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Yat-sen. In 1906, the Qing government adopted the policy of establishing a constitutional monarchy by 1911. Kang Youwei declared that the
Association's goals were accomplished, and in 1907 it changed its Chinese name to the "Empire Constitutionalist Association" (εΈεζ²ζΏζ), which was much closer to the association's English name. In its new incarnation, the Association aligned itself with the Qing court and opposed the republicans. In 1910, the Association reorganised itself into the political party "Empire Unity Party" (εΈεη΅±δΈι»¨), which was the first officially registered political party in China, later renamed the "Friends of the Constitution Association" (ζ²εζ).
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After suing for peace with the foreign powers, the Qing court softened its resistance to constitutional reform, so the Reform
Association's platform shifted to co-operating with the push for top-down reform in China. Its main perceived threat changed to the republican revolutionaries led by Sun
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in 1912, some members of
Association went on to form new political parties that participated in elections to the republican parliament, while Kang himself agitated for restoration of monarchy, including organising the brief
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In 1900, the
Chinese Empire Reform Association plotted with domestic correspondents to engineer an armed uprising in China, taking advantage of the chaos of the
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who had fled China to escape the death penalty. At its peak the association had chapters in 150 cities worldwide.
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marching on
Beijing. The Association's promised funds were delayed, however, with some (such as
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and active mostly outside of China that intended to support
Guangxuβs return to power in the
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of 1917. The bulk of the "Friends of the
Constitution Association" became the
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Members of the
Chinese Empire Reform Association in Canada in 1903
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229:'Society to Protect the Emperor of the Great Qing'), or
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Panel Report, Association of Asian
Studies (16 March 2012),
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Victoria's
Chinatown - Chinese Empire Reform Association
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327:An Association to Save China, the Baohuang Hui δΏηζ
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241:) in short, was an organization formed in
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74:Learn how and when to remove this message
158:Friends of the Constitution Association
295:of 1911 and the establishment of the
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259:Victoria, British Columbia
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346:China Heritage Quarterly
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31:list of references
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312:in 1913.
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142:Dissolved
164:Ideology
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