28:
554:
Chinese immigrants may face competing sociocultural interests in maintaining fluency in
Chinese and enforcing Chinese language use among their children. Some Chinese Americans view Chinese language fluency as a core part of a Chinese cultural identity and may opt to use only Chinese in the home or
527:
While approximately 9% of
Chinese-born immigrants speak only English at home, this proportion may reach as high as 90% by the third generation living in the United States. While usage of Chinese at home, community connections, extracurriculars, and explicit instruction may help mitigate loss of
518:
Chinese
Americans teach their children Chinese for a variety of reasons, such as preservation of a unique identity, pride in their cultural ancestry, desire for easy communication with Chinese-speaking family members, and the perception that Chinese will be a useful language as China's economic
178:
long-form, 259,750 people spoke "Cantonese", with 58.62% percent residing in
California and the next most with 16.19% in New York. The actual number of Cantonese speakers was probably higher. In the 1982–83 school year, 29,908 students in California were reported to be using Cantonese as their
528:
Chinese language proficiency in young
Chinese immigrants, the prevalence of English as a majority language in the United States means that many second and third generation Chinese Americans have limited or no ability to speak or read Chinese.
1063:
523:
have been established to accomplish these goals. Most of them have classes only once a week on the weekends, however especially in the past there have been schools that met every day after normal school.
555:
forbid the use of
English. Other families view English proficiency and assimilation as key to their children's future success. The status of Asian Americans, and more specifically Chinese Americans as
167:. Within this category, approximately one third of respondents described themselves as speaking Cantonese or Mandarin specifically, with the other two thirds answering "Chinese", despite the lack of
718:
688:
583:
1451:
559:
may be a contributing factor behind the desire for some
Chinese Americans to achieve or raise their children towards monolingual English fluency at the expense of Chinese fluency.
171:
between different varieties of
Chinese. This phenomenon makes it more difficult to readily identify the relative prevalence of any single Chinese language in the United States.
519:
strength increases. Cantonese, historically the language of most
Chinese immigrants, was the third most widely spoken non-English language in the United States in 2004. Many
809:
535:, monolingual speakers of English often have difficulty producing Chinese tones and may have a pronounced accent or impaired ability to recognize tones in speech.
659:"Detailed Language Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for Persons 5 Years and Over --50 Languages with Greatest Number of Speakers: United States 1990"
1444:
826:
726:
892:
696:
608:
748:
3808:
3778:
3945:
1437:
1210:"Is Chinese Special? Four Aspects of Chinese Literacy Acquisition that Might Distinguish Learning Chinese from Learning Alphabetic Orthographies"
658:
3889:
628:
3844:
3835:
3802:
3772:
3760:
3561:
1293:
1266:
924:
225:
was spoken as a native language among only ten percent of
Chinese speakers as 2002, but was being used as a secondary dialect and replacing
3940:
3850:
3829:
3823:
3790:
3784:
3518:
3480:
1701:
719:"2010 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates: Language spoken at home by ability to speak English for the population 5 years and over"
979:
3901:
3895:
3673:
1506:
566:
and social norms, lower incidence of behavioral issues, and ability to comfortably navigate both English and Chinese speaking contexts.
1114:"Heritage language socialization in Chinese American immigrant families: prospective links to children's heritage language proficiency"
3710:
2262:
692:
3935:
963:
792:
3728:
2701:
1558:
3217:
2060:
2267:
1757:
1650:
3202:
3117:
2174:
1620:
1460:
136:
858:
3027:
2691:
2115:
3663:
1868:
1682:
1403:
3650:
3526:
3389:
1630:
1588:
1583:
986:
752:
722:
662:
632:
575:
2272:
1311:"The Role of Heritage Language in Social Interactions and Relationships: Reflections from a Language Minority Group"
2992:
2635:
2622:
2560:
2395:
180:
17:
1015:
2661:
2388:
1645:
1625:
1615:
591:
222:
207:
195:
2801:
2997:
2135:
1677:
1573:
1548:
1501:
3437:
833:
543:
representing an entire phonosemantic domain, rather than sounds that can be reasoned out piecemeal, as in an
3022:
2944:
2747:
2726:
2666:
2145:
1847:
1840:
1610:
1513:
203:
1358:"Relations Between Parent?Child Acculturation Differences and Adjustment Within Immigrant Chinese Families"
3735:
3658:
2907:
2642:
2627:
2359:
2345:
2195:
2042:
2000:
1907:
1826:
1640:
756:
562:
These desires are often at odds with the attested benefits of bilingualism, including a stronger sense of
168:
2085:
899:
198:
with 5,855 (0.222% of County population). The county with the highest percentage of Hokkien speakers was
3452:
3415:
3191:
3177:
2954:
2936:
2612:
2607:
2533:
2216:
2140:
2110:
1861:
1762:
1605:
587:
199:
2049:
2021:
1357:
1170:
980:"Table 5.Detailed List of Languages Spoken at Home for the Population 5 Years and Over by State: 2000"
666:
206:
at 0.286% (935) and Los Angeles County, California. According to data collected from 2005–2009 by the
3691:
3627:
3589:
3584:
3343:
3149:
3112:
2925:
2845:
2766:
2681:
2366:
2080:
2035:
1812:
1635:
152:
31:
1310:
3913:
3579:
3447:
3317:
3170:
3104:
3002:
2987:
2481:
2378:
2282:
2167:
2028:
2011:
1982:
1925:
1787:
1772:
1672:
1662:
1600:
1595:
1578:
1518:
1045:
636:
556:
932:
190:
long-form, 84,590 people spoke "Taiwanese Hokkien". The county with the most Hokkien speakers was
3862:
3508:
3457:
3184:
3163:
3142:
3135:
3122:
3058:
2982:
2816:
2740:
2653:
2568:
2522:
2494:
2325:
2234:
2125:
2100:
2075:
1990:
1935:
1854:
1767:
1737:
1538:
1338:
1237:
1091:
810:"Who are "Chinese" Language Speakers in the United States?: A Subgroup Analysis with Census Data"
540:
532:
191:
3040:
1171:"Second language acquisition of Mandarin Chinese tones by tonal and non-tonal language speakers"
1064:"A longitudinal study of Chinese children and adolescents learning English in the United States"
3856:
3574:
3569:
3232:
3227:
3076:
3017:
3012:
2977:
2972:
2962:
2733:
2706:
2696:
2686:
2573:
2549:
2541:
2514:
2509:
2444:
2413:
2402:
2352:
2310:
2295:
2202:
1945:
1920:
1915:
1875:
1805:
1742:
1523:
1385:
1377:
1330:
1289:
1262:
1229:
1190:
1151:
1133:
1083:
990:
959:
788:
563:
211:
140:
1283:
3907:
3880:
3868:
3814:
3796:
3617:
3546:
3531:
3488:
3324:
3294:
3289:
3252:
3242:
3212:
3084:
3007:
2884:
2852:
2838:
2831:
2781:
2758:
2719:
2676:
2617:
2599:
2581:
2504:
2499:
2489:
2462:
2330:
2257:
2247:
2223:
2209:
2188:
2105:
1963:
1953:
1882:
1833:
1792:
1732:
1727:
1490:
1479:
1369:
1322:
1221:
1182:
1141:
1125:
1075:
603:
579:
436:
260:
156:
148:
128:
124:
3612:
3599:
3498:
3353:
3247:
3237:
3089:
3047:
2902:
2873:
2866:
2824:
2811:
2806:
2796:
2791:
2776:
2588:
2452:
2320:
2305:
2300:
2290:
2130:
2120:
1971:
1930:
1782:
1777:
1719:
1543:
536:
27:
2090:
3874:
3603:
3541:
3503:
3348:
3304:
3299:
3284:
3279:
3156:
3094:
3066:
3032:
2897:
2892:
2786:
2711:
2470:
2457:
2315:
2252:
2242:
2181:
2153:
2070:
1958:
1896:
1889:
1797:
1667:
1528:
1146:
1113:
520:
455:
373:
187:
175:
160:
3929:
3309:
3222:
3127:
2967:
2917:
2771:
2338:
2160:
2095:
1995:
1819:
1747:
1657:
1533:
1373:
1342:
1241:
1095:
397:
290:
230:
218:
1046:"English-Speaking Ability of the Foreign-Born Population in the United States: 2012"
3551:
3536:
3493:
3361:
2912:
2859:
1752:
1568:
1563:
1326:
1129:
1429:
867:
317:
Chinese language(s) spoken at home according 2005–2009 American Community Survey
179:
primary home language. Approximately 16,000 of these students were identified as
393:
1186:
3668:
2671:
1553:
1225:
1079:
493:
280:
250:
144:
143:
populations and by immigrants or the descendants of immigrants, especially in
1381:
1334:
1233:
1194:
1137:
1087:
3622:
1687:
1411:
1209:
866:. Sacramento: California State Department of Education. 1984. Archived from
749:"Mother Tongue of the Foreign-Born Population: 1910 to 1940, 1960, and 1970"
548:
417:
226:
132:
1389:
1155:
1256:
544:
300:
629:"Appendix Table 2. Languages Spoken at Home: 1980, 1990, 2000, and 2007"
1023:
474:
3683:
1112:
Chen, Stephen H.; Zhou, Qing; Uchikoshi, Yuuko (September 14, 2021).
164:
785:
Becoming Chinese American: A History of Communities and Institutions
270:
37:
Chinese languages; the third-most spoken after English and Spanish
26:
1487:
1433:
539:
is also uniquely challenging to acquire fluency in, with each
1118:
International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism
582:
class enrollment in the United States, making it the seventh
584:
most commonly learned foreign languages in the United States
1356:
Costigan, Catherine L.; Dokis, Daphné P. (September 2006).
1282:
Dei, George J. Sefa; Hilowle, Shukri (December 4, 2018).
194:
with 21,990 (0.250% of County population) followed by
159:
becoming increasingly common due to immigration from
3749:
3720:
3700:
3682:
3649:
3640:
3598:
3560:
3517:
3479:
3470:
3430:
3388:
3379:
3334:
3272:
3265:
3201:
3103:
3075:
3057:
2953:
2935:
2883:
2757:
2652:
2598:
2559:
2532:
2480:
2443:
2412:
2376:
2281:
2233:
2059:
2009:
1981:
1944:
1906:
1718:
1711:
1700:
1478:
1016:"How Many People Speak "What Languages" in America"
860:
A Handbook for Teaching Cantonese-Speaking Children
237:Chinese (all varieties) speakers by states in 2000
18:
Chinese language and varieties in the United States
1208:McBride, Catherine Alexandra (September 1, 2016).
956:The Multilingual Apple: Languages in New York City
1621:North-Central American / Upper Midwestern English
586:. Most Chinese as foreign language classes teach
929:Asian Pacific Institute on Gender-Based Violence
135:among other varieties, is the third most-spoken
151:. Around 2004, over 2 million Americans spoke
1445:
8:
1285:Cartographies of Race and Social Difference
1062:Jia, Gisela; Aaronson, Doris (March 2003).
954:GarcĂa, Ofelia; Fishman, Joshua A. (2002).
3646:
3476:
3385:
3269:
1715:
1708:
1484:
1452:
1438:
1430:
1404:"Languages in the U.S. Educational System"
315:
235:
1145:
609:Language and overseas Chinese communities
620:
578:found that Chinese accounted for 3% of
41:
1261:. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
1107:
1105:
778:
776:
774:
46:Chinese speakers in the United States
7:
787:. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.
110:
989:. February 25, 2003. Archived from
1255:Kondo-Brown, Kimi (January 2006).
925:"Census Data & API Identities"
693:United States Bureau of the Census
531:Because all Chinese languages are
186:According to data reported on the
174:According to data reported on the
25:
3729:Sandy River Valley Sign Language
1559:Inland Northern American English
1374:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00932.x
3711:Martha's Vineyard Sign Language
1169:Hao, Yen-Chen (March 1, 2012).
808:Cooc, North; Leung, Genevieve.
755:. March 9, 1999. Archived from
689:"Language Spoken at Home: 2000"
3946:Languages of the United States
1461:Languages of the United States
1327:10.1080/15235882.2000.10162773
913:– via usefoundation.org.
847:– via usefoundation.org.
139:, and is mostly spoken within
1:
1258:Heritage Language Development
1214:Educational Psychology Review
1130:10.1080/13670050.2018.1547680
570:Chinese as a foreign language
137:language in the United States
3664:Black American Sign Language
3442:Creole Hawai'i Sign Language
1683:Western Pennsylvania English
202:at 0.845% (160) followed by
116:Foreign-born population only
3941:Chinese language by country
3458:Navajo Family Sign Language
1309:Cho, Grace (October 2000).
987:United States Census Bureau
753:United States Census Bureau
723:United States Census Bureau
663:United States Census Bureau
633:United States Census Bureau
576:Modern Language Association
331:Speaks English "very well"
3962:
3674:Puerto Rican Sign Language
1315:Bilingual Research Journal
1187:10.1016/j.wocn.2011.11.001
181:limited English proficient
3397:Anishinaabe Sign Language
1646:Southern American English
1626:Pacific Northwest English
1616:Northern American English
1497:
1467:
1226:10.1007/s10648-015-9318-2
1080:10.1017/S0142716403000079
1068:Applied Psycholinguistics
815:– via aapidata.com.
592:Standard Mandarin Chinese
223:Standard Mandarin Chinese
208:American Community Survey
107:
44:
3936:Chinese-American culture
2424:San Felipe–Santo Domingo
1678:Western American English
1574:Midland American English
1549:General American English
1502:African-American English
3400:Blackfoot Sign Language
1611:New York Latino English
1514:American Indian English
204:Fort Bend County, Texas
3736:Henniker Sign Language
3659:American Sign Language
3403:Cheyenne Sign Language
2268:Central Siberian Yupik
2263:Central Alaskan Yup'ik
1758:Malecite-Passamaquoddy
1668:Upper Michigan English
1641:Puerto Rican Englishes
665:. 1990. Archived from
557:"perpetual foreigners"
210:, 76,822 people spoke
169:mutual intelligibility
34:
3438:Hawai'i Sign Language
3421:Ktunaxa Sign Language
3416:Plateau Sign Language
3178:Northern Sierra Miwok
3118:Southern Sierra Miwok
2427:Zia–Santa Ana Pueblos
2175:Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie
1663:Transatlantic English
1606:New York City English
1596:New Mexican Englishes
1579:New England Englishes
1408:About World Languages
958:. Walter de Gruyter.
783:Lai, H. Mark (2004).
588:simplified characters
574:A 2006 survey by the
200:Calhoun County, Texas
30:
3886:Serbo-Croatian (0.3)
3754:in 2021 in millions)
3692:Samoan Sign Language
3409:Navajo Sign Language
3344:Afro-Seminole Creole
3113:Central Sierra Miwok
2692:North Straits Salish
2116:Mescalero-Chiricahua
1636:Philadelphia English
1175:Journal of Phonetics
699:on November 29, 2014
514:Language acquisition
153:varieties of Chinese
3752:(number of speakers
3750:Immigrant languages
3448:Inuit Sign Language
1673:Utah Mormon English
1601:New Orleans English
1519:Appalachian English
1414:on January 11, 2017
996:on January 17, 2010
729:on December 5, 2014
537:Chinese orthography
325:Number of speakers
318:
238:
163:and to some extent
32:Manhattan Chinatown
3527:Pennsylvania Dutch
3406:Cree Sign Language
3218:Havasupai–Hualapai
3164:Kings River Yokuts
3143:Buena Vista Yokuts
3123:Tule-Kaweah Yokuts
1631:Pennsylvania Dutch
1554:High Tider English
1539:California English
873:on October 5, 2016
316:
236:
192:Los Angeles County
35:
3923:
3922:
3745:
3744:
3636:
3635:
3466:
3465:
3380:Manual Indigenous
3375:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3261:
3260:
2636:Northeastern Pomo
2623:Southeastern Pomo
2396:Northern Kalapuya
1696:
1695:
1524:Baltimore English
1362:Child Development
1295:978-3-319-97076-9
1268:978-90-272-4143-6
1026:on April 29, 2017
564:cultural identity
511:
510:
309:
308:
245:Chinese speakers
212:Taiwanese Hokkien
122:
121:
117:
16:(Redirected from
3953:
3647:
3618:Louisiana Creole
3477:
3386:
3270:
2561:Plateau Penutian
2389:Central Kalapuya
1716:
1709:
1491:American English
1485:
1454:
1447:
1440:
1431:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1410:. Archived from
1400:
1394:
1393:
1368:(5): 1252–1267.
1353:
1347:
1346:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1149:
1124:(8): 1193–1209.
1109:
1100:
1099:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1022:. Archived from
1012:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1001:
995:
984:
976:
970:
969:
951:
945:
944:
942:
940:
931:. Archived from
921:
915:
914:
912:
910:
905:on April 3, 2016
904:
898:. Archived from
897:
889:
883:
882:
880:
878:
872:
865:
855:
849:
848:
846:
844:
839:on April 2, 2016
838:
832:. Archived from
831:
823:
817:
816:
814:
805:
799:
798:
780:
769:
768:
766:
764:
759:on July 18, 2018
745:
739:
738:
736:
734:
725:. Archived from
715:
709:
708:
706:
704:
695:. Archived from
685:
679:
678:
676:
674:
669:on July 18, 2018
655:
649:
648:
646:
644:
639:on July 24, 2017
635:. Archived from
625:
604:Chinese American
580:foreign language
334:Margin of error
328:Margin of error
319:
239:
141:Chinese-American
118:
115:
42:
21:
3961:
3960:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3919:
3753:
3751:
3741:
3716:
3696:
3678:
3642:
3632:
3594:
3556:
3513:
3472:
3462:
3426:
3381:
3367:
3336:
3330:
3257:
3204:
3197:
3099:
3071:
3053:
2998:Northern Paiute
2949:
2945:Coast Tsimshian
2931:
2879:
2753:
2648:
2594:
2555:
2528:
2476:
2439:
2408:
2372:
2277:
2229:
2136:Upper Kuskokwim
2062:
2055:
2005:
1977:
1940:
1902:
1703:
1702:Oral Indigenous
1692:
1688:Yeshiva English
1544:Chicano English
1493:
1474:
1463:
1458:
1428:
1427:
1417:
1415:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1296:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1111:
1110:
1103:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1029:
1027:
1014:
1013:
1009:
999:
997:
993:
982:
978:
977:
973:
966:
953:
952:
948:
938:
936:
935:on June 9, 2016
923:
922:
918:
908:
906:
902:
895:
891:
890:
886:
876:
874:
870:
863:
857:
856:
852:
842:
840:
836:
829:
825:
824:
820:
812:
807:
806:
802:
795:
782:
781:
772:
762:
760:
747:
746:
742:
732:
730:
717:
716:
712:
702:
700:
687:
686:
682:
672:
670:
657:
656:
652:
642:
640:
627:
626:
622:
617:
600:
572:
521:Chinese schools
516:
314:
108:
38:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3959:
3957:
3949:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3928:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3917:
3911:
3905:
3899:
3893:
3887:
3884:
3878:
3872:
3866:
3860:
3854:
3848:
3842:
3839:
3833:
3827:
3821:
3818:
3812:
3806:
3800:
3794:
3788:
3782:
3776:
3770:
3764:
3757:
3755:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3732:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3706:
3704:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3694:
3688:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3655:
3653:
3644:
3641:Manual settler
3638:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3609:
3607:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3570:CalĂł (Chicano)
3566:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3523:
3521:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3485:
3483:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3453:Keresan Pueblo
3450:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3411:
3410:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3398:
3394:
3392:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3357:
3356:
3351:
3349:Chinook Jargon
3346:
3340:
3338:
3335:Mixed or trade
3332:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3321:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3276:
3274:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3209:
3207:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3188:
3181:
3174:
3167:
3160:
3157:Gashowu Yokuts
3153:
3146:
3139:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3109:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3081:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3063:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3044:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3028:Ute-Chemehuevi
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2959:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2941:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2889:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2763:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2748:Upper Chehalis
2744:
2737:
2730:
2727:Lower Chehalis
2723:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2667:Columbia-Moses
2664:
2658:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2639:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2604:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2585:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2565:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2545:
2544:
2538:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2486:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2449:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2421:Cochiti Pueblo
2418:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2399:
2392:
2384:
2382:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2349:
2342:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2287:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2239:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2149:
2148:
2146:Western Apache
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2067:
2065:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2017:
2015:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1987:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1950:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1912:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1848:Mohegan-Pequot
1844:
1841:Miami-Illinois
1837:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1724:
1722:
1713:
1706:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1529:Boston English
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1449:
1442:
1434:
1426:
1425:
1395:
1348:
1321:(4): 369–384.
1301:
1294:
1274:
1267:
1247:
1220:(3): 523–549.
1200:
1181:(2): 269–279.
1161:
1101:
1074:(1): 131–161.
1054:
1037:
1007:
971:
964:
946:
916:
884:
850:
818:
800:
793:
770:
740:
710:
680:
650:
619:
618:
616:
613:
612:
611:
606:
599:
596:
571:
568:
515:
512:
509:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
490:
489:
486:
483:
480:
477:
471:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
452:
451:
448:
445:
442:
439:
433:
432:
429:
426:
423:
420:
414:
413:
410:
407:
404:
401:
389:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
370:
369:
366:
363:
360:
357:
353:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
336:
335:
332:
329:
326:
323:
313:
310:
307:
306:
303:
297:
296:
293:
287:
286:
283:
277:
276:
273:
267:
266:
263:
257:
256:
253:
247:
246:
243:
188:2000 US census
176:2000 US census
161:mainland China
120:
119:
105:
104:
101:
97:
96:
93:
89:
88:
85:
81:
80:
77:
73:
72:
69:
65:
64:
61:
57:
56:
53:
49:
48:
36:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3958:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3915:
3912:
3909:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3879:
3876:
3873:
3870:
3867:
3864:
3861:
3858:
3855:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3843:
3840:
3837:
3834:
3831:
3828:
3825:
3822:
3819:
3816:
3813:
3810:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3798:
3795:
3792:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3780:
3777:
3774:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3748:
3738:
3737:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3713:
3712:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3681:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3645:
3639:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3475:
3469:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3387:
3384:
3378:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3264:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3128:Valley Yokuts
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2908:Southern Tiwa
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2867:Tutelo-Saponi
2864:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2662:Coeur d'Alene
2660:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2643:Northern Pomo
2640:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2628:Southern Pomo
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2436:Laguna Pueblo
2435:
2432:
2430:Western Keres
2429:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2360:Susquehannock
2357:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2346:Neutral Huron
2343:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2273:Chevak Cup’ik
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2196:Plains Apache
2193:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2002:
2001:Upper Chinook
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1827:Nawathinehena
1824:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1699:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1658:Texan English
1656:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1569:Maine English
1567:
1565:
1564:Miami English
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1534:Cajun English
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1496:
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1469:Languages in
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3734:
3727:
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3590:Sabine River
3585:Puerto Rican
3537:Plautdietsch
3471:Oral settler
3414:
3362:Mohawk Dutch
3360:
3323:
3316:
3192:Plains Miwok
3190:
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2613:Eastern Pomo
2608:Central Pomo
2587:
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2433:Acoma Pueblo
2401:
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2217:Upper Umpqua
2215:
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2141:Upper Tanana
2111:Lower Tanana
2048:
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2027:
2020:
2010:
1970:
1908:Austronesian
1895:
1888:
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1862:Narragansett
1860:
1853:
1846:
1839:
1832:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1804:
1763:Massachusett
1489:Dialects of
1473:are extinct.
1470:
1416:. Retrieved
1412:the original
1407:
1398:
1365:
1361:
1351:
1318:
1314:
1304:
1288:. Springer.
1284:
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1117:
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1040:
1028:. Retrieved
1024:the original
1020:Mongabay.com
1019:
1010:
998:. Retrieved
991:the original
974:
955:
949:
937:. Retrieved
933:the original
928:
919:
907:. Retrieved
900:the original
887:
875:. Retrieved
868:the original
859:
853:
841:. Retrieved
834:the original
821:
803:
784:
761:. Retrieved
757:the original
743:
733:December 14,
731:. Retrieved
727:the original
713:
701:. Retrieved
697:the original
683:
671:. Retrieved
667:the original
653:
641:. Retrieved
637:the original
623:
573:
561:
553:
530:
526:
517:
216:
185:
173:
127:, including
123:
109:
45:
39:
3820:Hindi (0.9)
3628:Angloromani
3580:New Mexican
3509:New England
3150:Coast Miwok
3023:TĂĽbatulabal
2955:Uto-Aztecan
2937:Tsimshianic
2926:Piro Pueblo
2846:Mitchigamea
2802:Omaha–Ponca
2767:Assiniboine
2682:Lushootseed
2534:Palaihnihan
2367:Wenrohronon
2063:Yeniseian?)
1926:Refaluwasch
1813:Gros Ventre
827:"Cantonese"
3930:Categories
3841:Urdu (0.5)
3809:Portuguese
3779:Vietnamese
3669:Protactile
3651:Francosign
3318:Chitimacha
3171:Lake Miwok
2672:Halkomelem
2168:Holikachuk
2043:Purisimeño
1788:Potawatomi
1507:Vernacular
1418:October 4,
1030:October 4,
1000:October 3,
985:(Tables).
939:October 4,
893:"Formosan"
877:October 4,
615:References
365:1,054,885
359:1,867,485
356:"Chinese"
348:1,600,886
342:2,896,766
312:Statistics
281:New Jersey
251:California
145:California
103:2,808,692
95:2,022,143
87:1,319,462
3643:languages
3623:Spanglish
3606:languages
3532:Hutterite
3489:Louisiana
3473:languages
3390:Hand Talk
3382:languages
3337:Languages
3185:Palewyami
3136:Bay Miwok
3105:Yuk-Utian
2983:Kitanemuk
2817:Winnebago
2741:Tillamook
2569:Nez Perce
2523:Apalachee
2495:Chickasaw
2482:Muskogean
2379:Kalapuyan
2326:Tuscarora
2283:Iroquoian
2126:Tanacross
2101:Jicarilla
2076:Deg Xinag
2050:Ventureño
2022:Barbareño
2012:Chumashan
1991:Kathlamet
1983:Chinookan
1936:Tokelauan
1855:Nanticoke
1768:Menominee
1738:Blackfoot
1704:languages
1382:0009-3920
1343:145001146
1335:1523-5882
1242:254471528
1234:1573-336X
1195:0095-4470
1138:1367-0050
1096:145303581
1088:1469-1817
909:April 30,
843:April 28,
763:August 6,
751:(Table).
703:August 8,
661:(Table).
643:August 6,
631:(Table).
549:syllabary
541:character
418:Cantonese
229:as their
227:Cantonese
133:Cantonese
55:Speakers
3890:Armenian
3863:Gujarati
3857:Japanese
3721:Isolates
3547:Alsatian
3499:Missouri
3431:Isolates
3273:Isolates
3233:Maricopa
3228:Kumeyaay
3059:Wakashan
3018:Timbisha
3013:Shoshoni
2978:Kawaiisu
2973:Ivilyuat
2963:Comanche
2734:Quinault
2707:Thompson
2697:Okanagan
2687:Nooksack
2654:Salishan
2574:Sahaptin
2550:Atsugewi
2542:Achumawi
2515:Muscogee
2510:Mikasuki
2403:Yoncalla
2353:Nottoway
2311:Onondaga
2296:Cherokee
2235:Eskaleut
2203:Tsetsaut
2086:Gwich’in
2081:Dena'ina
2036:Obispeño
1921:Hawaiian
1916:Chamorro
1876:Powhatan
1806:Etchemin
1743:Cheyenne
1712:Families
1390:16999796
1156:33132738
673:July 22,
598:See also
545:alphabet
447:240,810
441:487,250
437:Mandarin
428:257,625
422:458,840
301:Illinois
265:374,627
261:New York
255:815,386
157:Mandarin
149:New York
129:Mandarin
79:630,806
71:190,260
3881:Punjabi
3869:Bengali
3845:Persian
3836:Italian
3815:Haitian
3803:Russian
3773:Tagalog
3767:Chinese
3761:Spanish
3702:Kentish
3562:Spanish
3542:Bernese
3504:Muskrat
3325:Tonkawa
3295:Siuslaw
3290:Kutenai
3253:Yavapai
3243:Quechan
3213:Cocopah
3205:CochimĂ
3085:Nomlaki
3077:Wintuan
3008:Serrano
3003:O'odham
2988:Luiseño
2903:Picuris
2853:Moneton
2839:Chiwere
2832:Catawba
2782:Hidatsa
2720:Cowlitz
2677:Klallam
2618:Kashaya
2582:Klamath
2505:Koasati
2500:Choctaw
2490:Alabama
2463:Nisenan
2445:Maiduan
2414:Keresan
2331:Wyandot
2258:Alutiiq
2248:Inupiat
2224:Wailaki
2210:Tututni
2189:Mattole
2106:Koyukon
2029:Cruzeño
1964:Wichita
1954:Arikara
1946:Caddoan
1883:Quiripi
1869:Pamlico
1834:Mahican
1793:Shawnee
1773:Mi'kmaq
1733:Arapaho
1728:Abenaki
1589:Western
1584:Eastern
1480:English
1471:italics
1147:7597852
485:44,140
479:77,675
475:Hokkien
362:13,875
345:13,255
305:65,251
295:71,412
285:84,345
275:91,500
183:(LEP).
155:, with
125:Chinese
63:89,609
3908:Hebrew
3851:Telugu
3830:Polish
3824:German
3797:Korean
3791:French
3785:Arabic
3763:(41.3)
3684:BANZSL
3613:Gullah
3600:Creole
3575:Isleño
3519:German
3481:French
3354:Michif
3266:Others
3248:Tiipai
3238:Mojave
3203:Yuman–
3090:Patwin
3048:Tongva
3041:Cupeño
2885:Tanoan
2874:Woccon
2825:Biloxi
2812:Stoney
2807:Quapaw
2797:Mandan
2792:Lakota
2777:Dakota
2759:Siouan
2702:Salish
2600:Pomoan
2589:Molala
2453:Konkow
2321:Seneca
2306:Oneida
2301:Mohawk
2291:Cayuga
2131:Tolowa
2121:Navajo
2061:Dené(–
1996:TsinĂşk
1972:Kitsai
1931:Samoan
1783:Ojibwe
1778:Munsee
1388:
1380:
1341:
1333:
1292:
1265:
1240:
1232:
1193:
1154:
1144:
1136:
1094:
1086:
962:
791:
504:1,375
498:2,670
488:1,939
482:2,687
466:1,175
460:1,450
456:Fuchow
450:5,571
444:7,953
431:4,433
425:6,487
398:Hsiang
378:1,350
368:8,578
351:8,527
339:Total
242:State
165:Taiwan
3916:(0.2)
3914:Khmer
3910:(0.2)
3904:(0.2)
3902:Hmong
3898:(0.3)
3896:Greek
3892:(0.3)
3883:(0.3)
3877:(0.3)
3875:Tamil
3871:(0.4)
3865:(0.4)
3859:(0.5)
3853:(0.5)
3847:(0.5)
3838:(0.5)
3832:(0.5)
3826:(0.9)
3817:(0.9)
3811:(0.9)
3805:(1.0)
3799:(1.1)
3793:(1.2)
3787:(1.4)
3781:(1.5)
3775:(1.7)
3769:(3.4)
3604:mixed
3552:Texas
3494:MĂ©tis
3305:Yuchi
3300:Washo
3285:Karuk
3280:Haida
3095:Wintu
3067:Makah
3033:Yaqui
2898:Kiowa
2893:Jemez
2787:Kansa
2712:Twana
2471:Chico
2458:Maidu
2316:Osage
2253:Aleut
2243:Inuit
2182:Lipan
2154:Cahto
2071:Ahtna
1959:Caddo
1897:Wiyot
1890:Unami
1798:Yurok
1720:Algic
1651:Older
1339:S2CID
1238:S2CID
1092:S2CID
1049:(PDF)
994:(PDF)
983:(PDF)
903:(PDF)
896:(PDF)
871:(PDF)
864:(PDF)
837:(PDF)
830:(PDF)
813:(PDF)
533:tonal
374:Hakka
322:Name
271:Texas
114:
52:Year
3602:and
3310:Zuni
3223:Ipai
2993:Mono
2968:Hopi
2918:Tewa
2913:Taos
2772:Crow
2339:Erie
2161:Eyak
2096:Hupa
1820:Loup
1748:Cree
1420:2017
1386:PMID
1378:ISSN
1331:ISSN
1290:ISBN
1263:ISBN
1230:ISSN
1191:ISSN
1152:PMID
1134:ISSN
1084:ISSN
1032:2017
1002:2012
960:ISBN
941:2017
911:2016
879:2017
845:2016
789:ISBN
765:2012
735:2012
705:2012
675:2012
645:2012
590:and
551:.
507:287
501:466
469:418
463:455
412:(D)
409:(D)
387:263
384:840
381:307
147:and
131:and
100:2010
92:2000
84:1990
76:1980
68:1970
60:1960
2860:Ofo
2091:Hän
1753:Fox
1370:doi
1323:doi
1222:doi
1183:doi
1142:PMC
1126:doi
1076:doi
547:or
406:65
403:50
394:Kan
217:In
3932::
1406:.
1384:.
1376:.
1366:77
1364:.
1360:.
1337:.
1329:.
1319:24
1317:.
1313:.
1236:.
1228:.
1218:28
1216:.
1212:.
1189:.
1179:40
1177:.
1173:.
1150:.
1140:.
1132:.
1122:24
1120:.
1116:.
1104:^
1090:.
1082:.
1072:24
1070:.
1066:.
1018:.
927:.
773:^
721:.
691:.
594:.
494:Wu
400:"
396:,
233:.
221:,
214:.
111:^a
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1446:t
1439:v
1422:.
1392:.
1372::
1345:.
1325::
1298:.
1271:.
1244:.
1224::
1197:.
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1158:.
1128::
1098:.
1078::
1051:.
1034:.
1004:.
968:.
943:.
881:.
797:.
767:.
737:.
707:.
677:.
647:.
392:"
20:)
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