22:
134:
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The reason why apparent monophthongs ㄩ and ㄝ are included in this chart is purely phonological and historical. According to this theory, those two vowels are really diphthongs, i.e. ㄧㄨ and ㄧㄝ . Even so, those vowels should be considered "rising diphthongs" on a par with those in the next diagram.
449:
439:
429:
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Unlike the trapezoidal
English vowel diagram (right), the Chinese vowel diagram (left) is triangular. The phonetic symbols used in this diagram are known as the "National Phonetic Alphabet " or "National Phonetic Symbols " or simply
810:
809:(also known as "apical vowels"), often represented as and by sinologists, that appear after apical dental and retroflex fricatives/affricates. Notice that those two IPA symbols are now considered
513:
The exact number of vowels in
Mandarin may vary depending on the phonological theory and methodology. The major systems for Mandarin (Putonghua) transliteration are listed below
370:
published the famous "cardinal vowel diagram" in 1917. Yi Tso-lin refers to those diagrams as "(simple/compound) rhyme composition charts ", which are diagrams depicting
Chinese
51:
460:
The same vowel chart is used to depict diphthongs (compound rhyme or 複韻), with an arrow indicating the starting position and ending position of each diphthong. Six
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421:(spread, natural, round). The placement of ㄦ() may be questionable, but all other vowels are generally speaking where they ought to be.
73:
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386:". Six vowels or monophthongs (simple rhyme or 單韻) are depicted in this diagram. They are:
727:
608:
358:. The earliest known Chinese vowel diagrams were made public in 1920 by Chinese linguist
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811:
Obsolete and nonstandard symbols in the
International Phonetic Alphabet
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15:
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The next diagram depicts four rising diphthongs, as follows:
413:(closed, half-closed, half-open, open), three degrees of
315:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
103:
464:are depicted in the following diagram. They are：
350:is a schematic arrangement of the vowels of the
329:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
43:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
409:Note that this chart utilizes four degrees of
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417:(front, central, back), and three degrees of
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8:
442:Chinese vowel diagram for falling diphthongs
452:Chinese vowel diagram for rising diphthongs
288:
274:
495:ㄧㄛ (IPA ), as in ㄧㄛˋ (唷, an interjection)
74:Learn how and when to remove this message
805:The first two vowel columns contain the
515:
447:
437:
427:
432:Chinese vowel diagram for monophthongs
130:
7:
319:. For the distinction between ,
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504:ㄨㄚ (IPA ), as in ㄨㄚˋ (襪, socks)
399:ㄛ (IPA ), as in ㄆㄛˋ (破, broken)
311:International Phonetic Alphabet
828:. Commercial Press. Shanghai.
826:Lectures on Chinese Phonetics
713:
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501:ㄧㄚ (IPA ), as in ㄧㄚˋ (亞, Asia)
474:ㄟ (IPA ), as in ㄌㄟˋ (累, tired)
471:ㄝ (IPA ), as in ㄧㄝˋ (夜, night)
402:ㄜ (IPA ), as in ㄜˋ (餓, hungry)
1:
498:ㄨㄛ (IPA ), as in ㄨㄛˋ (臥, lie)
480:ㄞ (IPA ), as in ㄉㄞˋ (帶, belt)
477:ㄡ (IPA ), as in ㄉㄡˋ (豆, bean)
405:ㄚ (IPA ), as in ㄆㄚˋ (怕, fear)
364:Lectures on Chinese Phonetics
483:ㄠ (IPA ), as in ㄉㄠˋ (道, way)
468:ㄩ (IPA ), as in ㄩˋ (玉, jade)
390:ㄧ (IPA ), as in ㄧˋ (易, easy)
362:with the publication of his
396:ㄦ (IPA ), as in ㄦˋ (二, two)
393:ㄨ (IPA ), as in ㄨˋ (霧, fog)
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509:Symbols of Mandarin vowels
354:, which usually refers to
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29:This article includes a
307:phonetic transcriptions
89:Standard Chinese vowels
58:more precise citations.
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304:This article contains
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366:, three years after
807:syllabic consonants
462:falling diphthongs
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31:list of references
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419:vowel roundedness
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768:Hanyu Pinyin
652:Zhuyin fuhao
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411:vowel height
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372:monophthongs
368:Daniel Jones
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323:and ⟨
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64:January 2017
61:
50:Please help
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347:vowel chart
56:introducing
835:Categories
822:Yi Tso-lin
817:References
609:Wade–Giles
376:diphthongs
360:Yi Tso-lin
846:Phonetics
841:Phonology
242:Close-mid
824:(1920).
384:Bopomofo
345:Chinese
338:Chinese
321:/ /
317:Help:IPA
253:Open-mid
309:in the
115:Central
52:improve
528:Count
525:Vowels
522:System
325:
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97:Pinyin
91:(with
313:(IPA)
127:Close
110:Front
37:, or
764:1958
724:1928
648:1918
605:1892
562:1888
519:Year
374:and
264:Open
210:⟨er⟩
120:Back
95:and
643:10
640:êrh
600:10
536:IPA
343:or
224:⟨a⟩
202:⟨ê⟩
194:⟨o⟩
186:⟨e⟩
174:⟨u⟩
165:⟨i⟩
156:⟨ü⟩
148:⟨i⟩
93:IPA
837::
813:.
799:9
796:er
772:-i
759:9
756:el
753:iu
719:9
613:ih
597:эр
594:юй
378:.
336:A
199:e̞
41:,
33:,
793:ü
790:u
787:i
784:ê
781:e
778:o
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750:u
747:i
744:è
741:e
738:o
735:a
732:y
714:ㄦ
707:ㄩ
700:ㄨ
693:ㄧ
686:ㄝ
679:ㄜ
672:ㄛ
665:ㄚ
658:ㄭ
637:ü
634:u
631:i
628:e
625:ê
622:o
619:a
616:û
591:у
588:и
585:е
582:э
579:о
576:а
573:ы
570:и
382:"
331:.
289:e
282:t
275:v
221:a
207:ɚ
190:o
182:ɤ
170:u
161:ɨ
152:y
144:i
99:)
77:)
71:(
66:)
62:(
48:.
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