3267:
762:
3257:
702:. The Republic of China calendar, while not an era name, is based on the era name system of Imperial China. Numerous attempts to reinstate monarchical rule in China had resulted in the declaration of additional era names after the founding of the Republic, but these regimes and their associated era names were short-lived.
837:
Even in the domestic arena, the era system can present difficult dilemmas. For example, in Japan, it is difficult to keep track of the age of people who were born in the previous era. Also, while the ROC and Japan both continue to use the ancient
Chinese era system, since they have partially adopted
849:
Furthermore, in Japan, in theory it is difficult to mention future dates since it is sometimes hard to tell whether the current emperor will live long enough for its citizens to use that era name. However, in practice, documents like driver's licenses and 50-year leases use era dates without regard
426:; lit. "great peace") was used on at least ten occasions in China. In such cases, Chinese sources would often affix the name of the dynasty or the ruler before the era name for the purpose of disambiguation. For example, when referencing the year 410 CE, Chinese sources could either render it as
825:
For example, even though within the nation people will know what era they are in, it is relatively meaningless for other nations. In addition, while the
Republic of China (ROC) and Japan only recognize documents dated in the Era System, their treaties with other countries are in the
514:
Era names were symbols of political orthodoxy and legitimacy. Hence, most
Chinese monarchs would proclaim a new era upon the founding of a new dynasty. Rebel leaders who sought to establish independence and legitimacy also declared their own era names. Often, vassal states and
861:
Modern history researchers do not care about era names except for supporting other arguments, such as figuring out the biases and attitudes of a particular historian; however, era names are useful for dating events that were unique in
Chinese history. Most
857:
when an essentially
European system of dating is forced upon other civilizations with their own long-used and equally legitimate dating systems. However, with globalization, the AD system is becoming more acceptable in Japan and the ROC.
822:
While the era system is a more traditional system of dating that preserves
Chinese and Japanese culture, it presents a problem for the more globalized Asian society and for everyday life.
309:, the numbering of the year would increase by one. To name a year using an era name only requires counting years from the first year of the era. For example, 609 CE was the fifth year of
367:
When a new monarch ascended to the throne, he could either declare a new era immediately or inherit the usage of the existing era name from his predecessor. For example, the era name
332:
The numbering of the year would still increase on the first day of the
Chinese calendar each year, regardless of the month in which the era name was adopted. For example, as the
236:
Chinese era names were titles adopted for the purpose of identifying and numbering years in
Imperial China. Era names originated as mottos or slogans chosen by the reigning
2852:
2499:
605:
is conventionally regarded as the first ruler to declare an era name. Prior to the introduction of the first era name in 140 BCE, Chinese monarchs utilized the
642:, it was common for Chinese sovereigns to change the era name during their reigns, resulting in the use of more than one era name for one ruler. For instance,
3117:
1753:
1429:
268:
was indicative of
Huizong's idealism towards moderating the rivalry among the conservative and progressive factions regarding political and social reforms.
994:
1084:
1062:
2644:
1200:
2057:
2935:
240:
and usually reflected the political, economic and/or social landscapes at the time. For instance, the first era name proclaimed by the
1547:
699:
392:
691:
519:
of
Imperial China would officially adopt the era name of the reigning Chinese monarch as a sign of subordination—a practice known as
205:
1748:
1344:
1147:
1121:
1094:
1034:
1004:
970:
809:
783:
516:
2594:
1384:
378:
3291:
1173:
787:
204:
in 140 BCE, and this system remained the official method of year identification and numbering until the establishment of the
144:
49:
1794:
996:
Making Sense of Global History: The 19th International Congress of the Historical Sciences, Oslo 2000, Commemorative Volume
1542:
1024:
706:
65:
834:) system. In modern times, only Republic of China and Japan still continue to use the ancient Chinese era naming system.
291:; lit. "change the origin"). Instituting a new era name would reset the numbering of the year back to year one, known as
2940:
2878:
2671:
1537:
1111:
546:
574:
2778:
2106:
1727:
1597:
853:
On the other hand, others suggest that the AD system has too much Christian connotation behind it and it is a form of
663:; lit. "one-era-name-for-a-reign system"). Thus, modern historians would frequently refer to monarchs of the Ming and
319:; lit. "great endeavour"), as the era began in 605 CE; traditional Chinese sources would therefore refer to 609 CE as
772:
494:
529:; lit. "following the first month of the year and the first day of the month"). For example, Korean regimes such as
3306:
3112:
2753:
2262:
1937:
1917:
900:
866:
have a comprehensive list of era names, while booklets of more detailed and often searchable lists can be found in
695:
558:
554:
209:
791:
776:
676:
2882:
1927:
1899:
1511:
890:
31:
960:
3301:
2815:
2358:
2299:
1994:
1193:
668:
254:; lit. "establishing the origin"), was reflective of its status as the first era name. Similarly, the era name
237:
2195:
1882:
2763:
2632:
2050:
1932:
1669:
1516:
748:
since the middle of the 7th century CE. Notably, Japan still officially retains the use of era names today.
410:
333:
265:
416:
There were numerous era names that saw repeated use throughout Chinese history. For instance, the era name
3311:
3296:
2589:
2213:
1832:
1633:
1379:
1278:
364:
began on the first day of the Chinese calendar the following year, just two months after its initiation.
3228:
3223:
2990:
1434:
683:
who adopted three era names in his capacity as emperor of the Qing dynasty and subsequently as ruler of
582:
566:
3216:
1867:
3097:
2980:
2805:
2713:
2331:
2225:
2141:
1808:
1784:
1779:
863:
854:
667:
dynasties by their respective era name. Notable exceptions to this "one-era-name" tradition included
3179:
2950:
2912:
2748:
2698:
2548:
2526:
2521:
2467:
2397:
2365:
1894:
1789:
1732:
1707:
1697:
1472:
1369:
1359:
1186:
918:
741:
726:
643:
221:
2686:
3270:
3087:
2985:
2708:
2651:
2622:
2427:
2407:
2126:
2121:
2085:
2043:
2019:
1999:
1877:
1862:
1847:
1769:
1568:
1532:
1334:
1113:
Diplomacy and Ideology in Japanese-Korean Relations: From the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Century
839:
466:
189:
1137:
271:
The process of declaring an era name was referred to in traditional Chinese historical texts as
356:; lit. "great era") in the eleventh month of the Chinese calendar in 766 CE, the first year of
3260:
3199:
3127:
3122:
2868:
2820:
2758:
2738:
2553:
2504:
2474:
2412:
2375:
2370:
2316:
2279:
2220:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2111:
1827:
1623:
1618:
1462:
1298:
1143:
1117:
1090:
1030:
1000:
966:
908:
885:
745:
602:
241:
225:
201:
2847:
2837:
2733:
2538:
2533:
2462:
2422:
2402:
2392:
2348:
2274:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2208:
2136:
2116:
2024:
1973:
1889:
1837:
1613:
1591:
1354:
880:
842:
for non-governmental use, it is more difficult to track down dates that fall on February 29
306:
302:
193:
116:
1872:
3137:
3132:
3063:
2927:
2892:
2842:
2800:
2718:
2703:
2639:
2627:
2617:
2563:
2494:
2484:
2417:
2380:
2321:
2284:
2237:
2232:
1957:
1922:
1909:
1819:
1677:
1572:
1506:
1467:
1304:
930:
913:
737:
730:
228:—also adopted the concept of era name as a result of Chinese politico-cultural influence.
217:
2917:
2691:
3102:
2960:
2825:
2810:
2768:
2743:
2681:
2676:
2599:
2584:
2558:
2511:
2489:
2479:
2385:
2353:
2338:
2306:
2289:
2257:
2131:
2090:
2080:
1857:
1655:
1643:
1587:
1582:
1576:
1501:
1424:
1349:
714:
650:
360:
thus only consisted of the last two months of that particular year; the second year of
1174:
Comparative historical timelines and era names of China, Japan and Korea (in Japanese)
3285:
2830:
2783:
2773:
2728:
2723:
2568:
2543:
2516:
2457:
2440:
2311:
2294:
2175:
2146:
1774:
1692:
1687:
1638:
1628:
1389:
1268:
827:
3167:
3142:
3017:
2945:
2435:
1852:
1650:
1364:
1339:
1324:
1290:
1250:
664:
639:
590:
586:
578:
570:
542:
441:
123:
85:
17:
3147:
3073:
3042:
3037:
2955:
2793:
2445:
1552:
1449:
1411:
1394:
1329:
1310:
1243:
1223:
935:
925:
895:
831:
761:
508:
480:
197:
72:
56:
653:
started the tradition of having only one era name for one monarch—known as the
3162:
3157:
3092:
3082:
3077:
2902:
2452:
2267:
1319:
1314:
1209:
710:
672:
562:
550:
213:
507:; lit. "Heaven-bestowed ritualistic richness, nationally celebrated") of the
3240:
3204:
3172:
3068:
3047:
3027:
2151:
2009:
1989:
1722:
1682:
1419:
1228:
843:
718:
684:
137:
281:). Proclaiming a new era name to replace an existing era name was known as
469:, even though era names with three, four and six characters also existed.
3235:
3211:
3032:
2788:
2066:
2004:
1842:
1486:
1399:
158:
2014:
1238:
1233:
867:
459:
511:
are examples of Chinese era names that bore more than two characters.
538:
534:
406:
264:; lit. "establishing a moderate and peaceful country") used by the
3022:
1439:
722:
530:
962:
Power of the words: Chen prophecy in Chinese politics, AD 265-618
3152:
1373:
1255:
680:
2039:
1182:
1273:
755:
694:
in 1912 CE, the Chinese era name system was superseded by the
675:
who used two era names to reflect his position as khan of the
593:
dynasties of China for both domestic and diplomatic purposes.
1178:
736:
The concept of era name also saw its adoption by neighboring
2035:
405:; lit. "heavenly intent") was originally proclaimed by the
208:
in 1912 CE, when the era name system was superseded by the
671:
who proclaimed two era names for his two separate reigns,
725:
in 1999 (de facto extended in 1966) through Annex III of
479:; lit. "the beginning of establishing a country") of the
163:
149:
1063:"Ancient tradition carries forward with Japan's new era"
541:
at various times formally adopted the era names of the
733:, thus eliminating the ROC calendar in these areas.
679:
and later as emperor of the Qing dynasty, as well as
128:
3192:
3056:
3010:
2999:
2969:
2926:
2861:
2664:
2610:
2577:
2160:
2099:
2073:
1982:
1966:
1950:
1908:
1818:
1807:
1762:
1754:
Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)
1741:
1715:
1706:
1668:
1606:
1561:
1525:
1494:
1485:
1448:
1410:
1289:
1264:
1216:
157:
143:
136:
122:
115:
110:
98:
84:
64:
48:
39:
646:used a total of seven era names during his reign.
395:took the throne. On the other hand, the era name
744:since the middle of the 6th century CE, and by
200:. The first monarch to adopt era names was the
2051:
1194:
1026:International Congress of Historical Sciences
658:
630:
620:
610:
524:
502:
488:
474:
449:
431:
421:
400:
386:
372:
351:
341:
324:
314:
296:
286:
276:
259:
249:
70:
54:
8:
1018:
1016:
713:, for both internal and external affairs in
493:; lit. "Heaven-conferred longevity") of the
790:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
709:was founded and the era was changed to the
27:Name given to a year in East Asian cultures
3256:
3007:
2168:
2058:
2044:
2036:
1815:
1712:
1491:
1286:
1201:
1187:
1179:
107:
1023:Jølstad, Anders; Lunde, Marianne (2000).
810:Learn how and when to remove this message
700:Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu Islands
1749:Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA)
988:
986:
984:
982:
954:
952:
635:) systems to identify and number years.
465:Most Chinese era names consisted of two
391:; lit. "establishing justice") when the
1057:
1055:
1053:
948:
752:Era system versus Western dating system
36:
7:
1029:. Vol. 19. University of Oslo.
788:adding citations to reliable sources
446:Běi Yān Wéngchéng Dì Tàipíng èr nián
409:but its usage was continued by the
1548:Adoption of the Gregorian calendar
905:Derivative systems in Sinosphere:
393:Emperor Xiaozhuang of Northern Wei
25:
698:which remains in official use in
377:; lit. "exalted martial") of the
301:; lit. "year of origin"). On the
198:year identification and numbering
3266:
3265:
3255:
760:
717:. This notation was extended to
460:Emperor Wencheng of Northern Yan
379:Emperor Xiaoming of Northern Wei
3118:English and British regnal year
1430:English and British regnal year
346:; lit. "perpetual peace") with
164:
150:
690:With the establishment of the
659:
631:
621:
611:
525:
503:
489:
475:
450:
432:
422:
401:
387:
381:was immediately replaced with
373:
352:
342:
325:
315:
297:
287:
277:
260:
250:
188:, were titles used by various
129:
71:
55:
1:
1543:Old Style and New Style dates
1110:Kang, Etsuko Hae-Jin (2016).
1495:Pre-Julian / Julian
1142:. Vol. 6. 商务印书馆. 2005.
1728:Geological history of Earth
1598:Astronomical year numbering
3328:
901:Republic of China calendar
707:People's Republic of China
696:Republic of China calendar
413:upon assuming the throne.
210:Republic of China calendar
29:
3251:
2171:
1900:Thermoluminescence dating
1795:Samarium–neodymium dating
891:List of Chinese era names
846:in the Western calendar.
175:
106:
94:
80:
44:
32:List of Chinese era names
1614:Chinese sexagenary cycle
999:. Universitetsforlaget.
212:. Other polities in the
50:Traditional Chinese
2186:Assamese (Bhāshkarābda)
1828:Amino acid racemisation
454:; lit. "second year of
436:; lit. "second year of
428:Běi Yān Tàipíng èr nián
411:Emperor Taizong of Liao
334:Emperor Daizong of Tang
266:Emperor Huizong of Song
66:Simplified Chinese
3217:Dungeons & Dragons
2623:Ethiopian and Eritrean
1833:Archaeomagnetic dating
1345:Era of Caesar (Iberia)
993:Sogner, Sølvi (2001).
673:Aisin Gioro Hong Taiji
336:replaced the era name
3292:Chinese imperial eras
3229:The Lord of the Rings
2936:Hanke–Henry Permanent
1733:Geological time units
1083:Yang, Haitao (2017).
407:Emperor Taizu of Liao
1785:Law of superposition
1780:Isotope geochemistry
864:Chinese dictionaries
855:cultural imperialism
784:improve this section
499:Tiancilishengguoqing
2941:International Fixed
2879:Proleptic Gregorian
2500:Slavic Native Faith
1918:Fluorine absorption
1895:Luminescence dating
1790:Luminescence dating
1698:Milankovitch cycles
1538:Proleptic Gregorian
1370:Hindu units of time
1089:. Beijing Book Co.
959:Lü, Zongli (2003).
919:Vietnamese era name
727:Hong Kong Basic Law
644:Emperor Xuan of Han
196:for the purpose of
2611:Christian variants
2020:Terminus post quem
2000:Synchronoptic view
1967:Linguistic methods
1928:Obsidian hydration
1863:Radiometric dating
1848:Incremental dating
1770:Chronostratigraphy
840:Gregorian calendar
655:yí shì yì yuán zhì
467:Chinese characters
3307:Chinese calendars
3279:
3278:
3261:List of calendars
3188:
3187:
2887:historiographical
2754:French Republican
2660:
2659:
2418:Manipuri (Meitei)
2033:
2032:
1946:
1945:
1803:
1802:
1664:
1663:
1619:Geologic Calendar
1481:
1480:
909:Japanese era name
886:Chinese sovereign
850:to this problem.
820:
819:
812:
692:Republic of China
603:Emperor Wu of Han
242:Emperor Wu of Han
206:Republic of China
202:Emperor Wu of Han
190:Chinese dynasties
182:Chinese era names
179:
178:
171:
170:
145:Yale Romanization
117:Standard Mandarin
18:Chinese era names
16:(Redirected from
3319:
3269:
3268:
3259:
3258:
3123:Human (Holocene)
3108:Chinese Imperial
3008:
2928:Reform proposals
2883:Proleptic Julian
2645:Eastern Orthodox
2275:Germanic heathen
2253:Earthly Branches
2169:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2037:
2025:ASPRO chronology
1974:Glottochronology
1890:Tephrochronology
1838:Dendrochronology
1816:
1713:
1512:Proleptic Julian
1502:Pre-Julian Roman
1492:
1287:
1203:
1196:
1189:
1180:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1059:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1020:
1011:
1010:
990:
977:
976:
956:
881:Chinese calendar
815:
808:
804:
801:
795:
764:
756:
681:Aisin Gioro Puyi
662:
661:
634:
633:
624:
623:
614:
613:
528:
527:
517:tributary states
506:
505:
492:
491:
478:
477:
453:
452:
435:
434:
425:
424:
404:
403:
390:
389:
376:
375:
355:
354:
345:
344:
328:
327:
318:
317:
307:Chinese calendar
300:
299:
290:
289:
280:
279:
263:
262:
256:Jianzhongjingguo
253:
252:
184:, also known as
167:
166:
153:
152:
132:
131:
108:
76:
75:
60:
59:
40:Chinese era name
37:
30:For a list, see
21:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3302:Historical eras
3282:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3247:
3184:
3138:Nirayana system
3064:Ab urbe condita
3052:
3004:
3002:
2995:
2974:
2972:
2965:
2922:
2873:anthropological
2857:
2656:
2640:Liturgical year
2606:
2573:
2165:
2163:
2156:
2095:
2069:
2064:
2034:
2029:
1978:
1962:
1958:Molecular clock
1951:Genetic methods
1942:
1923:Nitrogen dating
1910:Relative dating
1904:
1873:Potassium–argon
1820:Absolute dating
1810:
1799:
1758:
1737:
1702:
1678:Cosmic Calendar
1670:Astronomic time
1660:
1602:
1557:
1521:
1507:Original Julian
1477:
1444:
1406:
1305:Ab urbe condita
1283:
1260:
1212:
1207:
1170:
1165:
1164:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1124:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1097:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1051:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1022:
1021:
1014:
1007:
992:
991:
980:
973:
958:
957:
950:
945:
940:
931:Posthumous name
914:Korean era name
876:
816:
805:
799:
796:
781:
765:
754:
731:Macau Basic Law
599:
521:fèng zhēng shuò
234:
192:and regimes in
99:Literal meaning
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3325:
3323:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3284:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3263:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3233:
3221:
3209:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3113:Chinese Minguo
3110:
3105:
3103:Before Present
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3071:
3066:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3014:
3012:
3005:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2977:
2975:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2932:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2679:
2674:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2625:
2620:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2600:Calendar round
2597:
2587:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2514:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2258:Heavenly Stems
2255:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2040:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1995:New Chronology
1992:
1986:
1984:
1983:Related topics
1980:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1914:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1860:
1858:Paleomagnetism
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1824:
1822:
1813:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1719:
1717:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1674:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1656:New Earth Time
1653:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1585:
1580:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1517:Revised Julian
1514:
1509:
1504:
1498:
1496:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1454:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1435:Lists of kings
1432:
1427:
1425:Canon of Kings
1422:
1416:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1377:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1350:Before present
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1308:
1301:
1295:
1293:
1284:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1198:
1191:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1169:
1168:External links
1166:
1163:
1162:
1148:
1129:
1122:
1102:
1095:
1075:
1049:
1035:
1012:
1005:
978:
971:
965:. Peter Lang.
947:
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944:
941:
939:
938:
933:
928:
923:
922:
921:
916:
911:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
877:
875:
872:
818:
817:
768:
766:
759:
753:
750:
715:mainland China
651:Hongwu Emperor
598:
595:
233:
230:
194:Imperial China
177:
176:
173:
172:
169:
168:
161:
155:
154:
147:
141:
140:
138:Yue: Cantonese
134:
133:
126:
120:
119:
113:
112:
111:Transcriptions
104:
103:
100:
96:
95:
92:
91:
88:
82:
81:
78:
77:
68:
62:
61:
52:
46:
45:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3324:
3313:
3312:Chinese names
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3297:Calendar eras
3295:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3272:
3264:
3262:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3225:
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3218:
3213:
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3156:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3088:Anno Martyrum
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3003:and numbering
2998:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2968:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2919:
2918:'Pataphysical
2916:
2914:
2911:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2687:Tōnalpōhualli
2685:
2684:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2441:Vikram Samvat
2439:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
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2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2384:
2383:
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2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
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2355:
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2350:
2347:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2295:Vikram Samvat
2293:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2056:
2054:
2049:
2047:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:Chronological
1806:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1775:Geochronology
1773:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1708:Geologic time
1705:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1693:Metonic cycle
1691:
1689:
1688:Galactic year
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1645:
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1636:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1629:ISO week date
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1611:
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1605:
1599:
1596:
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1524:
1518:
1515:
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1510:
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1503:
1500:
1499:
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1490:
1488:
1484:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
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1455:
1453:
1451:
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1438:
1436:
1433:
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1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1401:
1398:
1396:
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1386:
1383:
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1375:
1371:
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1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
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1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1335:Byzantine era
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1291:Calendar eras
1288:
1285:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1151:
1149:9787100051965
1145:
1141:
1140:
1133:
1130:
1125:
1123:9780230376939
1119:
1115:
1114:
1106:
1103:
1098:
1096:9787541598883
1092:
1088:
1087:
1079:
1076:
1064:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1038:
1036:9788299561419
1032:
1028:
1027:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1006:9788215001067
1002:
998:
997:
989:
987:
985:
983:
979:
974:
972:9783906769561
968:
964:
963:
955:
953:
949:
942:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
906:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
878:
873:
871:
869:
865:
859:
856:
851:
847:
845:
841:
835:
833:
829:
828:Dionysian Era
823:
814:
811:
803:
793:
789:
785:
779:
778:
774:
769:This section
767:
763:
758:
757:
751:
749:
747:
743:
739:
734:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
705:In 1949, the
703:
701:
697:
693:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
656:
652:
647:
645:
641:
638:Prior to the
636:
628:
618:
608:
604:
596:
594:
592:
588:
584:
583:Northern Yuan
580:
576:
572:
568:
567:Northern Song
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
522:
518:
512:
510:
500:
496:
486:
482:
472:
468:
463:
461:
457:
447:
443:
439:
429:
419:
414:
412:
408:
398:
394:
384:
380:
370:
365:
363:
359:
349:
339:
335:
330:
322:
312:
308:
304:
294:
284:
274:
269:
267:
257:
247:
243:
239:
231:
229:
227:
223:
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215:
211:
207:
203:
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156:
148:
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139:
135:
127:
125:
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118:
114:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
87:
83:
79:
74:
69:
67:
63:
58:
53:
51:
47:
43:
38:
33:
19:
3239:
3227:
3224:Middle-earth
3215:
3203:
3107:
2973:applications
2971:Displays and
2881: /
2862:By specialty
2831:
2692:Xiuhpōhualli
2590:Mesoamerican
2436:Nepal Sambat
2107:Astronomical
1938:Stratigraphy
1883:Uranium–lead
1853:Lichenometry
1651:Winter count
1634:Mesoamerican
1562:Astronomical
1457:
1380:Mesoamerican
1365:Sothic cycle
1340:Seleucid era
1325:Bosporan era
1313: /
1303:
1251:Paleontology
1153:. Retrieved
1138:
1132:
1116:. Springer.
1112:
1105:
1085:
1078:
1066:. Retrieved
1040:. Retrieved
1025:
995:
961:
860:
852:
848:
836:
824:
821:
806:
797:
782:Please help
770:
735:
721:in 1997 and
704:
689:
654:
648:
640:Ming dynasty
637:
626:
616:
606:
600:
520:
513:
498:
485:Tiancewansui
484:
470:
464:
455:
445:
442:Northern Yan
437:
427:
417:
415:
396:
382:
368:
366:
361:
357:
347:
337:
331:
321:Dàyè wǔ nián
320:
310:
292:
282:
272:
270:
255:
245:
235:
186:reign mottos
185:
181:
180:
124:Hanyu Pinyin
86:Hanyu Pinyin
3074:Anno Domini
3043:Regnal year
3038:Regnal name
3011:Terminology
3001:Year naming
2956:Symmetry454
2806:Pentecontad
2729:Culāsakaraj
2714:Cappadocian
2446:Yele Sambat
2332:Zoroastrian
2226:Bangladeshi
2164:limited use
2142:Solar Hijri
2137:Lunar Hijri
2100:In wide use
1878:Radiocarbon
1553:Dual dating
1412:Regnal year
1390:Short Count
1330:Bostran era
1311:Anno Domini
1244:Big History
1224:Archaeology
1155:29 December
1068:29 December
1042:29 December
936:Regnal name
926:Temple name
896:Regnal year
547:Later Liang
545:, Wu Zhou,
509:Western Xia
481:Xin dynasty
232:Description
3286:Categories
3180:Vietnamese
3093:Anno Mundi
3083:Anno Lucis
3078:Common Era
2981:Electronic
2951:Positivist
2913:Discordian
2903:Dreamspell
2838:Sexagenary
2779:Macedonian
2749:Florentine
2699:Babylonian
2665:Historical
2595:Long Count
2549:Vietnamese
2505:Macedonian
2468:Nanakshahi
2398:Lithuanian
2268:Solar term
1473:Vietnamese
1385:Long Count
1320:Anno Mundi
1315:Common Era
1217:Key topics
1210:Chronology
943:References
711:Common Era
669:Zhu Qizhen
563:Later Zhou
551:Later Tang
471:Shijianguo
214:Sinosphere
3241:Star Trek
3205:Discworld
3200:Discworld
3193:Fictional
3069:Anka year
3048:Year zero
3028:Leap year
2986:Perpetual
2709:Byzantine
2428:Mongolian
2408:Malayalam
2152:Unix time
2127:Gregorian
2122:Ethiopian
2086:Lunisolar
2067:Calendars
2010:Year zero
1990:Chronicle
1933:Seriation
1868:Lead–lead
1742:Standards
1723:Deep time
1683:Ephemeris
1569:Lunisolar
1533:Gregorian
1526:Gregorian
1487:Calendars
1450:Era names
1420:Anka year
1299:Human Era
1229:Astronomy
868:libraries
844:leap year
800:July 2017
771:does not
719:Hong Kong
685:Manchukuo
677:Later Jin
617:Zhongyuan
559:Later Han
555:Later Jin
451:北燕文成帝太平二年
303:first day
293:yuán nián
165:nin4 hou6
151:nìhn houh
102:year name
3271:Category
3236:Stardate
3212:Greyhawk
3143:Seleucid
3128:Japanese
3098:Assyrian
3033:New Year
2869:Holocene
2821:Rapa Nui
2794:Tzolkʼin
2759:Germanic
2739:Egyptian
2475:Romanian
2453:Nisg̱a'a
2413:Mandaean
2403:Maithili
2376:Javanese
2371:Japanese
2326:medieval
2280:Georgian
2191:Assyrian
2181:Armenian
2112:Buddhist
2005:Timeline
1843:Ice core
1716:Concepts
1463:Japanese
1395:Tzolk'in
1360:Egyptian
874:See also
607:Qianyuan
397:Tianxian
273:jiànyuán
246:Jianyuan
159:Jyutping
3168:Dvapara
3148:Spanish
3057:Systems
2907:New Age
2897:Martian
2853:Turkmen
2848:Swedish
2734:Coligny
2672:Arabian
2633:Revised
2539:Tripuri
2534:Tibetan
2490:Sesotho
2463:Punjabi
2423:Melanau
2393:Kurdish
2359:Tabular
2349:Islamic
2317:Iranian
2248:Chinese
2243:Burmese
2221:Bengali
2209:Pawukon
2162:In more
2117:Chinese
2074:Systems
2015:Floruit
1763:Methods
1624:Iranian
1592:Islamic
1458:Chinese
1269:Periods
1239:History
1234:Geology
792:removed
777:sources
742:Vietnam
627:Houyuan
597:History
495:Wu Zhou
458:of the
456:Taiping
440:of the
438:Taiping
418:Taiping
338:Yongtai
305:of the
283:gǎiyuán
238:monarch
222:Vietnam
130:niánhào
90:niánhào
3133:Korean
2893:Darian
2843:Soviet
2816:Qumran
2801:Muisca
2719:Celtic
2704:Bulgar
2652:Saints
2628:Julian
2618:Coptic
2564:Yoruba
2495:Slavic
2485:Somali
2432:Nepal
2381:Korean
2343:Gaelic
2322:Jalali
2285:Hebrew
2263:Minguo
2238:Borana
2233:Berber
2196:Baháʼí
1811:dating
1607:Others
1573:Hebrew
1468:Korean
1279:Epochs
1146:
1120:
1093:
1033:
1003:
969:
625:) and
589:, and
539:Joseon
537:, and
535:Goryeo
504:天賜禮盛國慶
497:, and
444:") or
433:北燕太平二年
383:Jianyi
3163:Treta
3158:Satya
3153:Yugas
3023:Epoch
2961:World
2826:Roman
2811:Pisan
2789:Haabʼ
2769:Hindu
2764:Greek
2744:Enoch
2682:Aztec
2677:Attic
2585:Runic
2578:Types
2559:Xhosa
2554:Wicca
2527:solar
2522:lunar
2512:Tamil
2480:Shona
2386:Juche
2354:Fasli
2339:Irish
2307:Hmong
2290:Hindu
2205:Bali
2200:Badí‘
2132:Hindu
2091:Solar
2081:Lunar
1644:Aztec
1588:Lunar
1583:Solar
1577:Hindu
1440:Limmu
1400:Haab'
1355:Hijri
746:Japan
738:Korea
723:Macau
660:一世一元制
531:Silla
369:Wutai
226:Japan
218:Korea
3173:Kali
2991:Wall
2832:Rumi
2784:Maya
2774:Inca
2724:Cham
2569:Zulu
2544:Tulu
2517:Thai
2458:Odia
2366:Jain
2312:Igbo
2300:Saka
2214:Saka
2176:Akan
1639:Maya
1374:Yuga
1274:Eras
1256:Time
1157:2019
1144:ISBN
1139:中國學術
1118:ISBN
1091:ISBN
1086:郑和与海
1070:2019
1044:2019
1031:ISBN
1001:ISBN
967:ISBN
838:the
775:any
773:cite
740:and
729:and
665:Qing
649:The
601:The
591:Qing
587:Ming
579:Yuan
571:Liao
543:Tang
490:天冊萬歲
362:Dali
358:Dali
348:Dali
326:大業五年
311:Daye
261:建中靖國
224:and
3018:Era
2946:Pax
2147:ISO
786:by
615:),
575:Jin
526:奉正朔
476:始建國
462:).
329:).
3288::
1575:,
1052:^
1015:^
981:^
951:^
870:.
832:AD
687:.
632:後元
622:中元
612:前元
585:,
581:,
577:,
573:,
569:,
565:,
561:,
557:,
553:,
549:,
533:,
483:,
423:太平
402:天顯
388:建義
374:武泰
353:大曆
343:永泰
316:大業
298:元年
288:改元
278:建元
251:建元
244:,
220:,
73:年号
57:年號
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