377:, contain neurotoxins, which are suspected to be a significant fast-acting component in venoms of many centipedes. This species mainly feeds on live animals; plant materials are occasionally consumed but its consumption is considered negligible. To get hold of the prey, this centipede grabs prey with its anterior legs, and typically envenomates prey by stabbing it using its forcipules. Little quantitative ecological and behavioural work was done for centipedes. Some studies, however, have found that centipedes are highly selective and tend to strike at the head or thorax instead of the abdomen. If the bite was made on the abdomen, the centipede would usually reposition the prey and strike again on the head or thorax. Venom availability has a significant effect on predatory response. Returning to their normal attack rate after venom extraction takes more time when facing larger prey.
343:
anemones. The functional mechanism of these peptides are similar to the neurotoxins of the mention venomous animals, yet their primary structures remain unique. A few were found to contain insecticidal properties and act on voltage-gated sodium, potassium, and calcium channels. It was found that both purified neurotoxins and unprocessed centipede venom are highly insecticidal, with the unprocessed venom being significantly stronger than all purified neurotoxins in insecticidal effects. Centipede venoms might have the potential to provide peptide candidates with potential pharmaceutical or agrochemical uses due to their high level of biochemical diversity.
323:
the order
Scolopendromorpha have interspersed radial striated muscles between the secretory units, where one end connects to the lumen of the venom gland and the other end connects to peripheral muscles. These muscles may be used for the contraction and constriction of anthe gland during venom ejection. The venom glands of Scolopendridae species are elongated cylindrical shape, with the lumen spanning almost the entire length of the gland. The long span of the lumen likely allows greater control over the secretion of different venom components. The venom glands span along the outer curvature of trochanteroprefemur of each forcipule.
401:
prefemoral spines are short, spiky structures on the ultimate legs of centipedes; the spines are usually on the leg segment that is closest to the body). Centipedes occasionally attacked using the claws of their ultimate legs by a chopping motion following the warning position. When attacked in the midsection, the centipede curls sideways to reach the attacker with both its forcipules and ultimate legs at the same time. Apart from establishing a warning position and stabbing for defence, the ultimate legs are also used for grasping during mating, and acting as a hook to hang themselves.
394:
31:
175:
357:
44:
208:
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on the abdominal side (i.e. ventral) side of the thorax, and the assumption that injecting venom in the prey's abdomen leads to venom dilution due to the mixing of fluids in the circulatory system and the guts; the distance where the venom has to travel to be effective also increases, making it less efficient in disabling the prey.
630:
hoping to extend the application of this species from traditional medicine only. Nutritional analysis on this species found that it is high in crude protein (around 55%) and fat (around 26-30%). Essential amino acids were present, with lysine being the most common (around 3.5% of all essential amino
384:
Two other concepts have been suggested to explain the reason for prey orientation - one suggested that venom is an expensive product to produce, hence venom conservation is essential; and the other concept suggested that striking the prey in that specific position (i.e. aligning the prey as the same
526:
Water extracts from the dried whole body of this species were reported to have antitumour properties, and would lead to enhanced immune responses. SPPC is a polysaccharide-protein complex that can be extracted from the centipede by pouring hot water over the powdered, dried body of the organism. In
510:
for cancer treatment and other curative effects. Arthropod medicines were found to have a high level of antitumour effect in modern studies, and centipede is one of the major constituents of such medication. Extraction from these centipedes was found to be effective in controlling the proliferation
380:
Research on these behaviours has suggested that the reason for centipedes to reposition their prey is to enhance the speed where neurotoxins in the venom arrive at the thoracic ganglia, where it controls limb movement or the brain. This explanation was based on the position of such ganglia locating
322:
Little is known about the venom and the venom apparatus of centipedes. Studies on venom gland described it as the cuticle and epidermis being turned inside out. The venom gland consists of many epithelial secretory units, each with its own excretory system that is shaped like valves. Centipedes of
235:
is known for harbouring little aggression to other centipedes, a trait very rare amongst giant centipedes, and allows it to be kept communally. Antimicrobial activities of the identified compounds were reported against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites, that
422:
species are used in Korean traditional medicine. The centipedes are used whole to treat various medical issues, including joint problems (which is its major use), alopecia areata, stroke, convulsions, lymphangitis, lumps or masses, neoplasm, poisonous tumours, carbuncles, and snake bites. These
342:
contain a diverse range of neurotoxins, including 26 neurotoxin-like peptides that belong to 10 different groups. Most of the 26 identified neurotoxin-like peptides have a different molecular structure compared to the neurotoxins found in spiders, snakes, scorpions, marine cone snails, and sea
947:
L. Koch by peptidomics combined with transcriptome analysis, revealing the diversity of neurotoxins. These neurotoxins each contain two to four intramolecular disulfide bridges, and in most cases, the disulfide framework is different from that found in neurotoxins from the venoms of spiders,
584:
cell proliferation in cancer research; it was also found to combine with mitochondria, which allows it to regulate apoptosis in pathways in HeLa cells. Scolopin 2 is able to significantly suppress tumour growth in mice trials without causing any side effects. It was hence considered a strong
400:
Behavioural studies found that when the centipedes are attacked near their heads, they would counterattack with their forcipules; when being attacked at the rear, they would adopt a warning position, where the last pair of legs (at the rear) would raise to display the prefemoral spines (i.e.
479:
Although the two centipede species were shown to be interchangeable in clinical practices, their interchangeability in clinical application was again questioned by some researchers, as more recent studies suggested that centipede proteins have a major role in their clinical effects. Through
423:
centipedes were considered one of the most prescribed, medically important, and expensive insect/arthropod drugs in Korean traditional medicine. They are frequently prescribed alone, despite arthropod drugs are usually prescribed with a mix of other medicinal materials for desired effects.
488:
are different in the number of overlapping sequences and precursors for proteins and peptides. In addition, unique precursors were also found in both species for proteins and peptide levels. As the species differ in protein and peptide level, researchers of this study concluded that the
301:
s venom. SsmTP consists of 66 amino acids, and its composition highly resembles those of neurotoxins. The peptide is found within the venom duct. SsmTP was found to be toxic to cells depending on the concentration administered. It promotes cell growth in low concentrations
224:
In ancient
Chinese traditions, this centipede is used for its healing properties. Putting a Chinese red head on a rash or other skin-disease is said to speed up the healing process. The roasted dry centipede is pulverized and used in Korea for the treatment of back pain,
211:
215:
214:
210:
209:
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at the respiratory tract). Centipedes used in clinical practice are required to be boiled before administration, and it is whether to keep or discard the head of centipedes in medical uses remained controversial, as the head contains the venom glands.
577:. Both scolopin 1 and 2 were reported to show intense antimicrobial activities, which includes both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. It was also reported to have moderate haemolytic effects on human and rabbit red blood cells.
213:
888:"Review of the subspecies of Scolopendra subspinipes Leach, 1815 with the new description of the South Chinese member of the genus Scolopendra Linnaeus, 1758 named Scolopendra hainanum spec. nov.: (Myriapoda, Chilopoda, Scolopendridae)"
639:
being the most common (around 41-48%). Mercury was found, but the concentration was below food safety limits. Pathogenic microorganisms were not found in the centipede samples. From these findings, the researchers suggested that
335:, an enzyme that breaks down protein plays an important role. Centipede venom has effects on skeletal muscles, heart muscles, and neurons, and the effects are attributed to the larger protein molecules in the venom.
652:
Both centipede bites and centipede-containing medicine can cause allergic reactions, yet no natural centipede allergen has been characterized and officially identified until 2021. The novel allergen found in
1095:
Researchers at the
Kunming Institute of Zoology found in experiments using mice and monkeys that retigabine can effectively treat symptoms of centipede venom such as heart failure, epilepsy, and respiratory
2515:"Recent Findings from Kunming Institute of Zoology Has Provided New Data on Allergies (Isolation and characterization of the major centipede allergen Sco m 5 from Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans)".
865:
Embryology of insects and myriapods; the developmental history of insects, centipedes, and millepedes from egg desposition [!] to hatching, by Oskar A. Johannsen ... and
Ferdinand H. Butt ...
430:
is the only centipede species registered for clinical application by the
Pharmacopeia of the People's Republic of China. Despite being the only species listed, other species of centipedes, including
920:
476:
fungal and bacterial growth, and acute toxicity tests. The study also suggested both centipede species can be used in relatively large doses, as they were both low in acute and genetic toxicities.
472:. The same study found that two species showed similar results in various fields, including effects on animal haemoglobin and weight, chromosomal aberration tests, anticonvulsive tests, effects on
306:(i.e. outside a living organism), but is cytotoxic in high concentrations. A low concentration of SsmTP also protects cells from oxidative damage by inhibiting programmed cell death (
700:"Correction: The Centipede Genus Scolopendra in Mainland Southeast Asia: Molecular Phylogenetics, Geometric Morphometrics and External Morphology as Tools for Species Delimitation"
768:
Moon, Surk-Sik; Cho, Namsun; Shin, Jongheon; Seo, Youngwan; Lee, Chong Ock; Choi, Sang Un (1996-01-01). "Jineol, a
Cytotoxic Alkaloid from the Centipede Scolopendra subspinipes".
2110:"Construction and expression of an antimicrobial peptide scolopin 1 from the centipede venoms of Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans in Escherichia coli using SUMO fusion partner"
263:
Venoms of centipedes remained largely unstudied, and the components remain largely unknown. The venom of the
Chinese red-headed centipede contains a small peptide toxin called
464:, a common substitute for the former, has found that in pharmacodynamics and toxicology, the two centipede species have similar effects, and is theoretically proved that
212:
2744:
2267:"Antimicrobial peptide scolopendrasin VII, derived from the centipede Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans, stimulates macrophage chemotaxis via formyl peptide receptor 1"
275:
belonging to 10 different groups of peptides have been identified. In
January 2018, Chinese scientists found an antidote to the painful venom of centipede in the drug
635:
being the most common nonessential amino acid present in the centipede (around 7% of all nonessential amino acids). Unsaturated fatty acids were also present, with
531:
in mice by promoting both specific and nonspecific immune responses. H22-bearing mice were found to have extended survival time with the administration of SPPC.
369:, like other centipedes, is a predator that kills by injecting venom into its prey. Venom is injected to immobilize and break down internal tissues. Venoms of
1392:
Yang, Shilong; Liu, Zhonghua; Xiao, Yao; Li, Yuan; Rong, Mingqiang; Liang, Songping; Zhang, Zhiye; Yu, Haining; King, Glenn F.; Lai, Ren (September 2012).
1578:"Prey orientation and the role of venom availability in the predatory behaviour of the centipede Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans (Arthropoda: Chilopoda)"
271:
ion channel, causing a localized burning pain. The crude venom is said to be toxic in mice and to induce platelet aggregation. In addition, another 26
2366:"Amidated Scolopin-2 inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of Hela cells in vitro and in vivo: Amidated Scolopin-2 induces Hela cell apoptosis"
1716:"Effects of a centipede venom fraction on insect nervous system, a native Xenopus oocyte receptor and on an expressed Drosophila muscarinic receptor"
2693:
1714:
Stankiewicz, Maria; Hamon, Alain; Benkhalifa, Rym; Kadziela, Wojciech; Hue, Bernard; Lucas, Sylvia; Mebs, Dietrich; Pelhate, Marcel (October 1999).
2413:"Venom differences between the centipedes Scolopendra mojiangica and Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans revealed by peptidomics/proteomics analysis"
2185:"Antitumor and immunostimulatory activity of a polysaccharide–protein complex from Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans L. Koch in tumor-bearing mice"
2035:"Venom differences between the centipedes Scolopendra mojiangica and Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans revealed by peptidomics/proteomics analysis"
1110:"Centipede (Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans) venom toxin peptide exhibits cytotoxic and cell growth effects in a concentration-dependent manner"
805:"Biologically active metabolite(s) from haemolymph of red-headed centipede Scolopendra subspinipes possess broad spectrum antibacterial activity"
657:, Sco m 5, was the first natural centipede allergen to be identified and characterized by Lan et al. It was found that Sco m 5 can promote the
574:
555:
2241:
1685:
1547:
1507:
1462:
1243:
1072:
1108:
He, Xuelai; Lee, Kwang Sik; Kim, Bo Yeon; Lee, Kyeong Yong; Ko, Hyeon Jin; Jia, Jingming; Yoon, Hyung Joo; Jin, Byung Rae (March 2019).
2149:"STAT3 Inhibition by Centipede Scolopendra Extract in Liver Cancer HepG2 Cells and Orthotopic Mouse Models of Hepatocellular Carcinoma"
1267:
Bonato, Lucio; Edgecombe, Gregory; Lewis, John; Minelli, Alessandro; Pereira, Luis; Shelley, Rowland; Zapparoli, Marzio (2010-11-18).
511:
of HepG2 cells (liver cancer). The mechanism by which the centipede extract alleviates liver cancer is related to the regulation of
1973:"Therapeutic arthropods and other, largely terrestrial, folk-medicinally important invertebrates: a comparative survey and review"
520:
2749:
2458:
Washio, Ken; Masaki, Taro; Fujii, Shotaro; Hatakeyama, Mayumi; Oda, Yoshiko; Fukunaga, Atsushi; Natsuaki, Masaru (July 2018).
543:
has no acquired immune system, which leads to the development of numerous antimicrobial peptides in its innate immune system.
2584:"Venom and torso toxin profiles of the centipede Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans reveal material base in clinical practice"
2266:
385:
orientation of the centipede) would allow the centipede to sufficiently restraint the prey until the venom takes effect.
2074:"Comparison of Scolopendra mojiangica Zhang et Chi and S.subspinipes mutilans L.Koch II Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology"
507:
2667:
239:
Females are incubator mothers, guarding the eggs by wrapping their bodies around their clutches until the eggs hatch.
43:
2754:
164:
1829:"The ultimate legs of Chilopoda (Myriapoda): a review on their morphological disparity and functional variability"
2072:
Yong-lu, R. a. N.; Gan, W. U.; Jin-huan, Wang; Wen-juan, Y. E.; Chen, C. H. I.; Tian-gao, L. U. O. (1996-02-22).
1625:"Predatory behavior of three centipede species of the order Scolopendromorpha (Arthropoda: Myriapoda: Chilopoda)"
559:
393:
331:
Centipede venom generally contains a few different enzymes that are very different from other arthropods, where
30:
2739:
2228:. Progress in Molecular and Subcellular Biology. Vol. 15. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
558:) and protein kinase B (Akt) activity. Scolopendrasin VII was also found to stimulate chemotactic migration of
2535:"Isolation and characterization of the major centipede allergen Sco m 5 from Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans"
2533:
Lan, Xin-Qiang; Zhao, Feng; Wang, Qi-Quan; Li, Jiang-Hua; Zeng, Lin; Zhang, Yun; Lee, Wen-Hui (January 2021).
2183:
Zhao, Haixia; Li, Ying; Wang, Yuzhong; Zhang, Jing; Ouyang, Xiaoming; Peng, Renxiu; Yang, Jing (August 2012).
444:
2265:
Park, Yoo Jung; Lee, Ha Young; Jung, Young Su; Park, Joon Seong; Hwang, Jae Sam; Bae, Yoe-Sik (2015-08-31).
432:
438:
2635:
1623:
Guizze, Samuel P.G.; Knysak, Irene; Barbaro, Katia C.; Karam-Gemael, Manoela; Chagas-Jr, Amazonas (2016).
2672:
512:
148:
943:
Twenty-six neurotoxin-like peptides belonging to ten groups were identified from the centipede venoms,
803:
Ali, Salwa Mansur; Khan, Naveed Ahmed; Sagathevan, K.; Anwar, Ayaz; Siddiqui, Ruqaiyyah (2019-06-28).
356:
2734:
2680:
2325:
Peng, Kanfu; Kong, Yi; Zhai, Lei; Wu, Xiongfei; Jia, Peng; Liu, Jingze; Yu, Haining (February 2010).
1773:
1276:
1027:
711:
204:(type locality: Japan). It averages 20 cm (8 in) in length and lives in damp environments.
174:
2147:
Yong-Jiea, Teng; Zhuob, Liu; Liuc, Liao; Yuanc, Chen; Xiao-Did, Huang; Xue-Feic, Tian (June 2020).
2611:
2497:
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2247:
2184:
2109:
2108:
Hou, Huanhuan; Yan, Weili; Du, Kexing; Ye, Yangjing; Cao, Qianqian; Ren, Wenhua (December 2013).
2054:
2034:
1933:
1691:
1137:
1077:
38:
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Scolopin 1 holds the potential as an antimicrobial agent. Scolopin 2 was found able to inhibit
2603:
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2012:
1994:
1953:
1911:
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1888:"The Bite and Habits of a Giant Centipede (Scolopendra Subspinipes) in the Philippine Islands"
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2002:
1984:
1945:
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1766:"On the function of the ultimate legs of some Scolopendridae (Chilopoda, Scolopendromorpha)"
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The biological actions of the toxins in centipede venom are mostly unknown. A peptide named
1016:"A pain-inducing centipede toxin targets the heat activation machinery of nociceptor TRPV1"
1160:"Centipede Venoms and Their Components: Resources for Potential Therapeutic Applications"
1777:
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115:
1949:
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969:"On the venom system of centipedes (Chilopoda), a neglected group of venomous animals"
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2411:
Zhang, Huijie; Lan, Xinqiang; Zhang, Yun; Sun, Tongyi; Lee, Wen-Hui (February 2019).
2223:
2033:
Zhang, Huijie; Lan, Xinqiang; Zhang, Yun; Sun, Tongyi; Lee, Wen-Hui (February 2019).
1695:
930:
887:
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in spination of the prefemur of the ventral legs, ventrally, dorsally, and medially.
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125:
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Yan, Weili; Lu, Jia; Li, Guiting; Wei, Huiyuan; Ren, Wen-Hua (September 2018).
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1989:
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1998:
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Shahriari, Neda; Sloan, Brett (2020), Trevino, Julian; Chen, Amy Y-Y (eds.),
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95:
85:
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55:
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2493:
2460:"Anaphylaxis caused by a centipede bite: A "true" type-I allergic reaction"
2389:
2350:
2308:
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2133:
2016:
1957:
1934:"Insects and other arthropods used as drugs in Korean traditional medicine"
1915:
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1000:
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of macrophages was also stimulated by this peptide through activating ERK (
527:
mice clinical trials, SPPC was found to effectively suppress the growth of
1452:
1176:
236:
possibly explain centipede's survival in harsh and polluted environments.
2652:
1492:
Treatise on
Zoology - Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology. The Myriapoda, Volume 1
1269:"A common terminology for the external anatomy of centipedes (Chilopoda)"
570:
565:
Scolopin 1 and 2 are antimicrobial peptides identified from the venom of
280:
2365:
1014:
Yang, S.; Yang, F.; Wei, N.; Hong, J.; Li, B.; Luo, L.; Lai, R. (2015).
2698:
1845:
1039:
2711:
1394:"Chemical Punch Packed in Venoms Makes Centipedes Excellent Predators"
921:"Chemical Punch Packed in Venoms Makes Centipedes Excellent Predators"
781:
2582:
Lan, Xinqiang; Zhao, Feng; Zhang, Yun; Lee, Wen-Hui (February 2019).
2381:
1224:"Evolution, Morphology and Development of the Centipede Venom System"
948:
scorpions, marine cone snails, sea anemones, and snakes (5S animals).
562:-transfected RBL-2H3 cells (mast cells), and directly binds to FPR1.
489:
interchangeability of centipede species requires further evaluation.
65:
2629:
546:
An antimicrobial peptide named scolopendrasin VII was discovered in
1827:
Kenning, Matthes; Müller, Carsten H.G.; Sombke, Andy (2017-11-14).
666:
392:
355:
291:
268:
206:
173:
2685:
581:
528:
448:, were also regularly used as substitutes in clinical practice.
264:
226:
2633:
550:. The peptide stimulates actin polymerization; the subsequent
1672:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 201–207,
452:
Interchangeability of centipede species in clinical practices
626:
A study by Kim et al. investigated the nutritional value of
2327:"Two novel antimicrobial peptides from centipede venoms"
644:
has the potential to be a medicine and food ingredient.
1764:
Kronmüller, Christian; Lewis, John G.J. (2015-06-30).
1892:
The
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
1073:"Chinese scientists find antidote to centipede venom"
665:(i.e. degranulation of mast cells is associated with
480:
proteomics, researchers had found that the venoms of
2642:
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310:) and the inflammatory response initiator
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820:
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723:
2745:Taxa named by Ludwig Carl Christian Koch
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587:
690:
2528:
2526:
2370:Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry
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2318:
2178:
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575:high-performance liquid chromatography
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2101:
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1925:
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7:
1886:Remington, Charles L. (1950-05-01).
962:
960:
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913:
911:
909:
907:
763:
761:
569:. These peptides were identified by
267:, which increases activation of the
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1594:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2012.03.014
1534:. Cambridge University Press.
1528:Lewis, J. G. E. (1981-08-27).
1:
2600:10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.10.300
2429:10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.10.302
2343:10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.07.040
2051:10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.10.302
1950:10.1016/S0378-8741(98)00209-8
1732:10.1016/s0041-0101(99)00089-6
1451:Blum, Murray Sheldon (1981).
1236:10.1007/978-94-007-6727-0_1-1
985:10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.01.004
929:. May 1, 2012. Archived from
24:Chinese red-headed centipede
2283:10.5483/BMBRep.2015.48.8.115
2189:Food and Chemical Toxicology
1938:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
1900:10.4269/ajtmh.1950.s1-30.453
1678:10.1007/978-3-030-37782-3_13
1582:Journal of Insect Physiology
1457:. New York: Academic Press.
1071:Liangyu (January 26, 2018).
725:10.1371/journal.pone.0139182
508:traditional Chinese medicine
220:Chinese red-headed centipede
184:Chinese red-headed centipede
2166:10.1016/j.dcmed.2020.06.002
1126:10.1016/j.aspen.2018.11.018
770:Journal of Natural Products
410:Use in traditional medicine
2771:
2552:10.1016/j.alit.2020.06.003
2517:Health & Medicine Week
2477:10.1016/j.alit.2018.01.005
619:
609:GILKKFMLHRGTKVYKMRTLSKRSH
256:
2539:Allergology International
2464:Allergology International
2234:10.1007/978-3-642-79735-4
2201:10.1016/j.fct.2012.05.018
2126:10.1016/j.pep.2013.10.004
1990:10.1186/s13002-017-0136-0
1531:The Biology of Centipedes
1500:10.1163/9789004188266_016
1222:Dugon, Michel M. (2015),
822:10.1186/s13568-019-0816-3
592:
154:
147:
39:Scientific classification
37:
28:
23:
2153:Digital Chinese Medicine
1787:10.3897/zookeys.510.8674
1540:10.1017/cbo9780511565649
1488:"15 Chilopoda – Ecology"
178:Centipede classification
2225:Invertebrate Immunology
1411:10.1074/mcp.m112.018853
502:For hundreds of years,
456:Comparative studies on
414:In modern South Korea,
318:Venom system morphology
16:Subspecies of centipede
2750:Arthropod common names
1894:. s1-30 (3): 453–455.
1349:10.3390/toxins12040230
1290:10.3897/zookeys.69.737
874:10.5962/bhl.title.6583
601:FLPKMSTKLRVPYRRGTKDYH
573:gel filtration and RP-
535:Antimicrobial peptides
397:
363:
221:
179:
1177:10.3390/toxins7114832
1020:Nature Communications
552:chemotactic migration
523:signalling pathways.
493:Research significance
396:
359:
219:
177:
933:on February 12, 2018
389:Defensive behaviours
375:Scolopendra mutilans
193:Scolopendra mutilans
186:, also known as the
158:Scolopendra mutilans
2078:Zoological Research
1778:2015ZooK..510..269K
1629:Zoologia (Curitiba)
1281:2010ZooK...69...17B
1085:on January 26, 2018
1032:2015NatCo...6.8297Y
716:2015PLoSO..1039182.
589:
468:can be replaced by
352:Predatory behaviour
327:Uniqueness of venom
297:were identified in
1846:10.7717/peerj.4023
1494:, BRILL: 309–325,
1078:Xinhua News Agency
1040:10.1038/ncomms9297
588:
398:
364:
222:
180:
2755:Scolopendromorpha
2722:
2721:
2636:Taxon identifiers
2243:978-3-642-79737-8
1726:(10): 1431–1445.
1687:978-3-030-37781-6
1549:978-0-521-23413-9
1509:978-90-04-18826-6
1464:978-0-323-14555-8
1245:978-94-007-6727-0
1170:(11): 4832–4851.
782:10.1021/np960188t
616:Food and medicine
613:
612:
539:As an arthropod,
217:
172:
171:
106:Scolopendromorpha
2762:
2715:
2714:
2702:
2701:
2689:
2688:
2676:
2675:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2631:
2620:
2619:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2554:
2530:
2521:
2520:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2479:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2382:10.1002/bab.1661
2361:
2355:
2354:
2337:(2–3): 274–279.
2322:
2313:
2312:
2302:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2195:(8): 2648–2655.
2180:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2105:
2094:
2093:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2030:
2021:
2020:
2010:
1992:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1929:
1920:
1919:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1866:
1848:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1807:
1789:
1772:(510): 269–278.
1761:
1752:
1751:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1644:
1635:(6): e20160026.
1620:
1614:
1613:
1573:
1554:
1553:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1431:
1413:
1389:
1380:
1379:
1369:
1351:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1310:
1292:
1264:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1219:
1208:
1207:
1197:
1179:
1155:
1146:
1145:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1092:
1090:
1081:. Archived from
1068:
1062:
1061:
1051:
1011:
1005:
1004:
964:
951:
950:
940:
938:
917:
902:
901:
899:
898:
884:
878:
877:
859:
853:
852:
842:
824:
800:
794:
793:
765:
756:
755:
745:
727:
695:
680:Ssm spooky toxin
590:
529:S180 cancer cell
279:, used to treat
218:
188:Chinese red head
160:
140:S. mutilans
47:
46:
33:
21:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2740:Fauna of Yunnan
2725:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2710:
2705:
2697:
2692:
2684:
2679:
2671:
2666:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2638:
2628:
2623:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2532:
2531:
2524:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2324:
2323:
2316:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2244:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2182:
2181:
2174:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2107:
2106:
2097:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2032:
2031:
2024:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1931:
1930:
1923:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1763:
1762:
1755:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1700:
1698:
1688:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1575:
1574:
1557:
1550:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1465:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1391:
1390:
1383:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1266:
1265:
1258:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1221:
1220:
1211:
1157:
1156:
1149:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1088:
1086:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1013:
1012:
1008:
966:
965:
954:
936:
934:
919:
918:
905:
896:
894:
886:
885:
881:
861:
860:
856:
802:
801:
797:
767:
766:
759:
710:(9): e0139182.
697:
696:
692:
688:
676:
650:
624:
618:
537:
500:
498:Cancer research
495:
454:
445:S. negrocapitis
412:
407:
391:
354:
349:
333:metalloprotease
329:
320:
261:
255:
207:
168:
162:
156:
143:
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2768:
2766:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2727:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2703:
2690:
2677:
2664:
2648:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2627:
2626:External links
2624:
2622:
2621:
2574:
2545:(1): 121–128.
2522:
2507:
2470:(3): 419–420.
2450:
2403:
2376:(5): 672–679.
2356:
2314:
2277:(8): 479–484.
2257:
2242:
2214:
2172:
2139:
2120:(2): 230–234.
2095:
2064:
2022:
1963:
1944:(3): 207–216.
1921:
1878:
1819:
1753:
1706:
1686:
1656:
1615:
1588:(6): 874–880.
1555:
1548:
1520:
1508:
1478:
1463:
1443:
1404:(9): 640–650.
1381:
1322:
1256:
1244:
1209:
1147:
1100:
1063:
1006:
979:(4): 512–524.
952:
903:
879:
854:
795:
776:(8): 777–779.
757:
689:
687:
684:
683:
682:
675:
672:
649:
646:
617:
614:
611:
610:
607:
603:
602:
599:
595:
594:
536:
533:
499:
496:
494:
491:
482:S. monjiangica
453:
450:
411:
408:
406:
405:Uses by humans
403:
390:
387:
371:Scolopendridae
353:
350:
348:
345:
328:
325:
319:
316:
259:Centipede bite
254:
251:
247:S. subspinipes
170:
169:
163:
152:
151:
145:
144:
137:
135:
131:
130:
123:
119:
118:
116:Scolopendridae
113:
109:
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103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
73:
69:
68:
63:
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53:
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35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2767:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
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2741:
2738:
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2733:
2732:
2730:
2713:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2665:
2660:
2654:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2632:
2625:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
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2578:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2511:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2454:
2451:
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2434:
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2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2407:
2404:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
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2379:
2375:
2371:
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2360:
2357:
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2348:
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2340:
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2332:
2328:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2261:
2258:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2218:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2143:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2068:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1823:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1710:
1707:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1660:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1619:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1524:
1521:
1511:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1456:
1455:
1447:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1326:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1275:(69): 17–51.
1274:
1270:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1247:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1067:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1010:
1007:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
963:
961:
959:
957:
953:
949:
946:
932:
928:
927:
922:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
904:
893:
889:
883:
880:
875:
871:
867:
866:
858:
855:
850:
846:
841:
836:
832:
828:
823:
818:
814:
810:
806:
799:
796:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
764:
762:
758:
753:
749:
744:
739:
735:
731:
726:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
694:
691:
685:
681:
678:
677:
673:
671:
668:
664:
660:
659:degranulation
656:
647:
645:
643:
638:
634:
633:glutamic acid
629:
623:
615:
608:
605:
604:
600:
597:
596:
591:
586:
583:
578:
576:
572:
568:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
544:
542:
534:
532:
530:
524:
522:
518:
514:
509:
505:
497:
492:
490:
487:
483:
477:
475:
471:
470:S. mojiangica
467:
463:
462:S. mojiangica
459:
451:
449:
447:
446:
441:
440:
435:
434:
433:S. mojiangica
429:
424:
421:
417:
409:
404:
402:
395:
388:
386:
382:
378:
376:
372:
368:
362:
358:
351:
346:
344:
341:
336:
334:
326:
324:
317:
315:
313:
309:
305:
300:
296:
294:
289:
284:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
260:
252:
250:
248:
245:differs from
244:
240:
237:
234:
230:
229:, and sores.
228:
205:
203:
199:
195:
194:
189:
185:
176:
166:
161:
159:
153:
150:
149:Binomial name
146:
142:
141:
136:
133:
132:
129:
128:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
91:
90:
87:
84:
81:
80:
77:
74:
71:
70:
67:
64:
61:
60:
57:
54:
51:
50:
45:
40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2643:
2591:
2587:
2577:
2542:
2538:
2516:
2510:
2467:
2463:
2453:
2420:
2416:
2406:
2373:
2369:
2359:
2334:
2330:
2274:
2270:
2260:
2224:
2217:
2192:
2188:
2159:(2): 67–79.
2156:
2152:
2142:
2117:
2113:
2084:(1): 79–83.
2081:
2077:
2067:
2042:
2038:
1980:
1976:
1966:
1941:
1937:
1891:
1881:
1836:
1832:
1822:
1769:
1723:
1719:
1709:
1699:, retrieved
1669:
1666:"Centipedes"
1659:
1632:
1628:
1618:
1585:
1581:
1530:
1523:
1513:, retrieved
1491:
1481:
1453:
1446:
1401:
1397:
1339:
1335:
1325:
1272:
1249:, retrieved
1227:
1167:
1163:
1120:(1): 19–24.
1117:
1113:
1103:
1094:
1089:February 11,
1087:. Retrieved
1083:the original
1076:
1066:
1023:
1019:
1009:
976:
972:
944:
942:
937:February 11,
935:. Retrieved
931:the original
926:ResearchGate
924:
895:. Retrieved
892:ResearchGate
891:
882:
864:
857:
812:
808:
798:
773:
769:
707:
703:
693:
654:
651:
641:
631:acids), and
627:
625:
579:
566:
564:
547:
545:
540:
538:
525:
506:was used in
503:
501:
485:
481:
478:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
455:
443:
439:S. multidens
437:
431:
427:
425:
419:
415:
413:
399:
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1096:depression.
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655:S. mutilans
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628:S. mutilans
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548:S. mutilans
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416:S. mutilans
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288:S. mutilans
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