177:
154:
Changchun
Institute of Geology, more than 20 colleges and universities across the country had departments of geology, coalfield geology, and marine geology. In the more than ten years from 1953 to 1966, the geological department trained 75,000 geological graduates at all levels, more than 100 times the number of geological professionals trained before 1949. In addition to the geological talents trained by other departments, The total number exceeds 110,000. Among them, graduate students accounted for 0.75% of the total, and undergraduate students accounted for 38.8%. In 1970, the State Council reformed and the Ministry of Geology was reorganized into the Geological Bureau of the State Planning Commission.
210:
managed by the China
Geological Survey, it contains a wide range of geological data and information resources. There are some main tasks for NGLC, like collecting, processing and developing the geoscience literature. Meanwhile, NGLC can also "carry out related research and information system construction, and provide geoscience literature and information". At present, NGLC has "710,000 books and documents published at home and abroad", have "more than 10,000 documents", and "more than 20 databases, covering a history of nearly 200 years". The Earth Science Documentation Center of the China Geological Survey is an executive director unit of the Library Society of China.
109:
established the "Geological Survey
Institute of the Ministry of Industry and Commerce". In February 1916, the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce of the Beiyang Government established a Geological Survey Bureau directly under it. In July 1916, the first batch of 18 geological graduates independently trained by China officially entered the Geological Survey Bureau of the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce. In October 1916, the Geological Survey Bureau was renamed the Geological Survey Institute and implemented independent accounting. Many famous geologists and paleontologists of the time, such as
64:
reports, and other scientific publications related to its work. In addition, the CGS maintains a number of research institutions, laboratories, and observatories that focus on various aspects of geology and geophysics. The annual budget of China
Geological Survey is approximately 540 million US dollars in 2021, and there are approximately 14,000 employees in 2022. In particular, China Geological Survey also aims to provide scientific support for the sustainable development of China's economy, society and environment, and to promote the protection and utilization of geological resources.
73:
261:
755:
168:
degree, accounting for 19% and 32% of the total number respectively; 1,185 people have senior professional titles, and 1,464 people with associate senior professional titles, accounting for 16% and 19% of the total number respectively. There are 16 academicians of the
Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Engineering, 9 of them won the title of "Li Siguang Scholar", 33 of outstanding geological talents, and 58 of outstanding geological talents.
149:", the country's economic construction urgently needed mineral support. Li Siguang led the planning and established the China Geological Work Planning Steering Committee in August 1950. In 1952, the Ministry of Geology was established to lead and manage the general survey and exploration of mineral resources in the country, and to uniformly arrange and organize the implementation of national geological work.
282:
developments. The website is operated by China Mining
Association (CMA), which is a non-profit, non-governmental organization that represents the mining industry in China. The CMA was established in 1987 and is based in Beijing, China. It has more than 1,500 members, including mining companies, research institutions, and other stakeholders in the mining industry.
289:, as well as insights into the country's mining policies and regulations. It also features articles and reports on technological innovations and best practices in the mining sector. The website provides a platform for networking and knowledge sharing among stakeholders in the mining industry, including mining companies, investors, and policymakers.
133:
313:
Mineral
Exploration: The China Geological Survey has made remarkable achievements in the fields of mineral exploration such as the discovery of new mineral resources and the evaluation of mineral resources. In 2008, they discovered a large copper deposit in Tibet, and in 2018, they discovered a large
192:
China
Geological Survey consists of key disciplines such as the Department of Geology, the Department of Mineral Resources, the Department of Marine Geology, and the Department of Environmental Geology. These departments are responsible for conducting research in their respective fields and providing
108:
The China
Geological Survey originated in the period of the Republic of China. In 1912, the Nanjing Provisional Government of the Republic of China officially established the Geological Section in the Mining Department of the Ministry of Industry. In June 1913, the Government of the Republic of China
317:
Prevention and
Control of Geological Disasters: The China Geological Survey has also made important contributions to the prevention and control of geological disasters such as earthquakes, landslides, and tiankengs. The agency develops advanced monitoring and early warning systems to help reduce the
309:
Resource Exploration: China Geological Survey has made significant progress in the exploration and development of rare earth metals, oil and gas, coal and other mineral resources. For example, the agency discovered new deposits of rare earth metals in southern China and helped develop new extraction
272:
The CAGS is organized into several research departments, including the Institute of Mineral Resources, the Institute of Geology, the Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, and the Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth. These research departments are focused on specific areas of
209:
National Geological Library of China (CNGL) is a national library specializing in geological and mineral resources information, which is also called the GeoScience Documentation Center of China Geological Survey (CGS). It is a public welfare unit that affiliated to the China Geological Survey. It is
153:
was appointed as the Minister of Geology. In 1952, domestic colleges and universities adjusted the setting of geology majors and established professional geology colleges with complete disciplines. By 1966, in addition to the affiliated Beijing Institute of Geology, Chengdu Institute of Geology, and
128:
During the Anti-Japanese War, the Geological Survey Institute first moved from Beiping to Nanjing, and then from Nanjing to Chongqing via Changsha. During this period, Yanchang Oilfield and Yumen Oilfield were successively discovered or surveyed, a batch of tungsten mines were discovered in Jiangxi,
268:
The CAGS conducts a wide range of research activities, including basic research, applied research, and technological development in the fields of geology, mineral resources, and environmental geology. It also provides training and education programs for geologists, conducts international scientific
256:
The Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences (CAGS) is a scientific research institution that operates under the China Geological Survey (CGS). It was established in 1956 and is headquartered in Beijing, China. The CAGS is the leading research institution in the field of geology and mineral resources
240:
The China Geological Survey Data Sharing Service Platform is a website operated by the China Geological Survey that provides a wide range of geological data and information resources, including geological maps, reports, and other scientific publications. The platform aims to facilitate data sharing
329:
Technological Innovation: China Geological Survey has made significant progress in geological surveying and mapping technology, and developed a three-dimensional geological mapping system and a comprehensive geological environment monitoring system. These innovations help improve the accuracy and
63:
The CGS conducts geological surveys across China's land, sea, and polar regions, with a particular focus on the exploration and development of mineral resources. It also conducts research on geology, mineral resources, and geological hazards. The CGS is responsible for publishing geological maps,
292:
China Mining also organizes the annual conference and exhibition, which is one of the largest mining events in the world. The conference provides a platform for mining companies, investors, and other stakeholders to exchange ideas and to share information on the latest developments in the mining
167:
was established in 1998. In 1999, the reform of the geological survey system was implemented, and the China Geological Survey Bureau was established. As of October 2016, there were 7,549 active employees. Among them, there are 1,423 people with a doctoral degree and 2,392 people with a master's
325:
International cooperation: The China Geological Survey has played an important role in promoting international cooperation and exchanges in the geological field. The agency is involved in a number of international geological surveys and research projects, and cooperates with other countries in
188:
The Planning and Finance Department is responsible for formulating CGS' annual plans, budget and financial management. The Geological Survey conducts geological surveys and surveys, and analyzes and interprets the data collected. The Department of Mineral Resources is responsible for assessing
244:
Data is organized into various categories that can be searched and downloaded through the platform's search interface. In addition to the website, the CGS data sharing service platform also provides mobile applications for users to access data and information anytime and anywhere. The app is
333:
Public Education: The China Geological Survey has been actively involved in public education and publicity related to geological and environmental protection. The institution develops educational materials and programs for students and the general public, and works to raise awareness of the
321:
Environmental Protection: The China Geological Survey has been actively involved in environmental protection, especially in relation to geological hazards and disasters. The institution conducts research on the impact of human activities on the environment and provides technical support for
281:
China Mining is a website that provides news and information about China's mining industry, including geological surveying and exploration. It is a website that covers a wide range of topics related to the mining industry, such as mining policies, investment opportunities, and technological
241:
and collaboration among researchers, government agencies and other stakeholders in the fields of geology and mineral resources. The platform contains a wealth of geological data and information, including geology, mineral resources, hydrology, geophysics and environmental geology data.
197:
In addition, China Geological Survey has several research centers, including the Institute of Geology, the Institute of Mineral Resources, and the Institute of Marine Geology. These centers are responsible for advanced research and development in their respective fields.
318:
impact of these disasters on people and property. After the Wenchuan earthquake in 2008, they played an important role in earthquake relief. A geological disaster early warning system has been developed and a geological disaster monitoring network has been established.
305:
Deep-sea Exploration: The China Geological Survey has carried out deep-sea geological surveys and achieved important results. In 2017, they completed their survey of the western Pacific Ocean floor, discovering new types of minerals, hydrothermal vents and cold
220:
To "process and disseminate", and "research, develop and transform" the domestic and foreign geoscience literature information in order to provide an information query platform about geology for the people so that the geoscience knowledge can be disseminated to
176:
59:
The CGS is the primary organization responsible for conducting geological surveys and research in China, and its work is focused on resource exploration, environmental protection, geological hazard prevention, and geological disaster reduction.
230:
To fulfill the functions of the Earth Science Documentation Center; to build a geoscience literature resource system, and to provide "professional guidance and related technical training" on geoscience documentation for the China Geological
162:
After the reform and opening up, the Ministry of Geology was restored. In 1982, the Ministry of Geology was renamed the Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources. From 1977 to 1996, a total of 300,000 geological graduates were trained. The
245:
available for download on Android and iOS devices. The platform also offers a variety of data analysis and visualization tools and services, as well as scientific publications and other resources related to geology and mineral resources.
366:
The Nine Programs for future of China Geological Survey is a series of strategic initiatives aimed at improving China's geological survey capabilities and promoting sustainable resource development. These programs include:
1457:
164:
436:
347:
In 2012, the China Geological Survey launched a nationwide project to map the distribution of shale gas resources in China, which led to the discovery of new reserves of this important energy resource.
350:
In 2014, the China Geological Survey discovered a new major gold deposit in China's Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region that has the potential to be one of the largest gold deposits in the world.
326:
resource exploration and environmental protection. Carry out joint geological surveys with Pakistan, Mongolia, Russia and other countries, and participate in international geoscience projects.
257:
in China and plays a significant role in conducting geological research, promoting scientific and technological progress, and advancing sustainable development in the field of geology.
374:
Mineral Resource Exploration Program: This program aims to increase the exploration and evaluation of China's mineral resources and promote the sustainable development of resources.
386:
Geological Mapping Program: This program aims to produce high-quality geological maps of China to support resource exploration, environmental management, and disaster prevention.
371:
Basic Geological Survey Program: This program involves conducting systematic and comprehensive geological surveys in China to establish a basic understanding of its geology.
49:
383:
Geological Data Management Program: This program aims to establish a comprehensive geological data management system to support decision-making and scientific research.
1452:
460:
380:
Earth Environment Survey Program: This program aims to assess the impact of human activities on the environment and develop strategies for environmental protection.
782:
377:
Geohazard Assessment Program: This program aims to improve China's ability to predict and mitigate geological hazards such as earthquakes, landslides, and floods.
392:
International Cooperation Program: This program aims to establish partnerships with international organizations to promote cooperation in the field of geology.
301:
In the past two decades, the China Geological Survey has made significant progress in geological research and exploration. Some key achievements include:
1421:
442:
395:
Geological Surveyor Training Program: This program aims to improve the quality of geological surveyors through training and professional development.
389:
Geoscience Research Program: This program promotes scientific research in geology and related fields such as mineralogy, petrology, and geochemistry.
17:
48:. It is a public institution managed by the State Council's ministries and commissions responsible for geological and mineral exploration under the
425:
357:
will participate in the Mars probe launch mission of the National Space Administration, including geological surveys and Mars surface exploration.
354:
249:
1447:
1442:
885:
1146:
1101:
1399:
448:
227:
To establish partnerships with relevant industries and institutions in China and abroad to carry out business exchanges and cooperation.
1076:
775:
52:. According to the national land and resources survey plan, it is now managed by the Ministry of Natural Resources. It is the largest
1116:
870:
344:
In 2003, the China Geological Survey discovered new reserves of rare earth metals in southern China, one of the largest in the world.
81:
217:
To collect, organize, and preserve the literature that relative to geoscience which are published in China and all over the world;
1409:
430:
1011:
129:
bauxite mines were discovered in Yunnan and Guizhou, and coal mines were discovered in Zhaotong, Yunnan and Shuicheng, Guizhou.
1404:
890:
454:
1378:
420:
1383:
1242:
1111:
768:
97:
29:
855:
791:
405:
146:
1462:
273:
geology and mineral resources research, and they work closely with each other to conduct interdisciplinary research.
1302:
1207:
1021:
415:
1467:
1357:
1297:
1272:
1212:
1041:
936:
880:
875:
835:
805:
1362:
1287:
1252:
1247:
1222:
1192:
1151:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1031:
991:
865:
850:
845:
830:
815:
286:
72:
1347:
1342:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1262:
1217:
1202:
1136:
1126:
1046:
1016:
981:
956:
951:
910:
905:
840:
825:
820:
1352:
1337:
1307:
1292:
1282:
1277:
1267:
1257:
1237:
1227:
1197:
1187:
1172:
1156:
1131:
1121:
1106:
1091:
1006:
971:
941:
920:
900:
895:
860:
810:
56:
agency in China since being reinstated in 1999, and the headquarter is in Beijing, the capital of China.
1332:
1232:
1182:
1177:
1141:
1096:
1051:
1036:
1026:
1001:
996:
986:
976:
961:
946:
915:
594:
260:
570:""The National Geological Survey of China". Geografiska Annaler, Vol. 3 (1921), pp. 305-310 (6 pages)"
16:
1327:
1086:
1081:
966:
483:
88:). Many prominent geologists and paleontologists worked with the Survey in the early days, such as
93:
224:
To develop standards for library science, information processing technology, and related research;
573:
545:
698:
712:
45:
145:
After the founding of People's Republic of China in 1949, before and after the start of the "
537:
410:
754:
110:
89:
85:
37:
1436:
184:
The institutional setup of the China Geological Survey includes several departments:
114:
589:
587:
729:
189:
China's mineral resources and promoting the sustainable development of resources.
118:
269:
cooperation, and publishes a variety of scientific publications and journals.
150:
122:
53:
629:
627:
625:
297:
Major Achievements and News for China Geological Survey in the Past 20 Years
615:
441:
Professional fields Universities directly under the Ministry of Education:
681:
724:
722:
648:
646:
644:
760:
132:
610:
608:
606:
604:
577:
569:
549:
285:
China Mining provides news and analysis on the latest developments in
113:, carried out the survey work in the early stage. And Zhang Hongzhao,
525:
505:
503:
501:
499:
497:
495:
493:
541:
259:
175:
131:
71:
41:
15:
667:
172:
Institutional Settings and Affiliates of China Geological Survey
80:
The China Geological Survey originated in the early days of the
764:
437:
Ministry of Natural Resources of the People's Republic of China
201:
There are also some affilitates of China Geological Survey:
193:
expert advice to government agencies and private companies.
100:
gained control over mainland China and reinstated in 1999.
330:
efficiency of geological surveys and resource exploration.
634:
510:
322:
environmental impact assessment and restoration projects.
1458:
Science and technology in the People's Republic of China
748:
653:
693:
691:
339:
More Detailed Achievements of China Geological Survey
334:
importance of geology and environmental conservation.
236:
China Geological Survey Data Sharing Service Platform
595:"A Hundred Years History of China Geological Survey"
1392:
1371:
1165:
929:
798:
264:
Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences (North Gate)
563:
561:
559:
50:State Council of the People's Republic of China
776:
8:
635:"National Earthe System Science Data Center"
484:"China Geological Survey Brief Introduction"
205:National Geological Library of China (NGLC)
1422:China International Search and Rescue Team
783:
769:
761:
753:
213:The primary duties and functions include:
141:Early Period of People's Republic of China
526:"The National Geological Survey of China"
654:"Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences"
447:Meteorological forecasting departments:
435:Land and resources competent authority:
310:techniques for these valuable resources.
1453:Scientific organizations based in China
730:"Science and Technology Daily of China"
682:"CGS's deep-sea geological exploration"
472:
616:"National Geological Library of China"
355:Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences
250:Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences
713:"China Daily, The cooperation of CGS"
7:
511:"China Geology Survey Official Site"
478:
476:
180:National Geological Library of China
1400:China Meteorological Administration
449:China Meteorological Administration
459:Surveying and Mapping Department:
453:Earthquake monitoring department:
14:
140:
44:organization researching China's
20:Symbol of China Geological Survey
1410:China Earthquake Networks Center
431:List of geoscience organizations
1405:China Earthquake Administration
524:Andersson, J. G. (1921-01-01).
455:China Earthquake Administration
443:China University of Geosciences
426:China University of Geosciences
158:After the Reform and Opening Up
886:1739 Yinchuan–Pingluo, Ningxia
421:History of Chinese archaeology
165:Ministry of Land and Resources
33:
1:
891:1786 Kangding-Luding, Sichuan
96:. It was disbanded after the
26:China Geological Survey (CGS)
1448:National geological agencies
1443:Earth sciences organizations
1077:1976 Songpan–Pingwu, Sichuan
811:1290 Chihli (Inner Mongolia)
461:National Bureau of Surveying
406:Cenozoic Research Laboratory
1132:1996 Baotou, Inner Mongolia
1102:1988 Lancang–Gengma, Yunnan
1484:
668:"China Mining Association"
416:Geological Museum of China
125:and other 299 geologists.
98:People's Republic of China
84:(when it had control over
1042:1969 Yangjiang, Guangdong
568:Andersson, J. G. (1921).
314:gold deposit in Shandong.
36:) is a government-owned,
1303:2017 Jiuzhaigou, Sichuan
1298:2017 Taxkorgan, Xinjiang
851:1668 Tangcheng, Shandong
287:Mining Industry of China
104:Republic of China period
1417:China Geological Survey
1313:2019 Changning, Sichuan
1213:2008 Panzhihua, Sichuan
1062:1975 Haicheng, Liaoning
952:1918 Shantou, Guangdong
881:1738 Dangjiang, Qinghai
362:Nine Programs in Future
1318:2020 Kashgar, Xinjiang
1288:2014 Kangding, Sichuan
1273:2014 Yingjiang, Yunnan
1248:2012 Yangzhou, Jiangsu
1208:2008 Yingjiang, Yunnan
1193:2005 Ruichang, Jiangxi
1022:1955 Kangding, Sichuan
992:1936 Lingshan, Guangxi
937:1902 Kashgar, Xinjiang
876:1733 Dongchuan, Yunnan
265:
181:
137:
77:
21:
1343:2022 Menyuan, Qinghai
1308:2017 Jinghe, Xinjiang
1293:2015 Pishan, Xinjiang
1268:2014 Yutian, Xinjiang
1253:2012 Zhaotong, Yunnan
1188:2003 Zhaosu, Xinjiang
1152:1998 Ninglang, Yunnan
1137:1997 Jiashi, Xinjiang
1117:1995 Menglian, Yunnan
1067:1976 Longling, Yunnan
1057:1974 Zhaotong, Yunnan
957:1920 Haiyuan, Ningxia
921:1889 Chilik, Xinjiang
911:1850 Xichang, Sichuan
831:1604 Quanzhou, Fujian
821:1536 Xichang, Sichuan
816:1303 Hongdong, Shanxi
263:
179:
135:
75:
19:
1353:2022 Luding, Sichuan
1338:2021 Luxian, Sichuan
1323:2020 Qiaojia, Yunnan
1258:2013 Lushan, Sichuan
1178:2003 Bachu, Xinjiang
1127:1996 Lijiang, Yunnan
1107:1990 Gonghe, Qinghai
1097:1985 Wuqia, Xinjiang
1072:1976 Tangshan, Hebei
1047:1970 Tonghai, Yunnan
1007:1948 Litang, Sichuan
977:1931 Fuyun, Xinjiang
942:1906 Manas, Xinjiang
906:1833 Kunming, Yunnan
846:1654 Tianshui, Gansu
841:1626 Lingqiu, Shanxi
792:Earthquakes in China
699:"Xinhua News Agency"
147:First Five-Year Plan
136:Geologist Li Siguang
1348:2022 Ya'an, Sichuan
1333:2021 Maduo, Qinghai
1283:2014 Jinggu, Yunnan
1278:2014 Ludian, Yunnan
1233:2010 Yushu, Qinghai
1218:2008 Damxung, Tibet
1198:2006 Yanjin, Yunnan
1122:1995 Wuding, Yunnan
1092:1985 Luquan, Yunnan
1087:1983 Heze, Shandong
1052:1973 Luhuo, Sichuan
1032:1966 Xingtai, Hebei
1027:1955 Yuzha, Sichuan
997:1937 Heze, Shandong
987:1933 Diexi, Sichuan
962:1923 Renda, Sichuan
896:1815 Pinglu, Shanxi
871:1718 Tongwei, Gansu
861:1695 Linfen, Shanxi
856:1679 Beijing, Hebei
530:Geografiska Annaler
94:Teilhard de Chardin
1463:Geological surveys
1263:2013 Dingxi, Gansu
1112:1994 Taiwan Strait
1082:1981 Dawu, Sichuan
972:1927 Gulang, Gansu
947:1913 Eshan, Yunnan
901:1830 Cixian, Hebei
266:
182:
138:
78:
22:
1430:
1429:
1328:2021 Dali, Yunnan
1142:1997 Manyi, Tibet
967:1925 Dali, Yunnan
82:Republic of China
46:mineral resources
1475:
1468:Geology of China
1012:1950 Assam–Tibet
916:1879 Wudu, Gansu
785:
778:
771:
762:
757:
752:
751:
749:Official website
734:
733:
726:
717:
716:
709:
703:
702:
695:
686:
685:
678:
672:
671:
664:
658:
657:
650:
639:
638:
631:
620:
619:
612:
599:
598:
591:
582:
581:
565:
554:
553:
521:
515:
514:
507:
488:
487:
480:
411:Geology of China
76:CGS headquarters
35:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1388:
1367:
1161:
925:
794:
789:
747:
746:
743:
738:
737:
728:
727:
720:
711:
710:
706:
697:
696:
689:
680:
679:
675:
666:
665:
661:
652:
651:
642:
633:
632:
623:
614:
613:
602:
593:
592:
585:
567:
566:
557:
523:
522:
518:
509:
508:
491:
482:
481:
474:
469:
402:
364:
299:
279:
254:
238:
207:
174:
160:
143:
106:
70:
12:
11:
5:
1481:
1479:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1435:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1402:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1358:2023 Jishishan
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1037:1969 Bohai Sea
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
933:
931:
927:
926:
924:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
836:1605 Guangdong
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
806:1038 Dingxiang
802:
800:
796:
795:
790:
788:
787:
780:
773:
765:
759:
758:
742:
741:External links
739:
736:
735:
718:
704:
687:
673:
659:
640:
621:
600:
583:
555:
542:10.2307/519444
516:
489:
471:
470:
468:
465:
464:
463:
457:
451:
445:
439:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
401:
398:
397:
396:
393:
390:
387:
384:
381:
378:
375:
372:
363:
360:
359:
358:
351:
348:
345:
336:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
298:
295:
278:
275:
253:
247:
237:
234:
233:
232:
228:
225:
222:
218:
206:
203:
195:
194:
190:
173:
170:
159:
156:
142:
139:
111:Davidson Black
105:
102:
90:Davidson Black
86:mainland China
69:
66:
38:not-for-profit
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1480:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1393:Organizations
1391:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1364:
1363:2024 Uqturpan
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1223:2009 Xinjiang
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1147:1998 Zhangbei
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
934:
932:
928:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
866:1709 Zhongwei
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
803:
801:
797:
793:
786:
781:
779:
774:
772:
767:
766:
763:
756:
750:
745:
744:
740:
731:
725:
723:
719:
714:
708:
705:
700:
694:
692:
688:
683:
677:
674:
669:
663:
660:
655:
649:
647:
645:
641:
636:
630:
628:
626:
622:
617:
611:
609:
607:
605:
601:
596:
590:
588:
584:
579:
575:
571:
564:
562:
560:
556:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
520:
517:
512:
506:
504:
502:
500:
498:
496:
494:
490:
485:
479:
477:
473:
466:
462:
458:
456:
452:
450:
446:
444:
440:
438:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
403:
399:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
370:
369:
368:
361:
356:
353:In 2021, the
352:
349:
346:
343:
342:
341:
340:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
303:
302:
296:
294:
290:
288:
283:
276:
274:
270:
262:
258:
251:
248:
246:
242:
235:
229:
226:
223:
219:
216:
215:
214:
211:
204:
202:
199:
191:
187:
186:
185:
178:
171:
169:
166:
157:
155:
152:
148:
134:
130:
126:
124:
120:
116:
115:Ding Wenjiang
112:
103:
101:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
74:
67:
65:
61:
57:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
31:
27:
18:
1416:
1243:2011 Myanmar
1203:2008 Sichuan
1166:21st century
1017:1952 Damxung
982:1932 Changma
930:20th century
826:1556 Shaanxi
707:
676:
662:
533:
529:
519:
365:
338:
337:
300:
291:
284:
280:
277:China Mining
271:
267:
255:
243:
239:
212:
208:
200:
196:
183:
161:
144:
127:
107:
79:
62:
58:
25:
23:
1372:By province
1238:2011 Yunnan
1228:2009 Yunnan
1173:2001 Kunlun
1157:2000 Yunnan
536:: 305–310.
119:Weng Wenhao
1437:Categories
1183:2003 Dayao
1002:1947 Assam
799:Historical
467:References
293:industry.
151:Li Siguang
123:Li Siguang
54:Geoscience
400:See also
1379:Sichuan
221:people.
68:History
42:Chinese
34:中国地质调查局
30:Chinese
1384:Yunnan
578:519444
576:
550:519444
548:
306:seeps.
252:(CAGS)
231:Survey
32::
574:JSTOR
546:JSTOR
24:The
538:doi
92:or
1439::
721:^
690:^
643:^
624:^
603:^
586:^
572:.
558:^
544:.
532:.
528:.
492:^
475:^
121:,
117:,
40:,
784:e
777:t
770:v
732:.
715:.
701:.
684:.
670:.
656:.
637:.
618:.
597:.
580:.
552:.
540::
534:3
513:.
486:.
28:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
