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finding that the soot is compressed hard all around him, by his exertions, that he can recede no farther; he then endeavours to move forward, but his attempts in this respect are quite abortive; for the covering of the horizontal part of the Flue being stone, the sharp angle of which bears hard on his shoulders, and the back part of his head prevents him from moving in the least either one way or the other. His face, already covered with a climbing cap, and being pressed hard in the soot beneath him, stops his breath. In this dreadful condition he strives violently to extricate himself, but his strength fails him; he cries and groans, and in a few minutes he is suffocated. An alarm is then given, a brick-layer is sent for, an aperture is perforated in the Flue, and the boy is extracted, but found lifeless. In a short time an inquest is held, and a
Coroner's Jury returns a verdict of "Accidental Death".
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climbing boys to go up the chimneys to dislodge the soot. The boys often 'buffed it', that is, climbed naked, propelling themselves by their knees and elbows which were scraped raw. They were often put up hot chimneys, and sometimes up chimneys that were alight in order to extinguish the fire. Chimneys with sharp angles posed a particular hazard. These boys were apprenticed to the sweep, and from 1778 until 1875 a series of laws attempted to regulate their working conditions, and many firsthand accounts were documented and published in parliamentary reports. From about 1803, there was an alternative method of brushing chimneys, but sweeps and their clients resisted the change, preferring climbing boys to the new humane sweeping machines. Compulsory education was established in 1870 by the
349:, and the climbing boy would take off his boots and any excess clothes, then get behind it. The flue would be as tall as the house and twist several times, and its dimensions would be 14in by 9in. He would pull his cap down over his face and hold a large flat brush over his head, and wedge his body diagonally in the flue. Using his back, elbows, and knees, he would shimmy up the flue in the manner of a caterpillar and use the brush to dislodge loose soot, which would fall over him and down to the bottom, and a scraper to chip away the solid bits, as a smooth chimney was a safe chimney. Having reached the top he would slide back down at speed back to the floor and the soot pile. It was now his job to bag up the soot and carry it back to the master sweep's cart or yard.
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tradition of coercion and persuasion using burning straw and pins in the feet and the buttocks. Sweeping was not a popular trade. During the eighteenth century the employment of
African-American chimney sweeps spread from the south to the north. African-American sweeps faced discrimination and were accused of being inefficient and starting fires. It was claimed that there were fewer fires in London where chimneys were swept by white boys than in New York City. As in the UK, Smart's sweeping machine was available in the US shortly after 1803, but few were used. Unlike the UK, there were no societies formed to advocate for the climbing boys. In fact, the contemporary novel
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actually be on fire. Climbing boys risked getting stuck with their knees jammed against their chins. The harder they struggled the tighter they became wedged. They could remain in this position for many hours until they were pushed out from below or pulled out with a rope. If their struggling caused a fall of soot they would suffocate. Dead or alive, the boy had to be removed and this would be done by removing bricks from the side of the chimney. If the chimney was particularly narrow the boys would be told to "buff it", that is to do it naked; otherwise they just wore trousers and a shirt made from thick rough cotton cloth.
403:
required to remain in abnormal positions for long periods of time before their bones had hardened. The knees and ankle joints were the most affected. Sores and inflammation of the eyelids that could lead to loss of sight, were slow in healing because the boy kept rubbing them. Bruises and burns were obvious hazards of having to work in an overheated environment. Cancer of the scrotum was found only in chimney sweeps so was referred to as
Chimney Sweep Cancer in the teaching hospitals. Asthma and inflammation of the chest were attributed to the fact that the boys were out in all weathers.
130:
514:, where sweeps were regulated by the police, climbing was not allowed and chimneys were swept by the Master Sweep himself pulling bundles of rags up and down the chimney. He did not see how climbing chimneys could be considered a valid apprenticeship, as the only skill obtained was that of climbing chimneys, which did not lead to future employment. Hanway advocated that Christianity should be brought into the boys' lives and lobbied for Sunday Schools for the boys. The
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boys got no wages but lived with the master, who fed them. They slept together on the floor or in the cellar under the sacks and the cloth used during the day to catch the soot. This was known as "sleeping black". The boy would be washed by the mistress in a tub in the yard; this might happen as often as once a week, but rarely. One sweep used to wash down his boys in
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master. Boys under fourteen who were already apprenticed must wear brass cap badges on a leather cap. Apprentices were not allowed to climb flues to extinguish fires. Street cries were regulated. The act was resisted by the master sweeps, and the general public believed that property would be at risk if the flues were not cleaned by a climbing boy.
490:(long title: An Act for the Better Regulation of Chimney Sweepers and their Apprentices) was passed, to limit a sweeper to six apprentices, at least 8 years old, but lacked enforcement. It introduced the Apprenticeship Cap badge. The Act had been partially inspired by the interest in climbing boys shown by
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and The
Chimney Safety Institute of America, which was first to establish certification and requires sweeps to re-test every three years or demonstrate the commitment to education by earning CEUs through CSIA or the National Fireplace Institute to bypass the test. Certification for chimney sweeps who
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The history of sweeping in the United States varies little from that in the United
Kingdom. Differences arise from the nature of housing and the political pressures. Early settler houses were built close together out of wood, so when one burnt it spread quickly to neighbouring properties. This caused
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marketed an improved sweeping machine in 1828; he is credited with being the inventor of the modern chimney sweep's brush. In the northern US, whites gave up the trade and employed black sweep-boys from the South. After regulation finally took hold in 1875 in the UK and the turn of the century in the
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and gases from combustion. The standard chimney brush is still used, along with more modern tools (such as vacuum cleaners, cameras, and special chimney cleaning tools). Most sweeps are done from the bottom of the chimney, rather than the top, to prevent the dispersion of dust and debris and because
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started to replace wood, and it deposited a layer of flammable creosote in the inside surface of the flue, and caked it with soot. Whereas before, the chimney was a vent for the smoke, now the plume of hot gas was used to suck air into the fire, and this required narrower flues. Even so, boys rarely
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in
England had established the risk of chimneys and an ordinance was created in 1582 both controlling materials (brick and stone rather than plastered timber) and requiring chimneys to be swept four times per year to prevent the build-up of soot (which is highly flammable). Any chimney fire could be
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contained many of the needed regulations. It stated that an apprentice must express himself in front of a magistrate that he was "willing and desirous". Masters must not take on boys under the age of fourteen. The master could only have six apprentices and an apprentice could not be lent to another
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These however were not the only occupational hazards that chimney sweeps suffered. In the 1817 report to
Parliament, witnesses reported that climbing boys suffered from general neglect, and exhibited stunted growth and deformity of the spine, legs, and arms, which were thought to be caused by being
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in their care as possible, so as to reduce costs to the parish. The master sweep had duties: to teach the craft and its mysteries, to provide the apprentice with a second suit of clothes, to have him cleaned once a week, allow him to attend church, and not send him up chimneys that were on fire. An
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in 1840. An apprentice would do four or five chimneys a day. When they first started they scraped their knees and elbows, so the master would harden up their skin by standing them close to a hot fire and rubbing in strong brine using a brush. This was done each evening until the skin hardened. The
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were put in place and the design of chimneys was altered. The new chimneys were often angular and narrow, and the usual dimension of the flue in domestic properties was 9 inches (23 cm) by 14 inches (36 cm). The master sweep was unable to climb into such small spaces himself and employed
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In the United
Kingdom Chimney Sweeping is unregulated however many sweeps have organised themselves into trade associations including the Association of Professional Independent Chimney Sweeps, the Guild of Master Chimney Sweeps, and The National Association of Chimney Sweeps. As well as offering
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After passing through the chimney and descending to the second angle of the fireplace the Boy finds it completely filled with soot, which he has dislodged from the sides of the upright part. He endeavours to get through, and succeeds in doing so, after much struggling as far as his shoulders; but
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Chimneys varied in size. The common flue was designed to be one and a half bricks long by one brick wide, though they often narrowed to one brick square, that is 9 inches (230 mm) by 9 inches (230 mm) or less. Often the chimney would still be hot from the fire, and occasionally it would
544:; they ascertained that children had now cleaned flues as small as 7in by 7in, and promoted a competition for a mechanical brush. The prize was claimed by George Smart for what, in effect, was a brush head on a long segmented cane, made rigid by an adjustable cord that passed through the canes.
68:
caused by a hot column of gas to create a draught and draw air over the hot coals or wood enabling continued combustion. Chimneys may be straight or contain many changes of direction. During normal operation, a layer of creosote builds up on the inside of the chimney, restricting the flow. The
614:
Sweeping of the wide flues of these low buildings was often done by the householder himself, using a ladder to pass a wide brush down the chimney. In a narrow flue, a bag of bricks and brushwood would be dropped down the chimney. But in longer flues climbing boys were used, complete with the
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The conditions to which these children were subjected caused concern and societies were set up to promote mechanical means for sweeping chimneys and it is through their pamphlets that we have a better idea of what the job could entail. Here a sweep describes the fate of one boy:
232:, dating from 1185 AD), when they replaced the open fire burning in the middle of the one room house. At first there would be one heated room in the building and chimneys would be large. Over the next four hundred years, rooms became specialized and smaller and many were heated.
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Buildings were higher than before and the new chimneys' tops were grouped together. The routes of flues from individual grates could involve two or more right angles and horizontal angled and vertical sections. The flues were made narrow to create a better draught, 14in by 9in
340:
It was generally agreed that six was a good age to train a boy. Though Lord
Shaftesbury once encountered one of the age of four, they were considered to be too weak. A master sweep would have many apprentices, who would start the morning by roaming the streets calling out
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There were many deaths caused by accidents, frequently caused by the boy becoming jammed in the flue of a heated chimney, where he could suffocate or be burned to death. Sometimes a second boy would be sent to help and, on occasions would suffer the same fate.
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had one flue with 15 angles, with the flue narrowing to 9in by 9in (23 × 23 cm). Chimney sweeping was one of the more difficult, hazardous, and low-paying occupations of the era, and consequently has been derided in verse, ballad, and pantomime.
1510:
567:. The Chimney Sweepers Regulation Act 1864, c. 37, tightened controls significantly, by authorizing fines and imprisonment for master sweeps who were ignoring the law, giving the police the power of arrest on suspicion and authorizing
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chimneys by his master, William Wyer. He stuck and smothered. The entire wall had to be pulled down to get him out and although he was still alive, he died shortly afterward. There was a coroner's inquest which returned a verdict of
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The fate of these people seems peculiarly hard ... they are treated with great brutality ... they are thrust up narrow and sometimes hot chimnies, where they are bruised burned and almost suffocated; and when they get to
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made it illegal for anyone under the age of 21 to sweep chimneys. It was widely ignored. Attempts were made in 1852 and 1853 to reopen the issue, another enquiry was convened and more evidence was taken. There was no
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reline chimneys are issued by
Certified Chimney Professionals and the Chimney Safety Institute of America. CEU credits may be obtained from these organizations and regional associations as well as private trainers.
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it is safer for the chimney sweep to do the sweeping from this position. Inspection may be done from the bottom or top, or both if accessible. Chimney sweeps often encounter a range of unexpected objects in
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that could be as narrow as 81 square inches (9 × 9 inches or 23 × 23 cm). Work was dangerous and they could get jammed in the flue, suffocate or burn to death. As soot is
345:" or another cry to let the house-owners know they were around; this would remind the owners of the dangers of un-swept chimneys. When engaged, the master sweep would fix a cloth over the
693:, chimney sweeps still wear the traditional all-black uniform with a black or white hat. It is considered good luck to rub or grasp one of your buttons if you pass one in the street.
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required chimney sweepers "to be authorized by the police to carry on their businesses in the district", thus providing the legal means to enforce all previous legislation.
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583:. Wyer was sentenced to six months' imprisonment with hard labour. Lord Shaftesbury seized on the incident to press his campaign again. He wrote a series of letters to
529:. Though concerned for the boys' welfare he believed that boys were more efficient than any of the new mechanical cleaning machines. In 1796 a society was formed for
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sweep, and would continue to work for a master sweep of his choice. Other apprentices were sold on to the sweep, or sold by their parents. Prices ranged from 7
1715:
602:
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765:, firebox and damper repair, and smoke chamber repair. Some sweeps also offer more complicated repairs such as flue repair and relining, crown repair, and
372:. Sometimes, a boy would need to be persuaded to climb faster or higher up the chimney, and the master sweep would light either a small fire of straw or a
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The London boys had one day's holiday a year, the first of May (Mayday). They celebrated by parading through the streets, dancing and twisting with
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where it produces a superficial, painful ragged ill-looking sore with hard rising edges ... in no great length of time it pervades the skin,
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Considerations of the Present State of Chimney Sweepers with some Observations on the Act of Parliament intended for their Relief and Regulation
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Most modern chimney sweeps are professionals, and are usually trained to diagnose and repair hazards along with maintenance such as removal of
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In 1803, it was thought by some that a mechanical brush could replace a climbing boy (the Human brush), and members of the 1796 society formed
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but it was a further five years before legislation was put in place to license chimney sweeps and finally prevent boys being sent up chimneys.
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to see a chimney sweep on her wedding day. Many modern British sweeps hire themselves out to attend weddings in pursuance of this tradition.
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went so far as to deny the black slave chimney sweeps' hardships by claiming that they had it easier than the London chimney sweeps.
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served by vertical flue, a horizontal flue, and then a vertical rise having two right-angled bends that were difficult for brushes.
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Chimneys started to appear in Britain around 1200 (with the oldest extant example of a chimney in Britain being in the keep of
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and in September 1875 pushed another bill through Parliament which finally stopped the practice of sending boys up chimneys.
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533:, and they encouraged the reading of Hanway's and Porter's tracts. They had influential members and royal patronage from
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308:, who, being an adult, was too large to fit into a chimney or flue. He would be paid by the parish to teach orphans or
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415:, did not occur until the sweep was in his late teens or twenties. It has now been identified as a manifestation of
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in climbing boys or chimney sweepers. It is the first industrially related cancer to be found. Potts described it:
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the authorities to regulate the design of flues. From an early date, fire wardens and inspectors were appointed.
591:
548:
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741:-burning appliances need to be maintained. There is a greater understanding of the dangers of flue deposits and
153:, the number of houses with chimneys grew apace and the services of the chimney sweep became much sought-after.
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chimney sweeps. Their traditional uniform is an all black suit with golden jacket buttons and a black top hat.
537:. A Friendly Society for the Protection and Education of Chimney-Sweepers' Boys had been established in 1800.
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apprentice agreed to obey his master. Once his seven-year-long apprenticeship was completed he would become a
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773:
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In the same year, David Porter, a humane master sweep, sent a petition to Parliament, and in 1792 published
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London Labour and the London Poor: A Cyclopedia of the Condition and Earnings of those who will work,...etc
441:, which it inlarges , hardens and renders truly and thoroughly distempered. Whence it makes its way up the
263:
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316:, in front of a magistrate, which bound them to him until they were adults. It was the duty of the
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380:) was to send another boy up behind him to prick pins into his buttocks or the soles of his feet.
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Cross-section of a seven-flue stack in a four-story house with cellars. An 1834 illustration from
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inspections of new and remodelled chimneys. Lord Shaftesbury was a main proponent of the Act.
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H. A dead climbing boy, suffocated in a fall of soot that accumulated at the cant of the flue.
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E. shows a disaster. The climbing boy is stuck in the flue, his knees jammed against his chin.
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In the United States, the two trade organizations that help to regulate the industry are the
1665:
1657:
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Also that year building regulations relating to the construction of chimneys were changed.
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B. a long straight flue (14in by 9in) being climbed by a boy using back, elbows, and knees.
266:, designed to show the contrast between mechanical sweeping and children sweeping chimneys.
190:
1719:
1443:
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209:, and as the boys slept under the soot sacks and were rarely washed, they were prone to
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creosote can also catch fire, setting the chimney (and potentially the entire building)
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674:
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515:
442:
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142:
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gift in Germany; either as small ornaments attached to flower bouquets or candy, e.g.
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1762:
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candle, to encourage him to try harder. Another method to stop him from "going off" (
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in the new world it was ignoring the slavery imposed on climbing boys. He looked to
807:
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364:. Another Nottingham sweep insisted they washed three times a year, for Christmas,
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213:. From 1775 onward, there was increasing concern for the welfare of the boys, and
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the craft. They were totally reliant on him: they or their guardians had signed
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File:German new year's gift, four leaf clovers with chimney sweep ornament.jpeg
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It is a disease which always makes it first attack on the inferior part of the
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removed the proposed clause that Master Sweeps should be licensed, and before
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C. a short flue from a second floor hearth. The climbing boy has reached the
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The London Society for Superseding the Necessity for Employing Climbing Boys
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412:
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G. How a flue could be straightened to make it sweepable by mechanical means
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134:
81:
1266:"Key dates in Working Conditions, Factory Acts (Great Britain 1300 – 1899)"
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A studio portrait of four New York climbing boys, with brushes and scrapers
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522:, there was no way that anyone could check if a child was actually eight.
32:
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In February 1875 a twelve-year-old boy, George Brewster, was sent up the
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they become ... liable to a most noisome, painful and fatal disease.
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57:
875:
Hidden Killers: The Horrors of Tudor Dentistry and other household ietms
733:
Today, chimney sweeps are still operating, as venting systems for coal,
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670:
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633:, merging several folk traditions. There is also a Sweeps' Festival in
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1591:. Vol. 2 (Cosimo Classics 2008 ed.). Cosimo. p. 346.
780:. Certification for chimney sweeps are issued by two organizations:
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A master chimney sweep (right) and his apprentice boy, known as a
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The occupation requires some dexterity, and carries health risks.
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31:
502:(1785). He asserted that while Parliament was exercised with the
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The climbing boys, and sometimes girls, were technically called
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53:
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support to members they provide training and representation to
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Sentimental History of Chimney Sweeps in London and Westminster
1547:
1753:
1548:
The Association of Professional Independent Chimney Sweeps.
84:
or orphan boys, and trained them to climb chimneys. In the
284:, which has a diameter too small for him to exit that way.
217:
were passed to restrict, and in 1875 to stop this usage.
182:
US, the occupation became romanticized in popular media.
1748:
1738:
1616:
Climbing Boys: A Study of Sweeps' Apprentices 1772–1875
1569:
149:
With the increased urban population that came with the
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or rebuilding of masonry chimneys and cement crowns.
157:(36 × 23 cm) being a common standard.
1722:: Audio dramatisation of climbing boys testament.
641:in Kent where the tradition was revived in 1980.
560:Chimney Sweepers and Chimneys Regulation Act 1840
437:and the membranes of the scrotum, and seizes the
496:The State of Chimney Sweepers' Young Apprentices
73:. The chimney must be swept to remove the soot.
650:In Great Britain it is considered lucky for a
221:, the philanthropist, led the later campaign.
1187:
1185:
700:, depictions of chimney sweeps are a popular
165:The first mechanical sweeper was invented by
8:
1312:(The Times 16 April 1800, Page 1, Column b.)
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1088:
1086:
1073:
1071:
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80:, master sweeps took apprentices, typically
1570:The National Association of Chimney Sweeps.
1260:
1258:
919:
917:
453:He also comments on the life of the boys:
1669:
750:ranging from dead birds to tools, notes,
125:, in Italy at the end of the 19th century
355:was valuable and could be sold for 9d a
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1219:Skin Cancer: Recognition and Management
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1650:British Journal of Industrial Medicine
1408:"Museo dello Spazzacamino – Home page"
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1203:
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1691:. Little, Brown and Co. p. 159.
1622:. London/Busby: Allison & Busby.
947:
52:is a person who inspects then clears
7:
1789:Cleaning and maintenance occupations
1486:"History | Lucky Chimney Sweep"
531:Bettering the Conditions of the Poor
1739:Chimney Safety Institute of America
1646:"A brief history of scrotal cancer"
1559:the Guild of Master Chimney Sweeps.
1414:. 10 September 2012. Archived from
774:Chimney Safety Institute of America
200:Boys as young as four climbed hot
92:and did not use climbing boys. In
25:
1222:(3 ed.). Wiley. p. 55.
466:The carcinogen was thought to be
778:The National Chimney Sweep Guild
169:in 1803 but was resisted in the
1734:Certified Chimney Professionals
782:Certified Chimney Professionals
729:Chimney sweep in Hesse, Germany
418:scrotal squamous cell carcinoma
146:fined 3 shillings and 4 pence.
1754:Midwest Chimney Safety Council
851:Occupational Outlook Quarterly
847:"You're a What? Chimney Sweep"
793:and other interested parties.
133:Chimney sweepers on a roof in
1:
1749:National Chimney Sweeps Guild
1523:"Strange Objects in Chimneys"
737:, natural gas, and wood- and
421:. It was reported in 1775 by
248:Elementary Education Act 1870
1216:Schwartz, Robert A. (2008).
304:, and were apprenticed to a
237:climbed chimneys before the
88:, master sweeps belonged to
1726:Modern trade associations:
494:, and his two publications
470:, possibly containing some
302:chimney sweeps' apprentices
196:A boy 'stuck' to the right.
194:A boy climbing to the left;
1805:
411:, which the sweeps called
388:Health and safety concerns
137:in the early 20th century.
27:Person who cleans chimneys
1744:Chimney Sweep Association
1437:Rochester Sweeps Festival
810:, a.k.a. Kaminfegerkinder
803:Chimney sweeps' carcinoma
592:Chimney Sweepers Act 1875
549:Chimney Sweepers Act 1834
488:Chimney Sweepers Act 1788
408:Chimney sweeps' carcinoma
322:children of the workhouse
211:chimney sweeps' carcinoma
104:climbing boys were used.
1456:"Chimney sweep weddings"
845:Green, Kathleen (2010).
624:
151:age of industrialisation
64:. The chimney uses the
1644:Waldron, H.A. (1983).
1613:Strange, K.H. (1982).
1585:Mayhew, Henry (1861).
754:, and other pieces of
730:
722:
607:
464:
451:
400:
320:to apprentice as many
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197:
138:
126:
45:
1687:Burke, James (1995).
1460:chimneycleaners.co.uk
728:
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455:
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261:
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35:
1718:4 March 2015 at the
1662:10.1136/oem.40.4.390
1527:Exeter Chimney Sweep
1418:on 10 September 2012
1412:museospazzacamino.it
1347:"2 The Asylum Years"
721:Modern chimney sweep
635:Santa Maria Maggiore
504:abolition of slavery
243:building regulations
239:Great Fire of London
1774:History of medicine
1442:3 July 2013 at the
820:Citations and notes
314:papers of indenture
264:Mechanics' Magazine
66:pressure difference
36:A chimney sweep in
763:flammable creosote
731:
723:
608:
520:civil registration
318:Poor Law guardians
298:
226:Conisbrough Castle
215:Acts of Parliament
198:
139:
127:
46:
1713:BBC Schools Radio
1598:978-1-60520-735-3
1229:978-0-470-69563-0
1119:, pp. 71, 72
637:in Italy, and in
631:Jack in the Green
625:Sweeps' festivals
576:Fulbourn Hospital
498:(1773) and later
443:spermatic process
423:Sir Percival Pott
159:Buckingham Palace
16:(Redirected from
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296:
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1707:External links
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59:
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50:chimney sweep
43:
39:
34:
30:
19:
18:Chimney-sweep
1779:Child labour
1728:
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1649:
1633:. Retrieved
1615:
1602:. Retrieved
1587:
1579:Bibliography
1565:
1554:
1543:
1531:. Retrieved
1526:
1517:
1506:
1494:. Retrieved
1490:the original
1480:
1468:. Retrieved
1464:the original
1459:
1450:
1432:
1420:. Retrieved
1416:the original
1411:
1402:
1390:
1385:, p. 93
1383:Strange 1982
1378:
1373:, p. 31
1371:Strange 1982
1366:
1354:. Retrieved
1350:
1341:
1336:, p. 65
1334:Strange 1982
1329:
1324:, p. 44
1322:Strange 1982
1317:
1308:
1303:, p. 43
1301:Strange 1982
1288:, p. 37
1286:Strange 1982
1281:
1269:. Retrieved
1245:
1233:. Retrieved
1218:
1211:
1199:
1192:Waldron 1983
1179:, p. 71
1177:Strange 1982
1172:
1167:, p. 26
1165:Strange 1982
1160:
1155:, p. 27
1153:Strange 1982
1148:
1143:, p. 16
1141:Strange 1982
1136:
1131:, p. 13
1129:Strange 1982
1124:
1117:Strange 1982
1112:
1100:
1095:, p. 18
1093:Strange 1982
1080:, p. 14
1078:Strange 1982
1061:, p. 21
1059:Strange 1982
1046:, p. 12
1044:Strange 1982
1039:
1034:, p. 19
1032:Strange 1982
1027:
1015:
1008:Strange 1982
1003:
996:Strange 1982
991:
984:Waldron 1983
979:
974:, p. 30
972:Strange 1982
967:
960:Strange 1982
955:
943:
938:, p. 80
936:Strange 1982
931:
926:, p. 90
924:Strange 1982
909:Strange 1982
904:
899:, p. 64
897:Strange 1982
892:
885:Strange 1982
880:
871:
857:(2): 30–31.
854:
850:
840:
835:, p. 40
833:Strange 1982
828:
808:Spazzacamini
787:
771:
767:tuckpointing
760:
752:love letters
732:
698:lucky symbol
628:
616:
613:
609:
589:
584:
581:manslaughter
573:
557:
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492:Jonas Hanway
485:
476:
465:
456:
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428:
416:
406:
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401:
396:
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382:
378:asphyxiating
351:
342:
339:
306:master sweep
305:
301:
299:
223:
207:carcinogenic
199:
179:Joseph Glass
167:George Smart
164:
155:
148:
140:
122:Spazzacamino
120:
106:
90:trade guilds
75:
49:
47:
29:
1689:Connections
1395:Mayhew 1861
1250:Mayhew 1861
1204:Mayhew 1861
1105:Mayhew 1861
1020:Mayhew 1861
887:, p. 7
735:heating oil
618:Tit for Tat
282:chimney pot
1763:Categories
948:Burke 1995
815:References
535:George III
482:Regulation
370:Goose Fair
368:, and the
327:journeyman
1496:30 August
863:0199-4786
639:Rochester
585:The Times
508:Edinburgh
445:into the
413:soot wart
374:brimstone
347:fireplace
331:shillings
230:Yorkshire
135:Stockholm
82:workhouse
1784:Chimneys
1716:Archived
1440:Archived
1271:19 March
797:See also
756:ephemera
748:chimneys
706:marzipan
683:Slovenia
679:Slovakia
512:Scotland
468:coal tar
439:testicle
234:Sea coal
173:and the
62:chimneys
58:creosote
44:in 1850.
1680:6354246
1671:1009212
1533:2 April
1470:8 April
1422:8 April
1356:8 April
691:Estonia
687:Romania
671:Croatia
667:Hungary
659:Germany
472:arsenic
460:puberty
447:abdomen
431:scrotum
366:Whitsun
335:guineas
310:paupers
241:, when
111:History
98:Belgium
42:Ireland
38:Wexford
1695:
1678:
1668:
1626:
1595:
1226:
861:
739:pellet
689:, and
663:Poland
435:dartos
357:bushel
272:hearth
143:Tudors
102:France
100:, and
71:alight
1635:6 May
1620:(PDF)
1604:6 May
1235:2 May
791:DEFRA
713:Today
696:As a
652:bride
516:Lords
333:to 4
270:A. a
202:flues
94:Italy
60:from
1693:ISBN
1676:PMID
1637:2011
1624:ISBN
1606:2011
1593:ISBN
1535:2020
1498:2012
1472:2018
1424:2018
1358:2018
1273:2012
1237:2011
1224:ISBN
859:ISSN
776:and
590:The
565:bill
558:The
547:The
353:Soot
141:The
56:and
54:soot
1666:PMC
1658:doi
657:In
228:in
76:In
1765::
1674:.
1664:.
1654:40
1652:.
1648:.
1525:.
1458:.
1410:.
1349:.
1293:^
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916:^
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177:.
175:US
171:UK
96:,
48:A
40:,
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341:"
20:)
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