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correspond to the color-opponent channels (red-green, blue-yellow), the other two axes represent the achromatic “whiteness” and “darkness” channels which
Chingis Izmailov distinguished from brightness. The model allows one to quantitatively describe contrast and adaptation phenomena, as well as individual differences and color anomalies. In particular, the model provides a way of quantifying a spectrum of color abnormalities from the very mild anomalous variations to severe deficiencies, like protanopia and deuteranopia. Chingis Izmailov also studied the phylogenetic development of color vision, the emergence of saturation as a “composite” property from more basic circular color spaces, and the role of cultural factors and language in the utilization of color vision.
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of objects that do not belong to different categories (e.g., apertures or pigment patches). Chingis
Izmailov also hypothesized, based on the evoked potential experiments, that the system responsible for detection of changes in brightness is physiologically different from the system responsible for detecting spatial patterns.
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Chingis
Izmailov hypothesized that spherical models and other metric structures may not be applicable to properties of categorizable perceptual objects. Thus, colors lose their metric arrangement when they are colors of differently categorized objects (such as “apple” and “banana”) rather than colors
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In the later period of his life
Chingis Izmailov was working on a comprehensive theory of perception as having a formal structure of a language, with levels analogous to those of graphemes/phonemes, letters, and words. The “graphemes/phonemes” are represented by two-dimensional circular spaces (such
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Chingis
Izmailov's main achievements are in the field of color science, but he also contributed to other areas of psychophysiology and psychophysics, such as multidimensional scaling of geometric shapes and emotions in facial expressions. His experimental work and mathematical models were primarily
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Another line of research led
Chingis Izmailov to a spherical model of facial expressions of emotions. The sphere is four-dimensional, with interpoint Euclidean distances nearly proportional to numerical estimates of emotional differences. The axes of the sphere are interpreted as the opponent
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Izmailov's model of color space represents both aperture and pigment colors as points on a four-dimensional sphere, such that the
Euclidean distance (chord length rather than arc length) between two colors is nearly proportional to the estimates of their dissimilarity. Two axes of the sphere
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as his scientific adviser), in 1985 was awarded his “big doctorate” (доктор наук, a
Russian equivalent of the German Habilitation) for his work on color vision mechanisms and models. Chingis Izmailov was a professor at the Lomonosov Moscow State University since 1987,
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Sokolov E. N., Izmailov Ch. A. (1983). The conceptual reflex arc: A model of neural processing as developed for color vision. In H.-G. Geissler, H. F. J. M. Buffart, E. L. J. Leeuwenberg, V. Sarris (Eds.), Modern issues of perception (pp. 192-216). Berlin:
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as for line orientation or shades of gray), which are combined into higher-dimensional spherical stimulus spaces representing “letters” (such as the four-dimensional color space), which in turn are combined into “words,” categorized images of objects.
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Sokolov Е. N., Izmailov Ch. A., Schönebeck В. (1982). Vergleichende
Experimente zur mehrdimensionalen Skalierung subjektiver Farbunterschiede und ihrer internen sphärischen Repräsentationen. Zeitschrift für Psychologie, 190, 277-293 (in
158:(variant: Chingiz A. Izmailov; in Russian: Чингиз Абильфазович Измайлов) (March 26, 1944 – September 28, 2011) was a Russian psychophysiologist and psychophysicist, the principal author of the spherical model of color space.
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195:, participated in many professional societies, developed and taught many courses in color science, psychophysiology, psychophysics, and quantitative methodology. Chingis Izmailov died in 2011 after prolonged illness.
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Multidimentional scaling of lines and angles discrimination. // Psychophysiological
Explorations of Mental Structures / H.G. Geissler (ed.). Toronto-Bern-Stuttgart: Hogrefe and Huber Publishers, 1990. P.
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Vergleichende Experimente zur mehrdimensionalen Skalierung subjektiver Farbunterschiede und inrer internen sphärischen Repräsentationen // Zeitschrift für Psychologie. Band 190. Heft 3. 1982. S. 275–293.
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Izmailov Ch. A., Sokolov E. N., Korshunova S. G. (2005). Multidimensional scaling of schematically represented faces based on dissimilarity estimates and evoked potentials of differences amplitudes
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Izmailov Ch. A. (1982). Uniform color space and multidimensional scaling (MDS). In H.-G. Geissler, P. Petzold (Eds.), Psychophysical judgement and the process of perception (pp. 52-62). Berlin:
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based on various forms of multidimensional scaling, and on amplitudes of evoked potentials in humans and electroretinogram in frogs in response to an abrupt change of one stimulus to another.
556:. In C. Kaernbach, E. Schröger, H. Müller (Eds.). Psychophysics beyond sensation. Laws and invariants of human cognition (pp. 27-42). Mahwah, NJ, & London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
314:. // C. Kaernbach, E. Schroger, H. Muller (eds.). Psychophysics beyond sensation. Laws and invariants of human cognition. Mahwah, NJ; London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2004. P. 27–42.
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349:. In: Geometric representations of perceptual phenomena / Eds. R. D. Luce, M. D. D’Zmura, and A. K. Romney. Mahwah, New Jersey. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers. 1995. P. 153–168.
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Izmailov Ch. A., Korshunova S. G., Sokolov E. N. (2001). Relationship between visual evoked potentials and subjective differences between emotional expressions in ‘face diagrams’
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Human visual evoked potentials to change in the emotional expression of a schematic face. // Журнал высшей нервной деятельности им. И. П. Павлова. 2000. Т. 50. No. 5. С. 816–818.
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178:, and in 1976 the same department's graduate school. In 1979 Chingis Izmailov got his PhD in psychology for his development of the spherical model of color space (with
598:. In R. D. Luce, M. D. D’Zmura, A. K. Romney (Eds.), Geometric representations of perceptual phenomena (pp. 153-168). Mahwah, New Jersey. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
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Uniform color space and multidimensional scaling (MDS) // Psychophysical Judgement and the Process of Perception / Eds. I. G. Geissler, P. Pethold. Berlin:
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The conceptual reflex arc: A model of neural processing as developed for color vision // Modern Issues of Perception / Eds. H. G. Geissler et al. Berlin.:
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Paramei G. V., Izmailov Ch. A. & Sokolov E. N. (1991). Multidimensional scaling of large chromatic differences by normal and color-deficient subjects
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Bimler D. L., Paramei G. V. & Izmailov Ch. A. (2006). A whiter shade of pale, a blacker shade of dark: Parameters of spatially induced blackness
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Izmailov Ch. A., Chernorizov A. M. (2010). A geometrical approach to research into signal recognition in visual systems of humans and animals
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Multidimensional scaling of schematically represented faces based on dissimilarity estimates and evoked potentials of differences amplitudes
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Izmailova T. V., Sokolov E. N., Izmailov Ch. A., Livshits G. Y. (1990). A general spherical model of the discrimination of color signals
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Izmailov Ch. A., Dzhafarov E. N., Zimachev M.M. (2001). Luminance discrimination probabilities derived from the frog electroretinogram
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Relationship between visual evoked potentials and subjective differences between emotional expressions in «face diagrams»
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294:. In E. Sommerfeld, R. Kompass, T. Lachmann (Eds.), Fechner Day 2001 (pp. 206–211). Lengerich: Pabst Science, 2001.
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Izmailov Ch. A., Korshunova S. G., Sokolov E. N. (2008). The semantic component of the evoked potential differentiation
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pleasant-unpleasant and active-passive channels, the remaining two being interpreted as “strength” and “calmness.”
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Izmailov Ch. A., Sokolov E. N. (1992). A semantic space of color names. Psychological Science, 3, 105-111
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Chingis A. Izmailov: nearly finished chapters of the unfinished book by Ehtibar Dzhafarov. Chapter II
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Chingis A. Izmailov: nearly finished chapters of the unfinished book by Ehtibar Dzhafarov. Chapter I
240:Измайлов Ч. А., Соколов Е. Н., Черноризов А. М. (1989). Психофизиология цветового зрения. М.: МГУ. .
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Izmailov Ch. A., Sokolov E. N. (2004). Subjective and objective scaling of large color differences
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A Geometrical Approach to Research into Signal Recognition in Visual Systems of Humans and Animals
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Multidimensional scaling of large chromatic differences by normal and color-deficient subjects
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Izmailov Ch. A. (1995). Spherical model of discrimination of self-luminous and surface colors
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Izmailov Ch. A., Sokolov E. N. (1991). Spherical model of color and brightness discrimination
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A whiter shade of pale, a blacker shade of dark: Parameters of spatially induced blackness
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Chingis A. Izmailov: nearly finished chapters of the unfinished book by Ehtibar Dzhafarov
668:Измайлов Ч. А., Павлова М. К., Ханмагомедова М. А. (2009). Восприятие цветных предметов
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Izmailov Ch. A., Zimachev M. M. (2008). Detection of bimodal stimuli in the frog retina
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Luminance discrimination probabilities derived from the frog electroretinogram
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Processing bimodal stimuli: integrality/separability of color and orientation
334:. // Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology. 2001. Т. 31. No. 5. С. 529–538.
274:. // Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology. 2008. Т. 38. No. 2. С. 103–114.
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Chingis A. Izmailov's page at the Lomonosov Moscow State University site
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256:. // Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, Vol. 3, 2010, р. 301–332.
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Article on Chingis A. Izmailov's in Russian-language Knowledge (XXG).
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Spherical model of discrimination of self-luminous and surface colors
234:Измайлов Ч. А. (1980). Сферическая модель цветоразличения. М.: МГУ. .
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237:Соколов Е. Н., Измайлов Ч. А. (1984). Цветовое зрение. М.: МГУ,. .
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department of Psychology of the Lomonosov Moscow State University
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The semantic component of the evoked potential differentiation
358:. // Psychological Science. 1992. Vol. 3. No. 2. P. 105–111.
682:. Психология. Журнал Высшей школы экономики, 2(4), 22-52. .
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Subjective and objective scaling of large color differences
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Hue and saturation shifts from spatially induced blackness
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David L. Bimler, Chingis A. Izmailov and Galina V. Paramei
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Hue and saturation shifts from spatially induced blackness
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since 2005. He was a member of the central council of the
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Bimler D. L., Paramei G. V. & Izmailov Ch. A. (2009)
418:. // Front. Psychol. 4:759. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00759
367:// Psychological Science, 1991. Vol. 2. pp. 249–259.
622:. Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology, 31, 529-538.
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Spherical model of color and brightness discrimination
658:. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 3, 301-332.
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272:Detection of bimodal stimuli in the frog retina
265:. // J. Opt. Soc. of Am. 2009. 26. 1. 163–172.
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670:. Экспериментальная Психология, 2(4), 5-25. .
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