839:
425:
42:
3289:
916:, located at the midpoint of the river, around 60 m (200 ft) from the riverbank, was around 500 m (1,600 ft) in length, and had a max water depth of 10 m (33 ft) and rapid water flow, with the bottom sediments in the lower reaches being shingly and in the upper reaches muddy/sandy. A study on a sample of spawning Chinese paddlefish found that they were all at least 8 years old. Females likely sexually matured later than males, and probably did not spawn every year, likely every other year or somewhat less frequently, like other acipenseriforms. The ovaries of the female fish contained over 100,000 eggs, each approximately 2.7 mm (
1148:
3296:
774:
946:
3302:
100:
1053:
the 1970s. In 1983, the
Chinese government made fishing of the species illegal due to its decline in numbers. The species was still being found in small numbers in the 1980s (for example, 32 were caught in 1985), and young were seen as recently as 1995. Due to the rarity of the fish by the time it was realised that it was in peril, and the fact that the adult fish were difficult to keep in captivity, attempts to create a captive breeding stock failed.
1057:
1134:
74:
505:
727:
455:(spine extending into the upper lobe), with the lower lobe being well developed. The skull is more elongate and narrower than that of the American paddlefish, and lacks the sculpturing present on the skull bones of other paddlefish, with the stellate (star-shaped) bones on the rostrum less numerous than those of the American paddlefish. The teeth were small, sharp,
2620:
479:
dramatically increased, reaching a weight of about 12.5 kg (28 lb) by the time they were around 1.5 m (5 ft) long. They reached sexual maturity at a weight of around 25 kg (55 lb). The maximum length of the
Chinese paddlefish is often quoted as 7 m (23 ft), with this estimate apparently being given by
495:
gives a conservative maximum weight of 300–500 kg (660–1,100 lb). Female fish are suggested to have grown larger than male fish once sexually mature, though they grew at similar rates prior to this. The lifespan has been estimated at 29–38 years, though the theoretical maximum lifespan is
1052:
The last records of
Chinese paddlefish in the Yellow River basin and its estuary date back to the 1960s, although declines were realized between the 13th and 19th centuries. Declines were significant throughout its primary range in the Yangtze basin, but annual captures of 25 tonnes continued into
478:
Juveniles attained a weight of around 1 to 1.5 kilograms (2 to 3 lb) by their first winter and a length of 1 m (3 ft) and a weight of about 3.3 kg (7 lb 4 oz) by the time they were a year old. Beyond this length, proportional weight gain relative to body length
1044:) is primarily used for detecting the weak electric fields generated by prey. The head and rostrum of Chinese paddlefish, like those of other paddlefish, was densely packed with ampullae, indicating that enhancing electroreception was one of the rostrum's primary functions.
398:
and blocking the anadromous spawning migration. Overfishing also played a significant role in its demise. Fishing of the
Chinese paddlefish dates back centuries, with annual harvests reaching 25 tons by the 1970s. Since the 1990s, the species was officially listed by the
1023:
allowing them to move relative to the rest of the skull, with the upper jaw being able to thrust downwards and forwards in order to seize prey. Paddlefish, like other
Acipenseriformes and several other groups of vertebrates, engage in passive
1908:
Murray, Alison M.; Brinkman, Donald B.; DeMar, David G.; Wilson, Gregory P. (3 March 2020). "Paddlefish and sturgeon (Chondrostei: Acipenseriformes: Polyodontidae and
Acipenseridae) from lower Paleocene deposits of Montana, U.S.A.".
2380:
Zhang, Hui; Jarić, Ivan; Roberts, David L.; He, Yongfeng; Du, Hao; Wu, Jinming; Wang, Chengyou; Wei, Qiwei (2020). "Extinction of one of the world's largest freshwater fishes: Lessons for conserving the endangered
Yangtze fauna".
1329:
Zhang, Hui; Jarić, Ivan; Roberts, David L.; He, Yongfeng; Du, Hao; Wu, Jinming; Wang, Chengyou; Wei, Qiwei (2020). "Extinction of one of the world's largest freshwater fishes: Lessons for conserving the endangered
Yangtze fauna".
2307:
Living sturgeons and primitive paddlefishes (i.e.,polyodontids other than
Polyodon) stand in sharpcontrast to all of these outgroup taxa. Their jaws are highly mobile, so that the upper jaw can be 'projected' far out to capture
411:
found the species to be extinct. It was unanimously agreed to be extinct by the
Species Survival Commission Sturgeon Specialist Group of the IUCN on 15 September 2019, with its conservation status being formally updated by the
1107:(which were easily captured by traditional fishing methods) to adult, which combined with the long generation time due to its slow maturation led to reduced sustainability of viable populations. Dam construction, notably the
1099:, found that the species was certainly extinct, based on its absence from extensive capture surveys of the Yangtze between 2017 and 2018. The paper estimated that the species went extinct between 2005 and 2010, but became
877:. It primarily inhabited the large rivers, but sometimes travelled into large lakes. Due to their anadromous nature, mature individuals were found in coastal waters of the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea; occasionally
3877:
1080:, Sichuan, on January 24, 2003, by fisherman Liu Longhua (刘龙华); the former died despite attempts to save it and the latter was radio-tagged and released, but the tag stopped working after only 12 hours.
1068:
Since 2000, there have been only two confirmed sightings of the fish alive, both from the Yangtze basin: The first was a 3.3-metre (10 ft 10 in), 117-kilogram (258 lb) female caught at
838:
424:
41:
1426:
3288:
1392:
463:, the jaws were shorter, and had a proportionately narrower gape, and unlike the American paddlefish, but similar to fossil paddlefish, the upper jaw was not firmly attached to the
2507:
Is there evidence that the Chinese paddlefish (Psephurus gladius) still survives in the upper Yangtze River? Concerns inferred from hydroacoustic and capture surveys, 2006–2008.
2585:
1103:
by 1993. The primary cause of its extinction was overfishing and the construction of dams along the Yangtze. The paddlefish was heavily overfished in all stages of growth from
1886:
2563:
1171:
459:
shaped and inward curling, and became proportionally smaller relative to the jaw during growth, and in mature adults were completely fused into the bone. Compared to
4190:
3942:
379:
The Chinese paddlefish was officially declared extinct in 2022, with an estimated time of extinction to be by 2005, and no later than 2010, although it had become
400:
1453:
Gao, Xin; Wang, Jian Wei; Brosse, Sébastien (April 2009). "Threatened fishes of the world: Psephurus gladius (Martens, 1862) (Acipenseriformes: polyodontidae)".
4216:
3981:
483:(1931), though according to Grande and Bemis (1991), specimens over three metres (ten feet) had not been definitively measured. Ping recorded that fishermen in
1295:
3337:
600:
between the American and Chinese paddlefish, including 68 million years ago 72 million years ago, and 100 million years ago, all dating to the middle to
515:
1554:"Osteology and Phylogenetic Relationships of Fossil and Recent Paddlefishes (Polyodontidae) with Comments on the Interrelationships of Acipenseriformes"
4164:
3916:
2532:
4203:
3955:
2484:
1418:
1119:
by the IUCN. A similar recommendation was also made by the Species Survival Commission Sturgeon Specialist Group of the IUCN in September 2019.
4283:
1015:
flounders. Shrimp and crab were also eaten. The jaws, unlike the American paddlefish but like sturgeons and fossil paddlefish, were capable of
4007:
2664:
2293:
1612:
1973:
1400:
4303:
1115:
landlocked and divided populations and prevented the spawning migration. The paper thus recommended the reclassification of the species as
1084:
1725:
2440:
2206:
1096:
1025:
408:
339:
basins in China. With records of specimens over three metres (ten feet) and possibly 7 m (23 ft) in length, it was one of the
1618:
2593:
4313:
4308:
4288:
2200:
2158:
1262:
1851:"Protopsephurus liui , a well-preserved primitive paddlefish (Acipenseriformes: Polyodontidae) from the Lower Cretaceous of China"
4255:
4059:
1850:
1701:
2555:
4298:
4293:
2743:
847:
429:
584:
of China, dating to around 120 million years ago. The oldest representatives of the genus containing the American paddlefish (
3330:
447:
was narrow and pointed, and was between a quarter and up to a third of total body length. Its eyes were small and round. The
299:
4208:
3960:
2268:
Bemis, William E.; Findeis, Eric K.; Grande, Lance (2002). Birstein, Vadim J.; Waldman, John R.; Bemis, William E. (eds.).
1168:
also native to the Yangtze, which became extinct around the same time as the Chinese paddlefish and due to the same factors
2187:, Developments in Environmental Biology of Fishes, vol. 17, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 241–255,
1742:
1529:
291:
1507:
942:, while yearlings and adults were widely distributed throughout the Yangtze river proper from the lower to upper reaches.
3301:
3295:
2229:"The Extinction of the Chinese Paddlefish Psephurus gladius : Transnationalism, Technology Transfer, and Timescape"
2624:
4125:
3851:
2146:
960:. Chinese paddlefish were noted for being strong swimmers. Unlike its relative the American paddlefish, which is a
492:
181:
99:
4221:
3986:
487:
caught a Chinese paddlefish with a length of 7 metres (23 ft) and a weight of 907 kilograms (2,000 lb).
3323:
2657:
2632:
50:
2633:
Article on the extinction in Qilu Yidian, which contains numerous rare images of the fish alive or recently dead
1866:
1284:
395:
1040:
system of sensory organs. Passive electroreception (where electric fields are sensed but not generated, as in
496:
likely to have been significantly higher, as the estimate reflects anthropogenic impacts on the population.
2510:
1648:
Chenhan, Liu; Yongjun, Zeng (18 May 1988). "Notes on the Chinese Paddlefish, Psephurus gladius (Martens)".
4323:
4318:
3781:
1758:
3819:
2524:
4242:
4033:
3856:
3566:
2476:
1510:. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. Archived from the original on 3 October 2009
1100:
1033:
950:
886:
404:
205:
4130:
4064:
2179:
Wei, Qiwei; Ke, Fu'en; Zhang, Jueming; Zhuang, Ping; Luo, Junde; Zhou, Rueqiong; Yang, Wenhua (2002),
945:
4260:
4151:
3890:
3828:
3623:
3257:
2650:
2390:
1599:, Fish & Fisheries Series, vol. 27, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 87–102,
1339:
380:
340:
3223:
3213:
3183:
2962:
1591:
Miller, Michael J. (2005), LeBreton, Greg T. O.; Beamish, F. William H.; McKinley, R. Scott (eds.),
1553:
1228:
3731:
3685:
3431:
3250:
3153:
870:
361:
63:
2835:
3652:
3634:
3422:
3080:
2927:
2867:
2857:
2422:
2359:
2073:
2024:
1945:
1944:
Peng, Zuogang; Ludwig, Arne; Wang, Dengqiang; Diogo, Rui; Wei, Qiwei; He, Shunping (March 2007).
1926:
1878:
1665:
1478:
1371:
597:
550:
530:
234:
225:
94:
2913:
2846:
2044:"Phylogenetic perspective on the relationships and evolutionary history of the Acipenseriformes"
773:
4247:
4038:
3947:
3094:
3066:
2955:
1946:"Age and biogeography of major clades in sturgeons and paddlefishes (Pisces: Acipenseriformes)"
1684:
Contributions from the Biological Laboratory of the Science Society of China: Zoological series
4229:
4195:
4138:
4020:
3864:
3608:
3512:
3485:
3476:
3467:
3413:
2934:
2889:
2878:
2414:
2406:
2351:
2343:
2289:
2250:
2196:
2154:
2125:
2065:
2016:
1965:
1870:
1824:
1608:
1573:
1523:
1470:
1363:
1355:
1056:
546:
538:
444:
2450:
1997:"Molecular Dating of Phylogeny of Sturgeons (Acipenseridae) Based on Total Evidence Analysis"
1072:
in 2002 and the second a 3.52-metre (11 ft 7 in), 160 kg (350 lb) female
4234:
4025:
3694:
3548:
3521:
3494:
3449:
3347:
2978:
2948:
2398:
2333:
2281:
2240:
2188:
2115:
2107:
2055:
2008:
1957:
1918:
1862:
1805:
1657:
1600:
1593:"The Ecology and Functional Morphology of Feeding of North American Sturgeon and Paddlefish"
1565:
1462:
1347:
1223:
1112:
601:
581:
563:
388:
151:
3973:
2556:"Up to 23 feet long, the Chinese paddlefish was the giant of the Yangtze. And we killed it"
1083:
During a search conducted in the Yangtze basin from 2006 to 2008, a research team from the
3994:
3833:
3676:
3557:
2995:
1020:
909:
593:
534:
472:
373:
4106:
3315:
1748:
Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 20 (2) (1996), pp. 150–159 (in Chinese with English abstract)
1251:
372:
species, meaning that it spent part of its adult life at sea, while migrating upriver to
2394:
1343:
1122:
The official IUCN status of the species was formally updated to "extinct" in July 2022.
3667:
3643:
3575:
3458:
3264:
3163:
3136:
3105:
3057:
3043:
3020:
3006:
2904:
2728:
2703:
2120:
2095:
1092:
1029:
1016:
901:
862:
686:
645:
576:
571:
141:
1205:
896:
The species spent part of its life in the lower section of the Yangtze, including the
4277:
3968:
3712:
3599:
3539:
3503:
3440:
3240:
3146:
2426:
2077:
2028:
1930:
1697:
1375:
1214:
1165:
1104:
1041:
931:
854:
413:
84:
2402:
2363:
1882:
1793:
1482:
1351:
912:, which occurred in spring, from mid-March to early April. One spawning site on the
435:
The Chinese paddlefish had a white underbelly, and its back and head were grey. Its
3882:
3869:
3378:
3126:
3087:
3073:
3029:
2269:
1592:
1569:
1153:
1108:
1037:
957:
913:
878:
866:
751:
456:
452:
384:
336:
4143:
2245:
2228:
2042:
Shen, Yanjun; Yang, Na; Liu, Zhihao; Chen, Qiliang; Li, Yingwen (September 2020).
1922:
17:
4091:
1771:
Monatsberichte der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin
4177:
4100:
4051:
3929:
3813:
3384:
2803:
2781:
2755:
2712:
2673:
2060:
2043:
1961:
1139:
1095:
signals. A comprehensive study published in 2019, including scientists from the
961:
905:
726:
504:
1996:
1849:
Grande, Lance; Jin, Fan; Yabumoto, Yoshitaka; Bemis, William E. (8 July 2002).
3372:
3114:
2941:
2920:
2637:
2180:
2012:
1809:
1466:
1129:
1116:
1091:
failed to catch any paddlefish, but two possible specimens were recorded with
989:
980:
874:
559:
448:
436:
407:, and was last seen alive in 2003. A 2019 paper including scientists from the
369:
357:
325:
161:
78:
3804:
2410:
2347:
2254:
2192:
2020:
1874:
1577:
1474:
1359:
3746:
3404:
3203:
3036:
2638:
Chinese documentary on the species, which features footage of the fish alive
2285:
1604:
965:
589:
468:
464:
111:
2418:
2355:
2181:"Biology, fisheries, and conservation of sturgeons and paddlefish in China"
2129:
2069:
1969:
1367:
4117:
3999:
3843:
2619:
4085:
3903:
3798:
3722:
3394:
3366:
3194:
2824:
2697:
1710:
1256:
1088:
1012:
1008:
997:
897:
890:
882:
768:
567:
525:
488:
480:
440:
353:
317:
131:
2096:"Fish assemblage changes over half a century in the Yellow River, China"
956:
The fish was largely solitary, and occupied the lower-mid layers of the
4169:
3921:
3908:
3530:
1669:
1073:
1069:
985:
969:
939:
858:
484:
332:
328:
3934:
2338:
2321:
2111:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
574:, over 190 million years ago. The oldest paddlefish fossil is that of
383:
by 1993. The main cause of its extinction was the construction of the
4182:
3360:
2691:
1002:
974:
935:
927:
307:
121:
3775:
2505:
Zhang; Wei1, Q.W.; Du, H.; Shen, L.; Li, Y.H.; and Zhao, Y. (2009).
1661:
570:(Acipenseridae). The oldest records of Acipenseriformes date to the
2586:"Chinese paddlefish, one of world's largest fish, declared extinct"
607:
Relationships of recent and fossil paddlefish genera, after Grande
4046:
1161:
1077:
1055:
944:
837:
503:
423:
344:
54:
4012:
1417:
Master, Farah; Zhang, Albee (22 July 2022). Fullick, Neil (ed.).
588:) date to around 65 million years ago, from the beginning of the
443:
were situated considerably far back on the body. The paddle-like
3590:
3230:
2322:"Electroreception, electrogenesis and electric signal evolution"
3895:
3779:
3319:
2684:
2646:
934:
were restricted to the region of the Yangtze basin upstream of
4156:
2642:
391:
1419:"Chinese Paddlefish and wild Yangtze Sturgeon extinct - IUCN"
949:
Closeup of the tip of the rostrum, showing electrorecepting
1867:
10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0209:PLAWPP]2.0.CO;2
49:
Preserved specimens at Museum of Hydrobiological Sciences,
471:. The body lacked scales, except for small scales in the
1508:"Species Fact Sheets: Psephurus gladius (Martens, 1862)"
846:
exhibited in the Museum of Hydrobiological Sciences of
1393:"The Chinese paddlefish was reevaluated to be extinct"
968:, mainly feeding on small to medium-sized fishes like
881:
would bring individuals into the lower reaches of the
541:
in 1873. The species was also given a different name,
3246:
3236:
3219:
3209:
3179:
3169:
3159:
3142:
3132:
3122:
3054:
3017:
3002:
2991:
2901:
2885:
2874:
2863:
2853:
2842:
2831:
2820:
964:
filter feeder, the Chinese paddlefish was primarily
4075:
3788:
3744:
3720:
3711:
3665:
3621:
3588:
3402:
3393:
3193:
3113:
3104:
3053:
3016:
2976:
2900:
2801:
2754:
2727:
1743:Age determination and growth of Chinese paddlefish
1552:Grande, Lance; Bemis, William E. (28 March 1991).
562:(Polyodontidae) are one of two living families of
467:. Like other paddlefish, the skeleton was largely
428:A specimen at Museum of Hydrobiological Sciences,
1172:List of endangered and protected species of China
2280:. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers: 25–71.
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
869:basin (which is connected to the Yangtze by the
1229:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T18428A146104283.en
2509:Journal of Applied Ichthyology 25(s2): 95-99.
2470:
2468:
2233:Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture
401:International Union for Conservation of Nature
3331:
2658:
1844:
1842:
1794:"Report on a collection of fishes from China"
1763:aus dem Yantsekiang und über die sogenannten
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
596:estimates have been given for the age of the
8:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1412:
1410:
1111:, which became operational in 1981, and the
523:The species was first named as a species of
1726:"River of Giants: Giant Fish of the Mekong"
865:. Historically it was also recorded in the
3776:
3717:
3399:
3338:
3324:
3316:
3110:
2984:
2813:
2809:
2798:
2733:
2724:
2681:
2665:
2651:
2643:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2089:
2087:
1387:
1385:
1097:Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute
409:Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute
72:
40:
31:
2442:"最后的长江白鲟"目击者：3.52米长 160公斤重 消失在宜宾江水中……-新华网
2337:
2244:
2141:
2139:
2119:
2059:
1597:Sturgeons and Paddlefish of North America
1227:
853:The Chinese paddlefish was native to the
2094:Xie, J.Y.; W.J. Tang; Y.H. Yang (2018).
533:in 1862. It was placed into a separate,
331:of fish that was formerly native to the
1183:
549:also in 1862, but this is considered a
2274:Sturgeon Biodiversity and Conservation
2185:Sturgeon Biodiversity and Conservation
2153:. The Sueichan Press. pp. 61–63.
1798:Annals and Magazine of Natural History
1521:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
2525:"Chinese paddlefish declared extinct"
2511:DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0426.2009.01268.x
2375:
2373:
2320:Crampton, William G. R. (July 2019).
2227:Scarnecchia, Dennis L. (4 May 2023).
2151:Fishes of the Yellow River and Beyond
1950:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
360:(Polyodontidae), the other being the
7:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1085:Chinese Academy of Fisheries Science
516:Muséum national d'histoire naturelle
2566:from the original on 9 January 2020
2535:from the original on 8 January 2020
2477:"Giant fish 'verges on extinction'"
2475:Bourton, Jody (29 September 2009).
1773:. 1861 (pt. 1): 476–479. 2 May 1861
1301:from the original on 24 August 2017
1265:from the original on 24 August 2017
1215:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1060:Depiction in the 17th-century work
742:
712:
677:
670:
636:
629:
621:
614:
1911:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1855:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1558:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1062:Searching the Mountains for Demons
341:largest species of freshwater fish
25:
2270:"An overview of Acipenseriformes"
2209:from the original on 25 July 2022
1976:from the original on 30 June 2022
1889:from the original on 16 July 2022
1686:. Vol. 7. 1931. p. 189.
1621:from the original on 25 July 2022
1429:from the original on 23 July 2022
926: in) across. The developing
834:Distribution, habitat and ecology
500:Taxonomy and evolutionary history
343:. It was the only species in the
3300:
3294:
3287:
2618:
2592:. 8 January 2020. Archived from
2487:from the original on 31 May 2012
2383:Science of the Total Environment
1741:J. Ma, Z. Deng, X. Deng, M. Cai
1399:. September 2019. Archived from
1332:Science of the Total Environment
1146:
1132:
772:
725:
98:
2554:Cheung, Eric (7 January 2020).
2403:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136242
1455:Environmental Biology of Fishes
1352:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136242
1292:Deeplyfish- fishes of the world
848:Wuhan Institute of Hydrobiology
430:Wuhan Institute of Hydrobiology
1825:"Eine neue Art von Spatularia"
1570:10.1080/02724634.1991.10011424
1250:Froese, R.; Pauly, D. (2017).
1036:that form an extension of the
316:: literal translation: "white
312:
303:
295:
1:
4284:IUCN Red List extinct species
2523:Yirka, Bob (8 January 2020).
2246:10.1080/23308249.2023.2201636
1923:10.1080/02724634.2020.1775091
4304:Fish extinctions since 1500
2061:10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.02.017
2001:Russian Journal of Genetics
1995:Shedko, S. V. (June 2022).
1962:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.09.008
855:Yangtze (Chang Jiang) River
4340:
1829:Archiv für Naturgeschichte
1032:) using structures called
900:water of its estuary, but
493:World Wide Fund for Nature
3355:
3284:
2987:
2816:
2812:
2797:
2778:
2736:
2723:
2680:
2013:10.1134/s1022795422060084
1810:10.1080/00222937308680749
1528:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1467:10.1007/s10641-009-9443-1
1028:(the sensing of external
873:) and its estuary at the
765:
747:
740:
717:
710:
682:
675:
668:
641:
634:
627:
619:
240:
233:
211:
204:
95:Scientific classification
93:
70:
61:
51:Institute of Hydrobiology
48:
39:
34:
4314:Extinct animals of China
4309:Freshwater fish of China
4289:Brackish water organisms
3515:A. oxyrinchus oxyrinchus
2441:
2193:10.1007/0-306-46854-9_14
1792:Günther, Albert (1873).
1700:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
543:Spatularia angustifolium
396:population fragmentation
3567:European sea sturgeon (
3348:sturgeon and paddlefish
2326:Journal of Fish Biology
2286:10.1007/0-306-46854-9_4
1731:. WWF for Nature. 2012.
1605:10.1007/1-4020-2833-4_5
1338:. Elsevier BV: 136242.
904:upriver and into major
27:Extinct species of fish
4299:Fish described in 1862
4294:Endemic fauna of China
1222:: e.T18428A146104283.
1065:
1048:Decline and extinction
953:
850:
520:
514:Nouvelles Archives du
508:Scientific drawing of
432:
320:"), also known as the
268:Polyodon angustifolium
4243:Paleobiology Database
4034:Paleobiology Database
3732:American paddlefish (
3686:Shovelnose sturgeon (
3506:A. oxyrinchus desotoi
2100:Ecology and Evolution
1059:
948:
841:
512:from 1868 (resource:
507:
427:
405:critically endangered
3756:Chinese paddlefish (
3653:Amu Darya sturgeon (
3635:Syr Darya sturgeon (
3423:Shortnose sturgeon (
3258:Pseudoscaphirhynchus
2629:at Wikimedia Commons
1714:. July 2010 version.
1101:functionally extinct
381:functionally extinct
3513:Atlantic sturgeon (
3486:Adriatic sturgeon (
3477:Japanese sturgeon (
3468:Sakhalin sturgeon (
3414:Siberian sturgeon (
3251:Protoscaphirhynchus
2395:2020ScTEn.710m6242Z
1823:Kaup, J.J. (1862).
1344:2020ScTEn.710m6242Z
362:American paddlefish
300:traditional Chinese
64:Conservation status
35:Chinese paddlefish
3695:Alabama sturgeon (
3549:Chinese sturgeon (
3522:Persian sturgeon (
3495:Bastard sturgeon (
3452:A. gueldenstaedtii
3450:Russian sturgeon (
3432:Dabry's sturgeon (
2868:Bobasatraniiformes
1759:"Über einen neuen
1403:on 23 August 2020.
1204:Qiwei, W. (2022).
1066:
954:
908:to congregate for
851:
531:Eduard von Martens
521:
433:
292:simplified Chinese
282:Chinese paddlefish
18:Chinese Paddlefish
4271:
4270:
4230:Open Tree of Life
4021:Open Tree of Life
3883:psephurus-gladius
3834:Psephurus_gladius
3820:Psephurus gladius
3790:Psephurus gladius
3782:Taxon identifiers
3773:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3707:
3706:
3677:Pallid sturgeon (
3558:Starry sturgeon (
3313:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3274:
3273:
2972:
2971:
2890:Saurichthyiformes
2879:Guildayichthyidae
2793:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2774:
2773:
2626:Psephurus gladius
2623:Media related to
2596:on 8 January 2020
2453:on 7 January 2020
2339:10.1111/jfb.13922
2295:978-0-7923-4517-6
2112:10.1002/ece3.3890
1745:Psephurus gladius
1704:Psephurus gladius
1614:978-1-4020-2832-8
1564:(sup001): 1–121.
1259:version (02/2017)
1208:Psephurus gladius
844:Psephurus gladius
830:
829:
821:
820:
812:
811:
803:
802:
794:
793:
785:
784:
698:
697:
657:
656:
547:Johann Jakob Kaup
510:Psephurus gladius
366:Polyodon spathula
322:Chinese swordfish
287:Psephurus gladius
278:
277:
272:
264:
248:
247:von Martens, 1862
218:Psephurus gladius
185:
88:
16:(Redirected from
4331:
4264:
4263:
4251:
4250:
4238:
4237:
4225:
4224:
4212:
4211:
4199:
4198:
4186:
4185:
4173:
4172:
4160:
4159:
4147:
4146:
4134:
4133:
4121:
4120:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4096:
4095:
4094:
4068:
4067:
4055:
4054:
4042:
4041:
4029:
4028:
4016:
4015:
4003:
4002:
3990:
3989:
3977:
3976:
3964:
3963:
3951:
3950:
3938:
3937:
3925:
3924:
3912:
3911:
3899:
3898:
3886:
3885:
3873:
3872:
3860:
3859:
3847:
3846:
3837:
3836:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3809:
3808:
3807:
3777:
3718:
3644:Dwarf sturgeon (
3578:A. transmontanus
3576:White sturgeon (
3479:A. multiscutatus
3459:Green sturgeon (
3400:
3340:
3333:
3326:
3317:
3304:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3248:
3238:
3221:
3211:
3181:
3171:
3161:
3144:
3134:
3124:
3111:
3056:
3019:
3004:
2993:
2985:
2979:Acipenseriformes
2949:Plesiococcolepis
2903:
2887:
2876:
2865:
2855:
2844:
2833:
2822:
2814:
2810:
2799:
2734:
2725:
2718:
2717:
2682:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2644:
2622:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2520:
2514:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2472:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2449:. Archived from
2437:
2431:
2430:
2377:
2368:
2367:
2341:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2304:
2302:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2248:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2176:
2165:
2164:
2143:
2134:
2133:
2123:
2106:(8): 4173–4182.
2091:
2082:
2081:
2063:
2054:(5): 3511–3517.
2039:
2033:
2032:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1846:
1837:
1836:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1755:
1749:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1645:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1549:
1534:
1533:
1527:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1504:
1487:
1486:
1450:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1414:
1405:
1404:
1389:
1380:
1379:
1326:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1300:
1289:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1231:
1201:
1156:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1142:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1113:Three Gorges Dam
1026:electroreception
938:in southeastern
925:
924:
920:
776:
743:
729:
713:
678:
671:
637:
630:
622:
615:
602:Upper Cretaceous
582:Early Cretaceous
564:Acipenseriformes
475:and caudal fin.
314:
305:
297:
270:
262:
246:
244:Polyodon gladius
220:
216:
180:
173:
152:Acipenseriformes
103:
102:
82:
76:
75:
44:
32:
21:
4339:
4338:
4334:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4329:
4328:
4274:
4273:
4272:
4267:
4259:
4254:
4246:
4241:
4233:
4228:
4220:
4215:
4207:
4202:
4194:
4189:
4181:
4176:
4168:
4163:
4155:
4150:
4142:
4137:
4129:
4124:
4116:
4114:
4105:
4104:
4099:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4071:
4063:
4058:
4050:
4045:
4037:
4032:
4024:
4019:
4011:
4006:
3998:
3995:Observation.org
3993:
3985:
3980:
3972:
3967:
3959:
3954:
3946:
3941:
3933:
3928:
3920:
3915:
3907:
3902:
3894:
3889:
3881:
3876:
3868:
3863:
3855:
3850:
3842:
3840:
3832:
3827:
3818:
3817:
3812:
3803:
3802:
3797:
3784:
3774:
3765:
3740:
3703:
3688:S. platorynchus
3661:
3637:P. fedtschenkoi
3625:
3617:
3584:
3540:Amur sturgeon (
3504:Gulf sturgeon (
3441:Lake sturgeon (
3425:A. brevirostrum
3389:
3351:
3344:
3314:
3305:
3286:
3270:
3189:
3100:
3049:
3012:
2996:Cylindracanthus
2981:
2968:
2896:
2806:
2785:
2770:
2750:
2719:
2687:
2686:
2676:
2671:
2615:
2610:
2609:
2599:
2597:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2569:
2567:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2538:
2536:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2504:
2500:
2490:
2488:
2483:. London: BBC.
2474:
2473:
2466:
2456:
2454:
2443:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2379:
2378:
2371:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2212:
2210:
2203:
2178:
2177:
2168:
2161:
2145:
2144:
2137:
2093:
2092:
2085:
2041:
2040:
2036:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1979:
1977:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1917:(2): e1775091.
1907:
1906:
1902:
1892:
1890:
1848:
1847:
1840:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1804:(69): 239–250.
1791:
1790:
1786:
1776:
1774:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1740:
1736:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1662:10.2307/1445891
1647:
1646:
1633:
1624:
1622:
1615:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1551:
1550:
1537:
1520:
1513:
1511:
1506:
1505:
1490:
1452:
1451:
1442:
1432:
1430:
1416:
1415:
1408:
1391:
1390:
1383:
1328:
1327:
1314:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1268:
1266:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1234:
1232:
1203:
1202:
1185:
1180:
1164:, a species of
1152:
1147:
1145:
1138:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1050:
1030:electric fields
1021:cranial kinesis
922:
918:
917:
836:
831:
822:
813:
804:
795:
786:
699:
658:
594:molecular clock
502:
473:caudal peduncle
422:
352:and one of two
229:
222:
214:
213:
200:
197:P. gladius
179:
171:
97:
89:
77:
73:
66:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4337:
4335:
4327:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4276:
4275:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4252:
4239:
4226:
4213:
4200:
4187:
4174:
4161:
4148:
4135:
4122:
4112:
4097:
4081:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4056:
4043:
4030:
4017:
4004:
3991:
3978:
3965:
3952:
3939:
3926:
3913:
3900:
3887:
3874:
3861:
3848:
3838:
3825:
3810:
3794:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3771:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3752:
3750:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3728:
3726:
3715:
3709:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3692:
3683:
3673:
3671:
3668:Scaphirhynchus
3663:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3650:
3641:
3631:
3629:
3626:scaphirhynchus
3619:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3606:
3596:
3594:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3573:
3564:
3555:
3546:
3537:
3528:
3519:
3510:
3501:
3497:A. nudiventris
3492:
3483:
3474:
3465:
3461:A. medirostris
3456:
3447:
3438:
3429:
3420:
3410:
3408:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3381:
3375:
3369:
3363:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3345:
3343:
3342:
3335:
3328:
3320:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3265:Scaphirhynchus
3261:
3254:
3244:
3234:
3227:
3224:Engdahlichthys
3217:
3214:Anchiacipenser
3207:
3199:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3184:Pugiopsephurus
3177:
3167:
3164:Protopsephurus
3157:
3150:
3140:
3137:Paleopsephurus
3130:
3119:
3117:
3108:
3106:Acipenseroidei
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3062:
3060:
3058:Peipiaosteidae
3051:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3044:Strongylosteus
3040:
3033:
3025:
3023:
3021:Chondrosteidae
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3007:Eochondrosteus
3000:
2988:
2982:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2963:Toarcocephalus
2959:
2952:
2945:
2938:
2931:
2924:
2917:
2909:
2907:
2905:Coccolepididae
2898:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2883:
2872:
2861:
2851:
2840:
2829:
2817:
2807:
2802:
2795:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2760:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2744:Actinopterygii
2737:
2731:
2729:Actinopterygii
2721:
2720:
2716:
2715:
2706:
2704:Actinopterygii
2700:
2694:
2685:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2662:
2655:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2614:
2613:External links
2611:
2608:
2607:
2577:
2546:
2515:
2498:
2464:
2432:
2369:
2312:
2294:
2260:
2239:(3): 396–419.
2219:
2201:
2166:
2159:
2135:
2083:
2034:
2007:(6): 718–729.
1987:
1956:(3): 854–862.
1936:
1900:
1861:(2): 209–237.
1838:
1815:
1784:
1750:
1734:
1717:
1698:Froese, Rainer
1689:
1675:
1631:
1613:
1583:
1535:
1488:
1461:(4): 421–422.
1440:
1406:
1381:
1312:
1285:"Polydontidae"
1276:
1252:"Polydontidae"
1242:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1158:
1157:
1143:
1127:
1124:
1064:by Zheng Zhong
1049:
1046:
863:East China Sea
857:basin and its
842:A specimen of
835:
832:
828:
827:
824:
823:
819:
818:
815:
814:
810:
809:
806:
805:
801:
800:
797:
796:
792:
791:
788:
787:
783:
782:
779:
778:
764:
761:
760:
757:
756:
746:
741:
739:
736:
735:
732:
731:
716:
711:
709:
708:Polyodontinae
705:
704:
701:
700:
696:
695:
692:
691:
687:Paleopsephurus
681:
676:
674:
669:
667:
664:
663:
660:
659:
655:
654:
651:
650:
646:Protopsephurus
640:
635:
633:
628:
626:
625:Polyodontidae
620:
618:
613:
577:Protopsephurus
572:Early Jurassic
551:junior synonym
539:Albert Günther
501:
498:
421:
418:
416:in July 2022.
276:
275:
274:
273:
265:
249:
238:
237:
231:
230:
223:
209:
208:
202:
201:
193:
191:
187:
186:
169:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
142:Actinopterygii
139:
135:
134:
129:
125:
124:
119:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
91:
90:
71:
68:
67:
62:
59:
58:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4336:
4325:
4324:Yangtze River
4322:
4320:
4319:Polyodontidae
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4262:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4113:
4108:
4102:
4098:
4093:
4087:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4066:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3839:
3835:
3830:
3826:
3821:
3815:
3811:
3806:
3800:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3778:
3761:
3759:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3737:
3735:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3713:Polyodontidae
3710:
3700:
3698:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3658:
3656:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3620:
3614:
3612:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3581:
3579:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3542:A. schrenckii
3538:
3536:
3534:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3443:A. fulvescens
3439:
3437:
3435:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3395:Acipenseridae
3392:
3386:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3357:
3354:
3349:
3341:
3336:
3334:
3329:
3327:
3322:
3321:
3318:
3303:
3299:
3297:
3290:
3267:
3266:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3241:Priscosturion
3235:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3195:Acipenseridae
3192:
3186:
3185:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3147:Parapsephurus
3141:
3139:
3138:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3115:Polyodontidae
3112:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3015:
3009:
3008:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2975:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2899:
2892:
2891:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2800:
2796:
2784:
2783:
2777:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2745:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2668:
2663:
2661:
2656:
2654:
2649:
2648:
2645:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2621:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2581:
2578:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2550:
2547:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2502:
2499:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2452:
2448:
2447:xinhuanet.com
2444:
2436:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2332:(1): 92–134.
2331:
2327:
2323:
2316:
2313:
2309:
2297:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2264:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2223:
2220:
2208:
2204:
2202:0-7923-4517-7
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2160:9789578596771
2156:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2038:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1988:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1940:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1904:
1901:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1835:(1): 278–281.
1834:
1830:
1826:
1819:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1788:
1785:
1772:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1746:
1738:
1735:
1727:
1721:
1718:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1690:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1587:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1525:
1509:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1297:
1293:
1286:
1280:
1277:
1264:
1260:
1258:
1253:
1246:
1243:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1209:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1166:river dolphin
1163:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1144:
1141:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1093:hydroacoustic
1090:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1042:electric fish
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1004:
999:
996:
992:
991:
987:
982:
978:
976:
971:
967:
963:
962:planktivorous
959:
952:
947:
943:
941:
937:
933:
929:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
894:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
849:
845:
840:
833:
826:
825:
817:
816:
808:
807:
799:
798:
790:
789:
781:
780:
777:
775:
771:
770:
763:
762:
759:
758:
755:
754:
753:
745:
744:
738:
737:
734:
733:
730:
728:
724:
723:
715:
714:
707:
706:
703:
702:
694:
693:
690:
689:
688:
680:
679:
673:
672:
666:
665:
662:
661:
653:
652:
649:
648:
647:
639:
638:
632:
631:
624:
623:
617:
616:
612:
610:
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
578:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
527:
518:
517:
511:
506:
499:
497:
494:
490:
486:
482:
476:
474:
470:
469:cartilaginous
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
431:
426:
419:
417:
415:
414:IUCN Red List
410:
406:
402:
397:
393:
390:
386:
382:
377:
375:
371:
368:). It was an
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
327:
323:
319:
315:
309:
301:
293:
289:
288:
283:
269:
266:
261:
260:angustifolium
257:
253:
250:
245:
242:
241:
239:
236:
232:
227:
221:
219:
210:
207:
206:Binomial name
203:
199:
198:
192:
189:
188:
183:
178:
177:
170:
167:
166:
163:
162:Polyodontidae
160:
157:
156:
153:
150:
147:
146:
143:
140:
137:
136:
133:
130:
127:
126:
123:
120:
117:
116:
113:
110:
107:
106:
101:
96:
92:
86:
81: (2022)
80:
69:
65:
60:
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
4076:
3789:
3757:
3755:
3745:
3733:
3721:
3696:
3687:
3678:
3666:
3655:P. kaufmanni
3654:
3645:
3636:
3622:
3610:
3601:
3589:
3577:
3568:
3560:A. stellatus
3559:
3550:
3541:
3532:
3523:
3514:
3505:
3496:
3487:
3478:
3469:
3460:
3451:
3442:
3434:A. dabryanus
3433:
3424:
3415:
3403:
3379:Osteichthyes
3293:
3263:
3256:
3249:
3239:
3229:
3222:
3212:
3202:
3182:
3173:
3172:
3162:
3152:
3145:
3135:
3127:Crossopholis
3125:
3093:
3088:Stichopterus
3086:
3079:
3074:Peipiaosteus
3072:
3065:
3042:
3035:
3030:Chondrosteus
3028:
3005:
2994:
2961:
2954:
2947:
2940:
2933:
2926:
2919:
2912:
2888:
2877:
2866:
2856:
2845:
2836:Errolichthys
2834:
2823:
2780:
2708:
2625:
2598:. Retrieved
2594:the original
2589:
2580:
2568:. Retrieved
2559:
2549:
2537:. Retrieved
2528:
2518:
2506:
2501:
2491:29 September
2489:. Retrieved
2480:
2455:. Retrieved
2451:the original
2446:
2435:
2386:
2382:
2329:
2325:
2315:
2306:
2299:. Retrieved
2277:
2273:
2263:
2236:
2232:
2222:
2211:, retrieved
2184:
2150:
2103:
2099:
2051:
2047:
2037:
2004:
2000:
1990:
1978:. Retrieved
1953:
1949:
1939:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1891:. Retrieved
1858:
1854:
1832:
1828:
1818:
1801:
1797:
1787:
1775:. Retrieved
1770:
1764:
1760:
1753:
1744:
1737:
1720:
1709:
1703:
1692:
1683:
1678:
1653:
1649:
1623:, retrieved
1596:
1586:
1561:
1557:
1512:. Retrieved
1458:
1454:
1431:. Retrieved
1422:
1401:the original
1396:
1335:
1331:
1303:. Retrieved
1291:
1279:
1267:. Retrieved
1255:
1245:
1233:. Retrieved
1219:
1213:
1207:
1154:China portal
1121:
1109:Gezhouba Dam
1082:
1074:accidentally
1067:
1061:
1051:
1038:lateral line
1019:, a form of
1011:catfish and
1001:
994:
984:
973:
958:water column
955:
914:Jinsha River
895:
879:spring tides
867:Yellow River
852:
843:
767:
766:
752:Crossopholis
750:
748:
721:
720:
718:
685:
683:
644:
642:
608:
606:
585:
575:
558:
554:
542:
524:
522:
513:
509:
477:
460:
453:heterocercal
434:
389:Three Gorges
378:
365:
348:
347:
337:Yellow River
321:
311:
286:
285:
281:
279:
271:(Kaup, 1862)
267:
259:
255:
251:
243:
217:
212:
196:
195:
175:
174:
29:
4178:iNaturalist
4101:Wikispecies
3930:iNaturalist
3814:Wikispecies
3734:P. spathula
3697:S. suttkusi
3646:P. hermanni
3602:H. dauricus
3551:A. sinensis
3533:A. ruthenus
3524:A. persicus
3488:A. naccarii
3385:Chondrostei
3377:Superclass
3081:Spherosteus
2928:Condorlepis
2858:Neochallaia
2804:Chondrostei
2782:Chondrostei
2756:Chondrostei
2713:Actinopteri
2674:Chondrostei
1765:Glaspolypen
1140:Fish portal
1007:as well as
966:piscivorous
906:tributaries
871:Grand Canal
555:P. gladius.
420:Description
356:species of
226:von Martens
4278:Categories
3758:P. gladius
3470:A. mikadoi
3373:Vertebrata
3371:Subphylum
2942:Morrolepis
2921:Coccolepis
2914:Barbalepis
2847:Gualolepis
2765:see below↓
2389:: 136242.
1656:(2): 482.
1514:1 February
1178:References
1076:caught at
1017:protrusion
990:Rhinogobio
893:province.
889:rivers of
875:Yellow Sea
598:divergence
592:. Various
566:alongside
560:Paddlefish
403:(IUCN) as
394:, causing
370:anadromous
358:paddlefish
263:Kaup, 1862
252:Spatularia
4107:Psephurus
4092:Q18521053
4077:Psephurus
3747:Psephurus
3569:A. sturio
3531:Sterlet (
3416:A. baerii
3405:Acipenser
3383:Subclass
3204:Acipenser
3174:Psephurus
3095:Yanosteus
3067:Liaosteus
3037:Gyrosteus
2956:Sunolepis
2690:Kingdom:
2600:9 January
2570:9 January
2539:9 January
2457:9 January
2427:210086307
2411:0048-9697
2348:0022-1112
2255:2330-8249
2078:211555175
2029:250059162
2021:1022-7954
1931:222213273
1875:0272-4634
1578:0272-4634
1475:0378-1909
1376:210086307
1360:0048-9697
981:cyprinids
970:anchovies
722:Psephurus
590:Paleocene
580:from the
568:sturgeons
537:genus by
535:monotypic
465:braincase
441:anal fins
349:Psephurus
190:Species:
176:Psephurus
118:Kingdom:
112:Eukaryota
4115:BioLib:
4086:Wikidata
4047:Species+
3948:10154086
3904:FishBase
3841:BioLib:
3799:Wikidata
3723:Polyodon
3679:S. albus
3624:Pseudo-
3609:Beluga (
3600:Kaluga (
3367:Chordata
3361:Animalia
3359:Kingdom
3154:Polyodon
2935:Iyalepis
2825:Birgeria
2698:Chordata
2696:Phylum:
2692:Animalia
2564:Archived
2533:Archived
2529:Phys.org
2485:Archived
2481:BBC News
2419:31911255
2364:73442571
2356:30729523
2207:archived
2149:(2015).
2147:Li, S.Z.
2130:29721289
2070:32105795
2048:Genomics
1974:Archived
1970:17158071
1887:Archived
1883:86258128
1761:Polyodon
1711:FishBase
1619:archived
1524:cite web
1483:38833459
1427:Archived
1368:31911255
1296:Archived
1263:Archived
1257:FishBase
1126:See also
1089:Jingzhou
1034:ampullae
951:ampullae
910:spawning
902:migrated
898:brackish
891:Zhejiang
883:Qiantang
769:Polyodon
611:(2002).
586:Polyodon
526:Polyodon
489:FishBase
461:Polyodon
449:tail fin
385:Gezhouba
324:, is an
318:sturgeon
256:Polyodon
235:Synonyms
158:Family:
132:Chordata
128:Phylum:
122:Animalia
108:Domain:
85:IUCN 3.1
57:, China
4196:1326177
4170:2402077
4065:1021135
4013:1021135
3922:2402078
3805:Q477223
3611:H. huso
3365:Phylum
3350:species
3346:Recent
2702:Class:
2590:Animals
2391:Bibcode
2308:prey...
2301:27 July
2213:24 July
2121:5916296
1980:22 July
1893:22 July
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