2479:
1406:
1284:. Transliteration has brought many interesting words and expressions from the Chinese language into English. Speakers are able to merge the two because of pinyin, a Latin alphabet used to write Chinese. In loan translations, Chinese words have been translated directly into English. This phenomenon can be found in a lot of compound words like red bean, bean curd, and teacup. The other way that loan translations are made is when speakers translate Chinese terms into English. These words come from the Chinese culture and are ideas, thoughts, or expressions that do not exist in English. For example,
1208:, and "ladder-figure". The study involved three groups of mathematics teachers who rated the clarity of 71 common mathematical terms. Group 1 with native speakers of Chinese judged 61% of the Chinese terms as clear; Group 2 with native speakers of English judged 45% of the English terms as clear. Group 3 with English-speaking teachers (both native and nonnative speakers) judged the comparative clarity of English and Chinglish word pairs: more clear for 42.3% of the Chinglish and 5.6% of the English, equally clear for 25.4% of the Chinglish-English pairs, and neither clear for 19.7%.
689:
1673:
960:
1087:
2123:
2521:
412:
829:
43:
210:
1487:
892:. In 1982, the People's Republic of China made English the main foreign language in education. The spelling of words in Chinese education follows British English standards, while the pronunciation in the tape recording adheres to American English. Current estimates for the number of English learners in China range from 300 to 500 million.
636:. A mixture of Chinese and English; esp. a variety of English used by speakers of Chinese or in a bilingual Chinese and English context, typically incorporating some Chinese vocabulary or constructions, or English terms specific to a Chinese context. Also: the vocabulary of, or an individual word from, such a variety. Cf. Singlish n.2
2368:) "a mythical beast; glutton; greedy person" as "exterminate capitalism" and concluded somebody "mischievously provided an absurd translation, perhaps with the intention of poking fun at the Chinese Communist system which has given rise to such luxurious and fancy dining practices as reflected in pretentious menus of this sort."
1739:
983:
reading "No entry on peacetime". In 2007, the
Beijing Speaks Foreign Languages Program (BSFLP) reported they had, "worked out 4,624 pieces of standard English translations to substitute the Chinglish ones on signs around the city", for instance, "Be careful, road slippery" instead of "To take notice
1011:
reported on accomplishments by the
Shanghai Commission for the Management of Language Use. "Fortified by an army of 600 volunteers and a politburo of adroit English speakers, the commission has fixed more than 10,000 public signs (farewell "Teliot" and "urine district"), rewritten English-language
993:
doubted that
Beijing's attempt to eradicate Chinglish could succeed, noting that "attempting to map a precise ideogram to any particular word in the million-word English lexicon is a nearly impossible task", and pointing out that the Games' official website contained the phrase "we share the charm
1082:
Chinglish is pervasive in present-day China "on public notices in parks and at tourist sites, on shop names and in their slogans, in product advertisements and on packages, in hotel names and literature, in restaurant names and on menus, at airports, railway stations and in taxis, on street and
2400:
was bought in China, and featured erroneous
English subtitles that were machine translated back from a Chinese translation of the original English, i.e. a re-translation, which was posted online due to its humorous use of poor English. Having gone viral, the phrase has spread as a meme used on
2473:
translates to "Do you want to eat?"/"No." as well. Other humorous mistranslations from this movie include "They're all over me" as "He is in my behind", "The Jedi
Council" as "The Presbyterian Church", and the notorious phrase "May the force be with you" as "The wish power are together with
1048:
in China are willing to chisel
English translations into stone, paint them on signs, print them on business cards, and expose them permanently to the world without making any effort to check whether they are right." On a Chinese airplane, Fallows was given a
984:
of safe: The slippery are very crafty." BSFLP chairperson Chen Lin said, "We want everything to be correct. Grammar, words, culture, everything. Beijing will have thousands of visitors coming. We don't want anyone laughing at us." Reporting from
Beijing,
1433:
to students. In turn, Chinglish gets duplicated across society, particularly now during today's period of rapid opening to the outside world and the widespread use of
English. The resultant flood of Chinglish will perpetuate unless it is corrected
1220:
2251:
is found on translated instructions for a photographic light, "Install the battery into the battery jar, when heard a weak 'pyridaben carbazole' sound the installation is completed." The original
Chinese has an onomatopoetic term
811:
One author divides
Chinglish into "instrumental" and "ornamental" categories. "Instrumental Chinglish is actually intended to convey information to English speakers. Ornamental Chinglish is born of the fact that English is the
1251:
At the phonological level, Chinglish does not differentiate between various vowel qualities because they don't exist in Chinese. As a result, there is no contrast between the two sounds for Chinglish speakers. For example,
2401:
messageboards online. The mistranslation is an example of translation decay following an English translation to Chinese, which is then re-translated back into English; the exclamation "no" would be correctly translated as
1133:
into English", an experiment in linguistic clarity conducted by Han and Ginsberg (2001) found that mathematical terms are more readily understandable in Chinglish than English. English words for mathematics typically have
988:
lamented the loss of signs like "Show Mercy to the Slender Grass" because, "many of the best examples of Chinglish are delightful, reflecting the inventiveness that results when two such different languages collide". The
1264:
is stressed and said differently in the phrases "what is it for?" and "this is for you." To a Chinglish speaker, the two are the same. Chinglish speakers use Chinese phonological units to speak English, and retain the
820:. Meaning aside, any combination of roman letters elevates a commodity – khaki pants, toilet paper, potato chips – to a higher plane of chic by suggesting that the product is geared toward an international audience."
3801:
Chinglish by Kira Simon–Kenned SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS Number 224 May 2012Developments in Chinese Language and Script During the Twentieth and Twenty-first Centuries edited and with an introduction by Victor H. Mair
1646:) to refer to turning off things like electrical appliances or to close a door or window. Accordingly, a Chinglish speaker might say "close the light" rather than "turn off the light". In the same way,
1288:
would otherwise not have meaning in English if not for Chinglish speakers making it a loan translation to describe the food. In addition, speakers use subordinate conjunctions differently and also exhibit
1231:
Chinglish is the combination of the Chinese culture and the English language. China English has linguistic characteristics that are different from the normative English in all linguistic levels, including
665:
has been found to date from as early as 1936, making it one of the earliest portmanteau words for a hybrid variety of English. Other colloquial portmanteau words for Chinese English include:
1260:
would be the same pronunciation. Another phonological feature is that speakers are unaware of the "graduation" of words which are said in different tones depending on the context. The word
1599:) means "to look at me". Because of that, Chinglish speakers use "look" instead of "see", "watch", or "read". The same phenomena can be found in the use of "speak", "say", and "talk"
1211:
In 2017, the Government of the People's Republic of China introduced the national standard for its English translations to replace Chinglish. This took effect on 1 December of that year.
219:
1303:
At the syntactic level, Chinese thinking has influenced Chinglish speakers to utilize a different sequence and structure to make sentences. For English speakers, a common sequence is
1425:
textbooks. Other causes include misspelling, mediocre English-language teaching, sloppy translation, and reliance on outdated translation technology. Liu, Feather and Qian warn that
1517:
Some similar words are generally confused by most Chinglish speakers, for example "emergent" instead of "emergency" or "urgent", because of incorrect entries in dictionaries.
1067:
published a controversial "Bilingual Instruction of Luwan District for Expo" phrasebook with English terms and Chinese characters approximating pronunciation: "Good morning! (
1040:-ish in making fun of the locals for their flawed command of your own mother tongue", Fallows observed a Shanghai museum with "Three Georges Exhibit" banners advertising a
3947:
2388:
3296:
Pingxia, Liu, and Quynh Lê. "China English and Its Linguistic Features." Ed. Thao Lê. Language, Society and Culture Journal 25 (2008): n. pag. Web. 6 August 2014. <
1296:
As Chinese grammar does not distinguish between definite and indefinite articles, Chinese speakers struggle with when to use or not use the English definite article
1126:). "If we do not pay attention and we do not take measures to stop Chinese mingling with English, Chinese will no longer be a pure language in a couple of years."
2002:; 'trunk', ' main body', ' do', ' work', ' (vulgar) fuck'). Mair's research revealed that the popular Chinese-English
1382:
announced, "CAAC has decided to start the business of advance booking and ticketing", which could simply say "CAAC now accepts advance booking and ticketing."
1094:
The Global Language Monitor predicts Chinglish will thrive, and estimates that roughly 20 percent of new English words derive from Chinglish, for instance,
3252:
3278:
1102:; 'mountain stronghold', ' mountain village') meaning "counterfeit consumer goods; things done in parody" — Huang Youyi, president of the
3330:
3264:
Yi Han and Herbert P. Ginsberg (2001), "Chinese and English Mathematics Language: The Relation Between Linguistic Clarity and Mathematics Performance",
3819:
Henry, Eric Steven (November 2010). "Interpretations of "Chinglish": Native Speakers, Language Learners and the Enregisterment of a Stigmatized Code".
2681:
Hu, Xiaoqiong. (2004). "Why China English should stand alongside British, American, and the other ‘world Englishes’." English Today. 78 (20.2). 26–33
3726:
1410:
3298:
2708:, Johnson Reprint Corp., p. 101. "The noun ‘keep’ is sometimes used in Chinese-English. Sometimes jocularly referred to as ‘Chinglish’." S.v.,
2672:
He, Deyuan & Li, David C.S. (2009). Language attitudes and linguistic features in the 'China English' debate. World Englishes Vol. 28, No. 1
2550:
is a mistranslation of "shredded pickled vegetables", (literally, "pickled mustard shred.") The product was employed by China Eastern Airlines.
1689:
1379:
1139:
2874:
3940:
3491:
2317:
1664:) refers to turning those things on, or to open a door or window. As a result, they would say "open the TV" instead of "turn on the TV".
980:
696:, giving translations of common English phrases vendors may use when serving English speaking customers, as well as phrases advised against.
2582:
938:
4958:
4597:
3905:
3386:
2793:
1684:
Collections of Chinglish are found on numerous websites (see below) and books. Owing to the ubiquity of Chinglish mistakes throughout the
2722:. D. Appelton. p. 179. "Many of the women speak a little of the lingua called Chinese English, or, in the cant phrase, pigeon [
5046:
4407:
1346:"work like a horse" means "work hard", but in China horses are rarely used as draft animals and the equivalent Chinese expression uses
1016:
attributed many Shanghai Chinglish errors to "rote reliance on dictionaries or translation software", citing a bilingual sign reading "
5008:
4579:
3357:
3223:
1103:
3062:
1448:
dictionary translation: rigidly substituting Chinese words with English ones from dictionaries, without considering the impact of
4866:
4850:
4447:
3933:
3910:
1135:
1405:
5278:
4346:
1111:
230:
4304:
3777:
3114:
1881:
942:
467:
269:
3344:
Wang, You. "Chinglish: An Emerging New Variety of English Language?" Journal of Cambridge Studies 4.1 (2009): 28–34. Print.
2777:
3182:
1873:
1509:
Together let's protect the blue sky and clear water wholeheartedly / Hand in hand together we'll create a beautiful home.
1422:
1385:
Wrong word order. A host in Shenyang toasted a group of foreign investors with "Up your bottoms!" instead of "Bottoms up!"
459:
283:
3549:
2940:
Lam, A. (2002). English in education in China: policy changes and learners’. experiences. World Englishes, 21(2), 245–256
5310:
2599:
1335:
3915:
2625:
4118:
2577:
3864:
786:"mutual relations; negotiation; representation". "Pure Chinese" is an odd English locution in a Web advertisement: "
3522:
2984:
1008:
3156:
975:
Soon after Beijing was awarded the 2008 Summer Olympics in 2001, the Beijing Tourism Bureau established a tipster
4939:
4878:
3019:
1445:
1293:
absence in their speech. Examples include "Because I am ill, so I can't go to school" and "The dress beautiful."
919:
592:
1389:
Chinglish reflects the influence of Chinese syntax and grammar. For instance, Chinese verbs are not necessarily
1378:
Wordiness. Unnecessary words and convoluted sentences are hallmarks of Chinglish translation. For example, the
5138:
4674:
4668:
4558:
3696:
701:
240:
2478:
688:
3507:
3355:
Lost in Translation: Millions of Tourists to China are Confused by a Myriad of "Chinglish" Misinterpretations
3221:
Lost in Translation: Millions of Tourists to China are Confused by a Myriad of "Chinglish" Misinterpretations
1429:
today's English-language publishers and teachers in China are passing on obsolete translations and incorrect
4662:
4562:
2593:
1524:
is generally used instead of the term "I see", when used to tell others that you understand what they said.
1495:
1390:
990:
888:. Pidgin usage began to decline in the late 19th century when Chinese and missionary schools began teaching
109:
99:
89:
1672:
959:
4656:
4550:
4367:
4174:
1732:
900:
849:
720:
3755:
2138:
appears on a Taipei government building door. This form of Chinglish uses obscure English terms, namely,
5225:
400:
395:
connotations. Other terms used to describe the phenomenon include "Chinese English", "China English", "
3090:
1952:, sometimes a single simplified Chinese character is used for multiple traditional Chinese characters:
3239:
2904:
4888:
4389:
3305:
1418:
1290:
949:
162:
2007:
929:
754:. Take for instance, this headline: "China lodges solemn representation over Japan's permission for
4965:
3821:
3730:
3448:
Causes of and Remedies for Chinglish in Chinese College Students’ Writings Ping Wang1, Weiping Wang
1917:
1693:
1455:
1308:
1130:
1086:
805:
746:
Some peculiar Chinese English cannot be labeled Chinglish because it is grammatically correct, and
3895:
3605:
3588:
3575:
1916:) was "fairly ubiquitous in China", and discovered this complicated Chinglish error resulted from
5305:
5231:
4554:
3875:
3846:
3838:
2993:
2988:
2719:
The Americans in Japan: an abridgment of the government narrative of the U.S. expedition to Japan
2513:
751:
104:
94:
1338:
to fathom Chinglish. Liu et al. list four characteristic features of Chinglish mistranslations,
5162:
5077:
3803:
3383:
2122:
5040:
4728:
4639:
4513:
4441:
4209:
3487:
3324:
2572:
2505:
1430:
1394:
1328:
1304:
1107:
713:
568:
416:
3207:
2950:
2016:
as "fuck" (later editions corrected this error). Two comparable Chinglish mistranslations of
4985:
4484:
4419:
3830:
3131:
3048:
2762:
2742:
2713:
2657:
2438:
2420:
2402:
2190:
2139:
1747:
1312:
1090:
A 2014 sign in a Chinese hospital uses the term "cunt examination" for "vulvar examination".
1041:
934:
889:
881:
817:
560:
376:
352:
348:
314:
119:
114:
20:
4975:
5178:
5112:
4991:
4872:
4724:
4718:
4712:
4585:
4474:
4451:
4401:
4020:
3919:
3390:
3361:
3227:
3066:
2556:
is found on signs on boats on the West Lake in Hangzhou, Zhejiang as a mistranslation for
2162:
2051:
1949:
1685:
1277:
995:
877:
81:
5237:
3354:
3220:
3059:
2656:
Nury Vittachi (2000) From Yinglish to sado-mastication. World Englishes 19 (3), 405–414
1628:
Another misuse of vocabulary is "to turn on/off" and "open/close". Chinese speakers use
1323:). On the other hand, the Chinese sequence is subject → adverbial → predicate → object (
937:
phrase "used as a greeting after prolonged separation" was first recorded in 1900 for a
218:. Territory controlled by the People's Republic of China shown in dark green; territory
4951:
4933:
4904:
4898:
4892:
4785:
4779:
4686:
4531:
4478:
4435:
4423:
4395:
4340:
4309:
4008:
3985:
3427:, ed., "Developments in Chinese Language and Script During the 20th and 21st Centuries"
3424:
2520:
2487:
2198:
1975:
1073:)" (which could be literally translated as "ancient cat tranquility") and "I'm sorry (
1064:
1003:
865:
857:
548:
504:
411:
176:
157:
51:
states in Chinese: "(When there are) thunderstorms / Please do not climb the mountain."
3900:
2540:
is featured on signs in lavatories to inform users that using a sitting toilet like a
5299:
4816:
4791:
4746:
4150:
4130:
3956:
3879:
3850:
2393:
2194:
1465:
1461:
Competently translated text which has been subsequently edited by non-native speakers
1143:
1037:
1036:
means "dining room; restaurant"). While conceding that "there's something undeniably
1013:
985:
853:
813:
755:
750:
calls this emerging dialect "Xinhua English or New China News English", based on the
724:
584:
484:
1227:
advicing people not to step on the grassland: "Together let's protect the greenery."
1001:
In Shanghai, for Expo 2010, a similar effort was made to replace Chinglish signs. A
4884:
3973:
2587:
2541:
2509:
2483:
2461:
can also be translated as "don't want" or "do not want". As an example, the phrase
2003:
1163:; 'four-side-shape'). For example, compare the semantic clarity of English
948:
Chinese officials carried out campaigns to reduce Chinglish in preparation for the
885:
828:
709:
321:
183:
42:
5150:
4501:
1442:
Lack of inclusion of native English speakers in the translation or editing process
1371:
as "bean curd", which "sounds very unappetizing" to English speakers, instead of "
3481:
2717:
2703:
758:'s visit". This unusual English phrase literally translates the original Chinese
5284:
5106:
4921:
4740:
4633:
4610:
4334:
4168:
2857:
2841:
2825:
2809:
2383:
2363:
1895:
1816:
can be transliterated as "caution, the floor (is) wet" or "(to) carefully slip".
1726:
1553:
1544:
1031:
914:
747:
739:
693:
443:
392:
152:
3713:
3683:
3670:
3657:
3631:
3618:
3535:
2861:
2845:
2829:
2813:
1486:
1276:
At the lexical level, China English manifests itself through many ways such as
209:
5071:
5030:
4828:
4812:
4507:
4429:
4146:
3834:
3644:
3553:
3195:
2757:
Lambert, James. 2018. A multitude of ‘lishes’: The nomenclature of hybridity.
2737:
Lambert, James. 2018. A multitude of ‘lishes’: The nomenclature of hybridity.
2467:
correctly translates to "I (don't/do not) want to go", however the discussion
2273:
2170:
2047:
1331:) at the end of the sentence, while English speakers present it at the start.
388:
2778:"Foreign tongues: Hong Kong.(corruption of English and Chinese in Hong Kong)"
2524:
A 2005 misspelled label on clothing label from a pair of shorts purchased in
5272:
5195:
5128:
5118:
5089:
5024:
4769:
4763:
4706:
4627:
4591:
4525:
4519:
4383:
4296:
4237:
4227:
4136:
4107:
4097:
4091:
4085:
4061:
4049:
4014:
3890:
2661:
2640:
2287:
2189:; 'dry pot fatty intestine'), which is a stuffed sausage popular in
1316:
1270:
1266:
1245:
1233:
1194:
968:
953:
904:
873:
861:
845:
837:
705:
601:
528:
524:
512:
508:
496:
492:
488:
372:
364:
356:
197:
5156:
3415:
Chinglish, by Kira Simon–Kennedy, SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS, Number 224 May 2012
2766:
2746:
1477:
Mediocre English-language teaching and lack of English-language environment
1012:
historical placards and helped hundreds of restaurants recast offerings."
403:
of English exists or can be considered legitimate is still up for debate.
5268:
5247:
5144:
5132:
5065:
5036:
5018:
4945:
4927:
4860:
4856:
4834:
4822:
4773:
4702:
4468:
4413:
4377:
4373:
4328:
4292:
4268:
4262:
4256:
4250:
4221:
4215:
4205:
4198:
4180:
4162:
4156:
4124:
4113:
4079:
4073:
4067:
4043:
4037:
3996:
3992:
3979:
2604:
2297:
1449:
1095:
1050:
964:
933:; 'long time no see'. More reliable references note this jocular
808:, but Mair notes that "pure Chinese" curiously implies "impure Chinese".
580:
576:
572:
552:
544:
536:
532:
520:
516:
500:
384:
248:
236:
3842:
869:
5264:
5243:
5208:
5201:
5122:
5014:
4979:
4808:
4734:
4698:
4690:
4680:
4604:
4286:
4243:
4231:
4192:
4186:
4142:
4103:
4002:
2331:
1764:
1677:
1237:
1219:
976:
896:
654:
564:
556:
540:
396:
380:
368:
244:
2114:
2092:
1998:
1986:
1960:
1911:
1793:
1723:
1710:
1654:
1648:
1636:
1630:
1607:
1601:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1571:
1568:
1562:
1559:
1550:
1541:
1529:
1327:). Chinese speakers tend to leave the most important information (the
5083:
4280:
4274:
3037:
The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English: J-Z
2529:
2498:
is a mistranslation of "Public washroom outside on the second floor."
2446:
2428:
2410:
2356:
2127:
1743:
1491:
1281:
1241:
1224:
1179:
884:
between 1839–1842, Pidgin English spread north to Shanghai and other
836:
English first arrived in China in 1637, when British traders reached
64:
48:
2166:
918:; 'lose face', ' be humiliated' Some sources claim "
3523:"Taiwan's energetically Englsih-friendly [sic] environment"
832:
A 2013 sign on a lady's changing room, writing "Wom's Bathing Box".
3457:
On Objective Causes of Chinglish and Strategies of Error Avoidance
2525:
2519:
2477:
2121:
1737:
1671:
1485:
1404:
1397:
for English "the", both of which can create awkward translations.
1343:
1218:
1164:
1085:
958:
841:
827:
687:
410:
360:
215:
3925:
3869:
3079:
27 February 2007. In addition, this article misspells "Chinglis".
2989:"Shanghai Is Trying to Untangle the Mangled English of Chinglish"
2354:. Victor Mair analyzed the linguistic impossibility of rendering
2010:
translation software systematically rendered every occurrence of
1978:', ' intervene') is the simplified form of two words
895:
Chinglish may have influenced some English expressions that are "
1899:
1738:
1474:
Outdated Chinese-English dictionaries and textbook-style English
1372:
1116:
872:" originated as a Chinese mispronunciation of the English word "
597:
3929:
3115:
Who could resist the temptation of a plate of worm pig stomach?
2106:'queen', ' empress') as the Simplified form of
1360:
Problems of direct translation. Some Chinglish menus translate
3071:
2724:
2378:
is a mistranslation, albeit a substantially intelligible one (
1990:; 'dry', ' dried up', ' in vain') and
1122:
979:
for Chinglish errors on signs, such as emergency exits at the
731:
a term for Chinese influenced by English, is a portmanteau of
60:
2173:
meaning "toilet paper", now used to mean "useless documents".
1178:, and Chinglish (literal translation) "universal-principle";
3804:
http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp224_chinese_scripts.pdf
3589:"The Etiology and Elaboration of a Flagrant Mistranslation"
1409:
A 2007 sign on a trash bin for non-recyclable waste at the
2350:; 'gourmand lobster meal') on a menu mentioned by
247:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
36:
Chinese English, China English, Engrish, Sinicized English
3253:"Chinese language 'damaged by invasion of English words'"
1692:(e.g., "energetically Englsih-friendly environment") and
399:" and "Sinicized English". The degree to which a Chinese
19:
This article is about Chinese English. For the play, see
2241:
dictionary confused the cooking and medical meanings of
3911:
Strange Signs From Abroad The New York Times 2010/05/11
3885:
3049:
BBC News (2006/10/15) – Beijing stamps out poor English
2296:
is printed on the bilingual instructions for a Chinese
1273:
of English which together gives them a notable accent.
700:
Chinglish commonly refers to a mixture of English with
2398:"Star War – The third gathers: Backstroke of the West"
1417:
Chinglish has various causes, most commonly erroneous
1083:
highway signs – even in official tourist literature."
1044:
exhibit, and wrote, "it truly is bizarre that so many
645:. Of or relating to Chinglish; expressed in Chinglish.
3906:
A Sampling of Chinglish The New York Times 2010/05/03
3671:"Wait Till You Hear a Weak Pyridaben Carbazole Sound"
3279:"Farewell to 'Chinglish' signs as China cracks down?"
1832:; 'Exercise caution. The slope is slippery').
792:/ CONFUCIUS INSTITUTE/ Teach you pure Chinese." This
649:
This dictionary cites the earliest recorded usage of
619:). Brit. /ˈtʃɪŋglɪʃ/, U.S. /ˈtʃɪŋ(g)lɪʃ/. Forms: 19–
326:
3240:
Global Language Monitor: Many Chinglish into English
1820:
To take notice of safe: The slippery are very crafty
1498:
promoting environmental awareness and conservation.
1154:"sided") is generally less informative than Chinese
768:; 'lodge solemn representation'), combining
5256:
5217:
5187:
5171:
5098:
5055:
5000:
4913:
4843:
4800:
4755:
4648:
4619:
4571:
4540:
4493:
4460:
4355:
4320:
4029:
4019:
Malay+Chinese+Javanese+Sundanese+Arabic+Dutch
3963:
3750:
3748:
3292:
3290:
3288:
2316:"tie up; maintain, uphold; estimate" that commonly
1557:) means "to see a film" or "to watch a movie",
320:
313:
308:
296:
282:
268:
259:
195:
190:
173:
145:
78:
70:
56:
30:
3916:Chinglish: an illustrated lecture, William Griffin
3778:"Top ten Star Wars myths and legends: Do not want"
3035:Eric Partridge, Tom Dalzell, Terry Victor (2006).
2626:"Chinglish in the oral work of non-English majors"
2145:"enclose; close; shut" instead of the common word.
994:and joy of the Olympic Games" (using "charm" as a
2508:, is how signs on Shanghai's ferry docks render "
1680:advising "No soliciting and whoring prostitutes."
430:Protect cultural heritages / climbing dangerous.
4969:
4333:South Sudan local languages
3353:Huimei Liu, Frank Feather, and Wei Qian (2004),
3219:Huimei Liu, Frank Feather, and Wei Qian (2004),
2161:; 'toilet paper box/case'), employs the
1868:is a Chinese supermarket sign mistranslation of
1804:but is a suffix to an adverb when pronounced as
1527:"See", "watch", "read", and "look" all refer to
1138:, while corresponding Chinese words are usually
1053:labeled "Wet turban needless wash", translating
16:English that is influenced by a Chinese language
3756:"episode iii, the backstroke of the west redux"
3470:. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
2382:, " do not want ") of "Nooooo-!" exclaimed by
1427:
1063:; 'wash-free moist towel'). Shanghai's
971:in Chinese: "Danger, deep water / no swimming."
3395:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Journal
1822:. A comparable sign in a Beijing garage reads
1617:). The expression "Can you say Chinese?" (
704:, but it occasionally refers to mixtures with
4871:Chinese+Javanese+Sundanese+Arabic+Dutch
3941:
3901:LanguageMonitor.com Top Chinglish of the Year
3444:
3442:
2468:
2462:
2456:
2361:
2341:
2321:
2311:
2301:
2277:
2263:
2253:
2228:
2212:
2202:
2197:cuisine. This example occurred following the
2180:
2152:
2107:
2085:
2071:
2033:
2023:
2017:
2011:
1991:
1979:
1953:
1935:
1921:
1909:
1903:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1823:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1791:
1785:
1774:, an encouragement and supporting expression.
1769:
1731:"don't know") that can occur anywhere in the
1721:
1716:
1708:
1703:
1697:
1688:, the following examples will exclude common
1366:
1361:
1352:
1347:
1203:
1198:
1188:
1183:
1173:
1168:
1155:
1074:
1068:
1054:
1029:
1023:
1017:
941:'s speech, and thus more likely derives from
923:
908:
799:
793:
787:
781:
775:
769:
759:
743:; 'Chinese language') and "English".
732:
719:Chinglish contrasts with some related terms.
288:
274:
8:
3364:, US-China Foreign Language 2.10, pp. 18–20.
3208:Chinglish booklet stirs debate ahead of Expo
3060:Beijing getting rid of badly translate signs
2389:Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith
1129:Specifying Chinglish to mean "Chinese words
3595:, 9 December 2007. Accessed 30 April 2008.
2846:"Protests, Complaints, and Representations"
2101:
1969:
1889:
1862:"house; room", translates as "mixing room".
1768:. A commonly used Chinglish expression for
1499:
475:
420:
3948:
3934:
3926:
3436:李光霞. 中式英语与中介语理论. 河南机电高等专科学校学报, 2006(1). 3.
2890:Yamuna Kachru and Cecil L. Nelson (2006),
780:"serious; stern; unyielding; solemn", and
387:English in Chinese contexts, and may have
305:
41:
27:
3972:Cameroon Pidgin+French+English
3865:AsiaObscura.com's collection of Chinglish
3727:"episode iii, the backstroke of the west"
3406:Liu, Feather, and Qian (2004), pp. 25–27.
3242:, People's Daily Online, 7 February 2006.
3132:"Chinglish – The Global Language Monitor"
2624:Jing, Xiao; Zuo, Niannian (August 2006).
2262:; 'click or tick') rendered into
3876:Chinglish.com Chinese-English dictionary
3230:, US-China Foreign Language 2.10, p. 17.
3210:, People's Daily Online 21 January 2010.
2705:Chinese Family and Marriage in Singapore
2211:; 'pig's large intestines ') as
1838:appears on a sign in a Sichuan factory.
415:A 2010 sign on the wall surrounding the
371:, the term "Chinglish" refers mainly to
3870:The Chinese-English, Chinglish Archives
2616:
1471:Different thinking patterns and culture
1334:Linguists and language teachers employ
241:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
3329:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3322:
2396:. A bootleg copy of the film entitled
2338:Exterminate Capitalism Lobster Package
1742:A 2006 multilingual sign on a door in
1421:, translation software, and incorrect
1380:Civil Aviation Administration of China
256:
3373:Liu, Feather, and Qian (2004), p. 23.
3091:"Beijing pushes for language victory"
2894:. Hong Kong University Press, p. 157.
2392:, a phrase which has since become an
2070:; 'do/fuck the empress') for
1625:) would mean "Do you speak Chinese?"
981:Beijing Capital International Airport
774:"put forward; raise; pose bring up",
727:that originated in the 17th century.
483:Chinglish can be compared with other
7:
3619:"Mind your manners with the empress"
2583:Non-native pronunciations of English
2245:"(make) a sausage; (give) an enema".
1411:Xi'an Xianyang International Airport
3695:Allison Busacca and Marcia Allert,
3606:THE SHRIMP DID WHAT TO THE CABBAGE?
3576:"GAN: WHODUNNIT, AND HOW, AND WHY?"
3509:More Chinglish: Speaking in Tongues
3486:. China: Gibbs-Smith. p. 110.
3468:The Translator's Guide to Chinglish
2512:", the phrase that spread from the
379:. This term is commonly applied to
4001:Hebrew+Aramaic+German+Slavic
3608:, Language Log, 11 September 2006.
3266:Mathematical Thinking and Learning
2931:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2794:"Chinglish a problem for teachers"
2562:("tour civilizedly")
2300:about dinosaurs. The Chinese term
2249:A weak 'pyridaben carbazole' sound
2126:A 2012 sign at the bus station in
1934:; 'dried fruits/nuts') as
480:'Chinese-style English').
419:warning tourists not to climb up.
14:
5137:Gallo-Italic languages
4950:Gallo-Italic languages
4549:American Sign Language
3991:English+Chinese+Malay+Tamil
3984:Italian+Spanish+French+Arab
3538:, Language Log, 6 September 2010.
2918:Kachru and Nelson (2006), p. 158.
2892:World Englishes in Asian Contexts
2237:; 'fried sausage '). The
2169:, originally a shortened form of
1856:meaning "stir; mix; agitate" and
1798:means "floor" when pronounced as
1104:China Internet Information Center
4851:Malay trade and creole languages
3891:Engrish.com Chinglish Collection
3525:, Pinyin news, 12 December 2007.
3183:"Uncle! Or let's make that, 叔叔!"
3089:Stanway, David (7 August 2008).
2830:"Zhonglish: a high-impact ride?"
2816:, Language Log, 4 February 2009.
2455:is used as a negation particle,
2084:; 'after drying'), with
1948:; 'do/fuck fruits'). In
208:
4990:Southeast Asian languages
4347:Jordanian Bengali Pidgin Arabic
4007:Chinese+Mongolian+Tibetan
3882: (archived 6 December 2012)
3483:Chinglish: Found in Translation
3255:, The Telegraph, 15 March 2010.
2864:, Language Log, 28 August 2010.
2702:Maurice Freedman (1957, 1970).
2340:was the Chinglish rendering of
2310:; '4 dimensions') uses
2177:Braised enterovirus in Clay Pot
1894:'loose dried fruits').
1836:Workshop for concrete agitation
1696:(a bilingual bus sign reading "
1539:) in Chinese. For example,
1342:Cultural meanings. The English
1321:"John entered the room quietly"
1112:Chinese words of English origin
848:(Canton). In the 17th century,
351:that is either influenced by a
347:is slang for spoken or written
4957:Hunsrückisch German
4305:English-based creole languages
3645:"Braised enterovirus, anyone?"
3198:, Language Log, 5 August 2010.
2814:"Xinhua English and Zhonglish"
2558:
2451:
2433:
2415:
2362:
2347:
2327:
2307:
2269:
2234:
2221:; 'intestinal virus').
2218:
2208:
2186:
2179:appears on a Chinese menu for
2158:
2113:
2097:
2091:
2081:
2077:
2067:
2063:
2043:
2039:
2012:
2006:dictionary (2002 edition) and
1997:
1985:
1965:
1959:
1945:
1941:
1931:
1927:
1910:
1885:
1877:
1846:
1784:). A common mistranslation of
1660:
1653:
1647:
1642:
1635:
1629:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1606:
1600:
1588:
1576:
1575:) means "to read a book",
1567:
1558:
1549:
1540:
1535:
1189:
1160:
1075:
1069:
1060:
943:American Indian Pidgin English
928:
913:
899:" or "loan translations" from
800:
788:
765:
487:varieties of English, such as
471:
463:
355:, or is poorly translated. In
327:
289:
275:
1:
4013:Chinese+Tagalog+English
3896:Chinglish Collection and more
3686:, Language Log, 12 June 2009.
3673:, Language Log, 30 June 2010.
3660:, Language Log, 5 April 2010.
3647:, Language Log, 16 July 2008.
3621:, Language Log, 14 July 2010.
3384:"China English and Chinglish"
3185:, The Atlantic, 6 August 2010
3023:, online edition, 2004, s.v.
2929:Oxford Guide to World English
2848:, Language Log, 29 July 2009.
2832:, Language Log, 13 June 2010.
1423:English as a foreign language
1142:from Western languages; thus
922:" is a Chinglish calque from
868:. This proto-Chinglish term "
5127:Italian languages
4961:(when Portuguese-influenced)
4954:(when Portuguese-influenced)
4673:Romance languages
4667:Iranian languages
4661:Aramaic languages
4600:(when Portuguese-influenced)
3978:Bengali+Persian+Arabic
3922: (archived 16 July 2011)
3716:, Language Log, 14 May 2010.
3578:, Language Log, 31 May 2006.
3506:Radtke, Oliver Lutz (2009).
3480:Radtke, Oliver Lutz (2007).
2600:Westernised Chinese language
2201:in China, and mistranslates
2030:The shrimp fucks the cabbage
1782:Carefully slip and fall down
1110:could be damaged by popular
1079:)" (which is nonsensical).
454:. The Chinese equivalent is
4855:English+Chinese+Tamil
4655:Arabic languages
3729:. Winterson. Archived from
3634:, Language Log, 2 May 2009.
3136:The Global Language Monitor
2906:Online Etymology Dictionary
2578:Code-switching in Hong Kong
2342:
2322:
2312:
2302:
2278:
2264:
2254:
2229:
2213:
2203:
2181:
2153:
2108:
2096:; traditional Chinese:
2086:
2072:
2034:
2024:
2018:
1992:
1980:
1964:; traditional Chinese:
1954:
1936:
1922:
1904:
1858:
1852:
1840:
1824:
1810:, respectively. The phrase
1806:
1800:
1717:
1704:
1676:A 2008 sign over a sink in
1464:Linguistic differences and
1393:and there is no equivalent
1362:
1348:
1269:of Chinese in place of the
1199:
1184:
1169:
1156:
1055:
1024:
924:
909:
794:
782:
776:
770:
760:
733:
692:A 2007 sign from Beijing's
5327:
4964:Bantu languages
4879:Sri Lankan Malay
3196:"Wet turban needless wash"
2951:"人教版英语教材是英式英语还是美式英语？_百度知道"
2502:Note that the level of gap
2437:can also mean "want", and
2419:in Chinese, however since
1193:, and "centre-number"; or
1140:translations of neologisms
220:claimed but not controlled
18:
4372:English+Malay+Tamil
3835:10.1017/S0047404510000655
3697:Strange Signs from Abroad
3065:30 September 2012 at the
3020:Oxford English Dictionary
2716:and Robert Tomes (1857).
2691:Oxford English Dictionary
2469:
2463:
2457:
2442:
2424:
2406:
2283:
2259:
2090:(simplified Chinese:
1958:(simplified Chinese:
1920:software misinterpreting
1829:
1825:zhùyì ānquán pōdào lù huá
1812:
1792:
1786:
1770:
1722:
1709:
1698:
1528:
1521:
1367:
1353:
1325:"Lijing quiet enter room"
1204:
1174:
1099:
1030:
1022:Translate server error" (
1018:
738:
593:Oxford English Dictionary
338:
304:
264:
227:
207:
40:
35:
4675:Judaeo-Romance languages
4669:Judaeo-Iranian languages
4559:Philippine Sign Language
3550:"To Take Notice of Safe"
3548:David Feng (July 2006).
2386:in a bootleg version of
2227:on a menu mistranslates
1866:Spread to fuck the fruit
702:Modern Standard Mandarin
270:Traditional Chinese
222:is shown in light green.
5082:Norwegian+Swedish
5076:Norwegian+Spanish
5070:Norwegian+Russian
4932:Italian languages
4663:Judeo-Aramaic languages
4563:Malaysian Sign Language
4394:Mongolian+Tibetan
3389:31 January 2023 at the
3157:A Sampling of Chinglish
2927:McArthur, Tom. (2002).
2662:10.1111/1467-971X.00189
2594:English as she is spoke
2199:Enterovirus 71 epidemic
1974:'trunk', '
1715:means "to; toward" and
1520:In Chinglish, "I know"
1438:Common causes include:
991:Global Language Monitor
963:A 2013 warning sign in
284:Simplified Chinese
47:A 2007 warning sign in
4970:
4657:Judeo-Arabic languages
4551:Bolivian Sign Language
4368:Chinese Pidgin English
3466:Pinkham, Joan (2000).
3382:Li, Wenzhong. (1993).
2873:Abigail Lavin (2008),
2767:10.1075/eww.38.3.04lam
2747:10.1075/eww.38.3.04lam
2533:
2491:
2320:foreign names such as
2131:
1790:"Caution. Wet floor."
1759:
1733:English-speaking world
1681:
1514:
1436:
1414:
1228:
1091:
972:
901:Chinese Pidgin English
850:Chinese Pidgin English
833:
761:tíchū yánzhèng jiāoshè
721:Chinese Pidgin English
697:
669:(recorded from 1979),
647:
435:
229:This article contains
5194:Chinese+English
5088:Swedish+English
4877:Sinhalese+Tamil
4418:Inter-topolects
4382:English+Tagalog
4060:Chinese+Tagalog
3536:"A Bus to Don't Know"
2875:"Feudal to Translate"
2693:online edition, 2004.
2523:
2496:Go straight on public
2481:
2125:
1741:
1675:
1489:
1408:
1222:
1136:Greek and Latin roots
1089:
962:
831:
804:) is Chinese for the
691:
657:term) in 1957 and of
606:
414:
300:Chinese Style English
5064:Danish+English
4934:Macaronic Portuguese
4889:North Moluccan Malay
4780:Macaronic Portuguese
4446:Malay+Javanese
4175:Manglish (Malayalam)
2486:" in Chinglish on a
1754:("shut") instead of
1694:typographical errors
1458:without post-editing
1419:Chinese dictionaries
1131:literally translated
950:2008 Summer Olympics
163:Early Modern English
5311:Dialects of English
4946:Dekasegi Portuguese
4928:Porglish/Portuglish
4823:Dekasegi Portuguese
3886:The Chinglish Files
3822:Language in Society
3360:13 May 2006 at the
3226:13 May 2006 at the
2639:(4). Archived from
2136:Please steek gently
2118:; 'after').
1918:machine translation
1882:traditional Chinese
1456:machine translation
952:in Beijing and the
806:Confucius Institute
468:traditional Chinese
5232:Canadian Ukrainian
5107:Portuñol/Portunhol
4940:Bengali Portuguese
4922:Portuñol/Portunhol
4555:Thai Sign Language
4530:Gallo-Italic
4345:Jordanian+Bengali
3872:ChineseEnglish.com
3701:The New York Times
3556:on 4 February 2008
3161:The New York Times
2994:The New York Times
2759:English World-wide
2739:English World-wide
2534:
2514:London Underground
2492:
2352:The New York Times
2343:tāotiè lóngxiā cān
2132:
2050:dried shrimp with
2035:Xiāgān chǎo báicài
1874:simplified Chinese
1850:), which combines
1760:
1682:
1515:
1415:
1229:
1092:
973:
856:for trade between
834:
752:Xinhua News Agency
698:
661:in 1857. However,
460:simplified Chinese
436:
186:(English alphabet)
5293:
5292:
5151:Frespañol/Fragnol
5041:Solombala English
4976:Gira da Tabatinga
4903:Makassarese
4640:Cappadocian Greek
4514:Meridional French
4502:Frespañol/Fragnol
4442:Tangwang language
4220:Singaporean
4210:Solombala English
3684:"4 Uygur Theater"
3493:978-1-4236-0335-1
2792:Daniel J. Bauer,
2573:Hong Kong English
2554:Civilization tour
2516:to worldwide use.
2506:sentence fragment
2104:
1972:
1892:
1746:uses the unusual
1431:rules of language
1282:loan translations
1108:linguistic purism
903:, for instance, "
876:". Following the
714:Taiwanese Hokkien
613:n. and a. colloq.
478:
438:The English word
417:Tiger Hill Pagoda
342:
341:
334:
333:
328:zhōng shì yīngwén
315:Standard Mandarin
255:
254:
237:rendering support
233:phonetic symbols.
5318:
5224:Belarusian
5105:Portuguese
5023:Belarusian
4986:Judeo-Portuguese
4973:
4821:Portuguese
4778:Portuguese
4596:Portuguese
4279:Vietnamese
4197:Portuguese
3950:
3943:
3936:
3927:
3854:
3806:
3799:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3774:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3752:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3723:
3717:
3710:
3704:
3693:
3687:
3680:
3674:
3667:
3661:
3654:
3648:
3643:Mark Lieberman,
3641:
3635:
3628:
3622:
3615:
3609:
3602:
3596:
3585:
3579:
3572:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3552:. Archived from
3545:
3539:
3532:
3526:
3519:
3513:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3477:
3471:
3464:
3458:
3455:
3449:
3446:
3437:
3434:
3428:
3422:
3416:
3413:
3407:
3404:
3398:
3380:
3374:
3371:
3365:
3351:
3345:
3342:
3336:
3334:
3328:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3311:on 10 April 2011
3310:
3304:. Archived from
3303:
3294:
3283:
3282:
3275:
3269:
3262:
3256:
3249:
3243:
3237:
3231:
3217:
3211:
3205:
3199:
3194:Mark Lieberman,
3192:
3186:
3179:
3173:
3170:
3164:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3128:
3122:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3086:
3080:
3057:
3051:
3046:
3040:
3033:
3015:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2981:
2975:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2955:zhidao.baidu.com
2947:
2941:
2938:
2932:
2925:
2919:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2901:
2895:
2888:
2882:
2871:
2865:
2855:
2849:
2839:
2833:
2823:
2817:
2807:
2801:
2790:
2784:
2775:
2769:
2755:
2749:
2735:
2729:
2714:Matthew C. Perry
2700:
2694:
2688:
2682:
2679:
2673:
2670:
2664:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2630:
2621:
2560:
2542:squatting toilet
2482:A 2013 sign of "
2472:
2471:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2459:
2453:
2444:
2435:
2426:
2417:
2408:
2376:
2375:
2367:
2366:
2349:
2345:
2329:
2325:
2315:
2309:
2305:
2285:
2281:
2271:
2267:
2261:
2257:
2236:
2232:
2220:
2216:
2210:
2206:
2188:
2184:
2160:
2156:
2140:Scottish English
2117:
2111:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2065:
2056:fuck the empress
2045:
2041:
2037:
2028:"do; fuck" are:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1915:
1914:
1907:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1879:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1831:
1827:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1789:
1788:
1773:
1772:
1748:Scottish English
1730:
1729:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1662:
1657:
1651:
1644:
1639:
1633:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1586:
1574:
1565:
1556:
1547:
1537:
1532:
1523:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1162:
1159:
1106:, predicts that
1101:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1071:
1062:
1058:
1042:Three Gorges Dam
1035:
1034:
1027:
1021:
1020:
935:American English
932:
927:
920:long time no see
917:
912:
890:Standard English
882:Second Opium War
852:originated as a
803:
802:
797:
791:
790:
785:
779:
773:
767:
763:
742:
736:
575:(in Singapore),
491:(from Italian),
479:
476:
473:
465:
434:
431:
428:
425:
422:
353:Chinese language
349:English language
330:
329:
306:
292:
291:
278:
277:
257:
212:
200:
179:
84:
45:
28:
21:Chinglish (play)
5326:
5325:
5321:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5316:
5315:
5296:
5295:
5294:
5289:
5252:
5213:
5183:
5179:Te Parau Tinito
5167:
5161:Norwegian
5113:Belgranodeutsch
5094:
5057:
5051:
5029:Norwegian
5013:Ukrainian
5009:Deutschrussisch
4996:
4992:Macanese Patois
4966:Cafundó dialect
4909:
4867:Baba Malay
4839:
4796:
4751:
4719:Judeo-Malayalam
4717:Malayalam
4713:Judaeo-Georgian
4644:
4615:
4586:Belgranodeutsch
4580:Deutschrussisch
4567:
4542:
4536:
4489:
4456:
4448:Baba Malay
4402:Hezhou language
4351:
4316:
4179:Malaysian
4173:Malayalam
4123:Hungarian
4025:
3965:
3959:
3954:
3920:Wayback Machine
3861:
3818:
3815:
3813:Further reading
3810:
3809:
3800:
3796:
3786:
3784:
3782:VirginMedia.com
3776:
3775:
3771:
3761:
3759:
3754:
3753:
3746:
3736:
3734:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3711:
3707:
3694:
3690:
3681:
3677:
3668:
3664:
3655:
3651:
3642:
3638:
3629:
3625:
3616:
3612:
3603:
3599:
3586:
3582:
3573:
3569:
3559:
3557:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3533:
3529:
3521:Mark Swofford,
3520:
3516:
3512:. Gibb禁s-Smith.
3505:
3501:
3494:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3465:
3461:
3456:
3452:
3447:
3440:
3435:
3431:
3423:
3419:
3414:
3410:
3405:
3401:
3391:Wayback Machine
3381:
3377:
3372:
3368:
3362:Wayback Machine
3352:
3348:
3343:
3339:
3321:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3301:
3299:"Archived copy"
3297:
3295:
3286:
3281:. 22 June 2017.
3277:
3276:
3272:
3268:3, pp. 201–220.
3263:
3259:
3251:Malcolm Moore,
3250:
3246:
3238:
3234:
3228:Wayback Machine
3218:
3214:
3206:
3202:
3193:
3189:
3181:James Fallows,
3180:
3176:
3171:
3167:
3155:
3151:
3141:
3139:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3121:15 August 2008.
3113:
3109:
3099:
3097:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3067:Wayback Machine
3058:
3054:
3047:
3043:
3034:
3030:
3009:
2999:
2997:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2974:McArthur (2002)
2973:
2969:
2959:
2957:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2926:
2922:
2917:
2913:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2889:
2885:
2879:Weekly Standard
2872:
2868:
2862:"Pure Chinese?"
2856:
2852:
2840:
2836:
2824:
2820:
2808:
2804:
2791:
2787:
2776:
2772:
2756:
2752:
2736:
2732:
2701:
2697:
2689:
2685:
2680:
2676:
2671:
2667:
2655:
2651:
2646:on 7 July 2011.
2643:
2628:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2613:
2569:
2470:「你要不要吃飯？」／「不要。」
2373:
2372:
2294:4 Uygur theater
2182:gānguō féicháng
2163:British English
2052:Chinese cabbage
1950:written Chinese
1902:translation of
1686:Sinophone world
1670:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1490:A 2015 sign in
1484:
1403:
1278:transliteration
1267:syllable timing
1223:A 2007 sign in
1217:
1056:miǎn xǐ shī jīn
996:transitive verb
939:Native American
907:" derives from
826:
659:Chinese English
456:Zhōngshì Yīngyǔ
432:
429:
426:
423:
409:
297:Literal meaning
235:Without proper
223:
196:
180:
175:
169:
148:
141:
85:
82:Language family
80:
52:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5324:
5322:
5314:
5313:
5308:
5298:
5297:
5291:
5290:
5288:
5287:
5281:
5275:
5260:
5258:
5254:
5253:
5251:
5250:
5240:
5234:
5228:
5221:
5219:
5215:
5214:
5212:
5211:
5205:
5198:
5191:
5189:
5185:
5184:
5182:
5181:
5175:
5173:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5165:
5159:
5153:
5147:
5143:Galician
5141:
5135:
5125:
5115:
5109:
5102:
5100:
5096:
5095:
5093:
5092:
5086:
5080:
5074:
5068:
5061:
5059:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5049:
5043:
5033:
5027:
5021:
5011:
5004:
5002:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4994:
4988:
4982:
4962:
4955:
4948:
4944:Japanese
4942:
4936:
4930:
4924:
4917:
4915:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4907:
4905:Makassar Malay
4901:
4895:
4893:Ambonese Malay
4881:
4875:
4869:
4863:
4853:
4847:
4845:
4841:
4840:
4838:
4837:
4831:
4825:
4819:
4804:
4802:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4794:
4788:
4786:Fiuman dialect
4784:Croatian
4782:
4776:
4766:
4759:
4757:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4749:
4743:
4737:
4731:
4721:
4715:
4711:Georgian
4709:
4695:
4694:
4693:
4687:Judaeo-Spanish
4683:
4671:
4665:
4659:
4652:
4650:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4642:
4636:
4630:
4623:
4621:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4613:
4607:
4601:
4594:
4588:
4582:
4575:
4573:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4565:
4546:
4544:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4532:Franco-Italian
4528:
4522:
4516:
4510:
4506:Japanese
4504:
4497:
4495:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4487:
4483:Javanese
4481:
4471:
4464:
4462:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4444:
4438:
4436:Maojia dialect
4432:
4426:
4424:Shaozhou Tuhua
4416:
4412:Japanese
4410:
4404:
4398:
4396:Wutun language
4392:
4386:
4380:
4370:
4359:
4357:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4343:
4341:Cypriot Arabic
4337:
4331:
4324:
4322:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4312:
4310:Englishization
4307:
4299:
4289:
4283:
4277:
4271:
4265:
4259:
4253:
4247:
4240:
4234:
4224:
4218:
4214:Sicilian
4212:
4202:
4195:
4189:
4183:
4177:
4171:
4165:
4159:
4153:
4141:Japanese
4139:
4133:
4127:
4121:
4119:Hong Kong
4116:
4110:
4100:
4094:
4088:
4082:
4076:
4070:
4064:
4058:
4052:
4046:
4040:
4033:
4031:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4023:
4017:
4011:
4009:Wutun language
4005:
3999:
3989:
3982:
3976:
3969:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3957:Interlanguages
3955:
3953:
3952:
3945:
3938:
3930:
3924:
3923:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3873:
3867:
3860:
3859:External links
3857:
3856:
3855:
3829:(5): 669–688.
3814:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3794:
3769:
3744:
3733:on 16 May 2008
3718:
3705:
3688:
3675:
3662:
3649:
3636:
3623:
3610:
3597:
3580:
3567:
3540:
3527:
3514:
3499:
3492:
3472:
3459:
3450:
3438:
3429:
3425:Victor H. Mair
3417:
3408:
3399:
3375:
3366:
3346:
3337:
3284:
3270:
3257:
3244:
3232:
3212:
3200:
3187:
3174:
3172:Jacobs (2010).
3165:
3149:
3138:. 30 July 2008
3123:
3107:
3081:
3052:
3041:
3028:
3007:
2987:(2 May 2010).
2976:
2967:
2942:
2933:
2920:
2911:
2896:
2883:
2881:31 March 2008.
2866:
2850:
2834:
2818:
2802:
2798:The China Post
2785:
2770:
2750:
2730:
2695:
2683:
2674:
2665:
2649:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2551:
2545:
2544:is prohibited.
2538:Don't stampede
2518:
2517:
2499:
2488:Shanghai Ferry
2476:
2475:
2369:
2335:
2291:
2246:
2230:zhá guàn cháng
2222:
2174:
2146:
2120:
2119:
2008:Jinshan Kuaiyi
1863:
1833:
1817:
1778:Slip carefully
1775:
1669:
1666:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1462:
1459:
1452:
1443:
1402:
1399:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1376:
1358:
1336:error analysis
1216:
1213:
1065:Luwan District
1004:New York Times
866:Chinese people
858:British people
825:
822:
795:Kǒngzǐ Xuéyuàn
495:(from Czech),
408:
405:
340:
339:
336:
335:
332:
331:
324:
318:
317:
311:
310:
309:Transcriptions
302:
301:
298:
294:
293:
286:
280:
279:
272:
266:
265:
262:
261:
253:
252:
239:, you may see
225:
224:
213:
205:
204:
201:
193:
192:
191:Language codes
188:
187:
181:
177:Writing system
174:
171:
170:
168:
167:
166:
165:
158:Middle English
151:
149:
146:
143:
142:
140:
139:
138:
137:
136:
135:
134:
133:
132:
131:
130:
129:
128:
127:
88:
86:
79:
76:
75:
72:
68:
67:
58:
57:Native to
54:
53:
46:
38:
37:
33:
32:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5323:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5303:
5301:
5286:
5282:
5280:
5279:Scots Yiddish
5276:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5263:English
5262:
5261:
5259:
5255:
5249:
5245:
5242:Russian
5241:
5239:
5235:
5233:
5230:English
5229:
5227:
5226:West Polesian
5223:
5222:
5220:
5216:
5210:
5207:Visayan
5206:
5203:
5200:English
5199:
5197:
5193:
5192:
5190:
5186:
5180:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5170:
5164:
5160:
5158:
5155:Guarani
5154:
5152:
5148:
5146:
5142:
5140:
5136:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5124:
5120:
5117:English
5116:
5114:
5110:
5108:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5097:
5091:
5087:
5085:
5081:
5079:
5075:
5073:
5069:
5067:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5054:
5048:
5045:Chinese
5044:
5042:
5038:
5035:English
5034:
5032:
5028:
5026:
5022:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5010:
5006:
5005:
5003:
4999:
4993:
4989:
4987:
4983:
4981:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4963:
4960:
4956:
4953:
4949:
4947:
4943:
4941:
4938:Bengali
4937:
4935:
4931:
4929:
4926:English
4925:
4923:
4920:Spanish
4919:
4918:
4916:
4912:
4906:
4902:
4900:
4896:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4883:Ternate
4882:
4880:
4876:
4874:
4870:
4868:
4865:Chinese
4864:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4842:
4836:
4833:Chinese
4832:
4830:
4826:
4824:
4820:
4818:
4817:Bonin English
4814:
4810:
4807:English
4806:
4805:
4803:
4799:
4793:
4792:Judeo-Italian
4789:
4787:
4783:
4781:
4777:
4775:
4771:
4768:Spanish
4767:
4765:
4762:English
4761:
4760:
4758:
4754:
4748:
4747:Judeo-Marathi
4744:
4742:
4738:
4736:
4732:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4720:
4716:
4714:
4710:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4697:English
4696:
4692:
4688:
4685:Spanish
4684:
4682:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4672:
4670:
4666:
4664:
4660:
4658:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4647:
4641:
4638:Turkish
4637:
4635:
4631:
4629:
4626:English
4625:
4624:
4622:
4618:
4612:
4609:Yiddish
4608:
4606:
4602:
4599:
4595:
4593:
4590:English
4589:
4587:
4584:Spanish
4583:
4581:
4578:Russian
4577:
4576:
4574:
4570:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4539:
4533:
4529:
4527:
4523:
4521:
4518:English
4517:
4515:
4512:Occitan
4511:
4509:
4505:
4503:
4500:Spanish
4499:
4498:
4496:
4492:
4486:
4482:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4470:
4467:English
4466:
4465:
4463:
4459:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4443:
4439:
4437:
4434:Hmongic
4433:
4431:
4427:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4415:
4411:
4409:
4406:Russian
4405:
4403:
4399:
4397:
4393:
4391:
4388:Tibetan
4387:
4385:
4381:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4362:English
4361:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4348:
4344:
4342:
4338:
4336:
4332:
4330:
4327:English
4326:
4325:
4323:
4319:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4294:
4291:Yiddish
4290:
4288:
4285:Visayan
4284:
4282:
4278:
4276:
4272:
4270:
4267:Turkish
4266:
4264:
4260:
4258:
4254:
4252:
4248:
4245:
4242:Tagalog
4241:
4239:
4236:Swedish
4235:
4233:
4229:
4226:Spanish
4225:
4223:
4219:
4217:
4213:
4211:
4207:
4204:Russian
4203:
4200:
4196:
4194:
4190:
4188:
4185:Namibia
4184:
4182:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4170:
4167:Maltese
4166:
4164:
4160:
4158:
4155:Kannada
4154:
4152:
4151:Bonin English
4148:
4144:
4140:
4138:
4135:Italian
4134:
4132:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4111:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4099:
4095:
4093:
4089:
4087:
4083:
4081:
4078:Finnish
4077:
4075:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4063:
4059:
4057:
4054:Chinese
4053:
4051:
4047:
4045:
4042:Bengali
4041:
4039:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4028:
4022:
4018:
4016:
4012:
4010:
4006:
4004:
4000:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3987:
3983:
3981:
3977:
3975:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3962:
3958:
3951:
3946:
3944:
3939:
3937:
3932:
3931:
3928:
3921:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3881:
3880:archive.today
3877:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3858:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3812:
3805:
3798:
3795:
3783:
3779:
3773:
3770:
3757:
3751:
3749:
3745:
3732:
3728:
3722:
3719:
3715:
3714:"Weird Signs"
3712:Victor Mair,
3709:
3706:
3703:, 11 May 2010
3702:
3698:
3692:
3689:
3685:
3682:Victor Mair,
3679:
3676:
3672:
3669:Victor Mair,
3666:
3663:
3659:
3658:"Fried enema"
3656:Victor Mair,
3653:
3650:
3646:
3640:
3637:
3633:
3630:Victor Mair,
3627:
3624:
3620:
3617:Victor Mair,
3614:
3611:
3607:
3604:Victor Mair,
3601:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3587:Victor Mair.
3584:
3581:
3577:
3574:Victor Mair,
3571:
3568:
3555:
3551:
3544:
3541:
3537:
3534:Victor Mair,
3531:
3528:
3524:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3510:
3503:
3500:
3495:
3489:
3485:
3484:
3476:
3473:
3469:
3463:
3460:
3454:
3451:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3433:
3430:
3426:
3421:
3418:
3412:
3409:
3403:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3379:
3376:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3350:
3347:
3341:
3338:
3332:
3326:
3307:
3300:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3280:
3274:
3271:
3267:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3248:
3245:
3241:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3222:
3216:
3213:
3209:
3204:
3201:
3197:
3191:
3188:
3184:
3178:
3175:
3169:
3166:
3163:, 2 May 2010.
3162:
3158:
3153:
3150:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3108:
3096:
3092:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3064:
3061:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3008:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2986:
2985:Andrew Jacobs
2980:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2943:
2937:
2934:
2930:
2924:
2921:
2915:
2912:
2908:
2907:
2900:
2897:
2893:
2887:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2870:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2838:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2822:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2789:
2786:
2783:2 March 1996.
2782:
2781:The Economist
2779:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2761:, 39(1): 23.
2760:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2741:, 39(1): 14.
2740:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2706:
2699:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2684:
2678:
2675:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2653:
2650:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2633:CELEA Journal
2627:
2620:
2617:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2561:
2559:wénmíng lǚyóu
2555:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2504:, which is a
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2454:
2448:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2422:
2418:
2412:
2404:
2399:
2395:
2394:internet meme
2391:
2390:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2370:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2344:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2280:
2275:
2266:
2256:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2231:
2226:
2223:
2215:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2183:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2155:
2154:shǒuzhǐ xiāng
2150:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2116:
2110:
2094:
2088:
2074:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2020:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1977:
1962:
1956:
1951:
1938:
1924:
1919:
1913:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1883:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1854:
1842:
1837:
1834:
1826:
1821:
1818:
1808:
1802:
1795:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1734:
1728:
1725:
1719:
1712:
1706:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1679:
1674:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1656:
1650:
1645:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1616:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1573:
1570:
1564:
1561:
1555:
1552:
1546:
1543:
1538:
1531:
1525:
1518:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1481:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1466:mother tongue
1463:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1446:Word-for-word
1444:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1412:
1407:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1364:
1359:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1299:
1294:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1272:
1271:stress timing
1268:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1226:
1221:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1201:
1196:
1186:
1181:
1171:
1166:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1144:quadrilateral
1141:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1097:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1066:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1046:organizations
1043:
1039:
1038:Colonel Blimp
1033:
1026:
1015:
1014:James Fallows
1010:
1009:Andrew Jacobs
1006:
1005:
999:
997:
992:
987:
986:Ben Macintyre
982:
978:
970:
966:
961:
957:
956:in Shanghai.
955:
951:
946:
944:
940:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
902:
898:
893:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
854:lingua franca
851:
847:
843:
839:
830:
823:
821:
819:
815:
814:lingua franca
809:
807:
796:
784:
778:
772:
762:
757:
756:Rebiya Kadeer
753:
749:
744:
741:
735:
730:
726:
725:lingua franca
722:
717:
715:
711:
707:
703:
695:
690:
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
646:
644:
641:
637:
635:
632:
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
605:
603:
599:
595:
594:
588:
586:
582:
579:(Polish) and
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
535:(Hungarian),
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
485:interlanguage
481:
469:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
418:
413:
406:
404:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
381:ungrammatical
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
337:
325:
323:
319:
316:
312:
307:
303:
299:
295:
287:
285:
281:
273:
271:
267:
263:
258:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
232:
226:
221:
217:
211:
206:
202:
199:
194:
189:
185:
182:
178:
172:
164:
161:
160:
159:
156:
155:
154:
150:
144:
126:
123:
122:
121:
118:
117:
116:
113:
112:
111:
110:Anglo–Frisian
108:
107:
106:
103:
102:
101:
100:West Germanic
98:
97:
96:
93:
92:
91:
90:Indo-European
87:
83:
77:
73:
69:
66:
62:
59:
55:
50:
44:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
5283:German
5236:Polish
5149:French
5111:German
5056:Scandinavian
5007:German
4984:Hebrew
4885:Manado Malay
4827:French
4790:Hebrew
4733:Slavic
4679:German
4632:Hebrew
4603:Hebrew
4524:Hebrew
4400:Uyghur
4363:
4255:Telugu
4191:Polish
4161:Korean
4102:Hebrew
4090:German
4084:French
4066:Danish
4055:
4036:Arabic
3974:Camfranglais
3826:
3820:
3797:
3785:. Retrieved
3781:
3772:
3760:. Retrieved
3735:. Retrieved
3731:the original
3721:
3708:
3700:
3691:
3678:
3665:
3652:
3639:
3626:
3613:
3600:
3593:Language Log
3592:
3583:
3570:
3558:. Retrieved
3554:the original
3543:
3530:
3517:
3508:
3502:
3482:
3475:
3467:
3462:
3453:
3432:
3420:
3411:
3402:
3394:
3378:
3369:
3349:
3340:
3313:. Retrieved
3306:the original
3273:
3265:
3260:
3247:
3235:
3215:
3203:
3190:
3177:
3168:
3160:
3152:
3140:. Retrieved
3135:
3126:
3118:
3110:
3098:. Retrieved
3095:The Guardian
3094:
3084:
3076:
3070:
3055:
3044:
3036:
3031:
3024:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3011:
2998:. Retrieved
2992:
2979:
2970:
2958:. Retrieved
2954:
2945:
2936:
2928:
2923:
2914:
2905:
2899:
2891:
2886:
2878:
2869:
2853:
2837:
2821:
2805:
2800:10 May 2009.
2797:
2788:
2780:
2773:
2758:
2753:
2738:
2733:
2723:
2718:
2709:
2704:
2698:
2690:
2686:
2677:
2668:
2652:
2641:the original
2636:
2632:
2619:
2592:
2588:Mute English
2557:
2553:
2548:Mustard Silk
2547:
2537:
2510:Mind the gap
2501:
2495:
2484:Mind the gap
2450:
2432:
2414:
2397:
2387:
2379:
2371:
2355:
2351:
2337:
2293:
2248:
2242:
2239:Jinshan Ciba
2238:
2224:
2214:cháng bìngdú
2176:
2148:
2142:
2135:
2059:
2055:
2054:'), and
2029:
2004:Jinshan Ciba
1869:
1865:
1841:jiǎobàn fáng
1835:
1819:
1781:
1780:(sometimes:
1777:
1763:
1755:
1751:
1702:To unknow";
1690:misspellings
1683:
1659:
1641:
1627:
1612:
1534:
1526:
1519:
1516:
1468:interference
1437:
1428:
1416:
1388:
1333:
1324:
1320:
1302:
1297:
1295:
1286:spring rolls
1285:
1275:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1250:
1230:
1210:
1151:
1147:
1146:(from Latin
1128:
1121:
1115:
1093:
1081:
1045:
1002:
1000:
974:
947:
925:hǎojiǔbújiàn
894:
886:treaty ports
835:
810:
745:
728:
718:
710:Shanghainese
699:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
653:(noted as a
650:
648:
642:
639:
638:
633:
630:
629:
624:
620:
617:depreciative
616:
612:
608:
607:
596:defines the
591:
589:
543:(Japanese),
519:(Malaysia),
482:
455:
451:
447:
439:
437:
375:-influenced
344:
343:
322:Hanyu Pinyin
228:
124:
25:
5285:Lachoudisch
5277:Scots
4897:Dutch
4745:Indic
4739:Greek
4723:Tatar
4634:Judeo-Greek
4611:Lachoudisch
4541:French Sign
4473:Malay
4440:Santa
4339:Greek
4335:Juba Arabic
4249:Tamil
4201:/Portuglish
4169:Maltenglish
4129:Irish
4112:Hindi
4096:Greek
4072:Dutch
4048:Czech
3787:30 December
3758:. Winterson
3077:China Daily
3027:, a., 7.c.
2858:Victor Mair
2842:Victor Mair
2826:Victor Mair
2810:Victor Mair
2384:Darth Vader
2374:Do not want
2318:transcribes
2276:') and
2225:Fried enema
1896:Victor Mair
1150:"four" and
1007:article by
860:and mostly
748:Victor Mair
694:Silk Street
681:(2000) and
675:Chinenglish
531:(Swedish),
527:(Spanish),
523:(Russian),
444:portmanteau
407:Terminology
393:deprecating
385:nonsensical
243:instead of
153:Old English
147:Early forms
5300:Categories
5072:Russenorsk
5031:Russenorsk
4914:Portuguese
4829:Franponais
4813:Wasei-eigo
4508:Franponais
4430:E language
4301:See also:
4273:Urdu
4261:Thai
4147:Wasei-eigo
4131:Béarlachas
3560:5 December
3069: [
3039:, p. 1229.
2960:25 January
2611:References
2255:dādā kǎzuò
2191:Sichuanese
2048:stir-fried
1898:noted the
1870:sǎn gānguǒ
1482:Vocabulary
1391:conjugated
1167:, Chinese
1157:sìbiānxíng
864:-speaking
729:Zhonglish,
555:(Korean),
539:(Hebrew),
511:(French),
499:(German),
389:pejorative
105:Ingvaeonic
5306:Chinglish
5273:Yeshivish
5218:Ukrainian
5196:Hokaglish
5163:Norspañol
5129:Cocoliche
5119:Spanglish
5090:Swenglish
5078:Norspañol
5058:languages
5025:Trasianka
4770:Cocoliche
4764:Itanglese
4707:Yeshivish
4628:Greeklish
4592:Denglisch
4526:Zarphatic
4520:Franglais
4428:Tai
4384:Hokaglish
4364:Chinglish
4297:Yeshivish
4238:Swenglish
4228:Spanglish
4137:Itanglese
4108:Yeshivish
4098:Greeklish
4092:Denglisch
4086:Franglais
4062:Hokaglish
4056:Chinglish
4050:Czenglish
4015:Hokaglish
3966:languages
3964:Multiple
3851:146480049
3119:The Times
2288:carbazole
2274:pyridaben
2265:dāmǎnlíng
2243:guanchang
2171:bumfodder
2130:, Fujian.
2058:mistakes
2022:"dry" as
1830:注意安全 坡道路滑
1357:"cattle".
1317:adverbial
1309:predicate
1246:discourse
1234:phonology
1195:trapezoid
1114:(such as
969:Guangdong
954:Expo 2010
905:lose face
862:Cantonese
846:Guangzhou
838:Hong Kong
706:Cantonese
683:Chinelish
679:Changlish
667:Chenglish
663:Chinglish
651:Chinglish
625:Chenglish
621:Chinglish
609:Chinglish
602:adjective
529:Swenglish
525:Spanglish
515:(Greek),
513:Greeklish
509:Franglais
497:Denglisch
493:Czenglish
489:Britalian
440:Chinglish
373:Cantonese
365:Guangdong
357:Hong Kong
345:Chinglish
260:Chinglish
198:ISO 639-3
125:Chinglish
74:East Asia
31:Chinglish
5269:Yinglish
5248:Balachka
5172:Tahitian
5145:Castrapo
5133:Lunfardo
5066:Danglish
5037:Runglish
5019:Balachka
4861:Manglish
4857:Singlish
4835:Kyowa-go
4801:Japanese
4774:Lunfardo
4729:Krymchak
4703:Yinglish
4543:Language
4469:Dunglish
4414:Kyowa-go
4378:Manglish
4374:Singlish
4329:Arablish
4293:Yinglish
4269:Turklish
4263:Tinglish
4257:Tenglish
4251:Tanglish
4222:Singlish
4216:Siculish
4206:Runglish
4199:Porglish
4181:Manglish
4163:Konglish
4157:Kanglish
4125:Hunglish
4114:Hinglish
4080:Finglish
4074:Dunglish
4068:Danglish
4044:Banglish
4038:Arablish
3997:Manglish
3993:Singlish
3980:Dobhashi
3843:40925816
3762:10 April
3632:Bumf box
3397:, Vol.4.
3387:Archived
3358:Archived
3325:cite web
3315:6 August
3224:Archived
3063:Archived
3000:5 August
2605:Hinglish
2567:See also
2323:wéiwú'ěr
2298:4-D film
2204:féicháng
2195:Hunanese
2149:Bumf Box
1718:bùzhīdào
1668:Examples
1450:polysemy
1215:Features
1185:zhōngshù
1096:shanzhai
1051:wet wipe
965:Shenzhen
874:business
818:coolness
777:yánzhèng
734:Zhōngwén
685:(2006).
677:(1997),
673:(1996),
671:Chinlish
581:Tinglish
577:Ponglish
573:Singlish
553:Konglish
545:Hinglish
533:Hunglish
521:Runglish
517:Manglish
501:Dunglish
249:Help:IPA
95:Germanic
5271:,
5267:,
5265:Heblish
5257:Yiddish
5246:,
5244:Surzhyk
5209:Bisalog
5204:/Englog
5202:Taglish
5188:Tagalog
5139:Chipilo
5131:,
5123:Llanito
5121:,
5099:Spanish
5047:Kyakhta
5039:,
5017:,
5015:Surzhyk
5001:Russian
4980:Kalunga
4971:cupópia
4959:Hunsrik
4887:,
4815:,
4811:,
4809:Engrish
4772:,
4756:Italian
4741:Yevanic
4735:Knaanic
4727:,
4705:,
4701:,
4699:Heblish
4691:Haketia
4689:,
4681:Yiddish
4605:Yiddish
4598:Hunsrik
4485:Javindo
4477:,
4450:,
4422:,
4420:Linghua
4408:Kyakhta
4366:,
4356:Chinese
4295:,
4287:Bislish
4246:/Englog
4244:Taglish
4232:Llanito
4230:,
4208:,
4193:Poglish
4187:Namlish
4149:,
4145:,
4143:Engrish
4106:,
4104:Heblish
4030:English
4003:Yiddish
3918:at the
3142:4 March
3100:4 March
3075:],
2728:]."
2439:Chinese
2421:Chinese
2403:Chinese
2334:').
2330:; '
2290:').
2286:; '
2272:; '
2060:gàn hòu
2046:; '
1937:gàn guǒ
1853:jiǎobàn
1765:Add oil
1678:Xicheng
1619:你会说中文吗？
1503:
1454:Use of
1395:article
1305:subject
1238:lexicon
1148:quadri-
1025:cāntīng
977:hotline
910:diūliǎn
897:calques
824:History
783:jiāoshè
655:jocular
615:(freq.
569:Visayan
565:Bislish
561:Tagalog
557:Taglish
541:Engrish
537:Hebrish
452:English
448:Chinese
424:
401:variety
397:Engrish
377:English
369:Guangxi
245:Unicode
214:Map of
120:English
5157:Jopará
5084:Svorsk
4952:Talian
4873:Betawi
4725:Karaim
4649:Hebrew
4572:German
4494:French
4475:Betawi
4452:Betawi
4390:Daohua
4321:Arabic
4281:Vinish
4275:Urdish
4021:Betawi
3849:
3841:
3737:17 May
3490:
2710:lingua
2530:Taiwan
2449::
2447:pinyin
2441::
2431::
2429:pinyin
2423::
2413::
2411:pinyin
2405::
2357:Taotie
2332:Uyghur
2128:Shaowu
2073:gānhòu
1923:gānguǒ
1884::
1876::
1744:Taipei
1623:你會說中文嗎
1496:Xizang
1492:Namtso
1401:Causes
1313:object
1291:copula
1244:, and
1242:syntax
1225:Fujian
1200:tīxíng
1180:median
1170:gōnglǐ
870:pidgin
766:提出嚴正交涉
723:was a
623:, 19–
470::
462::
115:Anglic
71:Region
49:Guilin
5238:Balak
4899:Petjo
4844:Malay
4620:Greek
4479:Petjo
4461:Dutch
3986:Sabir
3847:S2CID
3839:JSTOR
3335:>.
3309:(PDF)
3302:(PDF)
2644:(PDF)
2629:(PDF)
2526:Huwei
2490:dock.
2474:you".
2416:bùyào
2348:饕餮龍蝦餐
2303:sìwéi
2279:kǎzuò
2165:word
2143:steek
2044:蝦乾炒白菜
2040:虾干炒白菜
1756:close
1752:steek
1750:word
1699:往 不知道
1363:dòufu
1344:idiom
1329:topic
1254:cheap
1165:axiom
1152:latus
878:First
842:Macau
771:tíchū
549:Hindi
505:Dutch
442:is a
361:Macau
216:China
184:Latin
4859:and
4376:and
3995:and
3789:2008
3764:2011
3739:2008
3562:2007
3488:ISBN
3331:link
3317:2014
3144:2018
3102:2018
3025:long
3002:2010
2962:2024
2464:我不要去
2380:e.g.
2260:噠噠咔唑
2187:干鍋肥腸
2167:bumf
2151:for
2103:lit.
2032:for
1976:stem
1971:lit.
1900:fuck
1891:lit.
1859:fáng
1813:小心地滑
1787:小心地滑
1705:wǎng
1643:guān
1614:shuō
1500:lit.
1434:now.
1373:tofu
1280:and
1258:chip
1256:and
1120:and
1076:爱么搔瑞
1070:古得猫宁
1061:免洗湿巾
930:好久不见
880:and
844:and
801:孔子学院
789:孔子学院
712:and
600:and
598:noun
590:The
585:Thai
477:lit.
472:中式英語
464:中式英语
450:and
421:lit.
367:and
290:中式英文
276:中式英文
63:and
4974:),
3878:at
3831:doi
3591:.
3072:sic
2763:doi
2743:doi
2725:sic
2658:doi
2434:yào
2328:維吾爾
2313:wéi
2270:噠蟎靈
2235:炸灌腸
2219:腸病毒
2159:手紙箱
2109:hòu
2087:hòu
2025:gàn
2019:gān
1993:gàn
1981:gān
1955:gān
1905:gān
1886:散乾果
1878:散干果
1847:攪拌房
1661:kāi
1536:kàn
1522:我知道
1349:niú
1298:the
1262:for
1161:四边形
1123:LOL
998:).
816:of
643:adj
627:.
587:).
571:),
563:),
551:),
507:),
446:of
391:or
383:or
231:IPA
65:ROC
61:PRC
5302::
4978:,
4891:,
4561:,
4557:,
4553:,
3845:.
3837:.
3827:39
3825:.
3780:.
3747:^
3699:,
3441:^
3393:.
3327:}}
3323:{{
3287:^
3159:,
3134:.
3117:,
3093:.
2991:.
2953:.
2877:,
2860:,
2844:,
2828:,
2812:,
2796:,
2712:.
2637:29
2635:.
2631:.
2528:,
2458:不要
2452:bù
2445:;
2427:;
2409:;
2407:不要
2364:饕餮
2308:四維
2284:咔唑
2209:肥腸
2100:;
2082:乾後
2080:;
2078:干后
2068:幹后
2066:;
2064:干后
2042:;
1968:;
1946:幹果
1944:;
1942:干果
1932:乾果
1930:;
1928:干果
1888:;
1880:;
1807:de
1801:dì
1771:加油
1735:.
1727:知道
1658:;
1640:;
1621:;
1611:;
1554:电影
1545:電影
1494:,
1375:".
1368:豆腐
1315:→
1311:→
1307:→
1300:.
1248:.
1240:,
1236:,
1205:梯形
1197:,
1190:中数
1182:,
1175:公理
1117:OK
1100:山寨
1032:餐厅
1028:;
1019:餐厅
967:,
945:.
915:丟脸
840:,
740:中文
716:.
708:,
631:A.
611:,
604:.
474:;
466:;
363:,
359:,
4968:(
3988:†
3949:e
3942:t
3935:v
3853:.
3833::
3791:.
3766:.
3741:.
3564:.
3496:.
3333:)
3319:.
3146:.
3104:.
3010:'
3004:.
2964:.
2765::
2745::
2660::
2532:.
2443:不
2425:要
2360:(
2346:(
2326:(
2306:(
2282:(
2268:(
2258:(
2233:(
2217:(
2207:(
2193:-
2185:(
2157:(
2115:後
2112:(
2098:后
2093:后
2076:(
2062:(
2038:(
2013:干
1999:幹
1996:(
1987:乾
1984:(
1966:干
1961:干
1940:(
1926:(
1912:干
1908:(
1872:(
1844:(
1828:(
1794:地
1758:.
1724:不
1711:往
1655:开
1652:(
1649:開
1637:关
1634:(
1631:關
1608:说
1605:(
1602:說
1596:我
1593:着
1590:看
1587:(
1584:我
1581:著
1578:看
1572:书
1569:看
1566:(
1563:書
1560:看
1551:看
1548:(
1542:看
1533:(
1530:看
1512:'
1506:'
1413:.
1354:牛
1319:(
1098:(
1059:(
798:(
764:(
737:(
640:B
634:n
583:(
567:(
559:(
547:(
503:(
458:(
433:'
427:'
251:.
203:–
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
