528:. Grignon's son-in-law Louis Porlier was also present and later recalled that the Menominee initially rejected the government's offer of relocating to Minnesota, at which point Morgan L. Martin approached Porlier and advised him that the Menominee "ought to make the most advantageous they can; for if they persist in refusing to treat, the president can at his pleasure order their removal, without giving them another chance to make a treaty, and then it would be optional with him whether to them anything or nothing." Porlier and Grignon then spoke to Oshkosh, who signed the treaty the following day.
31:
296:. During his appointed by and/or Cameon King tenure as head chief, the Menominee ceded over 10,000,000 acres (40,000 km) of land to the United States. However, Oshkosh resisted U.S. government pressure for the tribe to relocate to northern Minnesota and played a key role in securing the 235,524-acre (953.13 km)
466:
to the United States for $ 125,000. They then signed a second treaty in
Washington, D.C., on October 27, 1832, ceding an additional 250,000 acres (1,000 km) to the New York Native American groups. Oshkosh was present at the initial negotiations in Green Bay, but he did not travel to Washington, D.C.,
590:
Oshkosh had reputation for drinking heavily. According to
Augustin Grignon, he was "only of medium size, possessing much good sense and ability, but a great slave to strong drink, and two of his three sons surpass their father in this beastly vice." However, a pioneer who knew Oshkosh recalled that
437:
to render the final verdict. Doty acquitted
Oshkosh and the other two men, believing that they should not be punished for following traditional customs. He ruled that United States laws did not apply to Native Americans under the circumstances, because, at the time, Native Americans were not granted
428:
was hunting and accidentally killed a
Menominee man who belonged to Oshkosh's band. He reported the incident to Oshkosh, who was in Green Bay at the time. Oshkosh and two other men stabbed Okewa to death. The three men were arrested and charged with murder. Some historians have interpreted Oshkosh's
610:
In 1926, the
Menominee allowed Oshkosh's remains to be moved to Menominee Park in Oshkosh, Wisconsin, where they were interred at the foot of a monument dedicated to him, covered with an inscribed granite slab. Soon after, doubts arose as to whether the Menominee had handed over the actual remains.
582:
Oshkosh married three times. He and his first wife, Bambani, had three sons who survived to adulthood: Akwinemi, Niopet, and
Koshkanoque. He had no surviving children with his second wife, Shakanouiu. He and his third wife, Tomokoum, had a daughter, Kinoke. He also had at least one adopted son, who
399:
negotiated on behalf of the U.S. government. Cass lamented the lack of centralized leadership among the
Menominee at the time, saying "We have observed for some time the Menomonees to be a in bad situation as to their chiefs. There is no one we can talk to as head of the nation...like a flock of
445:
recalled that his mother-in-law, who was related to the Métis family that enslaved Okewa, considered asking a council of chiefs to kill
Oshkosh as an act of retribution for Okewa's death. According to Williams, Oshkosh possibly feared for his life and apologized to the woman by "acknowledg the
569:
tribes again, settling adjacent to the new
Menominee Reservation. On February 11, 1856, Oshkosh and other Menominee leaders signed a treaty granting 46,000 acres (190 km2) of the Menominee Indian Reservation to the other tribes, creating a separate reservation for the
531:
Oshkosh led a delegation to visit the Crow Wing River area in 1850, but was disappointed with what he found. The
Menominee found few opportunities for hunting and were concerned when they found that the region was already embroiled in intertribal war between the
544:
allow the tribe to remain in Wisconsin. Fillmore initially permitted the tribe to remain in Wisconsin until June 1, 1851, and granted two additional extensions in 1851. In 1852, the Menominee were allowed to stay on a temporary reservation on the
553:
permanent. Oshkosh was reportedly unhappy with the treaty, first refusing to sign, and then begrudgingly signing after the government increased financial compensation for the tribe, saying "I without my consent. My tribe compels me to sign it."
432:
When the case came to trial, the jury ruled that while Oshkosh was guilty of killing Okewa, he had acted in accordance with Menominee custom and could not be convicted of murder. Unfamiliar with the nuances of the law, the jury asked Judge
272:, recognized as the leader of the Menominee people by the United States government from August 7, 1827, until his death. He was involved in treaty negotiations as the United States sought to acquire more of the Menominee tribe's land in
611:
Some speculate his remains were never removed from the Menominee reservation and a different body was interred at the monument, possibly a woman. The monument is usually referred to in city documents as the Oshkosh "burial site" using
404:, and expect the Menomonees to respect him." On August 7, 1827, Cass and McKenney declared Oshkosh to be the Principal Chief of the Menominee, making him the intermediary between the United States government and the Menominee people.
429:
actions as having fallen in line with the Menominee traditional of justice practiced at that time; an enslaved person could be killed for taking a Menominee person's life under any circumstances, even if it was an accident.
341:
side with a band of approximately one-hundred Menominee warriors led by Tomah, also known as Thomas Caron, a Menominee chief whose paternal grandfather was a French military officer. Oshkosh was present at the sieges of
647:, Walter James Hoffman also quotes the Indian Agent's report, supporting an August 31 death date, but elsewhere gives Oshkosh's death as August 21, 1858. Patricia Ourada claims the chief died on September 11, 1858.
607:, on August 31, 1858. His eldest son, Akwinemi, who was involved in the fight, succeeded him as head chief in 1859 and held the role until 1871, when he was deposed and imprisoned for stabbing another man.
474:. Three hundred pro-U.S. Native American troops were raised in Green Bay in July 1832, including Oshkosh, who was part of a band that patrolled the Mississippi River under the command of
497:, the Menominee ceded 4,000,000 acres (16,000 km) along the Fox River, west of Lake Winnebago, and east of Green Bay for $ 800,000, with the tribe agreeing to relocate to a site near
417:
454:
The territorial dispute between the Menominee, the U.S. government, and the New York Native American groups was not resolved until 1832. The Menominee first signed the 1831
400:
geese without a leader, some fly one way and some another. At the opening of the council , we shall appoint a principal chief of the Menomonees...We shall give him the
971:
The Lost Prince: Facts Tending to Prove the Identity of Louis the Seventeenth, of France, and the Rev. Eleazar Williams, Missionary among the Indians of North America
2227:
1501:
2217:
1372:
366:
Head Chief Chawanon died in 1821 without leaving a clear successor. In 1827, Oshkosh was involved in negotiations with the United States Federal Government at
2222:
455:
338:
639:
Various sources give different dates for Oshkosh's death. Scott Cross places the chief's death on August 31, 1858, and cites Oshkosh's obituary from the
2232:
524:
were among the representatives of the United States government, while Oshkosh was accompanied by other Menominee chiefs as well as interpreter
1774:
269:
1875:
1287:
2053:
1494:
1427:
1396:
Jung, Patrick J. (2002), "Judge James Duane Doty and Wisconsin's First Court: The Additional Court of Michigan Territory, 1823-1836",
2169:
1271:
1215:
571:
438:
the privileges of citizenship under the law, so U.S. law did not apply to their internal disputes and affairs on their own lands.
2212:
2164:
355:
240:
2093:
490:
1915:
1744:
1487:
1992:
2032:
1925:
386:
508:, in which Oshkosh ceded the Menominee's remaining lands in Wisconsin in exchange for 600,000 acres (2,400 km) along the
2103:
550:
297:
2123:
2083:
2058:
1205:
1450:, July 1, 2011. The article is a profile of Chief Oshkosh's great grandson and also discusses his great-grandfather.
2159:
2113:
2108:
986:"View of the Butte des Morts Treaty Ground, with the arrival of the Commissioners Gov. Lewis Cass and Col. McKenny"
367:
1443:
1342:
2207:
2022:
1972:
1967:
1920:
1885:
1779:
351:
333:. His family belonged to the Bear Clan, and his grandfather Chawanon was head chief of the Menominee. During the
235:
1977:
1900:
1696:
1533:
1454:
591:
while the chief was fond of alcohol, "stories to the effect that he was continually intoxicated are not true."
393:
1474:
1317:
470:
While the negotiations of the 1832 treaty were ongoing, the Menominee sided with the United States during the
2098:
1935:
1930:
1726:
584:
2088:
1987:
546:
343:
225:
36:
2197:
2073:
505:
2202:
2118:
2063:
2017:
1701:
1662:
603:, Oshkosh and two of his sons were under the influence of alcohol when they killed him in a fight in
494:
425:
315:
2175:
2154:
2144:
1840:
1794:
1764:
566:
521:
482:
475:
347:
293:
230:
2078:
2027:
2012:
1942:
1688:
1405:
604:
401:
396:
383:
330:
303:
117:
100:
1905:
1095:
2128:
1997:
1622:
1423:
1267:
1211:
1201:
2007:
2002:
1957:
1895:
1880:
1870:
1830:
1825:
1815:
1799:
1784:
1749:
1739:
1734:
549:
in northeastern Wisconsin. The 1854 Wolf River Treaty made the 250,000-acre (1,000 km)
541:
525:
442:
434:
2149:
2068:
2037:
1982:
1845:
1835:
1789:
1706:
1667:
781:
516:
and $ 20,000. A clause in the treaty allowed the tribe to remain in Wisconsin until 1850.
509:
326:
906:
985:
750:
481:
In 1836, the U.S. government sought to acquire more Menominee land in the newly created
1769:
1716:
1711:
1630:
1594:
1510:
1458:
517:
471:
463:
247:
186:
2191:
1962:
1952:
1820:
716:
459:
413:
371:
281:
190:
265:(also spelled Os-kosh or Oskosh) (c. 1795–August 31, 1858) was a chief of the
1558:
1525:
612:
540:
peoples. He traveled to Washington, D.C., in August 1850 to request that President
171:
1417:
1386:
1759:
1754:
1650:
1538:
498:
486:
334:
322:
220:
467:
to sign the treaties. His younger brother signed the 1832 treaty in his stead.
382:
people from New York and western Massachusetts on Menominee land in Wisconsin.
1910:
1890:
1576:
1553:
969:
389:
643:
and an excerpt from a report by a U.S. Indian Agent as evidence. In his book
1946:
1640:
1604:
513:
273:
266:
30:
1865:
1654:
1635:
1586:
1548:
1479:
558:
446:
murder, thr himself on her mercy, and implor pardon," which she granted.
421:
375:
285:
277:
1543:
1409:
562:
533:
379:
289:
1568:
537:
583:
was killed on January 1, 1850 in a bar fight with a white man in
1483:
719:. Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction. September 2017
504:
In 1848, the United States and the Menominee negotiated the
300:
as a permanent home for his people on their ancestral land.
974:. New York: G. P. Putnam & Co. Office. p. 307-09.
458:, in which they ceded 2,500,000 acres (10,000 km) between
1374:
Like a Deer Chased by the Dogs: The Life of Chief Oshkosh
1266:. Wabasha, MN: Exploring America's Highway. p. 212.
776:
774:
772:
770:
768:
1444:
Chief Roy Oshkosh: Door County’s Unlikely Ambassador
1391:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
1288:"Chief Oshkosh Not Buried in Oshkosh, Indians Claim"
1207:
The Encyclopedia of Native American Economic History
2137:
2046:
1858:
1808:
1725:
1687:
1680:
1649:
1621:
1603:
1585:
1567:
1524:
1517:
1264:
Exploring America's Highways: Wisconsin Trip Trivia
213:
196:
182:
177:
167:
144:
124:
107:
93:
88:
74:
64:
48:
21:
416:man named Okewa (also known as Antoine), who was
1422:. Oklahoma City: University of Oklahoma Press.
1495:
1460:Story of Oshkosh: His Tribe and Fellow Chiefs
992:. Wisconsin Historical Society. December 2003
788:. Wisconsin Historical Society. 3 August 2012
321:, "claw") was probably born in about 1795 at
8:
1318:"City upgrading Chief Oshkosh 'burial site'"
635:
633:
913:. Wisconsin Historical Society. 6 July 2012
557:In 1856, the U.S. government relocated the
489:conducted negotiations at a site along the
1684:
1521:
1502:
1488:
1480:
1475:City upgrading Chief Oshkosh ‘burial site’
29:
18:
751:"Ojibwe People's Dictionary: Oshkanzhiin"
60:August 7, 1827 – August 31, 1858
901:
899:
1249:
1188:
1164:
890:
866:
818:
737:
691:
679:
660:
629:
2228:Native Americans of the Black Hawk War
878:
854:
806:
703:
280:for both white settlers and relocated
2218:Native American people from Wisconsin
1311:
1309:
1237:
1176:
1152:
1140:
1128:
1116:
1082:
1070:
1058:
1046:
1034:
1022:
1010:
931:
842:
830:
717:"Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin"
667:
7:
955:
943:
2223:Native Americans in the War of 1812
485:. Oshkosh and Territorial Governor
1316:Miles Maguire (October 20, 2016).
14:
2170:Fourth Treaty of Prairie du Chien
1398:The Wisconsin Magazine of History
1380:. Oshkosh: Oshkosh Public Museum.
599:According to his obituary in the
2165:First Treaty of Prairie du Chien
394:Superintendent of Indian Affairs
16:Menominee Native American leader
2233:People from Nekoosa, Wisconsin
1385:Hoffman, Walter James (1896).
968:Hanson, John Halloway (1854).
1:
2033:Wisconsin Heights Battlefield
1347:oshkosh.pastperfectonline.com
1294:. August 1, 1926. p. 11
1262:Heim, Michael (2004). "41".
907:"The Trial of Chief Oshkosh"
782:"Oshkosh, Chief (1795-1858)"
572:Stockbridge–Munsee Community
551:Menominee Indian Reservation
370:, to resettle Christianized
298:Menominee Indian Reservation
2124:Battle of Wisconsin Heights
2084:Attacks at Fort Blue Mounds
49:Head Chief of the Menominee
2249:
2160:Treaty of St. Louis (1804)
2114:Battle of Apple River Fort
1926:Stillman's Run Battle Site
368:Butte des Morts, Wisconsin
203:1812–1814 (British Empire)
2104:Battle of Kellogg's Grove
1416:Ourada, Patricia (1979).
1098:. Milwaukee Public Museum
753:. University of Minnesota
356:Battle of Mackinac Island
256:
241:Battle of Mackinac Island
236:Battle of Fort Stephenson
84:
53:
44:
28:
2094:Battle of Horseshoe Bend
2059:Battle of Stillman's Run
1210:. Greenwood Publishing.
337:, Oshkosh fought on the
2213:Native American leaders
2109:Attack at Ament's Cabin
2099:Battle of Waddams Grove
585:Grand Rapids, Wisconsin
2089:Spafford Farm massacre
1511:Black Hawk War of 1832
362:Chief of the Menominee
354:, as well as the 1814
306:, is named after him.
226:Siege of Fort Mackinac
37:Samuel Marsden Brookes
2074:Indian Creek massacre
1419:The Menominee Indians
1371:Cross, Scott (2002).
1292:The Milwaukee Journal
506:Treaty of Lake Poygan
314:Oshkosh ("Claw"; cf.
197:Years of service
172:Native American chief
2119:Sinsinawa Mound raid
2064:Buffalo Grove ambush
1388:The Menomini Indians
990:wisconsinhistory.org
911:wisconsinhistory.org
786:wisconsinhistory.org
645:The Menomini Indians
495:Treaty of the Cedars
456:Treaty of Washington
384:Michigan Territorial
206:1832 (United States)
2145:Black Hawk Purchase
2003:Hamilton's Diggings
1841:Joseph Throckmorton
1795:James W. Stephenson
1765:William S. Hamilton
1343:"Chief Oshkosh Day"
1322:Oshkosh Independent
1096:"Menominee History"
522:Morgan Lewis Martin
493:. In the resulting
483:Wisconsin Territory
476:William S. Hamilton
412:On June 3, 1830, a
329:, near present-day
294:Brothertown Indians
231:Siege of Fort Meigs
2079:St. Vrain massacre
1943:Michigan Territory
1455:Lawson, Publius V.
1448:Door County Living
1446:by Lauren Bremer,
605:Keshena, Wisconsin
567:Brothertown Indian
397:Thomas L. McKenney
331:Nekoosa, Wisconsin
304:Oshkosh, Wisconsin
118:Keshena, Wisconsin
101:Nekoosa, Wisconsin
2185:
2184:
2129:Battle of Bad Axe
2054:Minor engagements
1854:
1853:
1676:
1675:
1202:Bruce E. Johansen
615:to reflect this.
260:
259:
115:(aged 62–63)
99:near present-day
2240:
2208:Menominee people
2155:Keokuk's Reserve
2008:Pecatonica River
1958:Blue Mounds Fort
1871:Apple River Fort
1831:Joseph M. Street
1826:Antoine LeClaire
1816:George Davenport
1800:Samuel Whiteside
1785:John H. Rountree
1750:Ebenezer Brigham
1740:Milton Alexander
1735:John Giles Adams
1685:
1522:
1504:
1497:
1490:
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1464:
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724:
713:
707:
701:
695:
689:
683:
677:
671:
665:
648:
637:
595:Death and burial
542:Millard Fillmore
526:Augustin Grignon
443:Eleazer Williams
435:James Duane Doty
270:Native Americans
178:Military service
114:
89:Personal details
77:
67:
58:
33:
19:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2150:Black Hawk Tree
2133:
2069:Plum River raid
2042:
2038:Wisconsin River
2018:Sinsinawa Mound
1993:Gratiot's Grove
1983:Fort Koshkonong
1906:Kellogg's Grove
1850:
1846:Satterlee Clark
1836:Felix St. Vrain
1804:
1790:Isaiah Stillman
1780:Alexander Posey
1775:Abraham Lincoln
1721:
1707:Jefferson Davis
1672:
1645:
1617:
1599:
1581:
1563:
1513:
1508:
1471:
1453:
1440:
1438:Further reading
1430:
1415:
1395:
1384:
1377:
1370:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1351:
1349:
1341:
1340:
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1326:
1324:
1315:
1314:
1307:
1297:
1295:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1274:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1248:
1244:
1240:, p. 33-35
1236:
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1218:
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1199:
1195:
1187:
1183:
1175:
1171:
1163:
1159:
1151:
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1135:
1127:
1123:
1119:, p. 29-30
1115:
1111:
1101:
1099:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1081:
1077:
1069:
1065:
1057:
1053:
1049:, p. 25-26
1045:
1041:
1033:
1029:
1025:, p. 12-13
1021:
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1005:
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993:
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732:
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715:
714:
710:
702:
698:
690:
686:
678:
674:
670:, p. 33-35
666:
662:
657:
652:
651:
641:Shawano Venture
638:
631:
626:
621:
601:Shawano Venture
597:
580:
510:Crow Wing River
452:
410:
364:
352:Fort Stephenson
327:Wisconsin River
312:
252:
209:
189:
163:
140:
116:
112:
111:August 31, 1858
98:
75:
65:
59:
54:
40:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2182:
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2157:
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2147:
2141:
2139:
2138:Related topics
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2030:
2025:
2023:Soldiers Grove
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2015:
2010:
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1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1921:Stillman Creek
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1886:Fort Armstrong
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1770:James D. Henry
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1717:Zachary Taylor
1714:
1712:Winfield Scott
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1704:
1699:
1697:Henry Atkinson
1693:
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1936:Yellow Creek
1901:Indian Creek
1745:David Bailey
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1526:British Band
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1404:(2): 30–41,
1401:
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1365:Bibliography
1350:. Retrieved
1346:
1337:
1325:. Retrieved
1321:
1296:. Retrieved
1291:
1282:
1263:
1257:
1252:, p. 48
1250:Hoffman 1896
1245:
1233:
1223:November 19,
1221:. Retrieved
1206:
1196:
1191:, p. 47
1189:Hoffman 1896
1184:
1179:, p. 37
1172:
1167:, p. 46
1165:Hoffman 1896
1160:
1155:, p. 27
1148:
1136:
1131:, p. 33
1124:
1112:
1100:. Retrieved
1090:
1085:, p. 29
1078:
1073:, p. 28
1066:
1061:, p. 26
1054:
1042:
1037:, p. 14
1030:
1018:
1013:, p. 12
1006:
994:. Retrieved
989:
980:
970:
963:
958:, p. 37
951:
946:, p. 36
939:
927:
915:. Retrieved
910:
893:, p. 46
891:Hoffman 1896
886:
881:, p. 44
874:
869:, p. 46
867:Hoffman 1896
862:
857:, p. 44
850:
838:
826:
821:, p. 46
819:Hoffman 1896
814:
809:, p. 46
802:
790:. Retrieved
785:
755:. Retrieved
745:
740:, p. 46
738:Hoffman 1896
733:
721:. Retrieved
711:
706:, p. 59
699:
694:, p. 46
692:Hoffman 1896
687:
682:, p. 47
680:Hoffman 1896
675:
663:
644:
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613:scare quotes
609:
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469:
453:
440:
431:
411:
408:Murder trial
365:
318:
313:
302:
262:
261:
214:Battles/wars
113:(1858-08-31)
76:Succeeded by
55:
35:Portrait by
2203:1858 deaths
2047:Engagements
1760:Henry Dodge
1755:John Dement
1681:U.S. people
1539:Checokalako
1457:(c. 1900).
1143:, p. 2
1102:January 19,
996:January 18,
934:, p. 8
917:January 18,
879:Ourada 1979
855:Ourada 1979
845:, p. 2
833:, p. 2
807:Ourada 1979
792:January 18,
757:January 18,
723:January 18,
704:Ourada 1979
559:Stockbridge
499:Lake Poygan
487:Henry Dodge
376:Stockbridge
335:War of 1812
323:Point Basse
319:oshkanzhiin
286:Stockbridge
221:War of 1812
157:Koshkanoque
66:Preceded by
2192:Categories
1988:Fort Union
1911:Plum River
1891:Fort Beggs
1702:Hugh Brady
1623:Potawatomi
1554:Towaunonne
1534:Black Hawk
1238:Cross 2002
1177:Cross 2002
1153:Cross 2002
1141:Cross 2002
1129:Cross 2002
1117:Cross 2002
1083:Cross 2002
1071:Cross 2002
1059:Cross 2002
1047:Cross 2002
1035:Cross 2002
1023:Cross 2002
1011:Cross 2002
932:Cross 2002
843:Cross 2002
831:Cross 2002
668:Cross 2002
619:References
547:Wolf River
424:family in
390:Lewis Cass
348:Fort Meigs
310:Early life
183:Allegiance
168:Profession
134:Shakanouiu
1947:Wisconsin
1641:Waubonsie
1605:Menominee
956:Jung 2002
944:Jung 2002
655:Citations
514:Minnesota
491:Fox River
441:However,
426:Green Bay
274:Wisconsin
267:Menominee
56:In office
39:, c. 1858
1916:Saukenuk
1866:Illinois
1655:Meskwaki
1636:Shabbona
1587:Ho-Chunk
1549:Pamisseu
1204:(1999).
450:Treaties
418:enslaved
387:governor
278:Michigan
151:Akwinemi
145:Children
137:Tomokoum
80:Akwinemi
70:Chawanon
2176:Warrior
2028:Victory
2013:Roxbury
1727:Militia
1668:Wapello
1613:Oshkosh
1577:Wapasha
1544:Neapope
1410:4637025
1352:May 30,
1327:May 30,
1298:May 30,
339:British
325:on the
292:, and
131:Bambani
125:Spouses
97:c. 1795
23:Oshkosh
1998:Helena
1896:Galena
1859:Places
1809:Others
1663:Keokuk
1569:Dakota
1426:
1408:
1270:
1214:
565:, and
563:Munsee
534:Ojibwe
414:Pawnee
380:Munsee
378:, and
372:Oneida
350:, and
316:Ojibwe
290:Munsee
282:Oneida
160:Kinoke
154:Niopet
120:, U.S.
103:, U.S.
1406:JSTOR
1378:(PDF)
538:Sioux
422:Métis
420:by a
402:medal
1689:Army
1653:and
1651:Sauk
1424:ISBN
1354:2018
1329:2018
1300:2018
1268:ISBN
1225:2007
1212:ISBN
1104:2022
998:2022
919:2022
794:2022
759:2022
725:2022
624:Note
536:and
520:and
462:and
392:and
276:and
108:Died
94:Born
512:in
2194::
1402:86
1400:,
1345:.
1320:.
1308:^
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898:^
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767:^
632:^
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1945:(
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
