432:
387:
pure
Chinese because their fathers were Chinese. A large amount of mingling took place between Chinese and European, Chinese men married Portuguese, Spanish, Hawaiian, Caucasian-Hawaiian, etc. Only one Chinese man was recorded marrying an American woman. Chinese men in Hawaii also married Puerto Rican, Portuguese, Japanese, Greek, and half-white women. There was a communal ban on intermarriages between the two groups for the first generation of migrants. In the middle of the 19th century, Hakka immigrants in America were excluded from membership in the Chinese organizations.
580:
608:
299:
622:
594:
35:
386:
women. Portuguese and other
European women married Chinese men. These unions between Cantonese men and Portuguese women resulted in children of mixed Cantonese-Portuguese parentage, called Cantonese-Portuguese. For two years to June 30, 1933, 38 of these children were born, they were classified as
370:
Cantonese people carried over. In the first half of the 1800s, around 30 percent of
Chinese in Hawaii were of Hakka, while only about 3 percent in the West Coast were Hakka. The largest surge of immigration in that century occurred after an 1876 treaty between the US and
422:
Christianity. Still, about 100 Buddhist and ancestral temples remain. The minority who adhere to traditional
Chinese religions pay pilgrimage to their ancestors annually. However, no accurate statistics of adherents within the Chinese community in Hawaiʻi are available.
2629:
1720:
1179:
2484:
1727:
328:
Hills" in
Cantonese. Between 1852 and 1899, around 46,000 Chinese immigrated to Hawaii. In 1900, the Chinese population in Hawaii was 25,767. More of these migrants were from
2662:
2532:
431:
351:, they concentrated on getting education for their children. When their contracts expired, many decided to remain in Hawaii and opened businesses in areas such as
3902:
52:
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1944:
1865:
1783:
1751:
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2527:
1848:
1746:
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3629:
2888:
2157:
1790:
1639:
892:
925:
3932:
3917:
2547:
1815:
1797:
267:
Historical records indicated that the earliest presence of
Chinese in Hawaii dates back to the late 18th century: a few sailors in 1778 with Captain
3150:
2288:
1758:
958:
3026:
2499:
2328:
1900:
1833:
1825:
1769:
3725:
3258:
3221:
2400:
414:
Today, due to the work of
Christian missionaries in the late 19th century and the 20th century, many of the Chinese in Hawaii are adherents of
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2655:
2507:
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1566:
1526:
1471:
1426:
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968:
935:
902:
842:
355:. By 1950 most Chinese American men in Hawaii were educated and held good jobs. Today 95% of Chinese Americans in Hawaii live in Honolulu.
991:
99:
3927:
3780:
3180:
2258:
2076:
2062:
340:. An American missionary observing Maui in 1856 found that the primarily Cantonese shopkeepers and Fukienese laborers communicated in the
71:
1039:
832:
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1015:
3852:
3448:
3170:
2702:
2512:
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1810:
655:
645:
78:
3907:
3714:
2562:
815:
786:
118:
2809:
2648:
2557:
2310:
1987:
1545:
1126:
2208:
2019:
1804:
85:
3516:
2881:
2552:
2315:
1632:
396:
315:
56:
3234:
2819:
2537:
2479:
2195:
1980:
67:
3583:
3428:
3369:
3364:
3276:
3072:
3067:
3057:
2949:
2748:
2458:
2231:
1707:
650:
3099:
3922:
3731:
3598:
2723:
2352:
1776:
348:
2753:
864:
Margaret M. Schwertfeger (1982). "Interethnic
Marriage and Divorce in Hawaii A Panel Study of 1968 First Marriages".
490:
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to China from 1792 to around 1843. As a result, Chinese people dubbed the
Hawaiian Islands "Tan Heung Shan" (
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1998:
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92:
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2608:
2421:
2246:
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2178:
2151:
2004:
560:
2850:
3825:
2814:
2799:
2707:
2268:
2133:
1973:
1949:
1875:
1667:
550:
2789:
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2738:
2784:
1167:
Intermarriages also took place between
Chinese men and Porto Rican, Portuguese, Japanese, Greek women.
247:(including the Chinese-Hawaiians) are included, they form about 1/3 of Hawaii's entire population. As
3511:
3083:
2804:
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2489:
2408:
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2224:
2214:
2140:
2045:
1960:
627:
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3211:
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2090:
1955:
1697:
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1156:
635:
450:
352:
1038:
American Association of Physical Anthropologists, Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology (1920).
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1966:
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298:
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898:
838:
811:
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475:
383:
372:
341:
252:
179:
163:
1201:
Mixed Blood: Intermarriage and Ethnic Identity in Twentieth-century America, Paul R. Spickard
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292:
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240:
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211:
159:
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1590:
1292:. Honolulu: Published for the Hawaii Chinese History Center by University of Hawaii Press.
3832:
3719:
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1870:
1687:
1682:
1553:. Hawaii Series No. 4. Honolulu: Social Science Research Institute, University of Hawaii.
525:
445:
320:
207:
3560:
1596:
1317:"Chinese Merchant-Adventurers and Sugar Masters in Hawaii: 1802â1852: General Background"
1150:
1096:
378:
The majority of marriages between Chinese men and European women in Hawaii were between
3565:
3555:
3145:
2603:
2567:
2429:
2040:
1937:
1672:
419:
363:
276:
167:
411:. Some even blended aspects of native Hawaiian beliefs into their own belief systems.
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804:
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613:
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485:
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248:
183:
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1895:
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535:
408:
307:
256:
191:
1463:
Chinese Migrant Networks and Cultural Change: Peru, Chicago, and Hawaii 1900â1936
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1233:
17:
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565:
530:
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460:
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333:
272:
236:
34:
1020:. U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education. p. 27
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2184:
1607:
1536:
1490:
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440:
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325:
311:
268:
1481:
1383:
Merchant Prince of the Sandalwood Mountains: Afong and the Chinese in Hawaiʻi
1307:
1235:
The Sandalwood Mountains: Readings and Stories of the Early Chinese in Hawaii
2413:
1890:
1880:
1372:
1343:
555:
540:
470:
379:
337:
232:
228:
155:
1444:
1275:
1253:
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1617:
1576:
1405:. Honolulu: Hawaii Chinese History Center and University Press of Hawaii.
877:
3533:
520:
480:
400:
187:
223:
constitute about 4.7% of the state's population, most of whom (75%) are
3504:
3487:
2165:
1558:
1436:
1418:
515:
2672:
1335:
510:
404:
359:
329:
244:
195:
1410:
675:
Race Reporting for the Asian Population by Selected Categories: 2010
2866:
1289:
Chinese Historic Sites and Pioneer Families of the Island of Hawaii
2769:
1491:"The Chinese in Hawai'i: A Historical and Demographic Perspective"
773:
McDermott, John F.; Tseng, Wen-Shing; Maretzki, Thomas W. (1980).
430:
367:
297:
284:
2630:
List of U.S. cities with significant Chinese-American populations
1612:
280:
2870:
2644:
1621:
1602:
1519:
Strangers from a Different Shore: A History of Asian Americans
366:, were Hakka, and much of the animosity between the Hakka and
28:
1721:
U.S. immigration policy toward the People's Republic of China
696:
694:
1354:
Chinese Historic Sites and Pioneer Families of Rural Oahu
399:
in Hawaii, the early Chinese settlers were adherents of
777:
People and Cultures of Hawaii: A Psychocultural Profile
1599:(2008â2009, 86 society descriptions, full text online)
358:
A significant minority of early Chinese immigrants to
1728:
One Hundred Years: History of the Chinese in America
1267:
Chinese Historic Sites and Pioneer Families of Kauai
302:
Chinese immigrant family living in Honolulu in 1893.
3813:
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3642:
3607:
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3404:
3378:
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3350:
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2942:
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2679:
2617:
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2498:
2451:
2382:
2018:
1914:
1858:
1847:
1736:
1706:
1655:
1403:
Sojourners and Settlers: Chinese Migrants in Hawaii
1041:
American journal of physical anthropology, Volume 3
201:
173:
149:
139:
59:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
803:
774:
2533:Chinese Historical Society of Southern California
891:David Anthony Chiriboga, Linda S. Catron (1991).
1547:The Chinese in Hawaii: An Annotated Bibliography
243:descent. If all people with Chinese ancestry in
1489:Nordyke, Eleanor C.; Lee, Richard K.C. (1989).
1330:. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society: 3â10.
235:. This number does not include people of mixed
2882:
2656:
1945:Attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers, 1885
1633:
1593:(1929 directory, 2 volumes, full text online)
1213:THE HAKKA ODYSSEY & THEIR TAIWAN HOMELAND
8:
1065:Intermarriage in the United States, Volume 5
927:Intermarriage in the United States, Volume 5
134:
2528:Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association
1357:. Honolulu: Hawaii Chinese History Center.
1270:. Honolulu: Hawaii Chinese History Center.
1155:. Outlook Publishing Company, Inc. p.
1014:United States. Office of Education (1920).
427:List of notable Chinese people from Hawaiʻi
3646:
3354:
3128:
2908:
2889:
2875:
2867:
2663:
2649:
2641:
2028:
2024:
1855:
1733:
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1626:
1618:
1521:(2nd ed.). New York: Back Bay Books.
1131:. American Genetic Association. p. 42
990:United States Bureau of Education (1921).
700:
685:
133:
3466:Peranakan / Baba Nyonya / Straits Chinese
119:Learn how and when to remove this message
1466:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1386:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
1238:. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii.
1101:. American Genetic Association. p.
1062:Gary A. Cretser, Joseph J. Leon (1982).
924:Gary A. Cretser, Joseph J. Leon (1982).
275:, and some in 1789 with American trader
3877:of France in the western Indian Ocean.
1901:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965
666:
2548:Chinese Staff and Workers' Association
894:Divorce: crisis, challenge, or relief?
748:
712:
435:Hapa-pake (Chinese-Hawaiian) boy, 1909
295:reported seeing one Chinese resident.
3903:Chinese diaspora in the United States
2508:List of Chinese American associations
2475:Chinese Historical Society of America
1125:American Genetic Association (1919).
1095:American Genetic Association (1919).
963:. Kessinger Publishing. p. 396.
837:. Kessinger Publishing. p. 396.
760:
736:
724:
7:
1351:Char, Wai J.; Char, Tin-Uke (1988).
375:led to an increased need for labor.
57:adding citations to reliable sources
347:Although many came as laborers for
3913:Chinese-American culture in Hawaii
2513:Chinese American Citizens Alliance
1098:The Journal of heredity, Volume 10
806:Ethnic Genealogy: A Research Guide
656:Chinese immigration to Puerto Rico
646:Puerto Rican immigration to Hawaii
25:
2563:Organization of Chinese Americans
1608:List of Chinese-Hawaiian surnames
3933:Hawaii people of Chinese descent
3918:History of immigration to Hawaii
1988:Pacific Coast race riots of 1907
930:. Psychology Press. p. 58.
620:
606:
592:
578:
255:. A minority of this group have
33:
1498:The Hawaiian Journal of History
1324:The Hawaiian Journal of History
1184:. Outlook Co. 1905. p. 988
872:. Kessinger Publishing: 49â59.
68:"Chinese immigration to Hawaii"
44:needs additional citations for
2553:Chinese for Affirmative Action
2480:Kam Wah Chung & Co. Museum
1603:First Chinese Church of Hawaii
960:Interracial Marriage in Hawaii
834:Interracial Marriage in Hawaii
319:
271:'s journey, more in 1788 with
251:citizens, they are a group of
1:
2538:Chinese Society Halls on Maui
1981:United States v. Wong Kim Ark
1149:Alfred Emanuel Smith (1905).
802:Carney Smith, Jessie (1983).
3022:Democratic Republic of Congo
2459:Museum of Chinese in America
866:Marriage & Family Review
651:Korean immigration to Hawaii
3928:Chinese diaspora in Oceania
1597:Chinese Societies in Hawaii
1401:Glick, Clarence E. (1980).
673:U.S. Census Bureau: QT-P8:
349:sugar plantations in Hawaii
3949:
2470:Chinese American Museum DC
1932:San Francisco riot of 1877
1544:Young, Nancy Foon (1973).
1068:. Routledge. p. 111.
897:. NYU Press. p. 254.
3871:
2625:List of Chinese Americans
2594:United International Bank
2031:
2027:
1922:1867 Chinese Labor Strike
1286:; Char, Wai Jane (1983).
1113:chinese marry portuguese.
1044:. A. R. Liss. p. 492
206:
178:
154:
144:
3908:Chinese-American history
2523:Chinese Community Centre
2393:American Chinese cuisine
2269:Providence, Rhode Island
1927:Chinese massacre of 1871
1866:Anti-Chinese legislation
1716:Chinese American history
1517:Takaki, Ronald (1998) .
996:. U.S. G.P.O. p. 27
491:Gordon Pai'ea Chung-Hoon
395:Prior to the arrival of
362:, and even fewer to the
2518:Chinese American church
2464:Chinese American Museum
2301:San Francisco Chinatown
1999:Killing of Vincent Chin
1886:Immigration Act of 1924
1649:Chinese American topics
1315:Char, Wai-Jane (1974).
2401:American Chinese films
2179:Montville, Connecticut
2005:Killing of Akai Gurley
1460:McKeown, Adam (2001).
1181:The Outlook, Volume 81
1152:New Outlook, Volume 81
993:Bulletin, Issues 13-18
957:Romanzo Adams (2005).
831:Romanzo Adams (2005).
701:Nordyke & Lee 1989
686:Nordyke & Lee 1989
561:Hinaleimoana Wong-Kalu
436:
397:Christian missionaries
303:
1974:Hells Canyon Massacre
1950:Rock Springs massacre
1876:Chinese Exclusion Act
1668:American-born Chinese
1613:Miss Chinatown Hawaii
878:10.1300/J002v05n01_05
551:William S. Richardson
434:
324:), roughly "Fragrant
301:
202:Related ethnic groups
3630:United Arab Emirates
3522:Straits-Born Chinese
2599:Global Commerce Bank
2573:Hip Sing Association
1961:Seattle riot of 1886
628:United States portal
227:with ancestors from
53:improve this article
3875:overseas department
3181:Trinidad and Tobago
2543:Ying On Association
2443:Chinatown bus lines
2435:Confucius Institute
2359:Rockville, Maryland
2347:Spokane, Washington
1956:Tacoma riot of 1885
1698:Hyphenated American
1693:Hong Kong Americans
688:, pp. 196â197.
636:Filipinos in Hawaii
451:Joseph Apukai Akina
306:Encouraged by King
136:
3923:Chinese emigration
3883:Hong Kong Diaspora
3151:Dominican Republic
2775:White and European
2366:Winnemucca, Nevada
2158:San Gabriel Valley
2077:West Argyle Street
1967:Yick Wo v. Hopkins
1832:Washington State (
1128:J hered, Volume 10
1017:Bulletin, Issue 16
641:Japanese in Hawaii
437:
310:, Hawaii exported
304:
3890:
3889:
3829:
3809:
3808:
3728:
3638:
3637:
3517:Chinese nationals
3444:Peranakan Chinese
3346:
3345:
3259:by city and state
3255:
3248:
3214:
3207:
3120:
3119:
3027:Republic of Congo
2864:
2863:
2671:Ethnic groups in
2638:
2637:
2409:Chinaman's chance
2378:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2311:Richmond District
2295:San Francisco Bay
2172:North Miami Beach
2146:Locke, California
2099:Dallas-Fort Worth
2014:
2013:
1843:
1842:
1821:Dallas-Fort Worth
1791:Mississippi Delta
1663:Chinese Americans
1591:Chinese of Hawaii
1568:978-0-8248-0265-3
1528:978-0-316-83130-7
1473:978-0-226-56024-3
1428:978-0-8248-0707-8
1393:978-0-8248-1772-5
1380:Dye, Bob (1997).
1364:978-0-8248-1113-6
1299:978-0-8248-0863-1
1245:978-0-8248-0305-6
1075:978-0-917724-60-2
970:978-1-4179-9268-3
937:978-0-917724-60-2
904:978-0-8147-1450-8
844:978-1-4179-9268-3
476:William K.S. Chow
373:Kingdom of Hawaii
342:Hawaiian language
291:in 1794, Captain
253:Chinese Americans
221:Chinese in Hawaii
217:
216:
180:Roman Catholicism
129:
128:
121:
103:
18:Chinese in Hawaii
16:(Redirected from
3940:
3853:Papua New Guinea
3823:
3724:
3647:
3355:
3251:
3244:
3218:British Columbia
3210:
3203:
3129:
2909:
2898:Overseas Chinese
2891:
2884:
2877:
2868:
2665:
2658:
2651:
2642:
2558:Committee of 100
2485:Wing Luke Museum
2353:Washington, D.C.
2264:Portland, Oregon
2029:
2025:
1993:Bellingham riots
1906:China Initiative
1856:
1734:
1678:Fuzhou Americans
1642:
1635:
1628:
1619:
1580:
1552:
1540:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1495:
1485:
1456:
1397:
1376:
1347:
1321:
1311:
1279:
1257:
1217:
1216:
1208:
1202:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1163:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1082:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1011:
1005:
1004:
1002:
1001:
987:
981:
980:
978:
977:
954:
948:
947:
945:
944:
921:
915:
914:
912:
911:
888:
882:
881:
861:
855:
854:
852:
851:
828:
822:
821:
809:
799:
793:
792:
780:
770:
764:
758:
752:
746:
740:
734:
728:
722:
716:
710:
704:
698:
689:
683:
677:
671:
630:
625:
624:
623:
616:
611:
610:
609:
602:
597:
596:
595:
588:
583:
582:
581:
323:
293:George Vancouver
289:Sandwich Islands
225:Cantonese people
212:Cantonese people
140:Total population
137:
124:
117:
113:
110:
104:
102:
61:
37:
29:
21:
3948:
3947:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3886:
3885:
3867:
3805:
3764:
3738:
3671:
3634:
3603:
3572:
3449:Bangka-Belitung
3439:Benteng Chinese
3400:
3374:
3342:
3291:
3265:
3185:
3116:
3031:
3005:
2974:
2938:
2900:
2895:
2865:
2860:
2824:
2758:
2712:
2691:
2675:
2669:
2639:
2634:
2613:
2577:
2494:
2447:
2370:
2316:Sunset District
2259:Portland, Maine
2010:
1910:
1871:Anti-Coolie Act
1850:
1839:
1775:Massachusetts (
1732:
1702:
1688:Hoklo Americans
1683:Hakka Americans
1651:
1646:
1587:
1569:
1550:
1543:
1529:
1516:
1507:
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1223:Further reading
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591:
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574:
526:Jason Scott Lee
496:Auliʻi Cravalho
446:Daniel K. Akaka
429:
393:
287:. Visiting the
265:
208:Hakka Americans
186:
145:198,711 (2010)
132:
125:
114:
108:
105:
62:
60:
50:
38:
23:
22:
15:
12:
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3793:
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3781:Czech Republic
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3720:United Kingdom
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3208:
3205:from Hong Kong
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2604:East West Bank
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2568:Bing Kong Tong
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2490:Wo Hing Museum
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2329:Seattle-Tacoma
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2284:Salt Lake City
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2016:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1985:
1977:
1971:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1947:
1942:
1938:Tape v. Hurley
1934:
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1911:
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1851:discrimination
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1673:Asian American
1670:
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1656:Related groups
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1600:
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1585:External links
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1427:
1398:
1392:
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1284:Char, Tin-Yuke
1280:
1262:Char, Tin-Yuke
1258:
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1230:Char, Tin-Yuke
1224:
1221:
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1218:
1211:Kiang, Clyde.
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420:Roman Catholic
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364:Continental US
279:, who reached
277:Simon Metcalfe
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109:September 2024
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3240:United States
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2500:Organizations
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2466:(Los Angeles)
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2274:Salem, Oregon
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2252:Squirrel Hill
2250:
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2232:Oklahoma City
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2209:New York City
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2134:East Downtown
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42:This article
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3100:Johannesburg
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1896:Magnuson Act
1849:Anti-Chinese
1763:
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1506:. Retrieved
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833:
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756:
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720:
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669:
586:China portal
536:Tai Sing Loo
413:
409:Confucianism
394:
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346:
336:rather than
308:Kamehameha I
305:
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220:
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192:Confucianism
131:Ethnic group
115:
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51:Please help
46:verification
43:
26:
3848:New Zealand
3715:Netherlands
3539:Phuket Baba
3500:Philippines
3471:Sino-Native
3253:from Taiwan
3212:from Taiwan
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2841:Marshallese
2589:Cathay Bank
2405:Terminology
2203:New Orleans
2152:Los Angeles
1859:Legislation
1811:Puerto Rico
1747:Los Angeles
1743:California
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1559:10125/42156
1419:10125/45047
749:Takaki 1998
713:Takaki 1998
566:Khalil Fong
531:Richard Loo
506:Clayton Hee
461:Brian Ching
456:Chang Apana
273:John Meares
3897:Categories
3584:Bangladesh
3551:Minh HÆ°ÆĄng
3429:East Timor
3370:Kyrgyzstan
3365:Kazakhstan
3277:Costa Rica
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3058:Madagascar
2950:Cape Verde
2810:Portuguese
2247:Pittsburgh
2185:New Jersey
2105:Richardson
2020:Chinatowns
1803:New York (
1796:Missouri (
1782:Michigan (
1768:Illinois (
1537:1074009567
1188:2010-07-14
1162:2010-07-14
1135:2010-07-14
1108:2010-07-14
1081:2010-07-14
1048:2010-07-14
1024:2010-07-14
1000:2010-07-14
976:2010-07-14
943:2010-07-14
910:2010-07-14
850:2010-07-14
761:Glick 1980
737:Glick 1980
725:Glick 1980
662:References
441:Chun Afong
416:Protestant
384:Portuguese
332:and spoke
326:Sandalwood
312:sandalwood
269:James Cook
259:ancestry.
79:newspapers
3821:Australia
3599:Sri Lanka
3512:Singapore
3434:Indonesia
3405:Southeast
3338:Venezuela
3303:Argentina
3282:Nicaragua
3222:Vancouver
3133:Caribbean
3068:Mauritius
2426:Education
2422:Love boat
2414:Jook-sing
2289:San Diego
2279:St. Louis
2215:Manhattan
2141:Las Vegas
2085:Cleveland
2046:Baltimore
1891:Cable Act
1881:Geary Act
1798:St. Louis
1504:: 196â216
1482:248159623
1453:146280723
1336:10524/132
1308:255259005
556:Logan Tom
541:Agnes Lum
471:Norm Chow
380:Cantonese
353:Chinatown
338:Cantonese
334:Fukienese
233:Guangdong
229:Zhongshan
156:Cantonese
150:Languages
3879:See also
3776:Bulgaria
3755:Portugal
3743:Southern
3650:Northern
3594:Pakistan
3534:Chin Haw
3529:Thailand
3461:Malaysia
3417:Cambodia
3396:Mongolia
3328:Suriname
3176:Suriname
3125:Americas
3112:Zimbabwe
3048:Botswana
3036:Southern
3017:Cameroon
2996:Tanzania
2986:Ethiopia
2851:Tahitian
2836:Hawaiian
2744:Japanese
2734:Filipino
2708:Mexicans
2696:Americas
2321:San Jose
2220:Brooklyn
2122:Honolulu
2091:Asiatown
1759:Colorado
1373:17299656
1344:60626541
1264:(1980).
1232:(1975).
572:See also
521:Kelly Hu
481:Sam Choy
401:Buddhism
391:Religion
382:men and
241:Hawaiian
188:Buddhism
174:Religion
164:Hawaiian
3814:Oceania
3786:Romania
3769:Eastern
3710:Ireland
3705:Hungary
3700:Germany
3683:Belgium
3676:Western
3662:Finland
3657:Denmark
3566:San Diu
3546:Vietnam
3505:Sangley
3488:Panthay
3478:Myanmar
3422:Hokkien
3358:Central
3333:Uruguay
3270:Central
3228:Toronto
3166:Jamaica
3084:RĂ©union
3078:Namibia
3053:Lesotho
3010:Central
2970:Senegal
2965:Nigeria
2934:Morocco
2919:Algeria
2829:Oceania
2820:Spanish
2815:Russian
2800:Italian
2780:British
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2383:Culture
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2306:Oakland
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1784:Detroit
1770:Chicago
1708:History
1508:July 4,
1445:6222806
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1276:6831849
1254:1091892
516:Hoku Ho
316:Chinese
263:History
237:Chinese
160:English
93:scholar
3838:Hawaii
3801:Turkey
3796:Serbia
3791:Russia
3732:London
3688:France
3667:Sweden
3643:Europe
3625:Turkey
3620:Israel
3483:Kokang
3412:Brunei
3318:Guyana
3308:Brazil
3287:Panama
3235:Mexico
3199:Canada
3156:Guyana
3141:Belize
3107:Zambia
3063:Malawi
3043:Angola
3001:Uganda
2905:Africa
2856:Tongan
2846:Samoan
2805:Polish
2790:German
2785:French
2763:Europe
2754:Taiwan
2749:Korean
2739:Indian
2680:Africa
2673:Hawaii
2609:Others
2418:Events
2340:Tacoma
2225:Queens
2196:Newark
2191:Edison
2112:Denver
2063:Quincy
2057:Boston
2041:Austin
2007:(2016)
2001:(1982)
1995:(1907)
1984:(1898)
1976:(1887)
1970:(1886)
1952:(1885)
1941:(1884)
1915:Events
1777:Boston
1764:Hawaii
1577:858604
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407:, and
405:Taoism
360:Hawaii
330:Fukien
318::
245:Hawaii
196:Taoism
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3863:Tonga
3858:Samoa
3843:Palau
3760:Spain
3750:Italy
3693:Paris
3589:India
3577:South
3493:Pashu
3391:Korea
3386:Japan
3313:Chile
3296:South
3191:North
3161:Haiti
2991:Kenya
2955:Ghana
2929:Libya
2924:Egypt
2912:North
2795:Greek
2770:Haole
2724:Asian
2618:Lists
2582:Banks
2051:Boise
1816:Texas
1551:(PDF)
1494:(PDF)
1449:S2CID
1433:JSTOR
1320:(PDF)
368:Punti
285:Macau
283:from
257:Hakka
168:Hakka
100:JSTOR
86:books
3833:Fiji
3615:Iran
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3561:NĂčng
3556:NgĂĄi
3456:Laos
3379:East
3351:Asia
3323:Peru
3146:Cuba
2979:East
2960:Mali
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2717:Asia
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1573:OCLC
1563:ISBN
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1523:ISBN
1510:2021
1478:OCLC
1468:ISBN
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1423:ISBN
1388:ISBN
1369:OCLC
1359:ISBN
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1304:OCLC
1294:ISBN
1272:OCLC
1250:OCLC
1240:ISBN
1070:ISBN
965:ISBN
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812:ISBN
783:ISBN
418:and
281:Maui
239:and
219:The
135:PÄkÄ
72:news
3873:An
1555:hdl
1415:hdl
1407:doi
1332:hdl
1157:988
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321:æȘéŠć±±
231:in
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