4373:
995:
electroreceptors for detecting prey. However, the rostrum is not their only means of food detection. Some reports suggest a damaged rostrum would render
American paddlefish less capable of foraging efficiently to maintain good health, but laboratory experiments and field research indicate otherwise. As well as electroreceptors on the rostrum, American paddlefish have sensory pores covering nearly half of the skin surface extending from the rostrum to the top of the head down to the tips of the operculum flaps. Studies have indicated that American paddlefish with damaged or abbreviated rostrums are still able to forage and maintain good health.
113:
1019:
4380:
875:
1345:
4386:
1410:. During this initial stage of development, which usually lasts a few weeks, veligers are able to swim freely in the water column with other microscopic animals comprising zooplankton. Veligers are poor swimmers, making them susceptible to predation by any animal that feeds on zooplankton. However, natural predation of zebra mussels at any stage of development has not made a significant contribution to the long-term reduction of zebra mussel populations.
179:
308:
1095:
137:
676:
1004:
1143:, a relatively unaltered section of their historic range. Reports of free ranging adults captured by gill nets have since been documented in Pennsylvania and New York, but there is no evidence of natural reproduction. They are currently found in 22 states in the US, and are protected under state and federal laws. There are 13 states that allow commercial or sport fishing for American paddlefish.
1271:
883:
1262:, a blend of the two names. The offspring had a survival rate of 62–74% and on average reached 1 kg (2.2 lb) after a year of growth. This was the first time such fish from different families were successfully crossbred. Their last common ancestor is estimated to have lived 140 million years ago.
1294:
utilization. Reproduction was successful in 1988 and 1989, and resulted in the exportation of juveniles to
Romania and Hungary. American paddlefish are now being raised in Ukraine, Germany, Austria, the Czech Republic, and the Plovdiv and Vidin regions in Bulgaria. In May 2006, specimens of different
1102:
American paddlefish are highly mobile and well adapted to living in rivers. They inhabit many types of riverine habitats throughout much of the
Mississippi Valley and adjacent Gulf slope drainages. They occur most frequently in deeper, low current areas such as side channels, oxbows, backwater lakes,
1470:
on
January 24, 2003. From 2006 to 2008, scientists conducted surveys in an effort to locate the fish. They used several boats, deployed 4,762 setlines, 111 anchored setlines and 950 drift nets covering 488 km (303 mi) on the upper Yangtze River, most of which lies within the protected area
1365:
assessment. The assessment concluded that "an overall population size reduction of at least 30% may occur within the next 10 years or three generations due to actual or potential levels of exploitation and the effects of introduced taxa, pollutants, competitors or parasites." American paddlefish are
1078:
are around 5–6 in (13–15 cm) long. Their rate of growth is variable and highly dependent on food abundance. Higher growth rates occur in areas where food is not limited. The feeding behavior of fingerlings is quite different from that of older juveniles and adults. They capture individual
1038:
American paddlefish begin their upstream spawning migration sometime during early spring; some begin in late fall. They spawn on silt-free gravel bars that would otherwise be exposed to air or covered by very shallow water were it not for the rises in the river from snow melt and annual spring rains
1221:, a relatively quick surgical method of extracting eggs through a 4 in (10 cm) abdominal incision which, though considered faster than hand stripping, can involve time-consuming suturing and an incision resulting in muscular stress and poor suture retention which lowers survival rate; and;
1085:
on approach, followed by an intercept maneuver to capture the selected prey. By late
September fingerlings have developed into juveniles, and are around 10–12 in (25–30 cm) long. After the 1st year their growth rate slows and is highly variable. Studies indicate that by age 5 their growth
990:
nymphs. Their electroreceptors can detect weak electrical fields that signal not only the presence of zooplankton, but also the individual feeding and swimming movements of zooplankton appendages. When a swarm of zooplankton is detected, the paddlefish swims forward continuously with its mouth wide
907:
season, a popular sport fishing activity in certain parts of the U.S. The dentary is removed from the lower jawbone, cleaned of any remaining soft tissue, and cross-sectioned to expose the annual rings. The dentary rings are counted in much the same way a tree is aged. Dentary studies suggest that
898:
American paddlefish are among the largest and longest-lived freshwater fishes in North
America. They have a shark-like body, average 1.5 m (4.9 ft) in length, weigh 27 kg (60 lb), and can live in excess of thirty years. For most populations the median age is five to eight years
1241:
over the course of three to four days. Milt is collected by inserting a short plastic tube with syringe attached into the urogenital opening of the male and applying light suction with the syringe to draw the milt. The collected milt is diluted in water just prior to adding it to the eggs and the
1034:
until they are seven to ten years old, some as late as sixteen to eighteen years old. Females do not spawn every year; rather they spawn every second or third year. Males spawn more frequently, usually every year or every other year beginning around age seven, some as late as nine or ten years of
994:
American paddlefish have small undeveloped eyes that are directed laterally. Unlike most fishes, American paddlefish hardly respond to overhead shadows or changes in illumination. Electroreception appears to have largely replaced vision as a primary sensory modality, which indicates a reliance on
1043:
which occurs in spring triggers biological and behavioral processes that are dependent on increasing day length; and there must be a proper rise and flow in the river before a successful spawn can occur. Historically, American paddlefish did not spawn every year because the precise environmental
939:
Scientists began to debate the function of the
American paddlefish's rostrum when the species was described in the late 1700s. They had once believed it was used to excavate bottom substrate or functioned as a balancing mechanism and navigational aid. However, laboratory experiments in 1993 that
1224:
MIST (minimally invasive surgical technique), which is the fastest of the three procedures because it requires less handling of the fish and eliminates the need for suturing. A small internal incision is made in the dorsal area of the oviduct, which allows direct stripping of eggs from the body
1452:
sturgeon caviar from the
Caspian Sea. Several cases of mislabeled American paddlefish roe sold as Caspian Sea caviar have been prosecuted by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. State and federal regulations restricting the harvest of American paddlefish populations in the wild, and the illegal
1331:
The official state record in Kansas is an
American paddlefish snagged in 2004 that weighed 144 lb (65 kg). In Montana, an American paddlefish was snagged in 1973 weighing 142.5 lb (64.6 kg). In North Dakota, one snagged in 2024 weighed 131 lb (59 kg). The largest
1323:
where their populations are sufficient to allow such activity. Areas where there are no self-sustaining populations rely on state and federal restocking programs to maintain a viable fishery. A 2009 report includes the following states as allowing
American paddlefish sport fishing per their
1010:
1008:
1005:
1009:
813:; last recorded 2003), and the single extant species, the American paddlefish, native to the Mississippi River Basin in the United States. DNA sequences suggest the Chinese and American paddlefishes diverged about 68 million years ago. The oldest fossils of paddlefish belonging to
1183:
that became the catalyst for further development of culture techniques for aquaculture in the United States. Artificial propagation requires broodstock which, because of the late sexual maturation of American paddlefish, are initially obtained from the wild and brought into a
1039:
that cause flooding. Although availability of preferred spawning habitat is essential, there are three precise environmental events that must occur before American paddlefish will spawn. The water temperature must be from 55 to 60 °F (13 to 16 °C); the lengthened
1465:
The primary reasons for the decline of the now-extinct Chinese paddlefish are similar to those of American paddlefish, which include overfishing, the construction of dams, and destruction of habitat. The last confirmed sighting of a live Chinese paddlefish was from the
1007:
3170:
1453:
trafficking of their roe, are strictly enforced. Related violations such as the illegal transport of American paddlefish roe have resulted in convictions with substantial fines and prison sentences. American paddlefish are also protected under Appendix II of the
1324:
respective state and federal regulations: Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota and Tennessee. Since American paddlefish are filter-feeders, they will not take bait or
1157:
1441:, limiting U.S. sources of caviar. The most sought-after caviar is produced by sturgeons in the Northern Caspian Sea, but overfishing and poaching have exhausted the supply. American sturgeon and paddlefish populations were targeted as likely substitutes.
1204:; rather, they open dorsally into the body cavity. To determine the status of progression toward maturation, ova staging is performed. The process begins with a minor procedure that involves a small abdominal incision from which to extract a few sample
991:
open, forcing water over the gill rakers to filter out prey. Such feeding behavior is considered ram suspension-feeding. Further research has indicated that the electroreceptor of the paddlefish may serve as a navigational aid for obstacle avoidance.
1063:. Fertilization occurs externally. The eggs become sticky after they are released into the water and will attach to the bottom substrate. Incubation varies depending on water temperature, but in 60 °F (16 °C) water the eggs will hatch into
1126:
rivers of the southeast. They were extirpated from New York, Maryland and Pennsylvania, as well as from much of their peripheral range in the Great Lakes region, including Lake Huron and Lake Helen in Canada. In 1991, Pennsylvania implemented a
842:, a Greek compound word meaning "many toothed". Adult American paddlefish are actually toothless, although numerous small teeth less than 1 mm (0.039 in) were found in a juvenile paddlefish measuring 630 mm (25 in). The name
1366:
filter-feeding pelagic fish that require large, free-flowing rivers with braided channels, backwater areas, oxbow lakes that are rich in zooplankton, and gravel bars for spawning. Series of dams on rivers such as those constructed on the
1378:
or wing dykes have caused the narrowing of rivers and altered flow, destroying crucial spawning and nursery habitat. As a result, most impounded populations are not self-sustaining and must be stocked to maintain a viable sport fishery.
865:
that fed on small fishes and crustaceans. Some distinct morphological differences of Chinese paddlefish include a narrower, sword-like rostrum, and a protrusible mouth. They also had fewer, thicker gill rakers than American paddlefish.
2011:
Murray, Alison M.; Brinkman, Donald B.; DeMar, David G.; Wilson, Gregory P. (March 3, 2020). "Paddlefish and sturgeon (Chondrostei: Acipenseriformes: Polyodontidae and Acipenseridae) from lower Paleocene deposits of Montana, U.S.A.".
2121:
Zhang, Hui; Jarić, Ivan; Roberts, David L.; He, Yongfeng; Du, Hao; Wu, Jinming; Wang, Chengyou; Wei, Qiwei (2020). "Extinction of one of the world's largest freshwater fishes: Lessons for conserving the endangered Yangtze fauna".
1572:
Petri ArPetri Artedi sueci genera Piscium in quibus systema totum ichthyologiae proponitur cum classibus, ordinibus, generum characteribus, specierum diffentiis, observationibus plumiris. Redactis Speciebus 2. Ichthyologiae,
889:
888:
885:
884:
3193:
890:
1306:
million fertilized eggs and larvae every year from hatcheries in Russia and the United States. Some American paddlefish are polycultured in carp ponds and sold to restaurants while others are cultured for brood stock and
833:
has characteristics adapted specifically for filter feeding, including the jaw, gill arches, and cranium. The gill rakers of American paddlefish are composed of extensive comb-like filaments believed to have inspired the
3397:
1208:. The oocytes are boiled in water for a few minutes until the yolk is hardened, and then they are cut in half to expose the nucleus. The exposed nucleus is examined under a microscope to determine stage of maturity.
3218:
Káldy, Jenő; Mozsár, Attila; Fazekas, Gyöngyvér; Farkas, Móni; Fazekas, Dorottya Lilla; Fazekas, Georgina Lea; Goda, Katalin; Gyöngy, Zsuzsanna; Kovács, Balázs; Semmens, Kenneth; Bercsényi, Miklós (July 6, 2020).
887:
927:
as with the long snouts of other fish. Other distinguishing characteristics include a deeply forked heterocercal caudal fin and dull coloration, often with mottling, ranging from bluish gray to black
3487:
Daniel P. Molloy; Alexander Y. Karatayev; Lyubov E. Burlakova; Dina P. Kurandina; Franck Laruelle (1997). "Natural Enemies of Zebra Mussels – Predators, Parasites, and Ecological Competitors".
2898:
1357:
American paddlefish populations have declined dramatically, primarily as a result of overfishing and habitat destruction. In 2004 they were listed as Vulnerable (VU A3de ver 3.1) on the
1162:
1161:
1158:
1163:
1957:
Imogen A. Hurley; Rachel Lockridge Mueller; Katherine A. Dunn; Eric J. Schmidt; Matt Friedman; Robert K. Ho; Victoria E. Prince; Ziheng Yang; Mark G. Thomas; Michael I. Coates (February 2007).
1135:-reared American paddlefish in an effort to establish self-sustaining populations in the upper Ohio and lower Allegheny rivers. In 1998, New York initiated a stocking program upstream in the
2705:
4372:
1792:
1454:
1479:
equipment to monitor sounds in the water, but were unable to confirm the presence of paddlefish. The species is believed to have gone extinct before 2005 and no later than 2010. The
1006:
3221:"Hybridization of Russian Sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii, Brandt and Ratzeberg, 1833) and American Paddlefish (Polyodon spathula, Walbaum 1792) and Evaluation of Their Progeny"
1246:, therefore if incubation is to take place in a flow-through hatching jar, the eggs must be treated to prevent clumping. Incubation usually takes anywhere from five to twelve days.
3576:
805:
The family Polyodontidae comprises six known species: three fossil species from western North America, one fossil species from China, one recently extinct species from China (the
944:
have established conclusively that the rostrum of American paddlefish is covered with tens of thousands of sensory receptors. These receptors are morphologically similar to the
1160:
3393:
2215:
2619:
Alexander B. Neiman; David F. Russell; Xing Pei; Winfried Wojtenek; Jennifer Twitty; Enrico Simonotto; Barbara A. Wettring; Eva Wagner; Lon A. Wilkens; Frank Moss (2000).
1914:
Peng, Z.; Ludwig, A.; Wang, D.; Diogo, R.; Wei, Q.; He, S. (March 2007). "Age and biogeography of major clades in sturgeons and paddlefishes (Pisces: Acipenseriformes)".
3171:"Technical Notes: Effectiveness of the Minimally Invasive Surgical Technique (MIST) for Removal of Ovulated Eggs from First-Time and Second-Time MIST-Spawned Paddlefish"
2238:
1683:
1192:
hormone to stimulate spawning. The number of eggs a female may produce depends on the size of the fish and can range anywhere from 70,000 to 300,000 eggs. Unlike most
1421:
has been a contributing factor to declining populations of American paddlefish in the states where they are commercially exploited, particularly while the demand for
786:, because of morphological characteristics that they retain from some of their early fossil ancestors. These characteristics include a skeleton composed primarily of
3615:
3584:
1179:
during the early 1960s, and focused primarily on maintenance of the sport fishery. However, it was the growing importance of American paddlefish for their meat and
5052:
1726:
2917:
1302:
In 1988, fertilized American paddlefish eggs and larvae from Missouri hatcheries were first introduced into China. Since that time, China imports approximately 4.5
3035:
1480:
923:, American paddlefish have no rostrum. It begins to form shortly after hatching. The rostrum is an extension of the cranium, not of the upper and lower jaws or
886:
5217:
5114:
1390:
infestations in the Mississippi River, Great Lakes and other Midwest rivers are also negatively affecting American paddlefish populations. Zebra mussels are an
5232:
915:, a large mouth, and a flat, paddle-shaped rostrum that measures approximately one-third of their body length. During the initial stages of development from
1658:
2962:
David G. Argent; William G. Kimmel; Rick Lorson; Paul McKeown; Doug M. Carlson; Mike Clancy (December 2009). Craig P. Paukert; George D. Scholten (eds.).
1070:
Young American paddlefish are poor swimmers which makes them susceptible to predation. Therefore, rapid first-year growth is important to their survival.
4421:
3553:
846:
references the elongated, paddle-shaped snout or rostrum. Compared to Chinese paddlefish and fossil genera, American paddlefish (and the fossil relative
667:
drainage basin. American paddlefish are currently found in twenty-two states in the U.S., and are protected under state, federal and international laws.
583:
and once moved freely under the relatively unaltered conditions that existed prior to the early 1900s. It commonly inhabited large, free-flowing rivers,
702:
5207:
1472:
3305:
2750:
5026:
5132:
2064:
911:
American paddlefish are smooth-skinned and almost entirely cartilaginous. Their eyes are small and directed laterally. They have a large, tapering
5065:
3645:
1362:
2709:
1114:
rivers in the northwest to the Ohio and Allegheny rivers of the northeast; the headwaters of the Mississippi River south to its mouth, from the
1811:
829:
in Montana, dating to around 65 million years ago. An elongated rostrum is a morphological characteristic of Polyodontidae, but only the genus
2811:
3748:
3048:
2976:
2911:
2407:
2286:
2248:
1805:
3420:
2462:
5127:
2585:
1159:
3457:
2292:
2485:
2092:
1358:
1176:
1067:
in about seven days. After hatching, the larval fish drift downstream into areas of low flow velocity where they forage on zooplankton.
953:
5000:
1211:
Once maturation is confirmed, one of three procedures is used to extract the eggs from a female paddlefish. The three procedures are:
2322:
1625:
112:
3133:
2963:
684:
257:
2207:
964:. Clusters of electroreceptors also cover the head and operculum flaps. The diet of the American paddlefish consists primarily of
5179:
5227:
3827:
3275:
Mirjana Lenhardt; A. Hegediš; B. Mićković; Željka Višnjić Jeftić; Marija Smederevac; I. Jarić; G. Cvijanović; Z. Gačić (2006).
2620:
592:
3331:
1103:
bayous, and tailwaters below dams. They have been observed to move more than 2,000 mi (3,200 km) in a river system.
4414:
2394:
1336:, Iowa, in 1916 by a spear fisherman; it measured 85 in (2.2 m) and weighed an estimated 198 lb (90 kg).
1086:
rate averages around 2 in (5.1 cm) per year depending on the abundance of food and other environmental influences.
5070:
2538:
1862:
3721:
3099:
726:
has priority as the specific name (and 'Walbaum, 1792' is the taxonomic authority to be cited). But Walbaum's generic name
603:
and Lake Helen in Canada until about 1917. American paddlefish populations have declined dramatically primarily because of
3607:
1018:
1730:
4385:
4379:
3054:
4948:
2897:
Phillip W. Bettoli; Janice A. Kerns; George D. Scholten (December 2009). Craig P. Paukert; George D. Scholten (eds.).
760:
1885:
1709:
3368:
1370:
have impounded large populations of American paddlefish, and blocked their upstream migration to spawning shoals.
1286:
began when five thousand hatched larvae from Missouri hatcheries in the United States were exported to the former
5119:
4407:
3741:
3034:
Steven Mims; William L. Shelton; Richard J. Onders (December 2009). Craig P. Paukert; George D. Scholten (eds.).
2788:
1115:
908:
some individuals can live 60 years or longer, and that females typically live longer and grow larger than males.
178:
2321:. Texas National History Collection, a division of Texas Natural Science Center, University of Texas at Austin.
1647:
1402:
and zooplankton from the water, altering the availability of an important food source for paddlefish and native
619:
has also been a contributing factor to its decline and is liable to continue to be so as long as the demand for
516:
living groups of ray-finned fish. Fossil records of other paddlefish species date back 125 million years to the
3549:
1311:
production. China has also exported American paddlefish to Cuba, where they are farmed for caviar production.
696:
5222:
4930:
1242:
combination is gently stirred for about a minute to achieve fertilization. Fertilized eggs are adhesive and
851:
659:
river systems in western Pennsylvania. However, their current range has been reduced to the Mississippi and
2396:
Distribution, Ecology, and Life History; Biology and Life History of Paddlefish in North America: An Update
1258:
were crossbred with American paddlefish using sperm from four male paddlefish, resulting in hybrids called
5212:
4865:
3276:
2738:
1128:
644:
4903:
2181:
1398:
and recruitment. As filter feeders, zebra mussels rely on plankton and can filter significant amounts of
1282:
of American paddlefish. In 1970, American paddlefish were stocked in several rivers in Europe and Asia.
560:. Its rostrum and cranium are covered with tens of thousands of sensory receptors for locating swarms of
5153:
4953:
4650:
2056:
945:
899:
and the maximum age is fourteen to eighteen years. The age of American paddlefish is best determined by
768:
715:
708:
513:
297:
280:
3641:
3523:
564:, its primary food source. The only other species of paddlefish that survived to modern times was the
5184:
4974:
4912:
4707:
4341:
3734:
3496:
2675:
2632:
2131:
2021:
1923:
826:
4307:
4297:
4267:
4046:
3691:
1361:. In 2022 the status category was changed to VU A2cd throughout their range as the result of a
1344:
874:
4769:
4515:
4334:
2819:
1526:
1457:(CITES) meaning international trade in the species (including parts and derivatives) is regulated.
1136:
941:
707:(1788), which had suggested that paddlefish were a species of shark. When Lacépède established his
608:
126:
5106:
3919:
2868:
861:
American paddlefish, Chinese paddlefish were strong swimmers, grew larger, and were opportunistic
4839:
4736:
4718:
4506:
4257:
4164:
4011:
3951:
3941:
3431:
3073:
3001:
2936:
2574:
2458:
2432:
2163:
2037:
1830:
1773:
1448:
of American paddlefish can be processed into caviar similar in taste, color, size and texture to
1283:
924:
806:
565:
552:
resembling that of sharks, though it is not closely related. The American paddlefish is a highly
540:(snout), which extends nearly one-third its body length. It has been referred to as a freshwater
320:
315:
A range map of American paddlefish overlayed with a map of major rivers in the Mississippi basin
173:
141:
3997:
3930:
1406:. A few days after the fertilization of zebra mussel eggs, a microscopic larva emerges called a
1295:
sizes and weights were caught by professional fisherman near Prahovo in the Serbian part of the
1106:
American paddlefish are endemic to the Mississippi River Basin, historically occurring from the
5158:
5093:
5057:
4178:
4150:
4039:
3141:
Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Aquaculture, Fisheries, & Pond Management, Publication 437
5140:
4961:
4692:
4596:
4569:
4560:
4551:
4497:
4018:
3973:
3962:
3465:
3252:
3044:
2972:
2907:
2403:
2282:
2276:
2254:
2244:
2155:
2147:
2096:
1988:
1939:
1801:
1371:
1333:
1218:
1111:
1075:
1048:
652:
580:
537:
2493:
5145:
4778:
4632:
4605:
4578:
4533:
4431:
4062:
4032:
3686:
3504:
3295:
3242:
3232:
3185:
2863:
2640:
2364:
2353:"The paddlefish rostrum as an electrosensory organ: a novel adaptation for plankton feeding"
2139:
2029:
1978:
1970:
1931:
1765:
1684:"Extinct freshwater sharks that spawned in saltwater had been mistaken for separate species"
1521:
1391:
1255:
928:
912:
775:
764:
628:
624:
517:
509:
230:
5083:
1710:"COSEWIC assessment and update status report on the paddlefish Polyodon spathula in Canada"
307:
4917:
4760:
4641:
4079:
3085:
3013:
2948:
2670:
2444:
2314:
1842:
1483:
assessed the species as extinct in 2019, formally publishing this categorisation in 2022.
1140:
1119:
1031:
957:
771:
648:
612:
529:
506:
490:
4399:
3132:
Steven D. Mims; William L. Shelton; Forrest S. Wynne; Richard J. Onders (November 1999).
2393:
Cecil A. Jennings; Steven J. Zigler (2009). Craig P. Paukert; George D. Scholten (eds.).
1614:
3500:
3144:
2982:
2636:
2135:
2025:
1927:
1094:
4751:
4727:
4659:
4542:
4348:
4247:
4220:
4189:
4141:
4127:
4104:
4090:
3988:
3812:
3787:
3247:
3220:
1983:
1958:
1476:
1367:
1107:
1040:
783:
779:
675:
660:
220:
3668:
1791:
Steven Mims; William L. Shelton (January 2005). Anita Kelly; Jeff Silverstein (eds.).
5201:
5078:
4796:
4683:
4623:
4587:
4524:
4324:
4230:
3677:
2854:
2167:
2041:
1512:
1503:
1434:
1399:
1215:
the traditional hand-stripping method, considered to be time-consuming and laborious;
1123:
1071:
1056:
982:
858:
748:
584:
573:
557:
146:
70:
2845:
2648:
2143:
1752:
Daniel McKinley (February 1984). "History of a Neglected Account of the Paddlefish,
1570:
747:
The American paddlefish is the sole surviving species in the paddlefish family, the
4966:
4462:
4210:
4171:
4157:
4113:
3342:
2275:
Gene Helfman; Bruce B. Collette; Douglas E. Facey; Brian W. Bowen (April 3, 2009).
2095:. Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, US Geological Survey. Archived from
1591:
1387:
1325:
1287:
1259:
1234:
1060:
1027:
791:
752:
640:
553:
545:
494:
3722:
Study: 96 percent of vertebrates descended from common ancestor with 'sixth sense'
2413:
2033:
744:(Walbaum, 1792)' is the accepted full scientific name of the American paddlefish.
3524:"Why the Caviar-Producing American Paddlefish Is a Symbol of Luxury and Scarcity"
2549:
5171:
5101:
5039:
4897:
4468:
3887:
3865:
3839:
3796:
3757:
3107:
1935:
1438:
1291:
1279:
1270:
1175:
The artificial propagation of American paddlefish began with the efforts of the
1064:
977:
965:
604:
596:
561:
45:
1200:
branches of American paddlefish and sturgeons are not directly attached to the
4456:
4198:
4025:
4004:
3715:
3508:
2644:
1887:
Eschmeyer's catalog of fishes: genera, species, references: electronic version
1320:
1278:
Advancements in biotechnology have created a global commercial market for the
1059:
into the water over bare rocks or gravel at the same time males release their
949:
795:
664:
656:
623:
remains strong. Naturally occurring American paddlefish populations have been
600:
588:
549:
498:
240:
90:
55:
5005:
4888:
2258:
2240:
Freshwater Fishes of North America: Volume 1: Petromyzontidae to Catostomidae
2151:
1856:
4987:
4830:
4488:
4287:
4120:
1403:
1395:
1193:
920:
862:
835:
822:
787:
756:
733:
714:
he was unaware the species had already been described in 1792 by taxonomist
533:
525:
190:
95:
3256:
3169:
Steven Mims; William L. Shelton; Richard J. Onders; Boris Gomelsky (2004).
2159:
1992:
1974:
1943:
1541:
4940:
3718: – documentary chronicling the biology and life history of paddlefish
3237:
1394:
well adapted for explosive population growth as a result of high rates of
357:
Rafinesque 1820 non Schoenherr 1833 nomen nudum non Robineau-Desvoidy 1827
5013:
4882:
4806:
4478:
4450:
4278:
3908:
3781:
1619:
1445:
1418:
1243:
1226:
1185:
1132:
1079:
plankton one by one, which requires detection and location of individual
961:
904:
763:
lived roughly 140 million years ago. Together these families compose the
636:
632:
616:
502:
210:
85:
80:
65:
60:
50:
3300:
17:
5031:
4614:
2116:
2114:
1777:
1715:. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. April 2008.
1467:
1449:
1426:
1407:
1197:
1081:
973:
900:
759:(family Acipenseridae); evidence from DNA sequences suggest that their
728:
100:
75:
5018:
3332:"Paddlefish Culture: Development Expanding Beyond U.S., Russia, China"
2784:
1074:
can grow about 1 in (2.5 cm) per week, and by late July the
5044:
4925:
4444:
3775:
1422:
1375:
1308:
1296:
1205:
1052:
987:
916:
620:
200:
4859:
3189:
3143:. Southern Regional Aquaculture Center. pp. 1–5. Archived from
2965:
Paddlefish Restoration to the Upper Ohio and Allegheny River Systems
2369:
2352:
1769:
778:
125 million years ago. American paddlefish are often referred to as
4992:
2492:. Montana Chapter of the American Fisheries Society. Archived from
5166:
2621:"Stochastic synchronization of electroreceptors in the paddlefish"
1269:
1201:
1189:
1017:
799:
541:
163:
157:
3550:"Seven Men Indicted for Alleged Trafficking of Paddlefish Caviar"
1433:
restricted imports of the highly sought after and most expensive
1171:, fertilize, and incubate. Blind Pony Hatchery in Missouri, 1995.
903:
studies, a process which usually occurs on fish harvested during
576:
in China and considered to have gone extinct no later than 2010.
4674:
4314:
1430:
1238:
341:
Shaw 1804 non Haworth 1821 non van Deventer 1904 non Mehely 1935
4979:
4863:
4403:
3768:
3730:
3726:
1180:
1168:
691:
for paddlefish, which today includes a single extant species,
591:
throughout the Mississippi River drainage basin, and adjacent
2708:. North Dakota Game and Fish Department. 2012. Archived from
1233:
A spermiating male indicates successful production of mature
1051:, also referred to as mass spawners or synchronous spawners.
1729:. Fisheries and Oceans Canada. June 28, 2010. Archived from
1596:
Bulletin des Sciences, par la Société Philomathique de Paris
556:
fish because it has evolved specialised adaptations such as
501:(Polyodontidae). This family is most closely related to the
3577:"Man Gets Prison Term in Paddlefish 'Caviar' Criminal Case"
2402:. Vol. 66. American Fisheries Society. pp. 1–22.
1098:
Map of the United States showing distribution of paddlefish
1026:
American paddlefish are long-lived, sexually late maturing
3428:
Missouri National Recreational River Zebra Mussel Bulletin
774:. Paddlefish have a long fossil record dating back to the
894:
Paddlefish ram suspension-feeding zooplankton in aquarium
3281:, Walbaum 1792) in the Serbian Part of the Danube River"
3104:
Louisiana Marine Education Resources, Classroom Projects
2546:
Louisiana Marine Education Resources, Classroom Projects
2278:
The Diversity of Fishes: Biology, Evolution, and Ecology
1963:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1455:
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
2270:
2268:
1884:
Fricke, R.; Eschmeyer, W.N.; Van der Laan, R. (2022).
1014:
Development of paddlefish from embryo to larval stage
627:
from most of their peripheral range, as well as from
4330:
4320:
4303:
4293:
4263:
4253:
4243:
4226:
4216:
4206:
4138:
4101:
4086:
4075:
3985:
3969:
3958:
3947:
3937:
3926:
3915:
3904:
3394:"Seeking paddlefish on the Missouri : Outdoors"
740:
is the valid name for this paddlefish genus. Hence '
4872:
4828:
4804:
4795:
4749:
4705:
4672:
4486:
4477:
4277:
4197:
4188:
4137:
4100:
4060:
3984:
3885:
3838:
3811:
3608:"Federal Authorities Step in to Protect Paddlefish"
2214:. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. 2014.
2182:"Study declares ancient Chinese paddlefish extinct"
1475:. They did not catch a single fish. They also used
1139:above Kinzua Dam, and a second stocking in 2006 in
2584:. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. May 16, 2001.
595:drainages. Its peripheral range extended into the
2313:Carla Hassan-Williams; Timothy H. Bonner (2007).
1576:. Grypeswaldiae : Ant. Ferdin. Rose. p. 522.
1237:which results in the release of large volumes of
3369:"Mandan angler snags record-breaking paddlefish"
3277:"First Record of the North American Paddlefish (
3043:. American Fisheries Society. pp. 357–383.
2351:Lon A. Wilkens Michael & H. Hofmann (2007).
1959:"A New Time-Scale for Ray-Finned Fish Evolution"
1800:. American Fisheries Society. pp. 227–249.
3692:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T18428A146104283.en
2243:. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 211.
2237:M.L. Warren; B.M. Burr; J.R. Tomelleri (2014).
1727:"Aquatic Species at Rick – The Paddlefish"
679:An American paddlefish in a large aquarium tank
3029:
3027:
3025:
3023:
2625:International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos
2063:. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
1527:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T17938A81763841.en
1332:American paddlefish on record was captured in
1044:events occurred just once every 4 or 5 years.
528:. The American paddlefish is a smooth-skinned
4415:
3742:
2971:. American Fisheries Society. pp. 1–13.
2906:. American Fisheries Society. pp. 1–16.
2869:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-1.RLTS.T18428A8264989.en
2346:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2006:
2004:
2002:
940:utilized advanced technology in the field of
878:General morphology of the American paddlefish
524:extending back 65 million years to the early
8:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3106:. Louisiana State University. Archived from
2548:. Louisiana State University. Archived from
700:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2319:Fishes of Texas Project and Online Database
1909:
1907:
1905:
1254:A 2020 paper reported that eggs from three
4860:
4801:
4483:
4422:
4408:
4400:
4194:
4068:
3897:
3893:
3882:
3817:
3808:
3765:
3749:
3735:
3727:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2606:
1585:
1583:
1425:remains strong. Since the 1980s, a trade
1274:Tin of freshly processed paddlefish caviar
854:because of their specialised adaptations.
306:
135:
111:
31:
3690:
3299:
3246:
3236:
2900:Status of Paddlefish in the United States
2892:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2867:
2671:"Polyodon spathula (American paddlefish)"
2368:
1982:
1564:
1562:
1525:
802:, although they are not closely related.
579:The American paddlefish is native to the
3464:. University of Michigan. Archived from
3396:. Sioux City Journal. October 11, 2012.
3288:Archives of Biological Science, Belgrade
2839:
2837:
2086:
2084:
2082:
1343:
1188:environment. The fish are injected with
1155:
1093:
1002:
881:
873:
674:
3618:from the original on September 17, 2015
3587:from the original on September 17, 2015
3430:. National Park Service. Archived from
3127:
3125:
2818:(January/February 1999). Archived from
2749:. Missouri Department of Conservation.
2591:from the original on September 24, 2015
2533:
2531:
2484:D.L. Scarnechhia; Brad Schmitz (2010).
1491:
378:
335:
3635:
3633:
3081:
3071:
3009:
2999:
2944:
2934:
2812:"Progress with Paddlefish Restoration"
2778:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2440:
2430:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2281:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 254.
1838:
1828:
1497:
1495:
960:used by American paddlefish to detect
794:(spine extending into the upper lobe)
3178:North American Journal of Aquaculture
3037:Propagation and Culture of Paddlefish
2700:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2218:from the original on October 19, 2014
1916:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1865:from the original on December 8, 2015
1473:Upper Yangtze National Nature Reserve
1167:Caesarean-section surgery to extract
7:
5218:Freshwater fish of the United States
3716:The Paddlefish: An American Treasure
3648:from the original on October 6, 2014
3556:from the original on August 21, 2014
3552:. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service.
3400:from the original on August 24, 2017
2791:from the original on October 6, 2014
2753:from the original on August 24, 2017
1664:from the original on August 24, 2017
1628:from the original on August 24, 2017
703:Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique
365:Rafinesque 1820 non Quatrefages 1845
5233:Fish genera with one living species
3678:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
3642:"Giant Fish 'Verges on Extinction'"
3640:Jody Bourton (September 29, 2009).
3522:Katherine Cooper (March 30, 2016).
2855:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2295:from the original on June 17, 2016.
1513:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1359:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1353:Overfishing and habitat destruction
1177:Missouri Department of Conservation
3311:from the original on July 14, 2014
2706:"Paddlefish Questions and Answers"
2465:from the original on July 23, 2014
2325:from the original on July 26, 2014
2014:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1328:, and must be caught by snagging.
1319:American paddlefish are a popular
25:
3575:David Harper (October 18, 2013).
2067:from the original on May 29, 2014
1592:"MĂ©moire sur le polyodon feuille"
1348:Angler landing a large paddlefish
931:grading to a whitish underbelly.
671:Taxonomy, etymology and evolution
5208:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
4384:
4378:
4371:
3367:Anhalt, Michael (June 4, 2024).
3330:Steven D. Mims (February 2006).
2124:Science of the Total Environment
2091:Steven Zigler (March 13, 2014).
1890:. California Academy of Sciences
1461:Extinction of Chinese paddlefish
1363:U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
1229:bypassing the oviductal funnels.
177:
2144:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136242
2061:Illinois Natural History Survey
2057:"Species Spotlight: Paddlefish"
1655:Deeplyfish- fishes of the world
572:), last sighted in 2003 in the
3606:Richard Simms (July 9, 2009).
3548:Gavin Shire (April 15, 2013).
3100:"Native Fish in the Classroom"
2816:Pennsylvania Angler and Boater
1861:. Encyclopedia of Life. 2013.
1613:Froese, R.; Pauly, D. (2017).
935:Feeding ecology and physiology
850:) are considered to be highly
1:
2631:(11). Ohio University: 2499.
2461:. World Wildlife Federation.
2034:10.1080/02724634.2020.1775091
1502:Moore, M.; Rider, S. (2022).
1414:Poaching and overexploitation
1022:Stages of rostrum development
968:. Examples of animals in the
536:skeleton and a paddle-shaped
3489:Reviews in Fisheries Science
512:, which are one of the most
505:; together they make up the
3339:Global Aquaculture Advocate
2747:Discover Nature Field Guide
2539:"Biology of the Paddlefish"
1936:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.09.008
999:Reproduction and life cycle
685:Bernard Germain de Lacépède
683:In 1797, French naturalist
5249:
3134:"Production of Paddlefish"
2093:"Paddlefish Study Project"
695:. Lacépède disagreed with
416:Bloch & Schneider 1801
27:Species of freshwater fish
4439:
4368:
4071:
3900:
3896:
3881:
3862:
3820:
3807:
3764:
3509:10.1080/10641269709388593
2645:10.1142/S0218127400001717
1590:Lacépède, B.G.E. (1797).
952:, and are indeed passive
326:
319:
314:
305:
286:
279:
174:Scientific classification
172:
155:
133:
124:
119:
110:
34:
4599:A. oxyrinchus oxyrinchus
1266:Global commercial market
1118:in the southwest to the
1090:Habitat and distribution
1047:American paddlefish are
697:Pierre Joseph Bonnaterre
532:with an almost entirely
4651:European sea sturgeon (
4432:sturgeon and paddlefish
3456:Tiffany Murphy (2008).
3419:National Park Service.
3341:: 62–63. Archived from
2130:. Elsevier BV: 136242.
1152:Propagation and culture
1030:. Females do not begin
732:was already in use for
581:Mississippi River basin
41:Early Paleocene–Present
5228:Fish described in 1792
3685:: e.T18428A146104283.
3458:"Dreissena polymorpha"
1975:10.1098/rspb.2006.3749
1569:Walbaum, J.J. (1792).
1349:
1275:
1172:
1099:
1055:females release their
1023:
1015:
895:
879:
825:Tullock Member of the
790:, and a deeply forked
718:, who had named it as
701:
687:established the genus
680:
599:, with occurrences in
479:Mississippi paddlefish
5154:Paleobiology Database
4816:American paddlefish (
4770:Shovelnose sturgeon (
4590:A. oxyrinchus desotoi
3421:"Don't Move a Mussel"
3238:10.3390/genes11070753
3150:on September 10, 2016
2787:. Earthwave Society.
2651:on September 24, 2015
2496:on September 24, 2015
1817:on September 24, 2015
1520:: e.T17938A81763841.
1347:
1273:
1166:
1097:
1021:
1013:
946:ampullae of Lorenzini
893:
877:
716:Johann Julius Walbaum
678:
448:(sic) Rafinesque 1820
445:Accipenser lagenarius
429:Spatularia reticulata
4840:Chinese paddlefish (
4737:Amu Darya sturgeon (
4719:Syr Darya sturgeon (
4507:Shortnose sturgeon (
4342:Pseudoscaphirhynchus
3462:Animal Diversity Web
3110:on September 3, 2014
2862:: e.T18428A8264989.
2822:on September 3, 2014
2783:Betty Wills (2004).
2676:Animal Diversity Web
1542:"Appendices | CITES"
827:Fort Union Formation
761:last common ancestor
397:Platirostra edentula
389:Megarhinus paradoxus
120:American paddlefish
4597:Atlantic sturgeon (
4570:Adriatic sturgeon (
4561:Japanese sturgeon (
4552:Sakhalin sturgeon (
4498:Siberian sturgeon (
4335:Protoscaphirhynchus
3501:1997RvFS....5...27M
3468:on October 30, 2014
3301:10.2298/abs060327pl
2637:2000IJBC...10.2499N
2315:"Polyodon spathula"
2136:2020ScTEn.71036242Z
2026:2020JVPal..40E5091M
1928:2007MolPE..42..854P
1688:Scientific American
1340:Population declines
1225:cavity through the
1137:Allegheny Reservoir
942:electron microscopy
838:of the genus name,
798:similar to that of
609:habitat destruction
477:), also known as a
469:American paddlefish
127:Conservation status
35:American paddlefish
4779:Alabama sturgeon (
4633:Chinese sturgeon (
4606:Persian sturgeon (
4579:Bastard sturgeon (
4536:A. gueldenstaedtii
4534:Russian sturgeon (
4516:Dabry's sturgeon (
3952:Bobasatraniiformes
3667:Qiwei, W. (2022).
3644:. BBC Earth News.
2844:Qiwei, W. (2010).
2490:Species of Concern
2099:on October 6, 2014
1690:. January 16, 2014
1350:
1276:
1173:
1131:program utilizing
1100:
1049:broadcast spawners
1024:
1016:
896:
880:
807:Chinese paddlefish
699:'s description in
681:
587:, backwaters, and
566:Chinese paddlefish
520:, with records of
489:, is a species of
421:Proceros maculatus
5195:
5194:
5141:Open Tree of Life
4931:polyodon-spathula
4918:Polyodon_spathula
4904:Polyodon spathula
4874:Polyodon spathula
4866:Taxon identifiers
4857:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4791:
4790:
4761:Pallid sturgeon (
4642:Starry sturgeon (
4397:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4366:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4056:
4055:
3974:Saurichthyiformes
3963:Guildayichthyidae
3877:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3858:
3857:
3671:Psephurus gladius
3279:Polyodon spathula
3050:978-1-934874-12-7
2978:978-1-934874-12-7
2923:on April 23, 2022
2913:978-1-934874-12-7
2848:Psephurus gladius
2741:Polyodon spathula
2577:Polyodon Spathula
2409:978-1-934874-12-7
2288:978-1-4443-1190-7
2250:978-1-4214-1202-3
2210:Polyodon spathula
2188:. January 9, 2020
1969:(1609): 489–498.
1858:Polyodon spathula
1807:978-1-888569-71-1
1754:Polyodon spathula
1733:on August 7, 2014
1622:version (02/2017)
1506:Polyodon spathula
1334:West Okoboji Lake
1256:Russian sturgeons
1219:Caesarean section
1164:
1147:Human interaction
1116:San Jacinto River
1011:
891:
811:Psephurus gladius
772:ray-finned fishes
742:Polyodon spathula
693:Polyodon spathula
643:. They have been
570:Psephurus gladius
493:. It is the last
474:Polyodon spathula
465:
464:
458:
449:
441:
437:Proceros vittatus
433:
425:
417:
409:
401:
393:
385:
381:Squalus spathulus
375:
366:
358:
350:
342:
332:
290:Polyodon spathula
261:
167:
150:
16:(Redirected from
5240:
5188:
5187:
5175:
5174:
5162:
5161:
5149:
5148:
5136:
5135:
5123:
5122:
5110:
5109:
5097:
5096:
5087:
5086:
5074:
5073:
5061:
5060:
5048:
5047:
5035:
5034:
5022:
5021:
5009:
5008:
4996:
4995:
4983:
4982:
4970:
4969:
4957:
4956:
4944:
4943:
4934:
4933:
4921:
4920:
4908:
4907:
4906:
4893:
4892:
4891:
4861:
4802:
4728:Dwarf sturgeon (
4662:A. transmontanus
4660:White sturgeon (
4563:A. multiscutatus
4543:Green sturgeon (
4484:
4424:
4417:
4410:
4401:
4388:
4382:
4376:
4375:
4332:
4322:
4305:
4295:
4265:
4255:
4245:
4228:
4218:
4208:
4195:
4140:
4103:
4088:
4077:
4069:
4063:Acipenseriformes
4033:Plesiococcolepis
3987:
3971:
3960:
3949:
3939:
3928:
3917:
3906:
3898:
3894:
3883:
3818:
3809:
3802:
3801:
3766:
3751:
3744:
3737:
3728:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3694:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3637:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3612:The Chattanoogan
3603:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3572:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3437:on July 14, 2014
3436:
3425:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3348:on July 14, 2014
3347:
3336:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3310:
3303:
3285:
3272:
3261:
3260:
3250:
3240:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3199:on July 14, 2014
3198:
3192:. Archived from
3175:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3149:
3138:
3129:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3083:
3079:
3077:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3060:on July 14, 2014
3059:
3053:. Archived from
3042:
3031:
3018:
3017:
3011:
3007:
3005:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2988:on July 14, 2014
2987:
2981:. Archived from
2970:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2946:
2942:
2940:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2922:
2916:. Archived from
2905:
2894:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2871:
2841:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2780:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2735:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2712:on June 24, 2015
2702:
2681:
2680:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2647:. Archived from
2616:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2590:
2583:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2555:on July 14, 2014
2554:
2543:
2535:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2442:
2438:
2436:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2419:on July 14, 2014
2418:
2412:. Archived from
2401:
2390:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2348:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2310:
2297:
2296:
2272:
2263:
2262:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2212:(Walbaum, 1792)"
2204:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2118:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2088:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2008:
1997:
1996:
1986:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1911:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1840:
1836:
1834:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1816:
1810:. Archived from
1799:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1663:
1652:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1587:
1578:
1577:
1566:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1499:
1392:invasive species
1305:
1165:
1012:
958:electroreceptors
925:olfactory system
892:
776:Early Cretaceous
765:Acipenseriformes
736:, so Lacépède's
720:Squalus spathula
706:
663:tributaries and
585:braided channels
518:Early Cretaceous
510:Acipenseriformes
483:spoon-billed cat
456:
454:Polyodon pristis
447:
439:
431:
423:
415:
407:
405:Polyodon feuille
399:
391:
383:
373:
364:
356:
348:
340:
330:
310:
292:
272:P. spathula
256:
231:Acipenseriformes
182:
181:
161:
144:
139:
138:
115:
105:
42:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
5248:
5247:
5243:
5242:
5241:
5239:
5238:
5237:
5198:
5197:
5196:
5191:
5183:
5178:
5170:
5165:
5157:
5152:
5144:
5139:
5131:
5126:
5118:
5113:
5105:
5100:
5092:
5090:
5082:
5077:
5069:
5064:
5056:
5051:
5043:
5038:
5030:
5025:
5017:
5012:
5004:
4999:
4991:
4986:
4978:
4973:
4965:
4960:
4952:
4947:
4939:
4937:
4929:
4924:
4916:
4911:
4902:
4901:
4896:
4887:
4886:
4881:
4868:
4858:
4849:
4824:
4787:
4772:S. platorynchus
4745:
4721:P. fedtschenkoi
4709:
4701:
4668:
4624:Amur sturgeon (
4588:Gulf sturgeon (
4525:Lake sturgeon (
4509:A. brevirostrum
4473:
4435:
4428:
4398:
4389:
4370:
4354:
4273:
4184:
4133:
4096:
4080:Cylindracanthus
4065:
4052:
3980:
3890:
3869:
3854:
3834:
3803:
3771:
3770:
3760:
3755:
3712:
3707:
3697:
3695:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3651:
3649:
3639:
3638:
3631:
3621:
3619:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3590:
3588:
3574:
3573:
3569:
3559:
3557:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3532:
3530:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3486:
3485:
3481:
3471:
3469:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3440:
3438:
3434:
3423:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3403:
3401:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3377:
3375:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3351:
3349:
3345:
3334:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3294:(3): 27P, 28P.
3283:
3274:
3273:
3264:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3190:10.1577/c02-053
3173:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3136:
3131:
3130:
3123:
3113:
3111:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3080:
3070:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3051:
3040:
3033:
3032:
3021:
3008:
2998:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2968:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2943:
2933:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2914:
2903:
2896:
2895:
2884:
2874:
2872:
2843:
2842:
2835:
2825:
2823:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2794:
2792:
2782:
2781:
2766:
2756:
2754:
2737:
2736:
2725:
2715:
2713:
2704:
2703:
2684:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2654:
2652:
2618:
2617:
2604:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2581:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2509:
2499:
2497:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2468:
2466:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2439:
2429:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2399:
2392:
2391:
2378:
2370:10.1641/B570505
2350:
2349:
2338:
2328:
2326:
2312:
2311:
2300:
2289:
2274:
2273:
2266:
2251:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2221:
2219:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2191:
2189:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2120:
2119:
2112:
2102:
2100:
2090:
2089:
2080:
2070:
2068:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2020:(2): e1775091.
2010:
2009:
2000:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1913:
1912:
1903:
1893:
1891:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1868:
1866:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1837:
1827:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1797:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1770:10.2307/1445053
1751:
1750:
1746:
1736:
1734:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1693:
1691:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1650:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1631:
1629:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1589:
1588:
1581:
1568:
1567:
1560:
1550:
1548:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1501:
1500:
1493:
1489:
1463:
1416:
1385:
1355:
1342:
1317:
1303:
1268:
1252:
1156:
1154:
1149:
1141:Conewango Creek
1092:
1003:
1001:
937:
882:
872:
821:from the Lower
722:. Consequently
712:Polydon feuille
673:
544:because of its
530:freshwater fish
491:ray-finned fish
461:
457:Rafinesque 1818
440:Rafinesque 1820
424:Rafinesque 1820
413:Polyodon folius
392:Rafinesque 1820
377:
376:
369:
334:
333:
301:
294:
288:
275:
255:
176:
168:
151:
140:
136:
129:
106:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5246:
5244:
5236:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5223:Fish of Canada
5220:
5215:
5210:
5200:
5199:
5193:
5192:
5190:
5189:
5176:
5163:
5150:
5137:
5124:
5111:
5098:
5088:
5075:
5062:
5049:
5036:
5023:
5010:
4997:
4984:
4971:
4958:
4945:
4935:
4922:
4909:
4894:
4878:
4876:
4870:
4869:
4864:
4855:
4854:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4847:
4836:
4834:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4822:
4812:
4810:
4799:
4793:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4776:
4767:
4757:
4755:
4752:Scaphirhynchus
4747:
4746:
4744:
4743:
4734:
4725:
4715:
4713:
4710:scaphirhynchus
4703:
4702:
4700:
4699:
4690:
4680:
4678:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4657:
4648:
4639:
4630:
4621:
4612:
4603:
4594:
4585:
4581:A. nudiventris
4576:
4567:
4558:
4549:
4545:A. medirostris
4540:
4531:
4522:
4513:
4504:
4494:
4492:
4481:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4471:
4465:
4459:
4453:
4447:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4429:
4427:
4426:
4419:
4412:
4404:
4395:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4352:
4349:Scaphirhynchus
4345:
4338:
4328:
4318:
4311:
4308:Engdahlichthys
4301:
4298:Anchiacipenser
4291:
4283:
4281:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4268:Pugiopsephurus
4261:
4251:
4248:Protopsephurus
4241:
4234:
4224:
4221:Paleopsephurus
4214:
4203:
4201:
4192:
4190:Acipenseroidei
4186:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4175:
4168:
4161:
4154:
4146:
4144:
4142:Peipiaosteidae
4135:
4134:
4132:
4131:
4128:Strongylosteus
4124:
4117:
4109:
4107:
4105:Chondrosteidae
4098:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4091:Eochondrosteus
4084:
4072:
4066:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4047:Toarcocephalus
4043:
4036:
4029:
4022:
4015:
4008:
4001:
3993:
3991:
3989:Coccolepididae
3982:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3967:
3956:
3945:
3935:
3924:
3913:
3901:
3891:
3886:
3879:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3844:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3828:Actinopterygii
3821:
3815:
3813:Actinopterygii
3805:
3804:
3800:
3799:
3790:
3788:Actinopterygii
3784:
3778:
3769:
3762:
3761:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3746:
3739:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3719:
3711:
3710:External links
3708:
3706:
3705:
3659:
3629:
3598:
3567:
3540:
3514:
3479:
3448:
3411:
3385:
3373:www.kfyrtv.com
3359:
3322:
3262:
3210:
3161:
3121:
3091:
3082:|journal=
3049:
3019:
3010:|journal=
2977:
2954:
2945:|journal=
2912:
2882:
2833:
2802:
2764:
2723:
2682:
2662:
2602:
2566:
2507:
2476:
2450:
2441:|journal=
2408:
2376:
2363:(5): 399–407.
2336:
2298:
2287:
2264:
2249:
2229:
2199:
2173:
2110:
2078:
2047:
1998:
1949:
1922:(3): 854–862.
1901:
1876:
1848:
1839:|journal=
1806:
1783:
1764:(1): 201–204.
1744:
1718:
1701:
1675:
1648:"Polydontidae"
1639:
1615:"Polydontidae"
1605:
1579:
1558:
1533:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1462:
1459:
1415:
1412:
1384:
1381:
1372:Channelization
1368:Missouri River
1354:
1351:
1341:
1338:
1316:
1313:
1267:
1264:
1251:
1248:
1231:
1230:
1222:
1216:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1129:reintroduction
1091:
1088:
1000:
997:
988:ephemeropteran
948:of sharks and
936:
933:
913:operculum flap
871:
868:
848:P. tuberculata
819:P. tuberculata
784:relict species
780:primitive fish
767:, an order of
751:. This is the
672:
669:
661:Missouri River
558:filter feeding
495:living species
463:
462:
460:
459:
450:
442:
434:
426:
418:
410:
402:
394:
386:
372:
371:
370:
368:
367:
359:
351:
343:
329:
328:
327:
324:
323:
317:
316:
312:
311:
303:
302:
295:
284:
283:
277:
276:
269:
267:
263:
262:
248:
244:
243:
238:
234:
233:
228:
224:
223:
221:Actinopterygii
218:
214:
213:
208:
204:
203:
198:
194:
193:
188:
184:
183:
170:
169:
156:
153:
152:
134:
131:
130:
125:
122:
121:
117:
116:
108:
107:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
43:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5245:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5213:Polyodontidae
5211:
5209:
5206:
5205:
5203:
5186:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5089:
5085:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4936:
4932:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4914:
4910:
4905:
4899:
4895:
4890:
4884:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4862:
4845:
4843:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4833:
4832:
4827:
4821:
4819:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4809:
4808:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4797:Polyodontidae
4794:
4784:
4782:
4777:
4775:
4773:
4768:
4766:
4764:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4754:
4753:
4748:
4742:
4740:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4726:
4724:
4722:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4712:
4711:
4704:
4698:
4696:
4691:
4689:
4687:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4677:
4676:
4671:
4665:
4663:
4658:
4656:
4654:
4649:
4647:
4645:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4631:
4629:
4627:
4626:A. schrenckii
4622:
4620:
4618:
4613:
4611:
4609:
4604:
4602:
4600:
4595:
4593:
4591:
4586:
4584:
4582:
4577:
4575:
4573:
4568:
4566:
4564:
4559:
4557:
4555:
4550:
4548:
4546:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4532:
4530:
4528:
4527:A. fulvescens
4523:
4521:
4519:
4514:
4512:
4510:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4479:Acipenseridae
4476:
4470:
4466:
4464:
4460:
4458:
4454:
4452:
4448:
4446:
4442:
4441:
4438:
4433:
4425:
4420:
4418:
4413:
4411:
4406:
4405:
4402:
4387:
4383:
4381:
4374:
4351:
4350:
4346:
4344:
4343:
4339:
4337:
4336:
4329:
4327:
4326:
4325:Priscosturion
4319:
4317:
4316:
4312:
4310:
4309:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4292:
4290:
4289:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4280:
4279:Acipenseridae
4276:
4270:
4269:
4262:
4260:
4259:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4231:Parapsephurus
4225:
4223:
4222:
4215:
4213:
4212:
4205:
4204:
4202:
4200:
4199:Polyodontidae
4196:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4181:
4180:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4162:
4160:
4159:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4118:
4116:
4115:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4074:
4073:
4070:
4067:
4064:
4059:
4049:
4048:
4044:
4042:
4041:
4037:
4035:
4034:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4009:
4007:
4006:
4002:
4000:
3999:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3983:
3976:
3975:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3903:
3902:
3899:
3895:
3892:
3889:
3884:
3880:
3868:
3867:
3861:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3837:
3829:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3798:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3783:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3752:
3747:
3745:
3740:
3738:
3733:
3732:
3729:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3693:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3679:
3674:
3672:
3663:
3660:
3647:
3643:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3602:
3599:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3571:
3568:
3555:
3551:
3544:
3541:
3529:
3525:
3518:
3515:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3483:
3480:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3452:
3449:
3433:
3429:
3422:
3415:
3412:
3399:
3395:
3389:
3386:
3374:
3370:
3363:
3360:
3344:
3340:
3333:
3326:
3323:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3282:
3280:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3258:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3214:
3211:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3172:
3165:
3162:
3146:
3142:
3135:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3095:
3092:
3087:
3075:
3056:
3052:
3046:
3039:
3038:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3015:
3003:
2984:
2980:
2974:
2967:
2966:
2958:
2955:
2950:
2938:
2919:
2915:
2909:
2902:
2901:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2870:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2849:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2810:Dudley Parr.
2806:
2803:
2790:
2786:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2742:
2739:"Paddlefish,
2734:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2711:
2707:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2666:
2663:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2587:
2580:
2578:
2570:
2567:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2480:
2477:
2464:
2460:
2454:
2451:
2446:
2434:
2415:
2411:
2405:
2398:
2397:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2284:
2280:
2279:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2242:
2241:
2233:
2230:
2217:
2213:
2211:
2203:
2200:
2187:
2186:Oceanographic
2183:
2177:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2098:
2094:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1953:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1889:
1888:
1880:
1877:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1852:
1849:
1844:
1832:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1796:
1795:
1787:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1748:
1745:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1711:
1705:
1702:
1689:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1643:
1640:
1627:
1623:
1621:
1616:
1609:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1574:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1547:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1507:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1477:hydroacoustic
1474:
1469:
1468:Yangtze River
1460:
1458:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1435:beluga caviar
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1400:phytoplankton
1397:
1393:
1389:
1383:Zebra mussels
1382:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1352:
1346:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1329:
1327:
1322:
1315:Sport fishing
1314:
1312:
1310:
1300:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1272:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1250:Hybridization
1249:
1247:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1228:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1170:
1151:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1096:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1042:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1020:
998:
996:
992:
989:
985:
984:
983:Daphnia pulex
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
934:
932:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
909:
906:
902:
876:
869:
867:
864:
860:
859:planktivorous
855:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
832:
828:
824:
820:
817:are those of
816:
812:
808:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
749:Polyodontidae
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
730:
725:
721:
717:
713:
710:
709:binomial name
705:
704:
698:
694:
690:
686:
677:
670:
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
577:
575:
574:Yangtze River
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
534:cartilaginous
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
475:
470:
455:
451:
446:
443:
438:
435:
430:
427:
422:
419:
414:
411:
408:Lacépède 1797
406:
403:
398:
395:
390:
387:
382:
379:
363:
360:
355:
352:
347:
344:
339:
336:
325:
322:
318:
313:
309:
304:
299:
293:
291:
285:
282:
281:Binomial name
278:
274:
273:
268:
265:
264:
259:
254:
253:
249:
246:
245:
242:
241:Polyodontidae
239:
236:
235:
232:
229:
226:
225:
222:
219:
216:
215:
212:
209:
206:
205:
202:
199:
196:
195:
192:
189:
186:
185:
180:
175:
171:
165:
159:
154:
148:
143:
132:
128:
123:
118:
114:
109:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
33:
30:
19:
4873:
4841:
4829:
4817:
4815:
4805:
4780:
4771:
4762:
4750:
4739:P. kaufmanni
4738:
4729:
4720:
4706:
4694:
4685:
4673:
4661:
4652:
4644:A. stellatus
4643:
4634:
4625:
4616:
4607:
4598:
4589:
4580:
4571:
4562:
4553:
4544:
4535:
4526:
4518:A. dabryanus
4517:
4508:
4499:
4487:
4463:Osteichthyes
4377:
4347:
4340:
4333:
4323:
4313:
4306:
4296:
4286:
4266:
4256:
4246:
4237:
4236:
4229:
4219:
4211:Crossopholis
4209:
4177:
4172:Stichopterus
4170:
4163:
4158:Peipiaosteus
4156:
4149:
4126:
4119:
4114:Chondrosteus
4112:
4089:
4078:
4045:
4038:
4031:
4024:
4017:
4010:
4003:
3996:
3972:
3961:
3950:
3940:
3929:
3920:Errolichthys
3918:
3907:
3864:
3792:
3696:. Retrieved
3682:
3676:
3670:
3662:
3650:. Retrieved
3620:. Retrieved
3611:
3601:
3589:. Retrieved
3580:
3570:
3558:. Retrieved
3543:
3531:. Retrieved
3527:
3517:
3495:(1): 83–84.
3492:
3488:
3482:
3470:. Retrieved
3466:the original
3461:
3451:
3439:. Retrieved
3432:the original
3427:
3414:
3404:December 12,
3402:. Retrieved
3388:
3376:. Retrieved
3372:
3362:
3350:. Retrieved
3343:the original
3338:
3325:
3313:. Retrieved
3291:
3287:
3278:
3228:
3224:
3213:
3201:. Retrieved
3194:the original
3181:
3177:
3164:
3152:. Retrieved
3145:the original
3140:
3112:. Retrieved
3108:the original
3103:
3094:
3062:. Retrieved
3055:the original
3036:
2990:. Retrieved
2983:the original
2964:
2957:
2925:. Retrieved
2918:the original
2899:
2875:November 13,
2873:. Retrieved
2859:
2853:
2847:
2824:. Retrieved
2820:the original
2815:
2805:
2793:. Retrieved
2785:"Paddlefish"
2755:. Retrieved
2746:
2740:
2714:. Retrieved
2710:the original
2674:
2665:
2653:. Retrieved
2649:the original
2628:
2624:
2593:. Retrieved
2576:
2575:"Paddlefish
2569:
2557:. Retrieved
2550:the original
2545:
2498:. Retrieved
2494:the original
2489:
2486:"Paddlefish"
2479:
2467:. Retrieved
2459:"Paddlefish"
2453:
2421:. Retrieved
2414:the original
2395:
2360:
2356:
2327:. Retrieved
2318:
2277:
2239:
2232:
2220:. Retrieved
2209:
2202:
2190:. Retrieved
2185:
2176:
2127:
2123:
2101:. Retrieved
2097:the original
2069:. Retrieved
2060:
2055:Susan Post.
2050:
2017:
2013:
1966:
1962:
1952:
1919:
1915:
1892:. Retrieved
1886:
1879:
1867:. Retrieved
1857:
1851:
1819:. Retrieved
1812:the original
1793:
1786:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1737:December 10,
1735:. Retrieved
1731:the original
1721:
1704:
1692:. Retrieved
1687:
1678:
1666:. Retrieved
1654:
1642:
1630:. Retrieved
1618:
1608:
1599:
1595:
1571:
1549:. Retrieved
1545:
1536:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1464:
1443:
1417:
1388:Zebra mussel
1386:
1356:
1330:
1318:
1301:
1297:Danube River
1292:aquacultural
1288:Soviet Union
1284:Introduction
1277:
1260:sturddlefish
1253:
1232:
1210:
1174:
1105:
1101:
1080:
1069:
1046:
1037:
1028:pelagic fish
1025:
993:
981:
969:
938:
910:
897:
856:
847:
843:
839:
830:
818:
814:
810:
804:
792:heterocercal
753:sister group
746:
741:
737:
727:
723:
719:
711:
692:
688:
682:
645:reintroduced
641:Pennsylvania
578:
569:
546:heterocercal
521:
486:
482:
478:
473:
472:
468:
466:
453:
444:
436:
428:
420:
412:
404:
400:Lesueur 1818
396:
388:
384:Walbaum 1792
380:
361:
353:
349:LeSueur 1818
345:
337:
289:
287:
271:
270:
251:
250:
29:
5102:NatureServe
5040:iNaturalist
4898:Wikispecies
4818:P. spathula
4781:S. suttkusi
4730:P. hermanni
4686:H. dauricus
4635:A. sinensis
4617:A. ruthenus
4608:A. persicus
4572:A. naccarii
4469:Chondrostei
4461:Superclass
4165:Spherosteus
4012:Condorlepis
3942:Neochallaia
3888:Chondrostei
3866:Chondrostei
3840:Chondrostei
3797:Actinopteri
3758:Chondrostei
3581:Tulsa World
3472:October 20,
2927:January 27,
2222:October 14,
2103:October 15,
1869:October 15,
1821:November 9,
1551:January 14,
1439:Caspian Sea
1280:polyculture
1235:spermatozoa
1112:Yellowstone
1076:fingerlings
1065:larval fish
1041:photoperiod
978:cladocerans
970:P. spathula
966:zooplankton
870:Description
857:Unlike the
653:Monongahela
605:overfishing
597:Great Lakes
589:oxbow lakes
562:zooplankton
346:Platirostra
160:Appendix II
5202:Categories
5133:paddlefish
4842:P. gladius
4554:A. mikadoi
4457:Vertebrata
4455:Subphylum
4026:Morrolepis
4005:Coccolepis
3998:Barbalepis
3931:Gualolepis
3849:see below↓
3652:October 6,
3231:(7): 753.
2826:August 28,
2795:October 3,
2500:August 28,
2357:BioScience
1794:Paddlefish
1487:References
1321:sport fish
863:piscivores
796:caudal fin
665:Mobile Bay
625:extirpated
601:Lake Huron
593:Gulf Coast
550:caudal fin
499:paddlefish
354:Megarhinus
338:Spatularia
142:Vulnerable
4831:Psephurus
4653:A. sturio
4615:Sterlet (
4500:A. baerii
4489:Acipenser
4467:Subclass
4288:Acipenser
4258:Psephurus
4179:Yanosteus
4151:Liaosteus
4121:Gyrosteus
4040:Sunolepis
3774:Kingdom:
3184:: 70–72.
3084:ignored (
3074:cite book
3012:ignored (
3002:cite book
2947:ignored (
2937:cite book
2443:ignored (
2433:cite book
2259:883820201
2192:April 23,
2168:210086307
2152:0048-9697
2042:222213273
1894:April 24,
1841:ignored (
1831:cite book
1546:cites.org
1437:from the
1404:unionidae
1396:fecundity
1120:Tombigbee
972:diet are
954:ampullary
921:hatchling
836:etymology
823:Paleocene
788:cartilage
757:sturgeons
649:Allegheny
613:pollution
526:Paleocene
514:primitive
503:sturgeons
487:spoonbill
432:Shaw 1804
266:Species:
197:Kingdom:
191:Eukaryota
5167:Species+
5107:2.105060
5058:10145191
5014:FishBase
4938:BioLib:
4883:Wikidata
4807:Polyodon
4763:S. albus
4708:Pseudo-
4693:Beluga (
4684:Kaluga (
4451:Chordata
4445:Animalia
4443:Kingdom
4238:Polyodon
4019:Iyalepis
3909:Birgeria
3782:Chordata
3780:Phylum:
3776:Animalia
3698:July 21,
3646:Archived
3622:June 19,
3616:Archived
3591:June 20,
3585:Archived
3560:June 20,
3554:Archived
3533:March 8,
3441:June 21,
3398:Archived
3352:June 10,
3306:Archived
3257:32640744
3203:June 22,
3154:June 22,
3114:June 22,
3064:June 22,
2992:June 20,
2789:Archived
2751:Archived
2655:June 20,
2595:June 20,
2586:Archived
2469:June 19,
2463:Archived
2423:June 18,
2329:June 19,
2323:Archived
2293:Archived
2216:Archived
2160:31911255
2071:June 18,
2065:Archived
1993:17476768
1944:17158071
1863:Archived
1659:Archived
1626:Archived
1620:FishBase
1602:(6): 49.
1419:Poaching
1244:demersal
1227:gonopore
1194:teleosts
1186:hatchery
1133:hatchery
1108:Missouri
1032:spawning
980:such as
974:copepods
962:plankton
929:dorsally
905:snagging
844:spathula
840:Polyodon
831:Polyodon
815:Polyodon
738:Polyodon
724:spathula
689:Polyodon
637:Virginia
633:Maryland
629:New York
617:Poaching
548:tail or
522:Polyodon
362:Proceros
321:Synonyms
258:Lacépède
252:Polyodon
237:Family:
211:Chordata
207:Phylum:
201:Animalia
187:Domain:
147:IUCN 3.1
18:Polyodon
5032:5212833
4889:Q827142
4695:H. huso
4449:Phylum
4434:species
4430:Recent
3786:Class:
3497:Bibcode
3378:June 5,
3315:June 9,
3248:7397225
2757:June 9,
2716:June 9,
2633:Bibcode
2559:June 9,
2132:Bibcode
2022:Bibcode
1984:1766393
1924:Bibcode
1778:1445053
1668:May 18,
1632:May 18,
1471:of the
1450:sevruga
1427:embargo
1408:veliger
1376:groynes
1206:oocytes
1202:ovaries
1198:oviduct
1124:Alabama
1082:Daphnia
901:dentary
852:derived
755:to the
734:dogfish
729:Squalus
647:in the
554:derived
538:rostrum
452: ?
374:Species
300:, 1792)
298:Walbaum
247:Genus:
227:Order:
217:Class:
162: (
145: (
5185:994653
5146:904101
5071:161088
5006:124049
4993:PLDNST
4980:208600
4941:139582
4926:ARKive
3255:
3245:
3047:
2975:
2910:
2406:
2285:
2257:
2247:
2166:
2158:
2150:
2040:
1991:
1981:
1942:
1804:
1776:
1758:Copeia
1694:May 5,
1423:caviar
1309:caviar
1304:
1196:, the
1053:Gravid
986:, and
956:-type
917:embryo
800:sharks
639:, and
621:caviar
611:, and
260:, 1797
5180:WoRMS
5159:94913
5091:NAS:
5084:17938
5053:IRMNG
5045:54721
5001:EUNIS
4967:6W65D
4954:29747
3793:Clade
3528:Eater
3435:(PDF)
3424:(PDF)
3346:(PDF)
3335:(PDF)
3309:(PDF)
3284:(PDF)
3225:Genes
3197:(PDF)
3174:(PDF)
3148:(PDF)
3137:(PDF)
3058:(PDF)
3041:(PDF)
2986:(PDF)
2969:(PDF)
2921:(PDF)
2904:(PDF)
2589:(PDF)
2582:(PDF)
2553:(PDF)
2542:(PDF)
2417:(PDF)
2400:(PDF)
2164:S2CID
2038:S2CID
1815:(PDF)
1798:(PDF)
1774:JSTOR
1713:(PDF)
1662:(PDF)
1651:(PDF)
1326:lures
1190:LH-RH
1061:sperm
1035:age.
782:, or
769:basal
542:shark
507:order
485:, or
331:Genus
164:CITES
158:CITES
5172:8229
5128:ODNR
5120:7913
5115:NCBI
5079:IUCN
5066:ITIS
5027:GBIF
4988:EPPO
4949:BOLD
4675:Huso
4315:Huso
3826:see
3700:2022
3683:2022
3654:2014
3624:2014
3593:2014
3562:2014
3535:2021
3474:2014
3443:2014
3406:2014
3380:2024
3354:2014
3317:2014
3253:PMID
3205:2014
3156:2014
3116:2014
3086:help
3066:2014
3045:ISBN
3014:help
2994:2014
2973:ISBN
2949:help
2929:2022
2908:ISBN
2877:2021
2860:2010
2828:2014
2797:2014
2759:2014
2718:2014
2657:2014
2597:2014
2561:2014
2502:2014
2471:2014
2445:help
2425:2014
2404:ISBN
2331:2014
2283:ISBN
2255:OCLC
2245:ISBN
2224:2014
2194:2022
2156:PMID
2148:ISSN
2105:2014
2073:2014
1989:PMID
1940:PMID
1896:2022
1871:2014
1843:help
1823:2014
1802:ISBN
1762:1984
1739:2014
1696:2019
1670:2017
1634:2017
1553:2022
1518:2022
1481:IUCN
1444:The
1431:Iran
1374:and
1290:for
1239:milt
1122:and
1110:and
1057:eggs
950:rays
657:Ohio
655:and
467:The
46:Preęž’
5094:876
5019:174
4975:EoL
4962:CoL
4913:ADW
3687:doi
3505:doi
3296:doi
3243:PMC
3233:doi
3186:doi
2864:doi
2641:doi
2365:doi
2140:doi
2128:710
2030:doi
1979:PMC
1971:doi
1967:274
1932:doi
1766:doi
1756:".
1573:III
1522:doi
1446:roe
1429:on
1181:roe
1169:roe
1072:Fry
919:to
497:of
5204::
5182::
5169::
5156::
5143::
5130::
5117::
5104::
5081::
5068::
5055::
5042::
5029::
5016::
5003::
4990::
4977::
4964::
4951::
4928::
4915::
4900::
4885::
3795::
3681:.
3675:.
3632:^
3614:.
3610:.
3583:.
3579:.
3526:.
3503:.
3491:.
3460:.
3426:.
3371:.
3337:.
3304:.
3292:58
3290:.
3286:.
3265:^
3251:.
3241:.
3229:11
3227:.
3223:.
3182:66
3180:.
3176:.
3139:.
3124:^
3102:.
3078::
3076:}}
3072:{{
3022:^
3006::
3004:}}
3000:{{
2941::
2939:}}
2935:{{
2885:^
2858:.
2852:.
2836:^
2814:.
2767:^
2745:.
2726:^
2685:^
2673:.
2639:.
2629:10
2627:.
2623:.
2605:^
2544:.
2510:^
2488:.
2437::
2435:}}
2431:{{
2379:^
2361:57
2359:.
2355:.
2339:^
2317:.
2301:^
2291:.
2267:^
2253:.
2184:.
2162:.
2154:.
2146:.
2138:.
2126:.
2113:^
2081:^
2059:.
2036:.
2028:.
2018:40
2016:.
2001:^
1987:.
1977:.
1965:.
1961:.
1938:.
1930:.
1920:42
1918:.
1904:^
1835::
1833:}}
1829:{{
1772:.
1760:.
1686:.
1657:.
1653:.
1624:.
1617:.
1598:.
1594:.
1582:^
1561:^
1544:.
1516:.
1510:.
1494:^
1299:.
976:,
809:,
651:,
635:,
631:,
615:.
607:,
481:,
96:Pg
4846:â€
4844:)
4820:)
4783:)
4774:)
4765:)
4741:)
4732:)
4723:)
4697:)
4688:)
4664:)
4655:)
4646:)
4637:)
4628:)
4619:)
4610:)
4601:)
4592:)
4583:)
4574:)
4565:)
4556:)
4547:)
4538:)
4529:)
4520:)
4511:)
4502:)
4423:e
4416:t
4409:v
4331:â€
4321:â€
4304:â€
4294:â€
4264:â€
4254:â€
4244:â€
4227:â€
4217:â€
4207:â€
4139:â€
4102:â€
4087:â€
4083:?
4076:â€
3986:â€
3977:?
3970:â€
3966:?
3959:â€
3955:?
3948:â€
3938:â€
3934:?
3927:â€
3923:?
3916:â€
3912:?
3905:â€
3750:e
3743:t
3736:v
3702:.
3689::
3673:"
3669:"
3656:.
3626:.
3595:.
3564:.
3537:.
3511:.
3507::
3499::
3493:5
3476:.
3445:.
3408:.
3382:.
3356:.
3319:.
3298::
3259:.
3235::
3207:.
3188::
3158:.
3118:.
3088:)
3068:.
3016:)
2996:.
2951:)
2931:.
2879:.
2866::
2850:"
2846:"
2830:.
2799:.
2761:.
2743:"
2720:.
2679:.
2659:.
2643::
2635::
2599:.
2579:"
2563:.
2504:.
2473:.
2447:)
2427:.
2373:.
2367::
2333:.
2261:.
2226:.
2208:"
2196:.
2170:.
2142::
2134::
2107:.
2075:.
2044:.
2032::
2024::
1995:.
1973::
1946:.
1934::
1926::
1898:.
1873:.
1845:)
1825:.
1780:.
1768::
1741:.
1698:.
1672:.
1636:.
1600:1
1555:.
1530:.
1524::
1508:"
1504:"
568:(
471:(
296:(
166:)
149:)
101:N
91:K
86:J
81:T
76:P
71:C
66:D
61:S
56:O
51:ęž’
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.