755:. Females live up to 5 years, while males live up to 3, occasionally 4 years. Female fecundity is usually greater than 169 young in a lifetime, and may reach up to 102 for any given brood. All females generally contain embryos from May to August and young are born from June through October in eastern North America in shallow water, then females begin migrating to deeper water for the winter in the fall. Females bear more young in their 4th and 5th years than in other years.
659:
87:
62:
38:
1595:
709:, and ponds with aquatic grass, creeping at the bottom of the water or on aquatic grasses. It prefers lentic water bodies with silt, sand, and mud substrate in eastern North America, although it can survive in slower regions of streams as well. It can tolerate conditions in stagnant waters near septic tanks.
423:
742:
eater in an aquarium context. These snails are popular in freshwater aquariums because they do not eat fish eggs or plants, they do not overpopulate the aquarium, and they close up if there is a water problem, giving people an indication that something is wrong a few weeks before the fish die.
470:
is a large gastropod species generally 40 millimetres (1.6 in) in shell height and 30 millimetres (1.2 in) in shell width, the largest being 60 millimetres (2.4 in) in height and 40 millimetres (1.6 in) wide. The shell height can reach up to 65 millimetres (2.6 in).
697:. This was investigated by Natural England and the snails were found to be present in a boating lake and an ornamental lake on the Common. How the snails were introduced in not known but it was either through release from aquaria or from snails imported for food.
1469:
Chung, P. R.; Jung, Y. (1999). "Cipangopaludina chinensis malleata (Gastropoda: Viviparidae): A new second molluscan intermediate host of a human intestinal fluke
Echinostoma cinetorchis (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) in Korea".
857:
because the meat of the snail is considered delicious, being rich in nutrition, with a high content of protein and low fat content. Moreover, in China it is also used as a medicine for treatment of digestive disease.
712:
This species has been found in waters in eastern North
America with pH 6.5–8.4, calcium concentration of 5–97 ppm, magnesium concentration of 13–31 ppm, oxygen concentration of 7–11 ppm, depths of 0.2–7m,
720:
The optimal water temperature for it to grow and develop is between 20 and 28 °C. It will hibernate while water temperature is lower than 10-15 °C or higher than 30 °C.
518:, but there is so much variation even within one species that it is not a good diagnostic characteristic. However, as a general guide, in one North American population, the radula of
1513:
Alevs, Philippe V.; Vieira, Fabiano M.; Santos, Cláudia P.; Scholz, Tomáš; Luque, José L. (2015-02-12). "A Checklist of the
Aspidogastrea (Platyhelminthes: Trematoda) of the World".
489:
In juveniles, the last shell whorl displays a distinct carina, and the shell contains grooves with 20 striae/mm between each groove. Juveniles also have a detailed pattern on their
354:
Taxonomy of the introduced populations of
Oriental mystery snails is confusing and there are many scientific names in use. There has also been debate regarding whether or not
461:
exhibits light coloration as a juvenile and olive green, greenish brown, brown or reddish brown pigmentation as an adult. The inner coloration is white to pale blue.
1277:
937:
Solomon C. T., Olden J. D., Johnson P. T. J., Dillon R. T. & Vander Zanden M. J. (2010). "Distribution and community-level effects of the
Chinese mystery snail (
1746:
1834:
1981:
1368:
1308:
573:
in the late 1800s. It was collected as early as 1914 in Boston. It was probably released from an aquarium into the
Niagara River between 1931 and 1942.
1914:
1707:
1996:
1772:
714:
853:
This species constitutes one of the three predominant freshwater snails found in
Chinese markets. This snail is extensively used as part of the
493:
consisting of two apical and three body whorl rows of hairs with long hooks on the ends, distinct ridges and many other hairs with short hooks.
1991:
641:
was found for the first time in Oneida Lake, which flows to Lake
Ontario, in 1977–1978. Jokinen (1982) records occurrences of populations of
1097:
546:
645:
in the drainages of Lake Erie, Lake
Ontario and Lake Michigan, from the states of Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, Wisconsin, and New York.
952:
1953:
1847:
1720:
658:
913:
903:. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 24 March 2013.
731:
feeds non-selectively on organic and inorganic bottom material as well as benthic and epiphytic algae, mostly by scraping, but
552:
The native range is from
Southeast Asia to Japan and eastern Russia. This species is widely distributed in China including the
705:
This species prefers freshwater lakes with soft, muddy or silty bottoms, reservoirs, slow-moving freshwater rivers, streams,
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plate that most snails in this clade possess. When the soft parts of the snail are fully retracted, the operculum seals the
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1322:
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grows allometrically (the height increasing faster than the width) and does so at a decreased rate in comparison with
1578:
Heavy Predation on Freshwater Bryozoans by the Golden Apple Snail, Pomacea canaliculata Lamarck, 1822 (Ampullariidae)
633:
in the Great Lakes dates from some time between 1931 and 1942 from the Niagara River, which flows into Lake Ontario.
1839:
785:
529:) do not possess a siphon. They give live birth, and like all aquatic snails they only have one set of tentacles.
1372:
20:
502:
360:
813:
841:
820:
806:
778:
386:. Literature cited in the USGS database regarding the Chinese mystery snail may employ the following names:
583:
This snail is an introduced species in the United States. It is found in "any or all of the tributaries on
522:
had seven small cusps on the marginal tooth and a large central cusp with four small cusps on either side.
1639:
1347:
1165:"Mid-Neolithic Exploitation of Mollusks in the Guanzhong Basin of Northwestern China: Preliminary Results"
1119:
799:
792:
584:
1893:
1686:
1555:
Lv S., Zhang Y., Steinmann P. &, Zhou X.-N. (2008). "Emerging angiostrongyliasis in mainland China".
1434:
1225:
2001:
1442:
767:
553:
382:
to refer to these introduced snails, Oriental mystery snails discussed here are referred to by the name
335:
330:
The Japanese variety of this species is black and usually a dark green, moss-like alga covers the shell.
311:
256:
191:
884:
This article incorporates CC-BY-2.5 text from the reference and public domain text from the reference
1986:
1958:
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454:
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can be identified by their relatively large globose shells and concentrically marked opercula. The
422:
51:
1813:
1601:
1627:
1487:
1323:"Chinese and Banded Mystery Snails Bellamy (Cipangopa ludina) chinensis and Vivaparus georgianus"
694:
479:
364:
in North America are synonymous and simply different phenotypes of the same species. For example
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age. These are remains of prehistoric meals. The flesh was eaten mainly as subsidiary food.
577:
307:
208:
1945:
916:. Indiana/US Department of Natural Resources, Division of Fish and Wildlife. Archived from
1927:
1455:
1101:
956:
854:
682:
483:
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The surface of the shell is smooth with clear growth lines. The shell has 6.0–7.0 whorls.
446:
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370:
168:
138:
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1975:
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are probably the most nutritious food it ingests at sites in eastern North America.
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873:
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37:
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Li, F.; Wu, N.; Lu, H.; Zhang, J.; Wang, W.; Ma, M.; Zhang, X.; Yang, X. (2013).
1826:
1808:
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1580:; The Natural History Journal of Chulalongkorn University 6(1): 31-36, May 2006
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896:
450:
128:
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862:
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The Chinese mystery snail was first recorded in England from a ditch in the
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506:, such that the adult shell is less elongate than that of its congener. The
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of the shell, providing some protection against drying out and predation.
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378:; however, because most North American literature does not use the genus
368:
database considers the two as separate species. Smith (2000) argues that
339:
118:
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in September 2018 and early in 2022 a second population was reported on
1919:
1712:
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occurs in Lake Erie, where it was introduced some time prior to 1968.
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This snail is also one of the rice field snail species traditionally
686:
507:
108:
1633:
1483:
1594:
1117:(Gastropoda: Viviparidae) species in northeastern North America".
421:
1093:". USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database, Gainesville, FL.
1345:(Gastropoda: Viviparidae) in North America, review and update".
739:
365:
1637:
1095:
https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.aspx?speciesID=1045
1089:
Kipp R. M., Benson A. J., Larson J. & Fusaro A. (2013). "
827:
It is also a common host to larvae of echinostomes in the
717:
of 63–400 μmhos/cm, and sodium concentration of 2–49 ppm.
1113:
Smith D. G. (2000). "Notes on the taxonomy of introduced
1393:
Martin J. Willing (2023). "Wildlife Reports: Molluscs".
549:, this species has established itself in North America.
1230:) at Buckhorn Island State Park, Erie County, New York"
861:
Its shells are abundant in archaeological sites in the
1251:"Pawtuckaway Lake Aquatic Invasive Species Refresher"
616:
Schuylkill River and Susquehanna River, Pennsylvania;
751:
Reproduction is initiated sexually. This species is
1863:
1646:
594:The nonindigenous distribution in the USA include:
1104:Revision Date: 6 May 2012. Accessed 24 March 2013.
914:"Aquatic Invasive Species: Chinese Mystery Snail"
652:where it is illegal to release it into the wild.
569:This species was sold in Chinese food markets in
457:and the spire is produced at an angle of 65–80°.
1604:(1935). 朝鮮に於けるマルタニシの分布に就いて "The distribution of
622:a few isolated locations in Maine and Virginia.
598:various ponds in Connecticut and Massachusetts;
865:Basin of Northwestern China from the Mid-Late
766:serves in its native habitat as a host and a
8:
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441:is conical and thin but solid, with a sharp
1437:. Malacological Review Supplement 1: 1–117.
1435:"The freshwater snails of Taiwan (Formosa)"
1013:
1011:
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1005:
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824:in Korea - this parasite may infect humans.
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895:Köhler F., Do V. & Jinghua F. (2012).
475:has a width to height ratio of 0.74–0.82.
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613:Hudson River and Niagara River, New York;
629:Great Lakes Region: The first record of
974:(Gray in Griffith & Pidgeon, 1833)"
888:
654:
1451:
1440:
1307:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1300:
625:Minnesota: 80 waters known as of 2016
453:. This species has a small and round
334:The name "trapdoor snail" refers the
7:
1982:IUCN Red List least concern species
392:Cipangopaludina chinensis malleatus
1091:Cipangopaludina chinensis malleata
855:human diet in most places in China
635:Cipangopaludina chinensis malleata
631:Cipangopaludina chinensis malleata
619:Annaquatucket River, Rhode Island;
591:in the United States and Canada."
396:Cipangopaludina chinensis malleata
356:Cipangopaludina chinensis malleata
14:
1369:"Minnesota invasive species laws"
770:to numerous parasites including:
1593:
941:) in northern Wisconsin lakes".
657:
85:
1226:"The Oriental Mystery Mollusc (
601:various ponds in New Hampshire;
45:A live individual out of water
1997:Taxa named by John Edward Gray
1:
773:As an intermediate host for:
738:This species is primarily an
607:Cocheco River, New Hampshire;
482:is ovoid with a simple outer
404:Viviparus chinensis malleatus
252:Viviparus chinensis malleatus
1992:Gastropods described in 1834
1558:Emerging Infectious Diseases
1192:10.1371/journal.pone.0058999
786:Echinocasmus redioduplicatus
576:It has become a problematic
412:Bellamya chinensis malleatus
1472:The Journal of Parasitology
1232:. Missouri Botanical Garden
610:Delaware River, New Jersey;
2018:
560:Nonindigenous distribution
18:
1648:Cipangopaludina chinensis
1616:(REEVE) in Chosen". ヴヰナス
1527:10.11646/zootaxa.3918.3.2
1343:Cipangopaludina chinensis
1228:Cipangopaludina chinensis
972:Cipangopaludina chinensis
899:Cipangopaludina chinensis
729:Cipangopaludina chinensis
643:Cipangopaludina chinensis
639:Cipangopaludina chinensis
587:and on both sides of the
520:Cipangopaludina chinensis
516:Cipangopaludina chinensis
498:Cipangopaludina chinensis
473:Cipangopaludina chinensis
459:Cipangopaludina chinensis
388:Cipangopaludina chinensis
303:Cipangopaludina chinensis
223:
216:
201:Cipangopaludina chinensis
197:
190:
82:Scientific classification
80:
58:
49:
44:
35:
30:
604:Potomac River, Maryland;
512:Cipangopaludina japonica
510:also may differ between
503:Cipangopaludina japonica
361:Cipangopaludina japonica
21:Cipangopaludina malleata
19:Not to be confused with
1341:Jokinen E. H. (1982). "
842:Aspidogaster conchicola
821:Echinostoma cinetorchis
814:Echinostoma macrorachis
525:Mystery snails (unlike
1450:Cite journal requires
807:Eupariphium recurvatum
779:Echinocasmus elongatus
445:and relatively higher
430:
232:(original combination)
31:Chinese mystery snail
554:Chinese Loess Plateau
433:Species of the genus
425:
290:Chinese mystery snail
269:Viviparus stelmaphora
1433:Pace, G. L. (1973).
978:www.molluscabase.org
943:Biological Invasions
800:Eupariphium ilocanum
793:Echinocasmus rugosus
666:Naperville, Illinois
541:from the tropics of
16:Species of gastropod
1614:chinensis malleatus
1258:Pawtuckawaylake.com
1183:2013PLoSO...858999L
648:It is regulated in
400:Viviparus malleatus
264:Viviparus japonicus
52:Conservation status
1865:Bellamya chinensis
1628:Zasshi Kiji Sakuin
1100:2017-05-25 at the
955:2016-03-03 at the
939:Bellamya chinensis
839:include trematode
837:Bellamya chinensis
764:Bellamya chinensis
695:Southampton Common
468:Bellamya chinensis
431:
428:Bellamya chinensis
408:Bellamya chinensis
310:with gills and an
279:Paludina japonicus
244:Vivipara chinensis
236:Bellamya chinensis
227:Paludina chinensis
1969:
1968:
1941:Open Tree of Life
1640:Taxon identifiers
874:eaten in Thailand
537:Though native to
374:is a subgenus of
286:
285:
274:Paludina malleata
260:
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183:C. chinensis
149:Architaenioglossa
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1588:Further reading
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1484:10.2307/3285837
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435:Cipangopaludina
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384:Cipangopaludina
371:Cipangopaludina
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170:Cipangopaludina
139:Caenogastropoda
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306:), is a large
298:trapdoor snail
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1599:(in Japanese)
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1563:
1560:
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1552:
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1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1521:(3): 339–96.
1520:
1516:
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1501:
1497:
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1481:
1477:
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1465:
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1457:
1444:
1436:
1429:
1426:
1414:
1413:"Pond Snails"
1408:
1405:
1401:(2): 137–139.
1400:
1396:
1389:
1386:
1375:on 2007-07-01
1374:
1370:
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1361:
1357:
1353:
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1290:on 2016-12-25
1286:
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1224:Eckel, P. M.
1220:
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1177:(3): e58999.
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979:
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948:: 1591-1605.
947:
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931:
920:on 2007-08-29
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835:Parasites of
830:
826:
823:
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815:
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797:
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781:
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769:
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753:ovoviviparous
746:
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723:
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621:
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595:
592:
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589:Niagara River
586:
581:
579:
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572:
571:San Francisco
565:United States
564:
559:
557:
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550:
548:
544:
540:
532:
530:
528:
523:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
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496:The shell of
494:
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448:
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196:
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192:Binomial name
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113:
110:
107:
104:
103:
100:
97:
94:
93:
88:
83:
79:
73:
68:
67:Least Concern
57:
53:
48:
43:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
2002:Algae eaters
1864:
1647:
1623:(1): 17–22.
1620:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1577:
1573:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1475:
1471:
1464:
1443:cite journal
1428:
1417:. Retrieved
1415:. thePondGuy
1407:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1377:. Retrieved
1373:the original
1363:
1351:
1348:The Nautilus
1346:
1342:
1337:
1326:. Retrieved
1317:
1292:. Retrieved
1285:the original
1272:
1261:. Retrieved
1257:
1245:
1234:. Retrieved
1227:
1219:
1174:
1168:
1124:
1120:The Nautilus
1118:
1114:
1109:
1090:
982:. Retrieved
977:
971:
964:
945:
942:
938:
933:
922:. Retrieved
918:the original
908:
898:
891:
883:
871:
860:
852:
840:
836:
834:
819:
812:
805:
798:
791:
784:
777:
772:
763:
762:
750:
737:
728:
727:
719:
715:conductivity
711:
707:paddy fields
704:
680:
647:
642:
638:
634:
630:
628:
593:
585:Grand Island
582:
575:
568:
551:
545:to northern
536:
533:Distribution
527:apple snails
524:
519:
515:
511:
501:
497:
495:
491:periostracum
488:
477:
472:
467:
466:
463:
458:
449:and distant
434:
432:
427:
411:
407:
403:
399:
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375:
369:
359:
355:
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333:
302:
301:
297:
293:
289:
287:
278:
273:
268:
263:
251:
247:(Gray, 1834)
243:
239:(Gray, 1834)
235:
226:
200:
198:
182:
181:
169:
25:
1987:Viviparidae
1809:NatureServe
1734:iNaturalist
984:15 December
691:iNaturalist
418:Description
326:Viviparidae
294:black snail
159:Viviparidae
1976:Categories
1419:2007-07-17
1379:2007-07-17
1328:2016-06-30
1294:2019-07-25
1263:2022-03-18
1236:2007-07-17
924:2007-07-17
880:References
747:Life cycle
451:body whorl
338:, an oval
230:Gray, 1834
135:Subclass:
129:Gastropoda
1663:Q59771146
1625:record in
1618:The Venus
1606:Viviparus
1535:1175-5334
867:Neolithic
863:Guanzhong
849:Human use
759:Parasites
650:Minnesota
543:Indochina
539:East Asia
455:umbilicus
426:Shell of
336:operculum
319:gastropod
312:operculum
177:Species:
105:Kingdom:
99:Eukaryota
1880:Q3707299
1874:Wikidata
1814:2.116697
1752:10237833
1671:BioLib:
1657:Wikidata
1602:Shiba N.
1543:25781098
1500:10577736
1303:cite web
1211:23544050
1170:PLoS ONE
1128:: 31–37.
1115:Bellamya
1098:Archived
953:Archived
480:aperture
380:Bellamya
376:Bellamya
350:Taxonomy
344:aperture
340:corneous
218:Synonyms
155:Family:
119:Mollusca
115:Phylum:
109:Animalia
95:Domain:
72:IUCN 3.1
1920:7951273
1713:9738098
1515:Zootaxa
1492:3285837
1202:3601151
1179:Bibcode
733:diatoms
701:Ecology
322:mollusk
316:aquatic
259:, 1863)
211:, 1834)
165:Genus:
145:Order:
125:Class:
70: (
1959:955620
1933:199364
1894:608931
1853:594807
1840:527796
1791:166265
1765:113323
1687:212342
1674:605508
1541:
1533:
1498:
1490:
1209:
1199:
768:vector
687:Sussex
508:radula
1954:WoRMS
1946:64315
1907:5WGY9
1848:WoRMS
1798:NAS:
1778:70329
1747:IRMNG
1739:83795
1488:JSTOR
1354:(3):
1288:(PDF)
1281:(PDF)
1254:(PDF)
740:algae
693:from
547:China
447:spire
439:shell
314:, an
296:, or
257:Reeve
1915:GBIF
1889:BOLD
1835:NCBI
1801:1044
1786:IUCN
1773:ITIS
1726:1812
1721:GISD
1708:GBIF
1700:VFND
1682:BOLD
1539:PMID
1531:ISSN
1519:3918
1496:PMID
1456:help
1358:-95.
1309:link
1207:PMID
986:2018
514:and
478:The
443:apex
410:and
366:USGS
358:and
288:The
209:Gray
1902:CoL
1822:NBN
1760:ISC
1695:CoL
1566:HTM
1523:doi
1480:doi
1197:PMC
1187:doi
1125:114
950:PDF
685:in
670:USA
664:In
484:lip
1978::
1956::
1943::
1930::
1917::
1904::
1891::
1876::
1850::
1837::
1824::
1811::
1788::
1775::
1762::
1749::
1736::
1723::
1710::
1697::
1684::
1659::
1612:)
1562:14
1537:.
1529:.
1517:.
1494:.
1486:.
1476:85
1474:.
1447::
1445:}}
1441:{{
1399:35
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1301:{{
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1133:^
994:^
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1189::
1181::
1175:8
988:.
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959:.
927:.
901:"
897:"
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300:(
255:(
207:(
74:)
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
