102:7
2088:6
2075:5
2061:4
2047:3
2033:2
2019:1
1979:o·
1975:e·
1971:a·
1953:.
1915:š
1904:s
1901:s
1890:x
1884:š
1763:č
1749:c
1743:c
1732:k
1704:č
1670:kʷ
1654:w̓
1646:y̓
1638:č̓
1636:,
1632:,
1626:k̓
1614:c̓
1602:č̓
1552:n̓
1550:(*
1544:m̓
1542:(*
1506:č
1441:w
1427:č
1424:y
1413:l
1410:l
1399:n
1396:d
1385:m
1382:b
1368:h
1365:h
1303:š
1292:s
1289:s
1275:š
1272:x
1258:ƚ
1255:ƚ
1238:ʔ
1235:ʔ
1039:q
1033:q
1005:č
991:c
985:c
971:č
968:k
957:t
954:t
943:p
940:p
901:k̓
885:kʷ
881:xʷ
876:č̓
860:kʷ
856:xʷ
844:kʷ
840:xʷ
836:č̓
809:ˀw
797:ˀj
787:ˀl
775:ˀn
765:ˀm
666:χʷ
646:xʷ
575:qʼ
555:kʼ
515:tʼ
505:pʼ
478:qʷ
458:kʷ
282:,
193:.
166:,
108:/
46:,
4400:e
4393:t
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2367:e
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2333:.
2310:.
2293:5
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2224:5
2203:.
1967:o
1963:e
1959:a
1668:)
1666:ʔ
1662:č
1660:)
1658:ʔ
1650:w
1642:y
1634:č
1630:š
1622:k
1618:x
1610:c
1606:s
1598:č
1594:š
1583:ƛ
1579:g
1572:ƛ
1568:d
1566:)
1564:ʔ
1560:b
1558:)
1556:ʔ
1548:n
1540:m
897:k
893:x
872:č
868:š
852:i
832:č
828:š
742:w
730:j
720:l
708:n
698:m
676:h
656:χ
636:x
626:ʃ
616:ɬ
606:s
488:ʔ
468:q
448:k
416:t
406:p
392:/
226:†
215:†
110:5
96:†
86:†
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