2411:
2787:
1620:
2805:
393:. Criticism of the use of the majority-rule consensus has also been published by Serra Silva & Wilkinson (2021). The use of a modified version of the Pardo et al. matrix by Daza et al. (2020) and Schoch et al. (2020) recovered a single origin of all lissamphibians from dissorophoids, consistent with the historic "temnospondyl hypothesis"; further analysis in the description of the unequivocal Late Triassic gymnophionomorph
1608:
2405:
2467:
2418:
1614:
2793:
2798:
308:, the oldest known caecilian. The taxon is readily diagnosed by numerous features given its distinctive small size and consequent diverging morphology from many contemporaneous stereospondyls; Pardo et al. noted numerous features shared between
369:
as a stem caecilian on various grounds. For example, Marjanović & Laurin (2019) note that the original study reported only a
Bayesian consensus and a majority-rule consensus tree of the main data matrix, and while both support the claimed
257:
is indeed both an advanced stereospondyl and a relative of caecilians, this means that stereospondyls (in the form of caecilians) survived to the present day; historically the group was thought to have gone extinct by the early
Cretaceous.
281:
was described in 2017 by Jason Pardo, Adam
Huttenlocker, and Bryan Small based on two specimens collected in the late 1990s by Small. The genus name is derived from the name of the formation (Chinle), the Greek root
354:, the oldest known caecilian. As such, these results form the basis for a fourth major hypothesis regarding lissamphibian origins, namely that all lissamphibians are derived from temnospondyls, but that
332:
from the Late
Triassic of Texas. The analysis by Pardo et al. (2017) used a modified matrix from Schoch (2013), which looked at the relationships of all temnospondyls. In addition to recovering
389:
monophyly (indeed, this topology is found in some of the most parsimonious trees); those workers generally favor and recover support for a monophyletic origin of lissamphibians from
681:
Daza, Juan D.; Stanley, Edward L.; Bolet, Arnau; Bauer, Aaron M.; Arias, J. Salvador; Čerňanský, Andrej; Bevitt, Joseph J.; Wagner, Philipp; Evans, Susan E. (2020-11-06).
861:"The new problem of Chinlestegophis and the origin of caecilians (Amphibia, Gymnophionomorpha) is highly sensitive to old problems of sampling and character construction"
3902:
3907:
3848:
3781:
900:
2410:
777:
Kligman, Ben T.; Gee, Bryan M.; Marsh, Adam D.; Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Smith, Matthew E.; Parker, William G.; Stocker, Michelle R. (2023-01-25).
344:, another clade of stereospondyl that were the last non-lissamphibian temnospondyls to survive in the Mesozoic. In turn, the analysis recovered
2503:
405:
have also been criticized. No other studies to date have independently supported the hypothesis of relationships proposed by Pardo et al.
828:"A review of the fossil record of caecilians (Lissamphibia; Gymnophionomorpha) with comments on its use to calibrate molecular timetrees"
379:
583:"Phylogeny of Paleozoic limbed vertebrates reassessed through revision and expansion of the largest published relevant data matrix"
326:
The phylogenetic positions of many small-bodied temnospondyls have often been controversial, including that of the closely related
2786:
295:
893:
382:
1619:
2804:
1607:
3244:
2496:
3732:
2594:
2417:
2404:
979:
2652:
2470:
886:
538:
Schoch, Rainer R. (2013). "The evolution of major temnospondyl clades: an inclusive phylogenetic analysis".
3749:
2625:
1006:
503:
Bolt, John R.; Chatterjee, Sankar (2000). "A new temnospondyl amphibian from the Late
Triassic of Texas".
2792:
3874:
3807:
2489:
2125:
1613:
397:
also recovered the traditional "temnospondyl hypothesis." The characters that have been used to support
205:
2797:
3450:
3139:
2309:
1456:
658:
1745:
3528:
2170:
1463:
2225:
318:(e.g., lateral exposure of the palate), and caecilians (e.g., double tooth row on the lower jaw).
1727:
1519:
1484:
1428:
1134:
563:
299:
109:
3879:
3812:
3507:
2260:
2111:
3861:
3794:
3537:
2878:
2815:
2726:
2239:
1442:
1414:
808:
759:
741:
702:
663:
614:
555:
520:
466:
448:
3866:
3799:
3440:
3036:
3029:
3015:
2435:
1921:
1830:
1802:
1498:
1435:
1267:
1239:
839:
798:
790:
749:
733:
694:
653:
645:
604:
594:
547:
512:
456:
438:
263:
3666:
3636:
3565:
3343:
2910:
2857:
2771:
2579:
2460:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2350:
2154:
2104:
1990:
1844:
1772:
1692:
1351:
964:
942:
484:
Warren, Anne; Rich, Thomas H.; Vickers-Rich, Patricia (1997). "The last labyrinthodonts".
173:
427:"Stem caecilian from the Triassic of Colorado sheds light on the origins of Lissamphibia"
859:
Marjanović, David; Maddin, Hillary C.; Olori, Jennifer C.; Laurin, Michel (2024-01-04).
3336:
3311:
3209:
3104:
2968:
2637:
2606:
2343:
2327:
2274:
2246:
2232:
2191:
2022:
1960:
1879:
1858:
1837:
1713:
1678:
1512:
1449:
1393:
1302:
1230:
1219:
1205:
1161:
1100:
1072:
1059:
1018:
909:
754:
721:
609:
582:
461:
426:
358:(frogs and salamanders) are descended from dissorophoids, whereas caecilians came from
291:
246:
158:
3896:
3646:
3551:
3544:
3514:
3357:
3350:
3265:
3132:
3125:
2743:
2610:
2554:
2455:
2378:
2316:
2295:
2281:
2132:
2084:
2063:
1997:
1942:
1935:
1928:
1914:
1907:
1872:
1851:
1816:
1720:
1650:
1637:
1579:
1554:
1540:
1533:
1491:
1337:
1260:
1253:
1246:
1152:
1141:
1111:
991:
948:
386:
341:
328:
314:
243:
68:
30:
683:"Enigmatic amphibians in mid-Cretaceous amber were chameleon-like ballistic feeders"
567:
3322:
3276:
3146:
3118:
3086:
2989:
2847:
2736:
2698:
2664:
2545:
2512:
2385:
2371:
2364:
2357:
2288:
2209:
2177:
2163:
2095:
2070:
2042:
2011:
2004:
1983:
1976:
1949:
1893:
1809:
1754:
1568:
1561:
1470:
1421:
1400:
1386:
1379:
1372:
1323:
1293:
1274:
1127:
390:
145:
3839:
3772:
844:
827:
551:
3572:
3297:
3251:
3237:
3230:
3223:
3167:
2982:
2931:
2764:
2757:
2336:
2253:
2184:
2118:
1823:
1795:
1788:
1761:
1547:
1526:
1505:
1365:
1344:
1316:
1282:
1212:
1191:
1183:
1176:
1169:
1120:
778:
398:
262:, the type and only species, is known from two partial skulls discovered in the
43:
794:
3656:
3583:
3484:
3460:
3198:
3072:
3047:
2938:
2837:
2056:
2035:
1969:
1900:
1865:
1781:
1706:
1671:
1664:
1477:
1407:
1358:
1093:
516:
355:
350:
304:
88:
53:
812:
745:
706:
682:
667:
649:
559:
524:
452:
3676:
3612:
3398:
3364:
3290:
3258:
3156:
3005:
2954:
2891:
2750:
2302:
2218:
2049:
1734:
1699:
1330:
1198:
737:
698:
633:
443:
371:
250:
93:
37:
779:"Triassic stem caecilian supports dissorophoid origin of living amphibians"
763:
634:"On Defining and Finding Islands of Trees and Mitigating Large Island Bias"
618:
470:
722:"A Triassic stem-salamander from Kyrgyzstan and the origin of salamanders"
3833:
3766:
3558:
3500:
3493:
3304:
3191:
2563:
2536:
2198:
1886:
1309:
1086:
933:
860:
267:
132:
83:
78:
63:
58:
48:
803:
3853:
3786:
3416:
3184:
3093:
3061:
2924:
2267:
2077:
599:
98:
73:
425:
Pardo, Jason D.; Small, Bryan J.; Huttenlocker, Adam K. (2017-07-03).
3470:
2530:
2139:
927:
120:
3743:
340:, the authors also recovered these taxa as the closest relatives of
720:
Schoch, Rainer R.; Werneburg, Ralf; Voigt, Sebastian (2020-05-11).
878:
3687:
3747:
2523:
2485:
2481:
1635:
1057:
920:
882:
826:
Santos, Rodolfo Otávio; Laurin, Michel; Zaher, Hussam (2020).
253:, a living group of legless burrowing amphibians. If
3672:
3662:
3652:
3642:
3632:
3525:
3481:
3466:
3456:
3446:
3436:
3180:
3152:
2874:
2863:
2853:
2843:
2833:
2723:
214:
170:
3823:
3756:
3686:
3611:
3582:
3524:
3480:
3415:
3394:
3321:
3275:
3208:
3166:
3103:
3071:
3046:
3014:
3003:
2967:
2952:
2909:
2889:
2813:
2722:
2663:
2636:
2605:
2578:
2326:
2208:
2153:
2094:
2021:
1959:
1771:
1744:
1648:
1578:
1292:
1229:
1151:
1110:
1070:
1017:
990:
963:
365:Other workers have disputed the interpretation of
312:and brachyopoids (e.g., lacrimal-maxilla fusion),
632:Silva, Ana Serra; Wilkinson, Mark (2021-03-22).
726:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
431:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2497:
894:
249:that has been interpreted as a putative stem
8:
362:-like taxa nested among the stereospondyls.
385:does not, given that it is compatible with
286:- ('roof' or 'cover'), and the Greek root -
3744:
3625:
3429:
3412:
3391:
3011:
2964:
2960:
2906:
2902:
2826:
2719:
2715:
2642:
2615:
2584:
2575:
2520:
2504:
2490:
2482:
2027:
1656:
1645:
1632:
1078:
1067:
1054:
996:
969:
960:
917:
901:
887:
879:
581:Marjanović, David; Laurin, Michel (2019).
20:
843:
832:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
802:
753:
659:1983/ce7732e1-3dd9-4e61-b60e-2b7700fece9e
657:
608:
598:
460:
442:
3903:Triassic temnospondyls of North America
414:
290:('serpent'). The species name honors
7:
420:
418:
540:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
14:
3908:Middle Triassic first appearances
2803:
2796:
2791:
2785:
2466:
2465:
2416:
2409:
2403:
1618:
1612:
1606:
294:, the longtime curator of the
1:
3051:(Northeast Indian caecilians)
486:Palaeontographica Abteilung A
296:Museum of Comparative Zoology
2914:(American tailed caecilians)
552:10.1080/14772019.2012.699006
3326:(South American caecilians)
348:as the closest relative to
16:Extinct genus of amphibians
3924:
845:10.1093/biolinnean/blaa148
795:10.1038/s41586-022-05646-5
3727:
3628:
3587:(salamanders crown group)
3432:
3390:
3213:(Indo-African caecilians)
2972:(Asian tailed caecilians)
2963:
2905:
2829:
2783:
2718:
2714:
2695:
2645:
2618:
2587:
2574:
2519:
2430:
2401:
2030:
1659:
1644:
1631:
1604:
1081:
1066:
1053:
999:
972:
959:
916:
517:10.1017/s0022336000032790
211:
204:
110:Scientific classification
108:
23:
3825:Chinlestegophis jenkinsi
3733:List of amphibian genera
3280:(Neotropical caecilians)
3019:(buried-eyed caecilians)
2895:(caecilians crown group)
2819:(caecilians total group)
376:Chinlestegophis jenkinsi
260:Chinlestegophis jenkinsi
219:Chinlestegophis jenkinsi
738:10.1073/pnas.2001424117
699:10.1126/science.abb6005
505:Journal of Paleontology
444:10.1073/pnas.1706752114
336:as the sister taxon to
329:Rileymillerus cosgriffi
3702:several hundred genera
650:10.1093/sysbio/syab015
3875:Paleobiology Database
3808:Paleobiology Database
395:Funcusvermis gilmorei
3403:(salamanders + frogs
3108:(aquatic caecilians)
3076:(African caecilians)
3691:(frogs crown group)
3529:Batrachosauroididae
3171:(common caecilians)
732:(21): 11584–11588.
437:(27): E5389–E5395.
2816:Gymnophionomorpha
1485:Stanocephalosaurus
1429:Quasicyclotosaurus
638:Systematic Biology
600:10.7717/peerj.5565
300:Harvard University
3890:
3889:
3862:Open Tree of Life
3795:Open Tree of Life
3750:Taxon identifiers
3741:
3740:
3723:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3693:
3621:
3607:
3606:
3589:
3538:Batrachosauroides
3425:
3407:
3386:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3328:
3282:
3215:
3173:
3110:
3078:
3053:
3021:
3016:Scolecomorphidae
2999:
2998:
2974:
2948:
2947:
2916:
2897:
2879:Albanerpetontidae
2821:
2781:
2780:
2727:Albanerpetontidae
2710:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2479:
2478:
2426:
2425:
2399:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2240:Batrachosuchoides
2149:
2148:
1627:
1626:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1443:Promastodonsaurus
1415:Paracyclotosaurus
1049:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1036:
789:(7946): 102–107.
693:(6517): 687–691.
235:
234:
3915:
3883:
3882:
3870:
3869:
3857:
3856:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3816:
3815:
3803:
3802:
3790:
3789:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3745:
3692:
3689:
3674:
3664:
3654:
3644:
3634:
3626:
3620:
3615:
3588:
3585:
3527:
3483:
3468:
3458:
3448:
3438:
3430:
3424:
3419:
3413:
3406:
3401:
3392:
3327:
3324:
3281:
3278:
3214:
3211:
3182:
3172:
3169:
3154:
3109:
3106:
3077:
3074:
3052:
3049:
3020:
3017:
3012:
2973:
2970:
2965:
2961:
2915:
2912:
2911:Rhinatrematidae
2907:
2903:
2896:
2893:
2876:
2865:
2855:
2845:
2835:
2827:
2820:
2817:
2808:
2807:
2800:
2795:
2789:
2725:
2720:
2716:
2643:
2616:
2585:
2576:
2569:
2568:
2521:
2506:
2499:
2492:
2483:
2469:
2468:
2436:Trematosauroidea
2420:
2413:
2407:
2028:
1922:Trematosuchoides
1831:Indolyrocephalus
1803:Erythrobatrachus
1657:
1646:
1633:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1499:Subcyclotosaurus
1436:Procyclotosaurus
1268:Indobenthosuchus
1240:Chomatobatrachus
1079:
1068:
1055:
997:
970:
961:
954:
953:
918:
903:
896:
889:
880:
873:
872:
856:
850:
849:
847:
823:
817:
816:
806:
774:
768:
767:
757:
717:
711:
710:
678:
672:
671:
661:
644:(6): 1282–1294.
629:
623:
622:
612:
602:
593:(e5565): e5565.
578:
572:
571:
535:
529:
528:
500:
494:
493:
481:
475:
474:
464:
446:
422:
274:History of study
264:Chinle Formation
242:is a diminutive
222:
216:
172:
103:
40:
29:Temporal range:
21:
3923:
3922:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3886:
3878:
3873:
3865:
3860:
3852:
3847:
3838:
3837:
3832:
3819:
3811:
3806:
3798:
3793:
3785:
3780:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3758:Chinlestegophis
3752:
3742:
3737:
3707:
3690:
3682:
3667:Triadobatrachus
3637:Czatkobatrachus
3618:
3616:
3614:
3603:
3586:
3578:
3566:Peratosauroides
3520:
3476:
3451:Kulgeriherpeton
3422:
3420:
3418:
3409:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3370:
3344:Luetkenotyphlus
3325:
3317:
3279:
3271:
3212:
3210:Grandisoniidae
3204:
3170:
3162:
3107:
3105:Typhlonectidae
3099:
3075:
3067:
3050:
3042:
3018:
3008:
2995:
2971:
2969:Ichthyophiidae
2957:
2944:
2913:
2899:
2894:
2885:
2868:Chinlestegophis
2858:Rubricacaecilia
2823:
2818:
2809:
2802:
2777:
2702:
2679:
2659:
2632:
2601:
2595:Tetrapodomorpha
2580:Tetrapodomorpha
2570:
2526:
2525:
2515:
2510:
2480:
2475:
2461:Plagiosauroidea
2451:Brachyopomorpha
2446:Rhytidosteoidea
2441:Metoposauroidea
2422:
2421:
2391:
2351:Plagiobatrachus
2322:
2204:
2155:Chigutisauridae
2145:
2090:
2017:
1991:Buettnererpeton
1955:
1845:Lyrocephaliscus
1773:Trematosauridae
1767:
1740:
1693:Keratobrachyops
1686:Chinlestegophis
1653:
1640:
1623:
1594:
1574:
1457:Samarabatrachus
1352:Eocyclotosaurus
1288:
1225:
1147:
1106:
1075:
1062:
1033:
1013:
986:
980:Tetrapodomorpha
965:Tetrapodomorpha
955:
943:Tetrapodomorpha
923:
922:
912:
907:
877:
876:
858:
857:
853:
825:
824:
820:
776:
775:
771:
719:
718:
714:
680:
679:
675:
631:
630:
626:
580:
579:
575:
537:
536:
532:
502:
501:
497:
483:
482:
478:
424:
423:
416:
411:
403:Chinlestegophis
367:Chinlestegophis
360:Chinlestegophis
346:Chinlestegophis
334:Chinlestegophis
324:
310:Chinlestegophis
279:Chinlestegophis
276:
255:Chinlestegophis
239:Chinlestegophis
231:
224:
213:
200:
193:
192:
189:Chinlestegophis
177:
174:Metoposauroidea
161:
148:
135:
123:
104:
102:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
35:
34:
27:
25:Chinlestegophis
17:
12:
11:
5:
3921:
3919:
3911:
3910:
3905:
3895:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3884:
3871:
3858:
3845:
3829:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3804:
3791:
3778:
3762:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3748:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3697:
3695:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3670:
3660:
3650:
3640:
3629:
3623:
3609:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3593:
3591:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3569:
3562:
3555:
3548:
3541:
3533:
3531:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3511:
3504:
3497:
3489:
3487:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3464:
3454:
3444:
3433:
3427:
3410:
3395:
3388:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3361:
3354:
3347:
3340:
3337:Brasilotyphlus
3332:
3330:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3312:Schistometopum
3308:
3301:
3294:
3286:
3284:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3262:
3255:
3248:
3241:
3234:
3227:
3219:
3217:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3195:
3188:
3177:
3175:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3150:
3143:
3136:
3129:
3122:
3114:
3112:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3090:
3082:
3080:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3057:
3055:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3037:Scolecomorphus
3033:
3025:
3023:
3009:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2986:
2978:
2976:
2958:
2955:Stegokrotaphia
2953:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2935:
2928:
2920:
2918:
2900:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2872:
2861:
2851:
2841:
2830:
2824:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2754:
2747:
2740:
2732:
2730:
2712:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2669:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2653:Dissorophoidea
2646:
2640:
2638:Dissorophoidea
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2619:
2613:
2607:Batrachomorpha
2603:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2588:
2582:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2557:
2548:
2539:
2533:
2524:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2501:
2494:
2486:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2415:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2344:Megalophthalma
2340:
2332:
2330:
2328:Plagiosauridae
2324:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2292:
2285:
2278:
2275:Hadrokkosaurus
2271:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2247:Batrachosuchus
2243:
2236:
2233:Batrachosaurus
2229:
2222:
2214:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2195:
2192:Pelorocephalus
2188:
2181:
2174:
2167:
2159:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2100:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2081:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2031:
2025:
2023:Rhytidosteidae
2019:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1973:
1965:
1963:
1961:Metoposauridae
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1925:
1918:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1883:
1880:Stoschiosaurus
1876:
1869:
1862:
1859:Panchetosaurus
1855:
1848:
1841:
1838:Inflectosaurus
1834:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1785:
1777:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1758:
1750:
1748:
1746:Benthosuchidae
1742:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1731:
1724:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1679:Callistomordax
1675:
1668:
1660:
1654:
1649:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1584:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1565:
1558:
1551:
1544:
1537:
1530:
1523:
1516:
1513:Vladlenosaurus
1509:
1502:
1495:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1467:
1460:
1453:
1450:Rhadalognathus
1446:
1439:
1432:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1404:
1397:
1394:Mastodonsaurus
1390:
1383:
1376:
1369:
1362:
1355:
1348:
1341:
1334:
1327:
1320:
1313:
1306:
1303:Antarctosuchus
1298:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1279:
1271:
1264:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1235:
1233:
1231:Lydekkerinidae
1227:
1226:
1224:
1223:
1220:Uranocentrodon
1216:
1209:
1206:Rhinesuchoides
1202:
1195:
1188:
1180:
1173:
1166:
1162:Australerpeton
1157:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1138:
1131:
1124:
1116:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1101:Peltobatrachus
1097:
1090:
1082:
1076:
1073:Stereospondyli
1071:
1064:
1063:
1060:Stereospondyli
1058:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1023:
1021:
1019:Stereospondyli
1015:
1014:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1000:
994:
988:
987:
985:
984:
983:
982:
973:
967:
957:
956:
952:
951:
945:
936:
930:
921:
914:
913:
910:Stereospondyli
908:
906:
905:
898:
891:
883:
875:
874:
851:
838:(4): 737–755.
818:
769:
712:
673:
624:
573:
546:(6): 673–705.
530:
511:(4): 670–683.
495:
476:
413:
412:
410:
407:
401:affinities of
383:consensus tree
374:affinities of
323:
320:
302:who described
292:Farish Jenkins
275:
272:
233:
232:
225:
209:
208:
202:
201:
194:
185:
183:
179:
178:
169:
167:
163:
162:
159:Stereospondyli
156:
154:
150:
149:
143:
141:
137:
136:
131:
129:
125:
124:
119:
117:
113:
112:
106:
105:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
41:
28:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3920:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3881:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3850:
3846:
3841:
3835:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3814:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3783:
3779:
3774:
3768:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3746:
3734:
3730:
3729:
3726:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3647:Notobatrachus
3641:
3639:
3638:
3631:
3630:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3610:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3581:
3575:
3574:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3552:Palaeoproteus
3549:
3547:
3546:
3545:Opisthotriton
3542:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3515:Marmorerpeton
3512:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3393:
3389:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3358:Mimosiphonops
3355:
3353:
3352:
3351:Microcaecilia
3348:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3323:Siphonopidae
3320:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3277:Dermophiidae
3274:
3268:
3267:
3266:Sylvacaecilia
3263:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3140:Potamotyphlus
3137:
3135:
3134:
3133:Nectocaecilia
3130:
3128:
3127:
3126:Chthonerpeton
3123:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3030:Crotaphatrema
3027:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3002:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2951:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2888:
2881:
2880:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2822:
2812:
2806:
2801:
2799:
2794:
2788:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2744:Anoualerpeton
2741:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2701:
2700:
2694:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2654:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2627:
2626:Temnospondyli
2623:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2611:Temnospondyli
2608:
2604:
2596:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2565:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2555:Sarcopterygii
2552:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2507:
2502:
2500:
2495:
2493:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2472:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2456:Brachyopoidea
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2429:
2419:
2414:
2412:
2406:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2379:Plagiosternum
2376:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2317:Xenobrachyops
2314:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2296:Sinobrachyops
2293:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2282:Notobrachyops
2279:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2171:Chigutisaurus
2168:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2133:Indobrachyops
2130:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2085:Trucheosaurus
2082:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2064:Pneumatostega
2061:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1998:Dutuitosaurus
1995:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1943:Trematotegmen
1940:
1938:
1937:
1936:Trematosuchus
1933:
1931:
1930:
1929:Trematosaurus
1926:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1915:Trematolestes
1912:
1910:
1909:
1908:Tirraturhinus
1905:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1873:Prothoosuchus
1870:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1852:Microposaurus
1849:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1817:Hyperokynodon
1814:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1721:Rileymillerus
1718:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1651:Trematosauria
1647:
1643:
1639:
1638:Trematosauria
1634:
1630:
1621:
1617:
1615:
1609:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1580:Trematosauria
1577:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1555:Wetlugasaurus
1552:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1543:
1542:
1541:Watsonisuchus
1538:
1536:
1535:
1534:Warrenisuchus
1531:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1492:Stenotosaurus
1489:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1464:Sassenisaurus
1461:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1338:Cyclotosaurus
1335:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1261:Eolydekkerina
1258:
1256:
1255:
1254:Deltacephalus
1251:
1249:
1248:
1247:Cryobatrachus
1244:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1153:Rhinesuchidae
1150:
1144:
1143:
1142:Rotaurisaurus
1139:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1112:Lapillopsidae
1109:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1008:
1007:Temnospondyli
1004:
1003:
1002:
1001:
998:
995:
993:
992:Temnospondyli
989:
981:
977:
976:
975:
974:
971:
968:
966:
962:
958:
950:
949:Temnospondyli
946:
944:
940:
937:
935:
931:
929:
925:
924:
919:
915:
911:
904:
899:
897:
892:
890:
885:
884:
881:
870:
866:
865:Fossil Record
862:
855:
852:
846:
841:
837:
833:
829:
822:
819:
814:
810:
805:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
773:
770:
765:
761:
756:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
716:
713:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
677:
674:
669:
665:
660:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
628:
625:
620:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
592:
588:
584:
577:
574:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
534:
531:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
499:
496:
491:
487:
480:
477:
472:
468:
463:
458:
454:
450:
445:
440:
436:
432:
428:
421:
419:
415:
408:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
387:lissamphibian
384:
381:
378:, the strict
377:
373:
368:
363:
361:
357:
353:
352:
347:
343:
339:
338:Rileymillerus
335:
331:
330:
322:Relationships
321:
319:
317:
316:
315:Rileymillerus
311:
307:
306:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
280:
273:
271:
269:
265:
261:
256:
252:
248:
247:stereospondyl
245:
244:Late Triassic
241:
240:
229:
223:
221:
220:
210:
207:
206:Binomial name
203:
198:
191:
190:
184:
181:
180:
175:
168:
166:Superfamily:
165:
164:
160:
155:
152:
151:
147:
146:Temnospondyli
142:
139:
138:
134:
130:
127:
126:
122:
118:
115:
114:
111:
107:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
39:
36:221–206
32:
31:Late Triassic
26:
22:
19:
3824:
3757:
3675:
3665:
3655:
3645:
3635:
3619:total group)
3571:
3564:
3557:
3550:
3543:
3536:
3513:
3506:
3499:
3492:
3469:
3459:
3449:
3439:
3423:total group)
3421:(salamanders
3405:crown group)
3363:
3356:
3349:
3342:
3335:
3310:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3264:
3257:
3250:
3243:
3236:
3229:
3222:
3197:
3190:
3183:
3168:Caeciliidae
3155:
3147:Typhlonectes
3145:
3138:
3131:
3124:
3119:Atretochoana
3117:
3092:
3087:Boulengerula
3085:
3060:
3035:
3028:
2990:Uraeotyphlus
2988:
2981:
2937:
2930:
2923:
2892:Gymnophiona
2877:
2867:
2866:
2856:
2848:Funcusvermis
2846:
2836:
2790:
2770:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2737:Albanerpeton
2735:
2699:Lissamphibia
2697:
2665:Lissamphibia
2559:
2550:
2546:Osteichthyes
2541:
2513:Lissamphibia
2408:
2386:Plagiosuchus
2384:
2377:
2372:Plagioscutum
2370:
2365:Plagiosaurus
2363:
2358:Plagiorophus
2356:
2349:
2342:
2335:
2315:
2308:
2301:
2294:
2289:Platycepsion
2287:
2280:
2273:
2266:
2259:
2252:
2245:
2238:
2231:
2226:Bathignathus
2224:
2217:
2210:Brachyopidae
2197:
2190:
2183:
2178:Compsocerops
2176:
2169:
2164:Arenaerpeton
2162:
2138:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2103:
2096:Derwentiinae
2083:
2076:
2071:Rhytidosteus
2069:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2043:Mahavisaurus
2041:
2034:
2012:Panthasaurus
2010:
2005:Metoposaurus
2003:
1996:
1989:
1984:Arganasaurus
1982:
1977:Apachesaurus
1975:
1968:
1950:Wantzosaurus
1948:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1894:Tertremoides
1892:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1810:Gonioglyptus
1808:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1760:
1755:Benthosuchus
1753:
1733:
1726:
1719:
1712:
1705:
1698:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1677:
1670:
1663:
1611:
1569:Yuanansuchus
1567:
1562:Xenotosuchus
1560:
1553:
1546:
1539:
1532:
1525:
1518:
1511:
1504:
1497:
1490:
1483:
1476:
1471:Sclerothorax
1469:
1462:
1455:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1427:
1422:Parotosuchus
1420:
1413:
1406:
1401:Meyerosuchus
1399:
1392:
1387:Kupferzellia
1385:
1380:Kestrosaurus
1378:
1373:Jammerbergia
1371:
1364:
1357:
1350:
1343:
1336:
1329:
1324:Capitosaurus
1322:
1315:
1308:
1301:
1294:Capitosauria
1281:
1275:Luzocephalus
1273:
1266:
1259:
1252:
1245:
1238:
1218:
1211:
1204:
1197:
1190:
1182:
1175:
1168:
1160:
1140:
1133:
1128:Manubrantlia
1126:
1119:
1099:
1092:
1085:
938:
868:
864:
854:
835:
831:
821:
804:10919/113568
786:
782:
772:
729:
725:
715:
690:
686:
676:
641:
637:
627:
590:
586:
576:
543:
539:
533:
508:
504:
498:
489:
485:
479:
434:
430:
402:
399:gymnophionan
394:
391:lepospondyls
375:
366:
364:
359:
349:
345:
342:brachyopoids
337:
333:
327:
325:
313:
309:
303:
287:
283:
278:
277:
259:
254:
238:
237:
236:
227:
218:
217:
212:
196:
188:
187:
24:
18:
3573:Prodesmodon
3298:Geotrypetes
3252:Indotyphlus
3245:Idiocranium
3238:Hypogeophis
3231:Grandisonia
3224:Gegeneophis
3073:Herpelidae
3048:Chikilidae
2983:Ichthyophis
2932:Epicrionops
2765:Wesserpeton
2758:Shirerpeton
2337:Gerrothorax
2254:Blinasaurus
2185:Koolasuchus
2119:Deltasaurus
1824:Icanosaurus
1796:Cosgriffius
1789:Aphaneramma
1762:Kwatisuchus
1728:Syrtosuchus
1548:Wellesaurus
1527:Volgasuchus
1520:Volgasaurus
1506:Tatrasuchus
1366:Heptasaurus
1345:Edingerella
1317:Calmasuchus
1283:Lydekkerina
1213:Rhinesuchus
1192:Rastosuchus
1184:Parapytanga
1177:Laccosaurus
1170:Broomistega
1135:Rhigerpeton
1121:Lapillopsis
871:(1): 55–94.
356:batrachians
3897:Categories
3731:See also:
3657:Prosalirus
3598:115 genera
3485:Karauridae
3461:Triassurus
3199:Oscaecilia
3006:Teresomata
2939:Rhinatrema
2838:Eocaecilia
2674:see below↓
2434:See also:
2057:Peltostega
2036:Boreopelta
1970:Anaschisma
1901:Thoosuchus
1866:Platystega
1782:Angusaurus
1707:Latiscopus
1672:Bothriceps
1665:Almasaurus
1589:see below↓
1478:Selenocara
1408:Odenwaldia
1359:Eryosuchus
1094:Capulomala
1028:see below↓
409:References
351:Eocaecilia
305:Eocaecilia
153:Suborder:
3840:Q43255791
3773:Q43281135
3677:Vieraella
3613:Salientia
3508:Kuzbassia
3399:Batrachia
3365:Siphonops
3291:Dermophis
3259:Praslinia
3157:Ymboirana
2751:Celtedens
2564:Tetrapoda
2529:Kingdom:
2303:Vanastega
2261:Brachyops
2219:Banksiops
2126:Derwentia
2112:Acerastia
2050:Nanolania
1735:Uruyiella
1700:Laidleria
1331:Cherninia
1199:Rhineceps
926:Kingdom:
813:0028-0836
746:0027-8424
707:0036-8075
668:1063-5157
560:1477-2019
525:0022-3360
453:0027-8424
380:parsimony
372:caecilian
251:caecilian
116:Kingdom:
3834:Wikidata
3767:Wikidata
3584:Urodela
3559:Parrisia
3501:Kokartus
3494:Karaurus
3305:Gymnopis
3192:Caecilia
2537:Chordata
2535:Phylum:
2531:Animalia
2471:Category
2310:Vigilius
2199:Siderops
1887:Tertrema
1310:Bukobaja
1087:Arachana
934:Chordata
932:Phylum:
928:Animalia
764:32393623
619:30631641
568:83906628
471:28630337
268:Colorado
133:Chordata
128:Phylum:
121:Animalia
3867:7648916
3854:9265678
3800:7648915
3787:9574460
3417:Caudata
3185:Apodops
3094:Herpele
3062:Chikila
2925:Amazops
2268:Gobiops
2105:Arcadia
2078:Sangaia
947:Order:
755:7261083
687:Science
610:6322490
492:: 1–24.
462:5502650
182:Genus:
140:Order:
3880:355760
3813:355759
3688:Anura
3617:(frogs
3471:Urupia
3441:Egoria
2772:Yaksha
2140:Rewana
1714:Qantas
811:
783:Nature
762:
752:
744:
705:
666:
617:
607:
566:
558:
523:
469:
459:
451:
230:, 2017
228:et al.
226:Pardo
199:, 2017
197:et al.
195:Pardo
2560:Clade
2551:Clade
2542:Clade
939:Clade
587:PeerJ
564:S2CID
288:ophis
284:stego
3849:GBIF
3782:GBIF
2651:see
2624:see
2593:see
1005:see
978:see
809:ISSN
760:PMID
742:ISSN
703:ISSN
664:ISSN
615:PMID
556:ISSN
521:ISSN
467:PMID
449:ISSN
44:PreꞒ
840:doi
836:131
799:hdl
791:doi
787:614
750:PMC
734:doi
730:117
695:doi
691:370
654:hdl
646:doi
605:PMC
595:doi
548:doi
513:doi
490:247
457:PMC
439:doi
435:114
298:at
266:in
3899::
3877::
3864::
3851::
3836::
3810::
3797::
3784::
3769::
2609:/
2562::
2553::
2544::
941::
869:27
867:.
863:.
834:.
830:.
807:.
797:.
785:.
781:.
758:.
748:.
740:.
728:.
724:.
701:.
689:.
685:.
662:.
652:.
642:70
640:.
636:.
613:.
603:.
589:.
585:.
562:.
554:.
544:11
542:.
519:.
509:74
507:.
488:.
465:.
455:.
447:.
433:.
429:.
417:^
270:.
94:Pg
38:Ma
33:,
3673:†
3663:†
3653:†
3643:†
3633:†
3526:†
3482:†
3467:†
3457:†
3447:†
3437:†
3181:†
3153:†
2882:?
2875:†
2871:?
2864:†
2854:†
2844:†
2834:†
2729:?
2724:†
2505:e
2498:t
2491:v
1278:?
1187:?
1165:?
902:e
895:t
888:v
848:.
842::
815:.
801::
793::
766:.
736::
709:.
697::
670:.
656::
648::
621:.
597::
591:6
570:.
550::
527:.
515::
473:.
441::
215:†
186:†
176:?
171:†
157:†
144:†
99:N
89:K
84:J
79:T
74:P
69:C
64:D
59:S
54:O
49:Ꞓ
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