148:
160:
1669:
461:
221:. Each string of cash was divided in ten sections of 100. The person who strung the cash into a string took one, two, or three cash per hundred, depending on local custom, as payment for his effort. So, in fact, an ounce of silver could vary in exchange from 970 to 990 cash (or more) between two places fairly close together. In places in the North where there was a shortage of coinage a string of 500 exchanged for an ounce of silver. Paper money sometimes showed pictures of the appropriate number of 1 wén coins strung together.
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302:
475:
38:
979:
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Until the 19th century, coins denominated in wen were cast, the most common formation being the round-shaped copper coin with a square or circular hole in the centre. The hole enabled the coins to be strung together to create higher denominations, as was frequently done due to the coin's low value.
293:) together with provincial authorities. Most coins were 1 wén denominations, but denominations of 4, 5, 10, 50, 100, 200, 500 and 1000 wén were also issued. After the introduction of the yuan, coins were struck in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 cash or wén.
337:
banknotes were introduced in denominations of 500, 1000 and 2000 wén. 5000 wén notes followed in 1856, with 10,000, 50,000 and 100,000 wén notes added in 1857. The last of these notes were issued in 1859.
147:
1036:
177:
was one of the chief units of currency in China and was used to denominate both coins and paper money. Other denominations were used, including various weights, based on the
1739:
717:(蒂埃里). Published in Revue Numismatique 1999 (volume # 154). Pgs 267-313. This translation is from pages 274-297. Translator: Craig Greenbaum. Retrieved: 25 August 2019.
317:, issued in China between the 7th and 15th centuries, was denominated in wén. The notes carried depictions of coins, sometimes in strings of ten. The notes of the
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Numerous authorities issued coins denominated in wén in the nineteenth century, including departments of the
Imperial government (The
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Too
Commercialised To Synchronize Currencies: Monetary Peasant Economy in Late Imperial China in Comparison with Contemporary Japan
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of a dollar. The
Chinese character for this currency unit was "文", though these coins were not translated into English as "cash".
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778:"IMPERIAL CHINESE CURRENCY OF THE TAI'PING REBELLION - Part II - CH'ING DYNASTY COPPER CASH NOTES by John E. Sandrock"
507:
777:
713:
This is a translation of the article “Monnaies et circulation monetairé au
Vietnam dans l’ère Tự Đức (1848-1883) by
209:) varied over time and place but was nominally 1000. A string of 1000 wén was supposed to be equal in value to one
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In the 19th century, foreign coins began to circulate widely in China, particularly silver coins such as the
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yuan. Traditional style, cast 1 wén coins continued to be produced until the end of the
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1 yuan (元 / 圓) = 10 jiao or hou (角 / 毫) = 100 fen or sin (分 / 仙) = cash 1000 (釐 / 文)
1979:
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939:. Colin R. Bruce II and Neil Shafer (editors) (7th ed.). Krause Publications.
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in 1911. The last coins denominated in cash were struck in the early years of the
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due to over production without sufficient coins to back them and were withdrawn.
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2019:
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in imperial times. It was the chief denomination until the introduction of the
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17:
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727:
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45:(Song through Qing dynasties) and some similar Japanese and Korean coins
37:
406:
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and written with the same character. In 1695, the
Shogunate placed the
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1014:
395:
102:
59:
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1281:
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and its subdivisions. The cash or wén was retained in this system as
218:
120:
64:
638:. Revised and edited by Virgil Hancock. Iola, WI, USA: Krause, 1965.
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in 938 and merely carried on the tradition of using cash. The first
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Province in 1900. It did not appear on paper money until later. The
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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forms "cash" and "cashes" were both used. The
Chinese character
1721:
1590:
1018:
115:("box", or "case"). The term was first used on coins issued in
704:
CURRENCY TYPES AND THEIR FACE VALUES DURING THE TỰ ĐỨC ERA.
228:. In 1889, Chinese currency began to be denominated in the
1951:
1 (Song official) short string (貫 / 索 / 緡) = 770 cash (文)
965:
837:
97:", meaning "tangible currency", is an older word from
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1947:1 String of cash coins (貫 / 索 / 緡) ≈ 1000 cash (文)
1898:1 String of cash coins (貫 / 索 / 緡) ≈ 1000 Qian (錢)
1009:
650:The Trade and Administration of the Chinese Empire
262:
378:(where it was both used for cash coins and as a
137:) has several other meanings in modern Chinese.
2034:(兩) = 10 mace (錢) = 100 candareens (分) = 1000
2116:(圓) = 10 jiao (角) = 100 fen (分) = li 1000 (釐)
1733:
1602:
1030:
910:Krause, Chester L.; Clifford Mishler (1991).
726:XIV International Economic History Congress,
581:Krause, Chester L.; Clifford Mishler (1991).
8:
1996:1 Chuan (串) / 1 Diao (吊) ≈ 1000 cash (文) or
1618:East-Asian and Vietnamese currencies named 文
860:. Hong Kong: Ma Tak Wo Numismatic Co., LTD.
858:Illustrated Catalogue of Hong Kong Currency
253:The term is still used today in colloquial
1984:
1918:1 String of cash coins (貫 / 索 / 緡) ≈ 1000
1759:
1740:
1726:
1718:
1609:
1595:
1587:
1037:
1023:
1015:
329:reappeared in the 19th century during the
1063:List of Chinese cash coins by inscription
2196:(元) = 10 hou (毫) = 100 cents (仙) = 1000
169:(串, a string of cash coins) or 1000 cash
549:
27:Chinese currency unit in imperial China
917:(18th ed.). Krause Publications.
652:. Adamant Media Company. p. 131.
588:(18th ed.). Krause Publications.
961:; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon.
935:Standard Catalog of World Paper Money
833:; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon.
7:
576:
574:
405:) on the obverse of copper coins.
439:, which like the Chinese cash was
25:
2176:(圓) = 10 dime (角) = 100 cents (分)
1348:Manufacturing and casting process
802:Ulrich Theobald (13 April 2016).
382:), were derived from the Chinese
1667:
977:
752:"Paper Money in Premodern China"
487:
473:
459:
2156:(圓) = 10 jiao (角) = 100 fen (分)
2136:(圓) = 10 jiao (角) = 100 fen (分)
1153:Paper money of the Qing dynasty
1126:Jin dynasty coinage (1115–1234)
913:Standard Catalog of World Coins
882:"Coin - 1 Mil, Hong Kong, 1865"
750:Ulrich Theobald (10 May 2016).
584:Standard Catalog of World Coins
2054:Yuan / dollar / Mexican dollar
1549:Special administrative regions
528:Vietnamese văn (currency unit)
401:
205:
200:
196:
133:
69:
1:
2077:Republic of China (1912–1949)
2046:Silver (standardised coinage)
1426:Charms and amulets (Yansheng)
1116:Southern Song dynasty coinage
559:"Online Etymology Dictionary"
32:Chinese cash (disambiguation)
2260:Ancient Chinese institutions
2237:Chinese units of measurement
1206:Yuan of the Red Army Command
886:Museums Victoria Collections
648:Morse, Hosea Ballou (2005).
2290:Ancient Korean institutions
2241:History of Chinese currency
2064:(分 / 仙) = 1000 cash (厘 / 文)
1775:1 Peng (朋) = ? Bei (貝)
1058:History of Chinese currency
715:François Thierry de Crussol
674:"zhiqian 制錢, standard cash"
508:History of Chinese currency
199:; traditional Chinese:
2306:
2275:Modern obsolete currencies
2165:Republic of China (Taiwan)
2145:People's Republic of China
1971:1 Guan (貫) ≈ 1000 cash (文)
828:Isaac Titsingh. (1834). .
424:
278:
263:
85:in the late 19th century.
29:
2233:
1665:
1570:
1174:Historical money of Tibet
995:Federal Research Division
804:"Qing Period Paper Money"
776:John E. Sandrock (1997).
740:) Retrieved: 11 June 2017
435:during the 1860s was the
431:The smallest unit of the
409:gained independence from
394:
195:(simplified Chinese:
191:The number of coins in a
128:
58:
1329:Great Qing Treasure Note
1324:Great Ming Treasure Note
783:. The Currency Collector
335:Great Qing Treasure Note
307:Great Qing Treasure Note
187:silver and gold ingots.
1748:Currency units of China
1692:Cash coins in Indonesia
1078:By period (before 1912)
1068:Ancient Chinese coinage
1010:Chinese Coinage Website
557:Douglas Harper (2001).
503:Ancient Chinese coinage
2265:Coins of ancient China
2222:(圓) = 10 ho (毫) = 100
2008:Silver (weights based)
523:Vietnamese văn (coins)
427:Hong Kong one-mil coin
310:
170:
156:
155:(光緒元寶) coin of 10 cash
46:
1101:Southern Tang coinage
932:Pick, Albert (1994).
304:
291:Board of Public Works
162:
150:
75:currency denomination
40:
1872:String of cash coins
1436:Vault protector coin
1148:Qing dynasty coinage
1143:Ming dynasty coinage
1138:Yuan dynasty coinage
1106:Liao dynasty coinage
1086:Zhou dynasty coinage
969:Digitized text copy
959:Nipon o daï itsi ran
841:Digitized text copy
831:Nipon o daï itsi ran
678:By Ulrich Theobald (
30:For other uses, see
2280:Chinese numismatics
2270:Medieval currencies
1874:(貫 / 索 / 緡) ≈ 1000
1768:bronze cowry shells
1419:Historical exonumia
1121:Western Xia coinage
1096:Xin dynasty coinage
1091:Han dynasty coinage
1045:Currencies of China
856:Ma, Tak Wo (2004).
738:University of Tokyo
736:by Akinobu Kuroda (
417:was issued in 968.
327:Chinese paper money
281:Cash (Chinese coin)
1791:Hua (化) or Huo (貨)
709:2019-03-03 at the
495:Numismatics portal
342:External influence
313:The world's first
311:
309:banknote from 1859
261:), but written as
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93:The English word "
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1482:Chinese gold yuan
1477:Old Taiwan dollar
1469:Customs gold unit
1461:Republic of China
1167:Other territories
730:2006 Session 106
269:Hong Kong dollars
248:Republic of China
153:Guāng Xù Yuán Bǎo
16:(Redirected from
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937:: General Issues
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2060:(角 / 毫) = 100
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425:Main article:
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399:; pinyin:
393:(Chinese:
376:Vietnamese văn
343:
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323:hyperinflation
321:suffered from
298:
295:
279:Main article:
276:
273:
244:Chinese Empire
203:; pinyin:
193:string of cash
144:
141:
131:; pinyin:
127:(Chinese:
90:
87:
43:Imperial China
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2302:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2063:
2059:
2056:(元 / 圓) = 10
2055:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1837:
1832:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1755:Ancient China
1752:
1743:
1738:
1736:
1731:
1729:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1639:Hong Kong mil
1637:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1612:
1607:
1605:
1600:
1598:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1486:Silver dollar
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1441:Zhaona Xinbao
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1361:
1360:Ancestor coin
1358:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1340:
1339:Silver Dragon
1337:
1335:
1334:Hubu Guanpiao
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1234:Ant-nose coin
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1179:Kucha coinage
1177:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1131:Da Qi coinage
1129:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1003:
996:
992:
991:
985:
984:public domain
976:
973:
966:
962:
960:
955:
952:
948:
946:0-87341-207-9
942:
938:
936:
930:
926:
920:
916:
914:
908:
907:
902:
901:
887:
883:
877:
874:
869:
867:962-85939-3-5
863:
859:
852:
849:
845:
838:
834:
832:
825:
822:
809:
805:
798:
795:
779:
772:
769:
757:
753:
746:
743:
739:
735:
734:
729:
723:
720:
716:
712:
708:
705:
699:
696:
684:. 25 May 2016
683:
681:
675:
669:
666:
661:
659:1-4021-8404-2
655:
651:
644:
641:
637:
631:
628:
615:
613:
605:
602:
597:
591:
587:
585:
577:
575:
571:
560:
553:
550:
543:
542:
538:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
500:
496:
485:
482:
471:
468:
457:
452:
450:
438:
434:
428:
420:
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
397:
392:
389:
385:
381:
380:currency unit
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
341:
339:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
308:
303:
296:
294:
292:
288:
282:
274:
272:
270:
267:to represent
260:
256:
251:
249:
245:
231:
227:
222:
220:
216:
212:
208:
194:
188:
186:
182:
181:
176:
168:
167:
161:
154:
149:
142:
140:
139:
136:
126:
122:
118:
114:
113:
109:
108:Middle French
105:
104:
100:
96:
88:
86:
84:
80:
76:
72:
66:
61:
56:
52:
44:
39:
33:
19:
2223:
2197:
2092:(關金圓) = 100
2018:(元 / 圓) = 7
1980:Qing dynasty
1919:
1764:cowry shells
1687:Brunei pitis
1654:Ryukyuan mon
1644:Japanese mon
1617:
1446:Bamboo tally
1403:
1395:
1387:
1379:
1377:
1224:Cowrie shell
989:
957:
956:. (1834). .
933:
911:
903:Bibliography
889:. Retrieved
885:
876:
857:
851:
829:
824:
812:. Retrieved
797:
785:. Retrieved
771:
759:. Retrieved
745:
732:
722:
698:
686:. Retrieved
677:
668:
649:
643:
635:
630:
618:. Retrieved
616:(in Chinese)
611:
604:
582:
562:. Retrieved
552:
533:Ryukyuan mon
513:Japanese mon
481:Money portal
467:China portal
436:
430:
400:
390:
383:
372:Ryukyuan mon
368:Japanese mon
345:
331:Qing dynasty
319:Yuan dynasty
312:
284:
258:
252:
226:Mexican peso
223:
214:
204:
189:
183:system, for
178:
174:
172:
164:
152:
132:
124:
110:
101:
92:
68:
50:
48:
2058:jiao or hou
1998:copper coin
1939:Western Xia
1863:Qin dynasty
1819:Round coins
1800:Spade money
1784:Knife money
1680:derivatives
1634:Chinese Wén
1371:Near modern
1355:Mother coin
1299:Flying cash
1249:Spade money
1239:Knife money
971:(in French)
915:: 1801–1991
843:(in French)
586:: 1801–1991
333:. In 1853,
315:paper money
305:A 2000 wén
297:Paper money
206:yīguàn qián
18:Chinese wén
2285:Cash coins
2254:Categories
2235:See also:
2062:fen or sin
2024:candareens
1989:Cash coins
1678:Nusantaran
1649:Korean mun
1574:See also:
1431:Horse coin
1386:Candareen
1267:Cash coins
924:0873411501
891:2018-05-28
702:Art-Hanoi
620:August 25,
595:0873411501
564:2007-04-11
539:References
518:Korean mun
364:Korean mun
360:Vietnamese
217:) of pure
99:Portuguese
2185:Hong Kong
2125:Mengjiang
2105:Manchukuo
1941:dynasties
1842:Chu state
1836:Ying Yuan
1277:Ban Liang
1244:Ying Yuan
963:] Paris:
846:) p. 415.
835:] Paris:
688:27 August
421:Hong Kong
388:character
255:Cantonese
250:in 1924.
117:Guangdong
89:Etymology
41:Coins of
1850:Yuan (爰)
1826:Quan (泉)
1505:Renminbi
1319:Jiaochao
1259:Imperial
1229:Tong Bei
1199:Hongqian
1158:Shengbao
1051:Overview
814:27 March
787:20 April
761:27 March
728:Helsinki
707:Archived
453:See also
356:Ryukyuan
352:Japanese
77:used in
73:) was a
2038:(厘 / 釐)
1539:Digital
1404:(liǎng)
1272:Strings
1216:Ancient
444:⁄
407:Vietnam
237:⁄
143:History
55:Chinese
2220:pataca
2194:dollar
2174:dollar
2026:(七錢二分)
2022:and 2
1937:, and
1507:series
1396:(qián)
1309:Guanzi
1304:Jiaozi
1282:Wu Zhu
986:.
943:
921:
864:
656:
592:
374:, and
358:, and
348:Korean
346:Early
219:silver
121:plural
112:caisse
67::
65:pinyin
57::
2211:Macau
2096:(關金分)
2094:cents
1838:coins
1834:Gold
1451:Token
1402:Tael
1394:Mace
1388:(fēn)
1380:(wén)
1378:Cash
1314:Huizi
1294:Sycee
781:(PDF)
544:Notes
411:China
275:Coins
215:liǎng
185:sycee
166:chuàn
103:caixa
79:China
2224:avos
2154:yuan
2134:yuan
2114:yuan
2036:cash
2032:Tael
2020:mace
2016:Yuan
1964:Ming
1960:Yuan
1931:Song
1920:cash
1911:Tang
1876:Quan
1766:and
1473:Fabi
1410:Yuan
941:ISBN
919:ISBN
862:ISBN
816:2019
789:2019
763:2019
690:2018
654:ISBN
622:2010
614:(貫)"
612:guàn
590:ISBN
446:1000
402:yuán
289:and
239:1000
230:yuan
211:tael
180:tael
173:The
95:cash
83:yuan
51:cash
49:The
2226:(仙)
2202:(文)
2199:mil
2000:(枚)
1935:Jin
1922:(文)
1907:Jin
1887:Han
1878:(泉)
1808:Jin
1534:5th
1529:4th
1524:3rd
1519:2nd
1514:1st
1494:5th
967:. (
839:. (
810:.de
437:mil
391:gen
384:wén
259:mān
201:一貫錢
197:一贯钱
175:wen
134:wén
125:wen
106:or
70:wén
2256::
2239:-
2218:1
2192:1
2172:1
2152:1
2132:1
2112:1
2088:1
2052:1
2030:1
2014:1
1933:,
1870:1
993:.
884:.
806:.
754:.
676:.
573:^
370:,
366:,
354:,
350:,
271:.
151:A
63:;
1962:-
1909:-
1889:-
1844:)
1840:(
1741:e
1734:t
1727:v
1626:文
1610:e
1603:t
1596:v
1496:)
1492:(
1038:e
1031:t
1024:v
997:.
974:)
949:.
927:.
894:.
870:.
818:.
791:.
765:.
692:.
682:)
662:.
624:.
598:.
567:.
442:1
396:元
264:蚊
257:(
235:1
213:(
129:文
60:文
53:(
34:.
20:)
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