243:
had a loose control over a federation of small subordinate chiefdoms and what it controlled was less a territorial state than a trade route for ivory. Even the chiefdoms established by
Mlowoka's followers from Unyamwezi were practically independent. By the 1830s, this Chikulamayembe dynasty was in decline as Swahili traders in slaves and ivory entered the area and took over its trading system, reducing it to a state of political disorganisation, and its existence was ended by the Ngoni invasions in the 1860s and 1870s on. When the Chikulamayembe state ceased to exist, its people either fled or remained as
151:
234:
local ivory trading, Mlowoka established his leading followers at strategic points on the routes from the elephant-rich areas among the Henga and Phoka to the shore of Lake Malawi. Today the
Mlowoka have blended with the Tumbuka such that they are indistinguishable as a separate tribe, however clan names from the original Mlowoka have survived such as 'Gondwe'. Among those to cross with Mlowoka on the same 'plank' were, Katumbi, Kabunduli, Mwahenga, Kyungu, Chipofya and Mwamlowe.
261:
Chikulamayembe claim to chieftainship over a wide area was supported by a history of the
Tumbuka written in 1909 by Saulos Nyirenda and translated in 1931 by a missionary, which greatly exaggerated the power of the Chikulamayembe in the 19th century. This version of Tumbuka history was accepted by the colonial authorities.
242:
A son of
Mlowoka, named Gonapamuhanya/Khalapamuhanya who was also (on his mother's side) the nephew of a leading Tumbuka clan head, is said to have become a paramount chief or king of the areas west and south of the Nyika Plateau around 1805 and founded the Chikulamayembe dynasty. This, however, only
502:
Themba la mathemba, paramount chief for the whole
Tumbukaland. He was the first colonial Chikulamayembe after the restoration of the dynasty. Witnesses of the coronation were Mayelele Gondwe, Hunga Bongololo Gondwe, Magomero Chaula, Chitupila Gondwe and Juwaunini Gondwe and the District Commissioner
264:
There were several candidates wishing to become paramount chief, all descendants of
Gonapamuhanya, but the colonial administration chose Mbawuwo Mgonanjerwa Gondwe, who was westernised, and gave him the title Themba (chief) Chikulamayembe in 1907. This made him paramount chief of the Tumbuka people,
233:
on the lakeshore and moved inland to an area west of the Nyika
Plateau. It is not certain whether these traders intended to settle, but their control of the trade goods exchanged for ivory gave them economic power. They formed marriage alliances with local Henga chiefs and, to secure a monopoly over
282:
The first Themba died in 1931, being succeeded by his son
Ziwange, generally known as John Hardy Gondwe, who ruled from 1932 until his death in 1977, when he was succeeded by his son Walter Gondwe. In late November 2018 Walter Gondwe died after a two-week illness and has been succeeded as Themba by
228:
as far inland as the
Luangwa valley. One such group, consisting of traders and possibly elephant hunters under a leader named Mlowoka, meaning "one who crossed (the lake)", arrived looking for ivory among people for whom ivory had little value. Mlowoka was traditionally supposed to have landed at
278:
and proposed that the north of Malawi should be divided into three districts, each with one predominant ethnic group, each one having a paramount chief. When the Native
Authority Ordinance was passed in 1933, the Themba Chikulamayembe was made native authority over all Tumbukaland, with his own
260:
The Northern Ngoni finally accepted British rule in 1904 and the Tumbuka people ceased to be their vassals or returned from where they had taken refuge. European missionaries found the Tumbuka ready to accept Western education and supported their wish to have a paramount chief of their own. The
191:
and herding goats and sheep. These were thinly scattered over the plateau between the Luangwa valley and Lake Malawi, in small, independent communities with limited central organisation. One group, the Henga, occupied the Henga Valley north of
200:. In the 18th century, the Luangwa valley, the plains south of the Nyika Plateau and the Henga valley had significant elephant populations and the Henga, and Phoka people of these areas had local chiefs with status but limited authority.
273:
At first, the role of the Themba Chikulamayembe was largely ceremonial, but in 1913 he was given a role in assisting the local district commissioner. However, in the 1920s the colonial administration favoured the introduction of
279:
budget. Native courts were also introduced following the passing of the Native Courts Ordinance, 1933, giving the Themba appellate jurisdiction over cases from his sub-chiefs.
166:. The Chikulamayembe originally ruled from around 1805, becoming weaker from the 1830s and losing power by the 1870s and their dynasty was re-established in 1907.
208:
In the 18th century, increasing demand for ivory in Europe led to the expansion of the ivory trade in East and Central Africa, financed by merchants based in
187:
and northern Lake Malawi in the 15th century. At the start of the 18th century, they formed a number of groups, most of which lived in homesteads growing
867:
S. B. Chirembo, (1993). Colonialism and the Remaking of the Chikulamayembe Dynasty 1904 β 1953, The Society of Malawi Journal, Vol. 46, pp. 1β14.
906:
T. J. Thompson, (1981). The Origins, Migration and Settlement of The Northern Ngoni, The Society of Malawi Journal, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 6β35
839:
897:
875:
909:
H. L. Vail, (1972). Suggestions Towards a Re-Interpreted Tumbuka History. In B. Pachai (ed). The Early History of Malawi. London: Longman
903:
B. Morris, (2006). The Ivory Trade and Chiefdoms in Pre-Colonial Malawi, the Society of Malawi Journal, Vol. 59, No. 2, pp. 6β23.
496:
332:
922:
927:
870:
Y. A. Chondoka and F. T. Bota, (2015). The History of the Tumbuka 1400 β 1900, Bloomington, XLibris Corporation,
813:
65:
785:
Shadreck Billy Chirembo (1993). "Colonialism and the Remaking of the Chikulamayembe Dynasty 1904β1953".
758:
Shadreck Billy Chirembo (1993). "Colonialism and the Remaking of the Chikulamayembe Dynasty 1904β1953".
731:
Shadreck Billy Chirembo (1993). "Colonialism and the Remaking of the Chikulamayembe Dynasty 1904β1953".
704:
Shadreck Billy Chirembo (1993). "Colonialism and the Remaking of the Chikulamayembe Dynasty 1904β1953".
150:
512:
112:
524:
794:
767:
740:
713:
446:
370:
893:
871:
433:
414:
351:
313:
389:
471:
154:
Walter Gondwe the "Chikulamayembe" from 1977 to 2018 with his wife in Bolero, Rumphi, Malawi
209:
180:
159:
17:
916:
275:
197:
188:
184:
99:
840:"Chakwera Installs New Chikulamayembe King of Nkhamanga Kingdom amid Chaotic Scenes"
484:
459:
216:. By the mid-18th century, traders dressed as Arabs although coming from the
217:
104:
To be nominated from the House of Chikulamasinda upon the Incumbent's death.
230:
221:
213:
798:
771:
744:
717:
244:
92:
193:
163:
134:
130:
538:
Acting. Claims should be the legitimate successor to Walter Gondwe.
225:
149:
158:
The Chikulamayembe are a dynasty of kings established among the
883:
Peoples of the Lake Nyasa Region: East Central Africa, Part 1
265:
and other chiefs in the area were subordinated to him.
287:
List of rulers of the Nkhamanga kingdom of the Tumbuka
814:"Court Removes Mtima Gondwe as Chikulamayembe Chief"
140:
126:
118:
108:
98:
88:
83:
79:
57:
31:
549:Official reign may have started earlier in 2019
41:Chikulamayembe, Themba la mathemba la Ε΅aTumbuka
8:
28:
885:, London International African Institute.
196:; another, the Phoka lived south of the
162:in the Nkhamanga-Henga area of Northern
561:
497:Chilongozi (Mbawuwo Mgonanjerwa Gondwe)
333:Gonapamuhanya (a.k.a. Nkhalapamuhanya)
299:
296:
293:
183:probably entered the area between the
7:
25:
32:Chikulamayembe, King of kings of
247:or enrolled in Ngoni regiments.
170:The origin of the Chikulamayembe
890:A History of Malawi, 1859β1966
838:Owen Khamula (30 April 2022).
1:
812:Judith Moyo (13 April 2021).
787:The Society of Malawi Journal
760:The Society of Malawi Journal
733:The Society of Malawi Journal
706:The Society of Malawi Journal
604:McCracken, (2012), pp. 22, 26
224:were involved in trading for
892:, Woodbridge, James Currey.
685:Chirembo, (1993), pp. 13β14
658:Thompson, (1981), pp. 19β22
513:Ziwange (John Hardy Gondwe)
245:unfree agricultural workers
944:
676:Chirembo, (1993), pp. 8β10
568:Chirembo, (1993), pp. 1β14
631:Chirembo, (1993), pp. 5β6
595:Chondoka and Bota, (2015)
546:Joseph Bongololo Gondwe
75:
62:
50:
39:
667:Vail, (1972), pp. 158β63
640:McCracken, (2012), p. 22
238:The 19th century dynasty
694:Chirembo, (1993), p. 15
66:Joseph Bongololo Gondwe
888:J. McCracken, (2012).
622:Chirembo, (1993). p. 4
220:region of what is now
204:The arrival of Mlowoka
155:
18:Chikulamayembe Dynasty
649:Morris, (2006), p. 12
613:Morris, (2006), p. 11
586:Morris, (2006), p. 11
153:
923:Government of Malawi
881:M. Douglas (1950).
269:The Thembaβs powers
71:since 30 April 2022
175:The Tumbuka people
156:
109:First monarch
100:Heir apparent
928:History of Malawi
898:978-1-84701-050-6
876:978-1-4990-9627-9
577:Douglas, pp. 52β3
553:
552:
475:, Chikulamayembe
450:, Chikulamayembe
437:, Chikulamayembe
418:, Chikulamayembe
374:, Chikulamayembe
355:, Chikulamayembe
336:, Chikulamayembe
256:Choosing a Themba
148:
147:
16:(Redirected from
935:
855:
854:
852:
850:
835:
829:
828:
826:
824:
809:
803:
802:
782:
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629:
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620:
614:
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605:
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587:
584:
578:
575:
569:
566:
543:2022 to present
393:, Chikulamayembe
291:
290:
68:
35:
29:
21:
943:
942:
938:
937:
936:
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846:
837:
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703:
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70:
64:
53:
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33:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
941:
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868:
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579:
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367:
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348:
338:
337:
329:
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312:Foundation of
309:
302:
301:
298:
295:
288:
285:
270:
267:
257:
254:
252:
249:
239:
236:
210:Kilwa Kisiwani
205:
202:
185:Luangwa valley
181:Tumbuka people
176:
173:
171:
168:
160:Tumbuka people
146:
145:
142:
138:
137:
128:
124:
123:
120:
116:
115:
113:Khalapamuhanya
110:
106:
105:
102:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
81:
80:
77:
76:
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72:
60:
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55:
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51:
48:
47:
37:
36:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
940:
929:
926:
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921:
920:
918:
908:
905:
902:
899:
895:
891:
887:
884:
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873:
869:
866:
865:
861:
845:
841:
834:
831:
819:
815:
808:
805:
800:
796:
792:
788:
781:
778:
773:
769:
765:
761:
754:
751:
746:
742:
738:
734:
727:
724:
719:
715:
711:
707:
700:
697:
691:
688:
682:
679:
673:
670:
664:
661:
655:
652:
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643:
637:
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628:
625:
619:
616:
610:
607:
601:
598:
592:
589:
583:
580:
574:
571:
565:
562:
555:
548:
545:
542:
541:
537:
535:Mtima Gondwe
534:
532:2019 to 2021
531:
530:
527:
526:
525:Walter Gondwe
522:
519:
518:
515:
514:
510:
507:
506:
503:for Koronga.
501:
499:
498:
494:
491:
490:
487:
486:
482:
479:
478:
474:
473:
469:
466:
465:
462:
461:
457:
454:
453:
449:
448:
444:
441:
440:
436:
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381:
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339:
335:
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328:
324:
321:
320:
317:
315:
310:
307:
304:
303:
292:
286:
284:
280:
277:
276:indirect rule
268:
266:
262:
255:
250:
248:
246:
237:
235:
232:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
203:
201:
199:
198:Nyika Plateau
195:
190:
189:Finger millet
186:
182:
174:
169:
167:
165:
161:
152:
143:
139:
136:
132:
129:
125:
121:
117:
114:
111:
107:
103:
101:
97:
94:
91:
87:
82:
78:
74:
69:
67:
61:
56:
49:
46:
42:
38:
30:
27:
19:
889:
882:
847:. Retrieved
843:
833:
821:. Retrieved
817:
807:
790:
786:
780:
763:
759:
753:
736:
732:
726:
709:
705:
699:
690:
681:
672:
663:
654:
645:
636:
627:
618:
609:
600:
591:
582:
573:
564:
523:
520:1977 to 2019
511:
508:1932 to 1977
495:
492:1907 to 1931
483:
480:1880 to 1907
470:
467:18?? To 1880
458:
455:1855 to 18??
445:
442:18?? to 1855
432:
427:
423:
413:
408:
404:
397:
388:
383:
379:
369:
364:
360:
350:
345:
341:
331:
326:
322:
311:
305:
281:
272:
263:
259:
241:
207:
178:
157:
63:
44:
40:
26:
844:Nyasa Times
818:Nyasa Times
793:(2): 1β24.
766:(2): 1β24.
739:(2): 1β24.
712:(2): 1β24.
485:Interregnum
460:Interregnum
396:Originally
93:his Majesty
34:the Tumbuka
917:Categories
556:References
297:Incumbent
52:Provincial
447:Mkuwayira
371:Pitamkusa
283:his son.
218:Unyamwezi
127:Residence
119:Formation
58:Incumbent
799:29778687
772:29778687
745:29778687
718:29778687
434:Bamantha
415:Bwati II
352:Kampungu
314:Nkamanga
231:Chilumba
222:Tanzania
214:Zanzibar
862:Sources
390:Bwati I
251:Revival
141:Website
84:Details
896:
874:
849:13 May
823:13 May
797:
770:
743:
716:
472:Mujuma
398:Cayeka
300:Notes
194:Rumphi
164:Malawi
135:Rumphi
131:Bolero
45:SaΕ΅ila
795:JSTOR
768:JSTOR
741:JSTOR
714:JSTOR
316:state
294:Term
226:ivory
89:Style
894:ISBN
872:ISBN
851:2022
825:2022
308:1795
212:and
179:The
122:1805
426:to
407:to
382:to
363:to
344:to
325:to
144:N/A
919::
842:.
816:.
791:46
789:.
764:46
762:.
737:46
735:.
710:46
708:.
306:c.
133:,
900:.
878:.
853:.
827:.
801:.
774:.
747:.
720:.
428:?
424:?
409:?
405:?
384:?
380:?
365:?
361:?
346:?
342:?
327:?
323:?
20:)
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