1680:, small mammals, and mosquitos between human outbreaks. During outbreaks, due to the high concentration of virus in the blood of those in the acute phase of infection, the virus can circulate from humans to mosquitoes and back to humans. The transmission of the pathogen between humans and mosquitoes that exist in urban environments was established on multiple occasions from strains occurring on the eastern half of Africa in non-human primate hosts. This emergence and spread beyond Africa may have started as early as the 18th century. Currently, available data does not indicate whether the introduction of chikungunya into Asia occurred in the 19th century or more recently, but this epidemic Asian strain causes outbreaks in India and continues to circulate in Southeast Asia. In Africa, outbreaks were typically tied to heavy rainfall causing increased mosquito population. In recent outbreaks in urban centers, the virus has spread by circulating between humans and mosquitoes.
45:
1684:
since 2005, following several decades of relative inactivity, chikungunya has re-emerged and caused large outbreaks in Africa, Asia, and the
Americas. In India, for instance, chikungunya re-appeared following 32 years of absence of viral activity. Outbreaks have occurred in Europe, the Caribbean, and South America, areas in which chikungunya was not previously transmitted. Local transmission has also occurred in the United States and Australia, countries in which the virus was previously unknown. In 2005, an outbreak on the island of
1188:
4662:
4178:
3299:
3138:
3072:
1654:
653:
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1406:
619:
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1133:
882:
have shown that there are two strains in Brazil – the Asian and East/Central/South
African types – and that the Asian strain arrived in the Caribbean (most likely from Oceania) in about March 2013. The rate of molecular evolution was estimated to have a mean rate of 5 × 10 substitutions per site per year (95% higher probability density 2.9–7.9 × 10).
1844:
3935:
3892:
1467:, a class of insecticides that often has repellent properties. Vaporized pyrethroids (for example in mosquito coils) are also insect repellents. As infected mosquitoes often feed and rest inside homes, securing screens on windows and doors will help to keep mosquitoes out of the house. In the case of the day-active
1019:). In mouse studies, deficiencies in INF-1 in mice exposed to the virus cause increased morbidity and mortality. The chikungunya-specific upstream components of the type-1 interferon pathway involved in the host's response to chikungunya infection are still unknown. Nonetheless, mouse studies suggest that
1247:
Chikungunya is diagnosed on the basis of clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory criteria. Clinically, acute onset of high fever and severe joint pain would lead to suspicion of chikungunya. Epidemiological criteria consist of whether the individual has traveled to or spent time in an area in which
1563:
Passive immunotherapy has potential benefit in treatment of chikungunya. Studies in animals using passive immunotherapy have been effective, and clinical studies using passive immunotherapy in those particularly vulnerable to severe infection are currently in progress. Passive immunotherapy involves
872:
of the virus. Because high amounts of virus are present in the blood in the beginning of acute infection, the virus can be spread from a viremic human to a mosquito, and back to a human. During other times, monkeys, birds and other vertebrates have served as reservoirs. Three genotypes of this virus
455:
on the palms, foot soles, torso, and face. For some, the rash remains constrained to a small part of the body; for others, the rash can be extensive, covering more than 90% of the skin. Some people experience gastrointestinal issues, with abdominal pain and vomiting. Others experience eye problems,
1683:
Global rates of chikungunya infection are variable, depending on outbreaks. When chikungunya was first identified in 1952, it had a low-level circulation in West Africa, with infection rates linked to rainfall. Beginning in the 1960s, periodic outbreaks were documented in Asia and Africa. However,
881:
character: West
African, East/Central/South African, and Asian genotypes. The Asian lineage originated in 1952 and has subsequently split into two lineages – India (Indian Ocean Lineage) and South East Asian clades. This virus was first reported in the Americas in 2014. Phylogenetic investigations
570:
Newborns are susceptible to particularly severe effects of
Chikungunya infection. Signs of infection typically begin with fever, rash, and swelling in the extremities. Around half of newborns have a mild case of the disease that resolves on its own; the other half have severe disease with
487:
Joint pain is reported in 87–98% of cases, and nearly always occurs in more than one joint, though joint swelling is uncommon. Typically the affected joints are located in both arms and legs. Joints are more likely to be affected if they have previously been damaged by disorders such as
467:
Many people continue to have symptoms after the "acute phase" resolves, termed the "post-acute phase" for symptoms lasting three weeks to three months, and the "chronic stage" for symptoms lasting longer than three months. In both cases, the lasting symptoms tend to be joint pains:
4881:
Cherian SS, Walimbe AM, Jadhav SM, Gandhe SS, Hundekar SL, Mishra AC, Arankalle VA (January 2009). "Evolutionary rates and timescale comparison of
Chikungunya viruses inferred from the whole genome/E1 gene with special reference to the 2005-07 outbreak in the Indian subcontinent".
1688:
was the largest then documented, with an estimated 266,000 cases on an island with a population of approximately 770,000. In a 2006 outbreak, India reported 1.25 million suspected cases. Chikungunya was introduced to the
Americas in 2013, first detected on the French island of
852:, which is transmission from mother to child during pregnancy or at birth. Transmission via infected blood products and through organ donation is also theoretically possible during times of outbreak, though no cases have yet been documented. The
5215:
5200:
5185:
5047:
Burt FJ, Chen W, Miner JJ, Lenschow DJ, Merits A, Schnettler E, Kohl A, Rudd PA, Taylor A, Herrero LJ, Zaid A, Ng LF, Mahalingam S (April 2017). "Chikungunya virus: an update on the biology and pathogenesis of this emerging pathogen".
1622:
of chikungunya is slightly less than 1 in 1000. Those over the age of 65, neonates, and those with underlying chronic medical problems are most likely to have severe complications. Neonates are vulnerable as it is possible to
1672:. The disease causes an estimated 3 million infections each year. Epidemics in the Indian Ocean, Pacific Islands, and in the Americas, continue to change the distribution of the disease. In Africa, chikungunya is spread by a
1329:
levels in the blood serum. One advantage offered by serological diagnosis is that serum IgM is detectable from 5 days to months after the onset of symptoms, but drawbacks are that results may require two to three days, and
867:
around 5,000 years ago made them seek out environments where humans stored water. Human habitation and the mosquitoes' environments were then very closely connected. During periods of epidemics humans are the
1031:
are important in an age-dependent manner. Mouse studies also suggest that chikungunya evades host defenses and counters the type-I interferon response by producing NS2, a nonstructural protein that degrades
1059:, or both, contribute to joint pain. The inflammation response during both the acute and chronic phase of the disease results in part from interactions between the virus and monocytes and macrophages.
2879:
Powers AM, Brault AC, Tesh RB, Weaver SC (February 2000). "Re-emergence of
Chikungunya and O'nyong-nyong viruses: evidence for distinct geographical lineages and distant evolutionary relationships".
1007:
The type-1 interferon response seems to play an important role in the host's response to chikungunya infection. Upon infection with chikungunya, the host's fibroblasts produce type-1 alpha and beta
3920:
2201:
3656:
Voss JE, Vaney MC, Duquerroy S, Vonrhein C, Girard-Blanc C, Crublet E, et al. (December 2010). "Glycoprotein organization of
Chikungunya virus particles revealed by X-ray crystallography".
4728:
4544:
423:
Around 85% of people infected with
Chikungunya virus experience symptoms, typically beginning with a sudden high fever above 39 °C (102 °F). The fever is soon followed by severe
6378:
3952:
5078:
431:. Pain usually affects multiple joints in the arms and legs, and is symmetric – i.e. if one elbow is affected, the other is as well. People with Chikungunya also frequently experience
2916:
1321:
in the blood. Using RT-PCR, diagnostic results can be available in one to two days. Serological diagnosis requires a larger amount of blood than the other methods, and uses an
1564:
administration of anti-CHIKV hyperimmune human intravenous antibodies (immunoglobulins) to those exposed to a high risk of chikungunya infection. No antiviral treatment for
396:) for prevention of the disease. Once infected and symptomatic, recommendations to patients should include rest, fluids, and medications to help with fever and joint pain.
3956:
2371:
Thiberville, Simon-Djamel; Moyen, Nanikaly; Dupuis-Maguiraga, Laurence; Nougairede, Antoine; Gould, Ernest A.; Roques, Pierre; de
Lamballerie, Xavier (1 September 2013).
1420:
exists, the most effective means of prevention are protection against contact with the disease-carrying mosquitoes and controlling mosquito populations by limiting their
7621:
5319:
1813:
of the region. The erroneous attribution to Swahili has been repeated in numerous print sources. Erroneous spellings of the name of the disease are also in common use.
1610:, has been shown to have benefit in treating inflammatory polyarthritis resulting from chikungunya, though the drug mechanism for improving viral arthritis is unclear.
6134:
4750:
1803:
symptoms associated with this disease. Subsequent authors apparently overlooked the references to the Makonde language and assumed the term to have been derived from
1104:
464:, and pain behind the eye. This first set of symptoms – called the "acute phase" of Chikungunya – lasts around a week, after which most symptoms resolve on their own.
7785:
1857:
6769:
1708:
protein, a variant called E1-A226V. This mutation potentially allows the virus to multiply more easily in mosquito cells. The change allows the virus to use the
7798:
6658:
6388:
833:
1345:
Presently, there is no specific way to test for chronic signs and symptoms associated with Chikungunya fever although nonspecific laboratory findings such as
480:. If the affected person had pre-existing joint issues, these tend to worsen. Overuse of a joint can result in painful swelling, stiffness, nerve damage, and
384:
and the avoidance of bites in areas where the disease is common. This may be partly achieved by decreasing mosquitoes' access to water, as well as the use of
6809:
6804:
4811:
Lumsden WH (January 1955). "An epidemic of virus disease in Southern Province, Tanganyika Territory, in 1952-53. II. General description and epidemiology".
1780:
The first recorded outbreak may have been in 1779. This is in agreement with the molecular genetics evidence that suggests it evolved around the year 1700.
1777:). Since then outbreaks have occurred occasionally in Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia; recent outbreaks have spread the disease over a wider range.
1749:
in Brazil in April 2015, the first ever in the Western Hemisphere, it is now thought some chikungunya and dengue cases could in fact be zika virus cases or
1704:
suggests that the increased severity of the 2005–present outbreak may be due to a change in the genetic sequence which altered the E1 segment of the virus'
5763:
3912:
3505:"Evasion of the innate immune response: the Old World alphavirus nsP2 protein induces rapid degradation of Rpb1, a catalytic subunit of RNA polymerase II"
2726:
2193:
1283:. Chronic recurrent polyarthralgia occurs in at least 20% of chikungunya patients one year after infection, whereas such symptoms are uncommon in dengue.
504:. In more than half of cases, normal activity is limited by significant fatigue and pain. Infrequently, inflammation of the eyes may occur in the form of
1938:
1894:
1055:. In the chronic phase, it is suggested that viral persistence (the inability of the body to entirely rid itself of the virus), lack of clearance of the
6571:
2933:
Sahadeo NS, Allicock OM, De Salazar PM, Auguste AJ, Widen S, Olowokure B, Gutierrez C, Valadere AM, Polson-Edwards K, Weaver SC, Carrington CV (2017).
4724:
2486:
Mahendradas P, Ranganna SK, Shetty R, Balu R, Narayana KM, Babu RB, Shetty BK (February 2008). "Ocular manifestations associated with chikungunya".
7201:
2755:
5400:
4536:
2128:
van Aalst M, Nelen CM, Goorhuis A, Stijnis C, Grobusch MP (January 2017). "Long-term sequelae of chikungunya virus disease: A systematic review".
551:(in newborns), and issues with visual processing. In particularly rare cases, people may develop behavioral changes, seizures, irritation of the
3960:
1517:
The most commonly reported side effects include headache, fatigue, muscle pain, joint pain, fever, nausea and tenderness at the injection site.
6819:
4999:
3464:"Cutting edge: independent roles for IRF-3 and IRF-7 in hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells during host response to Chikungunya infection"
1428:
focuses on eliminating the standing water where mosquitos lay eggs and develop as larva; if elimination of the standing water is not possible,
131:
3314:"Probing the attenuation and protective efficacy of a candidate chikungunya virus vaccine in mice with compromised interferon (IFN) signaling"
7672:
7600:
5312:
1317:
from whole blood, generating thousands to millions of copies of the genes in order to identify them. RT-PCR can also be used to quantify the
7206:
5637:
5148:
3646:
Tanay A. Chikungunya virus and autoimmunity. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2017 Jul;29(4):389-393. doi: 10.1097/BOR.0000000000000396. PMID 28376065.
544:
5752:
1051:
In the acute phase of chikungunya, the virus is typically present in the areas where symptoms present, specifically skeletal muscles, and
44:
4776:
Robinson MC (January 1955). "An epidemic of virus disease in Southern Province, Tanganyika Territory, in 1952-53. I. Clinical features".
3788:
1004:, in studies using living cells, chikungunya virus appears to replicate in fibroblasts, skeletal muscle progenitor cells, and myofibers.
7238:
6921:
6774:
5137:
2280:
1533:
594:
infection tend to have more severe cases of Chikungunya. Around 1 to 5 in 1,000 people with symptomatic Chikungunya die of the disease.
7836:
7648:
6990:
6960:
6593:
1088:
1761:
The disease was first described by Marion Robinson and W.H.R. Lumsden in a pair of 1955 papers, following an outbreak in 1952 on the
1590:
is not clear. It does not appear to help acute disease, but tentative evidence indicates it might help those with chronic arthritis.
7060:
5627:
4946:
106:
4253:
2171:
7627:
6602:
6139:
5979:
5512:
5507:
5305:
3877:
2049:
Caglioti C, Lalle E, Castilletti C, Carletti F, Capobianchi MR, Bordi L (July 2013). "Chikungunya virus infection: an overview".
2006:
1453:
7211:
5021:
1943:
1631:. The likelihood of prolonged symptoms or chronic joint pain is increased with increased age and prior rheumatological disease.
484:. Typically the joint pain improves with time; however, the chronic stage can last anywhere from a few months to several years.
7248:
7216:
7045:
6995:
4379:
7306:
540:
6916:
5914:
3207:"Infection of myofibers contributes to increased pathogenicity during infection with an epidemic strain of chikungunya virus"
1627:
chikungunya from mother to infant during delivery, which results in high rates of morbidity, as infants lack fully developed
4754:
3366:"Chikungunya virus induces IPS-1-dependent innate immune activation and protein kinase R-independent translational shutoff"
897:
was identified as the most common vector, though the virus has recently been associated with many other species, including
7104:
6814:
6171:
5811:
5410:
3256:"A mouse model for Chikungunya: young age and inefficient type-I interferon signaling are risk factors for severe disease"
1248:
chikungunya is present within the last twelve days (i.e.) the potential incubation period). Laboratory criteria include a
1212:
579:. In severe cases, affected newborns may also have issues with bleeding and bloodflow, and problems with heart function.
6462:
6457:
6065:
1693:, and for the next two years in the Americas, 1,118,763 suspected cases and 24,682 confirmed cases were reported by the
1690:
801:
591:
2572:"Structural analyses at pseudo atomic resolution of Chikungunya virus and antibodies show mechanisms of neutralization"
1479:, however, this will have only a limited effect, since many contacts between the mosquitoes and humans occur outdoors.
956:
is passed to humans when a bite from an infected mosquito breaks the skin and introduces the virus into the body. The
7831:
7689:
6092:
6087:
6075:
5617:
5500:
1862:
1829:
1640:
1231:
that allows the release of nucleocapsids into the host cytoplasm, promoting infection. The mature virion contains 240
1111:(CRP) has been observed, suggesting ongoing chronic inflammation. However, there is little evidence linking chronic
652:
326:
is around 1 in 1,000. The very young, old, and those with other health problems are at risk of more severe disease.
7841:
7226:
6668:
6651:
6181:
6099:
6080:
5446:
1649:
Dark green denotes countries with current or previous local transmission of CHIKV, per CDC as of 17 September 2019.
1037:
7803:
7276:
6304:
5767:
5141:
5131:
4978:
3792:
1742:
is an invasive species which has spread through Europe, the Americas, the Caribbean, Africa and the Middle East.
1310:
1199:
The virus consists of four nonstructural proteins and three structural proteins. The structural proteins are the
412:
399:
In 2014, more than a million suspected cases occurred globally. While the disease is endemic in Africa and Asia,
322:. Symptoms usually improve within a week; however, occasionally the joint pain may last for months or years. The
5659:
1335:
809:
7231:
7196:
7191:
7186:
6383:
6326:
6204:
5999:
5524:
5234:
4961:
3156:
Schilte C, Couderc T, Chretien F, Sourisseau M, Gangneux N, Guivel-Benhassine F, et al. (February 2010).
3027:
Sourisseau M, Schilte C, Casartelli N, Trouillet C, Guivel-Benhassine F, Rudnicka D, et al. (June 2007).
1882:
2935:"Understanding the evolution and spread of chikungunya virus in the Americas using complete genome sequences"
1289:
provides the most definitive diagnosis, but takes one to two weeks for completion and must be carried out in
7677:
7610:
7591:
7387:
7359:
7321:
7316:
7296:
6824:
6487:
6149:
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5806:
5748:
5558:
5442:
2722:
1890:
1792:
1762:
1433:
1187:
626:
496:
as well as some of the larger joints, typically the shoulders, elbows and knees. Pain may also occur in the
154:
5285:
4661:
4177:
3298:
3137:
3071:
7712:
7658:
7587:
6586:
5834:
5802:
5778:
5613:
5491:
5415:
5390:
5376:
5355:
3254:
Couderc T, Chrétien F, Schilte C, Disson O, Brigitte M, Guivel-Benhassine F, et al. (February 2008).
2836:
Ng LC, Hapuarachchi HC (October 2010). "Tracing the path of Chikungunya virus--evolution and adaptation".
1770:
1457:
1268:
1264:
1235:
spikes of E2/E1, which after release, bud on the surface of the infected cell, where they are released by
848:
Chikungunya is generally transmitted from mosquitoes to humans. Less common modes of transmission include
560:
211:
7750:
3612:
Weaver SC, Lecuit M (March 2015). "Chikungunya virus and the global spread of a mosquito-borne disease".
2748:
2443:
Burt FJ, Rolph MS, Rulli NE, Mahalingam S, Heise MT (February 2012). "Chikungunya: a re-emerging virus".
1795:
the Makonde term more specifically as "that which bends up". It is understood to refer to the contorted
960:
of chikungunya infection in humans is still poorly understood, despite recent outbreaks. It appears that
7653:
7487:
7482:
6938:
6884:
6794:
6267:
6176:
6154:
5818:
5495:
2910:
1717:
1624:
849:
3554:"Chikungunya virus nonstructural protein 2 inhibits type I/II interferon-stimulated JAK-STAT signaling"
1463:
Wearing bite-proof long sleeves and trousers also offers protection, and garments can be treated with
7826:
7772:
7536:
7477:
7268:
6911:
6789:
6740:
6707:
6641:
6319:
6314:
5693:
4891:
4288:
4277:"Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of Chikungunya virus of different genotypes from Malaysia"
3665:
3098:
2845:
2300:
2298:
1738:
could mean an increased risk for outbreaks in other areas where the Asian tiger mosquito is present.
1709:
1607:
1339:
1228:
916:
813:
647:
1256:. However a definitive laboratory diagnosis can be accomplished through viral isolation, RT-PCR, or
1211:
spikes on the viron surface. E2 binds to cellular receptors in order to enter the host cell through
7459:
7425:
7311:
7077:
7072:
7023:
6854:
6722:
6694:
6646:
6255:
6240:
6109:
5904:
5219:
3552:
Fros JJ, Liu WJ, Prow NA, Geertsema C, Ligtenberg M, Vanlandingham DL, et al. (October 2010).
3415:"Interferon response factors 3 and 7 protect against Chikungunya virus hemorrhagic fever and shock"
1499:
1489:
1449:
941:
4193:"Predictors of Chikungunya rheumatism: a prognostic survey ancillary to the TELECHIK cohort study"
2345:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2333:
863:, their environments, and human behavior. The adaptation of mosquitoes to the changing climate of
7492:
7326:
7067:
7033:
7018:
6894:
6864:
6784:
6702:
6452:
5727:
5579:
5109:
4986:
3689:
3009:
2468:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2313:
1519:
The first chikungunya vaccine was approved for medical use in the United States in November 2023.
1346:
1108:
452:
292:
138:
5152:
4675:
Liumbruno GM, Calteri D, Petropulacos K, Mattivi A, Po C, Macini P, et al. (October 2008).
2079:
Kril, Vasiliya; Aïqui-Reboul-Paviet, Olivier; Briant, Laurence; Amara, Ali (29 September 2021).
492:. Pain most commonly occurs in peripheral joints, such as the wrists, ankles, and joints of the
7790:
5127:
4751:"São Paulo já pode ter casos de Zika Vírus - Cenário da Notícia em Lucas do Rio Verde e Região"
4566:
Schuffenecker I, Iteman I, Michault A, Murri S, Frangeul L, Vaney MC, et al. (July 2006).
3312:
Partidos CD, Weger J, Brewoo J, Seymour R, Borland EM, Ledermann JP, et al. (April 2011).
1653:
7759:
7615:
7582:
7561:
7415:
7256:
7146:
7040:
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6726:
6689:
6579:
6532:
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5652:
5466:
5245:
5101:
5065:
4938:
4907:
4863:
4828:
4793:
4706:
4650:
4599:
4491:
4450:
4394:
4360:
4316:
4224:
4191:
Gérardin P, Fianu A, Michault A, Mussard C, Boussaïd K, Rollot O, et al. (January 2013).
4166:
4135:"Chikungunya virus-associated long-term arthralgia: a 36-month prospective longitudinal study"
4115:
4066:
4015:
3982:
Couderc T, Khandoudi N, Grandadam M, Visse C, Gangneux N, Bagot S, et al. (August 2009).
3851:
3820:"Chikungunya virus-associated long-term arthralgia: a 36-month prospective longitudinal study"
3796:
3765:
3724:
3681:
3629:
3583:
3534:
3485:
3444:
3395:
3343:
3287:
3236:
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3001:
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2818:
2704:
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2552:
2503:
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2110:
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1822:
1557:
1511:
1507:
1149:
1016:
1012:
904:
869:
853:
837:
440:
350:
194:
126:
5297:
5194:
4133:
Schilte C, Staikowsky F, Staikovsky F, Couderc T, Madec Y, Carpentier F, et al. (2013).
3818:
Schilte C, Staikowsky F, Staikovsky F, Couderc T, Madec Y, Carpentier F, et al. (2013).
3205:
Rohatgi A, Corbo JC, Monte K, Higgs S, Vanlandingham DL, Kardon G, Lenschow DJ (March 2014).
1552:
is not recommended due to the increased risk of bleeding. Despite anti-inflammatory effects,
7541:
7526:
7382:
7243:
7156:
6260:
6245:
5875:
5686:
5681:
5093:
5057:
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4855:
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4640:
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4589:
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4481:
4440:
4432:
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4306:
4296:
4214:
4204:
4156:
4146:
4105:
4097:
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4005:
3995:
3841:
3831:
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3573:
3565:
3524:
3516:
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3434:
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3333:
3325:
3277:
3267:
3226:
3218:
3177:
3169:
3116:
3106:
3050:
3040:
2993:
2984:
Enserink M (September 2007). "Epidemiology. Tropical disease follows mosquitoes to Europe".
2956:
2946:
2888:
2853:
2808:
2800:
2694:
2686:
2673:
Powers AM, Brault AC, Shirako Y, Strauss EG, Kang W, Strauss JH, Weaver SC (November 2001).
2645:
2637:
2593:
2583:
2542:
2534:
2495:
2452:
2400:
2384:
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1385:
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979:
805:
481:
385:
381:
339:
230:
65:
4275:
Sam IC, Loong SK, Michael JC, Chua CL, Wan Sulaiman WY, Vythilingam I, et al. (2012).
3364:
White LK, Sali T, Alvarado D, Gatti E, Pierre P, Streblow D, Defilippis VR (January 2011).
2097:
2080:
1645:
7546:
7344:
7151:
7109:
6980:
6950:
6933:
6859:
6849:
6779:
6718:
6714:
6663:
6337:
5967:
5960:
5955:
5758:
5669:
5549:
5544:
5274:
4982:
4619:"A single mutation in chikungunya virus affects vector specificity and epidemic potential"
1553:
1532:
is recommended, and symptomatic treatment of fever and joint swelling includes the use of
1290:
1286:
1249:
1224:
935:
725:
701:
564:
241:
4926:
3413:
Rudd PA, Wilson J, Gardner J, Larcher T, Babarit C, Le TT, et al. (September 2012).
5079:"Chikungunya: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Features, Management, and Prevention"
4895:
4292:
3669:
3102:
2849:
2163:
1166:
Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the
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4701:
4676:
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4594:
4567:
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4469:
4445:
4420:
4419:
Roth A, Hoy D, Horwood PF, Ropa B, Hancock T, Guillaumot L, et al. (August 2014).
4311:
4276:
4243:
4219:
4192:
4161:
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4085:
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4010:
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Ozden S, Huerre M, Riviere JP, Coffey LL, Afonso PV, Mouly V, et al. (June 2007).
3055:
3028:
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2813:
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2650:
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2571:
2547:
2522:
2405:
2372:
2249:
2224:
1996:
1849:
1796:
1783:
According to the original paper by Lumsden, the term 'chikungunya' is derived from the
1673:
1619:
1331:
1216:
1204:
1103:
disease, as persistent joint pain has been associated with elevated levels of IL-6 and
929:
912:
524:
489:
461:
323:
315:
253:
5228:
5224:
5061:
5013:
3869:
2699:
2674:
2456:
1933:
306:. These typically occur two to twelve days after exposure. Other symptoms may include
7820:
7566:
7551:
7521:
7516:
7371:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7028:
6874:
6673:
6511:
6421:
6369:
6290:
6272:
6194:
6114:
5990:
5972:
5884:
5674:
5331:
5151:. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 23 January 2008. Archived from
5113:
4927:"Chikungunya fever diagnosed among international travelers--United States, 2005-2006"
4824:
4789:
3939:
3896:
1809:
1726:
1628:
1568:
is currently available, though testing has shown several medications to be effective
1475:
1306:
1232:
1208:
1076:
1064:
1052:
1045:
899:
713:
689:
587:
505:
473:
389:
345:
4402:
3462:
Schilte C, Buckwalter MR, Laird ME, Diamond MS, Schwartz O, Albert ML (April 2012).
3013:
2472:
2388:
7643:
7286:
7181:
7114:
7055:
6879:
6735:
6626:
6606:
6525:
6351:
6125:
5940:
5859:
5793:
5782:
5739:
5574:
5567:
5562:
5517:
5482:
5425:
5367:
4248:
3693:
2997:
1603:
1116:
1075:. High levels of specific cytokines have been linked to more severe acute disease:
1041:
957:
864:
572:
552:
520:
519:
People with Chikungunya occasionally develop neurologic disorders, most frequently
448:
366:
216:
7764:
5335:
3329:
7735:
5239:
4903:
4635:
4584:
4301:
4151:
4086:"Increased mortality rate associated with chikungunya epidemic, Ahmedabad, India"
3836:
3272:
3111:
3045:
2857:
2570:
Sun S, Xiang Y, Akahata W, Holdaway H, Pal P, Zhang X, et al. (April 2013).
2499:
1436:
can be added. Methods of protection against contact with mosquitos include using
1036:
and turns off the host cell's ability to transcribe DNA. NS2 interferes with the
17:
7744:
7430:
7420:
7281:
7087:
7082:
7000:
6975:
6943:
6869:
6731:
6622:
6614:
6356:
6346:
6250:
6231:
6058:
6053:
5949:
5713:
5604:
5534:
5456:
5380:
4568:"Genome microevolution of chikungunya viruses causing the Indian Ocean outbreak"
4380:"Emergence of chikungunya virus in Indian subcontinent after 32 years: A review"
3158:"Type I IFN controls chikungunya virus via its action on nonhematopoietic cells"
2141:
1750:
1587:
1545:
1464:
1429:
784:
639:
457:
311:
5250:
4859:
4470:"Fading chikungunya fever from India: beginning of the end of another episode?"
2893:
2749:"Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) Fifth Edition"
7556:
7531:
7221:
7171:
6543:
6473:
6443:
6393:
6277:
6159:
6040:
5895:
5773:
5704:
5586:
5435:
5209:
5097:
4846:
Carey DE (July 1971). "Chikungunya and dengue: a case of mistaken identity?".
4339:"Changing patterns of chikungunya virus: re-emergence of a zoonotic arbovirus"
2538:
2373:"Chikungunya fever: Epidemiology, clinical syndrome, pathogenesis and therapy"
1839:
1766:
1746:
1705:
1685:
1541:
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749:
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532:
428:
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362:
303:
220:
204:
187:
147:
4510:
3480:
3463:
2396:
2106:
7605:
7176:
7049:
6618:
6552:
5344:
5269:
4677:"The Chikungunya epidemic in Italy and its repercussion on the blood system"
4084:
Mavalankar D, Shastri P, Bandyopadhyay T, Parmar J, Ramani KV (March 2008).
2624:
Weaver SC, Osorio JE, Livengood JA, Chen R, Stinchcomb DT (September 2012).
1800:
1599:
1583:
1350:
1294:
1280:
1068:
878:
821:
817:
797:
793:
677:
556:
548:
501:
493:
469:
274:
248:
5105:
5069:
4942:
4911:
4832:
4797:
4710:
4654:
4603:
4495:
4454:
4436:
4398:
4364:
4320:
4228:
4170:
4119:
4101:
4070:
4019:
3913:"FDA Approves First Vaccine to Prevent Disease Caused by Chikungunya Virus"
3855:
3769:
3728:
3685:
3633:
3587:
3538:
3489:
3448:
3399:
3347:
3291:
3240:
3191:
3130:
3064:
3005:
2970:
2902:
2865:
2822:
2708:
2659:
2607:
2556:
2507:
2464:
2414:
2258:
2149:
2114:
2062:
1153:
1132:
5077:
Vairo F, Haider N, Kock R, Ntoumi F, Ippolito G, Zumla A (December 2019).
4867:
4355:
4338:
4051:
3625:
2521:
Simon F, Javelle E, Oliver M, Leparc-Goffart I, Marimoutou C (June 2011).
1791:, meaning to dry up or become contorted. In concurrent research, Robinson
7729:
7447:
7440:
7435:
7405:
7161:
7097:
7092:
5328:
5280:
4976:
Chemical and Biological Weapons: Possession and Programs Past and Present
4692:
3760:
3743:
3720:
3569:
3520:
3430:
3381:
3222:
3173:
2804:
2240:
1821:
Chikungunya is one of more than a dozen agents researched as a potential
1774:
1721:
1591:
1570:
1556:
are not recommended during the acute phase of disease, as they may cause
1537:
1445:
1257:
1220:
1145:
1080:
962:
874:
860:
789:
583:
528:
477:
432:
404:
400:
334:
307:
288:
3707:
Cabié A, Ledrans M, Abel S (July 2015). "Chikungunya Virus Infections".
3677:
3087:"Human muscle satellite cells as targets of Chikungunya virus infection"
2951:
2588:
7166:
6928:
6610:
6482:
6431:
6409:
5928:
2225:"Chikungunya virus in the Americas--what a vectorborne pathogen can do"
1677:
1549:
1529:
1503:
1421:
1417:
1276:
1253:
1056:
1000:
576:
509:
497:
424:
408:
5177:
4975:
2641:
1843:
856:
ranges from one to twelve days, and is most typically three to seven.
7469:
7454:
6745:
6520:
6299:
6028:
6017:
5204:
5189:
5000:"How Chikungunya got its name, and was a potential biological weapon"
4962:"Chikungunya is NOT a Swahili word, it is from the Makonde language!"
1302:
1272:
1200:
1096:
1084:
536:
513:
436:
393:
374:
354:
7706:
4725:"Identificado vírus causador de doença misteriosa em Salvador e RMS"
4617:
Tsetsarkin KA, Vanlandingham DL, McGee CE, Higgs S (December 2007).
3907:
3905:
3151:
3149:
3147:
618:
4209:
4000:
7464:
7349:
6955:
6889:
4813:
Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
4778:
Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
1652:
1644:
1595:
1404:
1322:
1186:
1092:
1020:
915:
outbreak incurred a mutation that facilitated transmission by the
887:
664:
330:
299:
143:
3938:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
3895:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
6764:
5591:
2675:"Evolutionary relationships and systematics of the alphaviruses"
2081:"New Insights into Chikungunya Virus Infection and Pathogenesis"
1694:
1441:
1314:
1033:
1028:
1024:
634:
444:
415:, but as of 2016 there were no further locally-acquired cases.
319:
7777:
7710:
6575:
5301:
4925:
Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) (September 2006).
1528:
Currently, no specific treatment for chikungunya is available.
1334:
can occur with infection due to other related viruses, such as
6219:
2001:
1360:
1326:
1126:
1107:(GM-CSF). In those with chronic symptoms, a mild elevation of
392:. In November 2023 the USFDA approved an adults-only vaccine (
358:
200:
80:
1602:
can be used to provide partial symptom relief in most cases.
71:
516:
lesions may occur. Temporary damage to the liver may occur.
98:
1676:
in which the virus largely cycles between other non-human
1452:, a substance derived from the lemon eucalyptus tree), or
357:. Diagnosis is done by either testing the blood for viral
3984:"Prophylaxis and therapy for Chikungunya virus infection"
1668:
Historically, chikungunya has been present mostly in the
95:
89:
86:
74:
4543:. Pan-American Health Organization (PAHO). 15 May 2015.
1934:"Chikungunya Virus Symptoms, Diagnosis, & Treatment"
832:
rne virus). In the United States, it is classified as a
365:
to the virus. The symptoms can be mistaken for those of
4421:"Preparedness for threat of chikungunya in the pacific"
2366:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2358:
4848:
Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences
820:, namely mosquitoes, it can also be referred to as an
407:
since the 2000s; in 2014, an outbreak was reported in
4985:", James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies,
2349:
2304:
582:
In addition to newborns, the elderly, and those with
107:
92:
77:
68:
5167:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3597:
1582:
In those who have more than two weeks of arthritis,
7719:
7636:
7575:
7507:
7398:
7370:
7337:
7011:
6842:
6835:
6754:
6682:
6634:
6541:
6509:
6500:
6471:
6441:
6419:
6408:
6367:
6335:
6288:
6229:
6218:
6192:
6123:
6038:
6027:
6016:
5988:
5938:
5927:
5893:
5873:
5791:
5737:
5726:
5702:
5602:
5480:
5365:
5354:
5343:
5260:
5171:
2619:
2617:
260:
247:
237:
226:
210:
193:
179:
171:
163:
153:
137:
125:
83:
56:
37:
3957:European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
3744:"Chikungunya at the door--déjà vu all over again?"
3029:"Characterization of reemerging chikungunya virus"
1799:of people affected with the severe joint pain and
1460:presents a challenge to chemical control methods.
1099:(IP-10). Cytokines may also contribute to chronic
7622:Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services
3503:Akhrymuk I, Kulemzin SV, Frolova EI (July 2012).
2915:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
3783:
3781:
3779:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2424:
1105:granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
2782:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2723:"NIAID Category A, B, and C Priority Pathogens"
2626:"Chikungunya virus and prospects for a vaccine"
1858:Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations
287:). The disease was first identified in 1952 in
4511:"Mosquito-borne virus knocking on Fla.'s door"
4035:"Antiviral perspectives for chikungunya virus"
2928:
2926:
1063:disease in humans is associated with elevated
923:). Other species potentially able to transmit
800:genome of about 11.6kb. It is a member of the
351:virus may circulate within a number of animals
6587:
5313:
2273:"2016 provisional data for the United States"
8:
3789:"Laboratory Diagnosis of Chikungunya Fevers"
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1594:do not appear to be an effective treatment.
1297:to samples from whole blood and identifying
5764:Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome
4931:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
1293:. The technique involves exposing specific
7707:
6839:
6594:
6580:
6572:
6506:
6416:
6226:
6035:
6024:
5935:
5734:
5362:
5351:
5320:
5306:
5298:
5168:
4681:Blood Transfusion = Trasfusione del Sangue
3359:
3357:
2044:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1219:which, when exposed to the acidity of the
873:have been described, each with a distinct
617:
606:
443:. Around half of those affected develop a
43:
34:
4700:
4644:
4634:
4593:
4583:
4485:
4444:
4354:
4332:
4330:
4310:
4300:
4218:
4208:
4160:
4150:
4109:
4060:
4050:
4009:
3999:
3845:
3835:
3759:
3577:
3528:
3479:
3438:
3389:
3337:
3281:
3271:
3230:
3181:
3120:
3110:
3054:
3044:
2960:
2950:
2892:
2812:
2698:
2649:
2597:
2587:
2546:
2404:
2248:
2096:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
885:Chikungunya is spread through bites from
380:The best means of prevention are overall
333:is spread between people by two types of
27:Infection caused by the Chikungunya virus
4378:Lahariya C, Pradhan SK (December 2006).
2223:Staples JE, Fischer M (September 2014).
1366:
349:, which mainly bite during the day. The
1874:
1380:on the existence of an approved vaccine
4989:, 9 April 2002, accessed 18 June 2014.
4537:"Number of cumulative cases 2013–2014"
4474:The Indian Journal of Medical Research
4337:Powers AM, Logue CH (September 2007).
3742:Morens DM, Fauci AS (September 2014).
2908:
2283:from the original on 18 September 2016
2174:from the original on 15 September 2016
2130:Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease
2098:10.1146/annurev-virology-091919-102021
2074:
2072:
2009:from the original on 27 September 2016
1946:from the original on 21 September 2016
1325:assay to measure chikungunya-specific
6135:Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
5024:from the original on 22 February 2014
2204:from the original on 11 November 2023
1828:This disease is part of the group of
1353:can correlate with disease activity.
1207:glycoproteins: E1 and E2, which form
403:have been reported in Europe and the
7:
3923:from the original on 9 November 2023
3880:from the original on 9 November 2023
3162:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
2761:from the original on 14 October 2014
1897:from the original on 4 November 2014
1534:nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
1227:, dissociates from E2 and initiates
1191:Transmission electron micrograph of
1093:monokine induced by gamma interferon
994:, but susceptible to type-I and -II
545:acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
373:. It is believed most people become
5638:Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis
4509:Charles, Jacqueline (1 June 2014).
3748:The New England Journal of Medicine
3709:The New England Journal of Medicine
3614:The New England Journal of Medicine
2729:from the original on 5 January 2014
2229:The New England Journal of Medicine
1700:An analysis of the genetic code of
1144:about replication organelle called
1097:interferon gamma-induced protein 10
788:. It was first isolated in 1953 in
7649:Eradication of infectious diseases
7406:Androvax (androstenedione albumin)
3988:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
3919:(Press release). 9 November 2023.
2789:"Reemergence of chikungunya virus"
2691:10.1128/JVI.75.21.10118-10131.2001
2527:Current Infectious Disease Reports
1606:, a drug used in the treatment of
1089:monocyte chemoattractant protein 1
776:(CHIKV), is a member of the genus
25:
7239:Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
4949:from the original on 28 May 2017.
4884:Infection, Genetics and Evolution
4547:from the original on 21 July 2015
4256:from the original on 11 June 2015
3917:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
3874:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
2838:Infection, Genetics and Evolution
1773:(the mainland part of modern-day
1720:in addition to the more strictly
1023:is an important factor, and that
590:, liver and kidney diseases, and
7628:Alternative vaccination schedule
6603:Artificial induction of immunity
5628:Western equine encephalomyelitis
5618:Eastern equine encephalomyelitis
4731:from the original on 18 May 2015
4660:
4387:Journal of Vector Borne Diseases
4197:Arthritis Research & Therapy
4176:
4139:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
3933:
3890:
3824:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
3297:
3136:
3070:
1842:
1660:distribution as of December 2007
1488:This section is an excerpt from
1454:ethyl butylacetylaminopropionate
1365:
1291:biosafety level III laboratories
1131:
651:
64:
5753:Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever
4517:. The Miami Herald. p. A17
4343:The Journal of General Virology
2881:The Journal of General Virology
2389:10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.06.009
1115:disease and the development of
816:. Because it is transmitted by
7460:Ovandrotone albumin (Fecundin)
5915:Kemerovo tickborne viral fever
4033:Parashar D, Cherian S (2014).
2998:10.1126/science.317.5844.1485a
1456:(IR3535). However, increasing
1279:, or other infections such as
990:. Viral replication is highly
798:positive-sense single-stranded
1:
6996:Group B streptococcal disease
6815:Vaccines for Children Program
6172:Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
5411:Jamestown Canyon encephalitis
5062:10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30385-1
5014:"Neglected tropical diseases"
4039:BioMed Research International
3330:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.01.076
2897:(inactive 4 September 2024).
2523:"Chikungunya virus infection"
2457:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60281-X
1586:may be useful. The effect of
1313:several chikungunya-specific
1213:receptor-mediated endocytosis
6066:Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever
4904:10.1016/j.meegid.2008.09.004
4825:10.1016/0035-9203(55)90081-X
4790:10.1016/0035-9203(55)90080-8
4636:10.1371/journal.ppat.0030201
4585:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030263
4425:Emerging Infectious Diseases
4302:10.1371/journal.pone.0050476
4244:"Chikungunya is on the move"
4152:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002137
4090:Emerging Infectious Diseases
3837:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002137
3273:10.1371/journal.ppat.0040029
3112:10.1371/journal.pone.0000527
3046:10.1371/journal.ppat.0030089
2858:10.1016/j.meegid.2010.07.012
2787:Morrison TE (October 2014).
2500:10.1016/j.ophtha.2007.03.085
1548:(acetaminophen) and fluids.
1376:appears to contradict itself
891:mosquitoes, and the species
834:category B priority pathogen
802:Semliki Forest virus complex
592:human immunodeficiency virus
565:paralysis of the eye muscles
295:for "to become contorted".
6088:Brazilian hemorrhagic fever
6076:Argentine hemorrhagic fever
2142:10.1016/j.tmaid.2017.01.004
1887:Oxford Learner's Dictionary
1863:Epidemiology of chikungunya
1830:neglected tropical diseases
1765:, along the border between
1730:. Enhanced transmission of
1641:Epidemiology of chikungunya
1156:and very recent EM work in
167:2 to 14 days after exposure
7858:
6100:Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
5980:Sandfly fever Naples virus
2894:10.1099/0022-1317-81-2-471
2307:, "Clinical presentation".
1638:
1487:
1250:decreased lymphocyte count
1038:JAK-STAT signaling pathway
859:Chikungunya is related to
804:and is closely related to
377:after a single infection.
7837:Health disasters in India
7667:
5768:Huaiyangshan banyangvirus
5142:World Health Organization
5132:World Health Organization
5098:10.1016/j.idc.2019.08.006
4468:Muniaraj M (March 2014).
3793:World Health Organization
2630:Expert Review of Vaccines
2539:10.1007/s11908-011-0180-1
2085:Annual Review of Virology
1434:biological control agents
1162:10.1101/2022.04.08.487651
911:strains in the 2005–2006
646:
625:
616:
609:
573:inflammation of the brain
413:continental United States
51:
42:
6991:Clostridioides difficile
6384:SARS-related coronavirus
6347:Henipavirus encephalitis
6205:Murid gammaherpesvirus 4
6050:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
5831:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
5803:Arbovirus encephalitides
5779:Arbovirus encephalitides
5749:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
5714:Banna virus encephalitis
5614:Arbovirus encephalitides
5559:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
5525:Saint Louis encephalitis
5492:Arbovirus encephalitides
5443:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
5377:Arbovirus encephalitides
5086:Infect Dis Clin North Am
4860:10.1093/jhmas/XXVI.3.243
3953:"Chikungunya—Fact sheet"
3481:10.4049/jimmunol.1103185
1997:"Chikungunya Fact sheet"
1440:with substances such as
1412:mosquito biting a person
539:sheaths around neurons,
175:Usually less than a week
7249:Tick-borne encephalitis
6488:Yaba monkey tumor virus
5845:Kyasanur Forest disease
5807:Tick-borne encephalitis
5508:Australian encephalitis
5401:California encephalitis
4242:Seppa N (2 June 2015).
1891:Oxford University Press
1745:After the detection of
1662:Dark blue: Native range
1269:mosquito-borne diseases
1239:to infect other cells.
1148:("small spheres"), see
986:, and monocyte-derived
907:in Paris has suggested
627:Cryoelectron microscopy
541:Guillain–Barré syndrome
291:and named based on the
7659:List of vaccine topics
6659:Mathematical modelling
5835:Omsk hemorrhagic fever
5416:La Crosse encephalitis
5128:Chikungunya fact sheet
4437:10.3201/eid2008.130696
4102:10.3201/eid1403.070720
3959:(ECDC). Archived from
2352:, "Clinical features".
2051:The New Microbiologica
1665:
1650:
1560:and worsen infection.
1458:insecticide resistance
1413:
1265:differential diagnosis
1196:
1142:is missing information
561:oculomotor nerve palsy
353:, including birds and
212:Differential diagnosis
7654:Vaccinate Your Family
7105:Japanese encephalitis
6268:Marburg virus disease
5819:Powassan encephalitis
5496:Japanese encephalitis
5138:Chikungunya outbreaks
4356:10.1099/vir.0.82858-0
3626:10.1056/NEJMra1406035
3468:Journal of Immunology
2279:. 20 September 2016.
1656:
1648:
1416:Although an approved
1408:
1388:for more information.
1301:-specific responses.
1190:
850:vertical transmission
264:> 1 million (2014)
199:Blood test for viral
52:Rash from chikungunya
7537:John Franklin Enders
5694:Semliki Forest virus
5002:. 23 September 2016.
4981:23 June 2014 at the
4693:10.2450/2008.0016-08
3761:10.1056/NEJMp1408509
3721:10.1056/NEJMc1505501
3570:10.1128/JVI.00949-10
3521:10.1128/JVI.00541-12
3431:10.1128/JVI.00956-12
3382:10.1128/JVI.00767-10
3223:10.1128/JVI.02716-13
3174:10.1084/jem.20090851
2805:10.1128/JVI.01432-14
2241:10.1056/NEJMp1407698
2170:. 26 February 2016.
1710:Asian tiger mosquito
1608:rheumatoid arthritis
1506:intended to provide
1340:Semliki Forest virus
930:Ae. furcifer-taylori
917:Asian tiger mosquito
836:, and work requires
814:Semliki Forest virus
648:Virus classification
458:sensitivity to light
233:, avoidance of bites
159:Long term joint pain
6723:Virus-like particle
6647:Vaccine ingredients
6241:Ebola virus disease
5905:Colorado tick fever
5660:O'nyong'nyong fever
4960:Benjamin M (2008).
4896:2009InfGE...9...16C
4408:on 19 October 2013.
4293:2012PLoSO...750476S
4052:10.1155/2014/631642
3963:on 19 December 2013
3876:. 9 November 2023.
3799:on 8 September 2012
3678:10.1038/nature09555
3670:2010Natur.468..709V
3558:Journal of Virology
3509:Journal of Virology
3419:Journal of Virology
3370:Journal of Virology
3211:Journal of Virology
3103:2007PLoSO...2..527O
2850:2010InfGE..10..876N
2793:Journal of Virology
2679:Journal of Virology
2589:10.7554/eLife.00435
2200:. 9 November 2023.
1625:vertically transmit
1500:Chikungunya vaccine
1490:Chikungunya vaccine
1450:p-menthane-3,8-diol
1336:o'nyong'nyong virus
838:biosafety level III
810:O'nyong'nyong virus
7832:Biological weapons
7694:Never to phase III
7493:Hexavalent vaccine
7307:Epstein–Barr virus
7202:Oxford–AstraZeneca
6895:NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135
6453:Simian foamy virus
5261:External resources
4987:Middlebury College
2377:Antiviral Research
1666:
1651:
1414:
1347:C reactive protein
1267:may include other
1197:
1109:C-reactive protein
903:. Research by the
629:reconstruction of
419:Signs and symptoms
186:(CHIKV) spread by
132:Infectious disease
7842:Tropical diseases
7814:
7813:
7751:Chikungunya virus
7721:Chikungunya virus
7713:Taxon identifiers
7704:
7703:
7616:Vaccines and SIDS
7503:
7502:
7277:Hepatitis A and B
7253:Varicella zoster
6715:Subunit/component
6569:
6568:
6565:
6564:
6561:
6560:
6496:
6495:
6404:
6403:
6214:
6213:
6012:
6011:
6008:
6007:
5923:
5922:
5722:
5721:
5467:Rift Valley fever
5295:
5294:
5050:Lancet Infect Dis
4727:. 29 April 2015.
4349:(Pt 9): 2363–77.
2952:10.1093/ve/vex010
2642:10.1586/erv.12.84
2350:Vairo et al. 2019
1823:biological weapon
1732:Chikungunya virus
1702:Chikungunya virus
1578:Chronic arthritis
1566:Chikungunya virus
1558:immunosuppression
1512:chikungunya virus
1508:acquired immunity
1438:insect repellents
1403:
1402:
1309:pairs is used to
1299:Chikungunya virus
1193:Chikungunya virus
1185:
1184:
1123:Viral replication
1113:Chikungunya virus
1101:Chikungunya virus
1061:Chikungunya virus
980:endothelial cells
972:able to replicate
968:Chikungunya virus
954:Chikungunya virus
942:Ae. luteocephalus
925:Chikungunya virus
909:Chikungunya virus
905:Pasteur Institute
854:incubation period
774:Chikungunya virus
771:
770:
764:Chikungunya virus
631:Chikungunya virus
611:Chikungunya virus
298:Symptoms include
280:Chikungunya virus
268:
267:
195:Diagnostic method
184:Chikungunya virus
32:Medical condition
18:Chikungunya fever
16:(Redirected from
7849:
7807:
7806:
7794:
7793:
7781:
7780:
7768:
7767:
7755:
7754:
7753:
7740:
7739:
7738:
7708:
7595:MMR autism fraud
7542:Maurice Hilleman
7527:Hilary Koprowski
6840:
6596:
6589:
6582:
6573:
6507:
6417:
6227:
6036:
6025:
6000:Chandipura virus
5936:
5876:Orthomyxoviridae
5735:
5682:Ross River fever
5447:Bunyamwera fever
5363:
5352:
5322:
5315:
5308:
5299:
5169:
5164:
5162:
5160:
5155:on 5 August 2009
5117:
5092:(4): 1003–1025.
5083:
5073:
5056:(4): e107–e117.
5034:
5033:
5031:
5029:
5010:
5004:
5003:
4996:
4990:
4972:
4966:
4965:
4957:
4951:
4950:
4922:
4916:
4915:
4878:
4872:
4871:
4843:
4837:
4836:
4808:
4802:
4801:
4773:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4762:
4753:. Archived from
4747:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4736:
4721:
4715:
4714:
4704:
4672:
4666:
4665:
4664:
4658:
4648:
4638:
4614:
4608:
4607:
4597:
4587:
4563:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4552:
4533:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4522:
4506:
4500:
4499:
4489:
4465:
4459:
4458:
4448:
4416:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4401:. Archived from
4384:
4375:
4369:
4368:
4358:
4334:
4325:
4324:
4314:
4304:
4272:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4239:
4233:
4232:
4222:
4212:
4188:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4174:
4164:
4154:
4130:
4124:
4123:
4113:
4081:
4075:
4074:
4064:
4054:
4030:
4024:
4023:
4013:
4003:
3979:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3949:
3943:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3909:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3866:
3860:
3859:
3849:
3839:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3795:. Archived from
3785:
3774:
3773:
3763:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3704:
3698:
3697:
3664:(7324): 709–12.
3653:
3647:
3644:
3638:
3637:
3609:
3592:
3591:
3581:
3564:(20): 10877–87.
3549:
3543:
3542:
3532:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3483:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3442:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3393:
3361:
3352:
3351:
3341:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3295:
3285:
3275:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3234:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3185:
3153:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3134:
3124:
3114:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3068:
3058:
3048:
3024:
3018:
3017:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2964:
2954:
2930:
2921:
2920:
2914:
2906:
2896:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2816:
2784:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2760:
2753:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2702:
2685:(21): 10118–31.
2670:
2664:
2663:
2653:
2621:
2612:
2611:
2601:
2591:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2550:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2451:(9816): 662–71.
2440:
2419:
2418:
2408:
2368:
2353:
2347:
2308:
2305:Burt et al. 2017
2302:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2252:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2100:
2076:
2067:
2066:
2046:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2014:
1993:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1942:. 6 April 2016.
1930:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1879:
1852:
1847:
1846:
1714:invasive species
1670:developing world
1664:Teal: introduced
1426:Mosquito control
1398:
1395:
1389:
1369:
1368:
1361:
1252:consistent with
1225:eukaryotic cells
1215:. E1 contains a
1180:
1177:
1171:
1135:
1127:
806:Ross River virus
656:
655:
642:
621:
607:
482:neuropathic pain
386:insect repellent
382:mosquito control
340:Aedes albopictus
231:Mosquito control
114:
110:
105:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
91:
88:
85:
82:
79:
76:
73:
70:
47:
35:
21:
7857:
7856:
7852:
7851:
7850:
7848:
7847:
7846:
7817:
7816:
7815:
7810:
7802:
7797:
7789:
7784:
7776:
7771:
7763:
7758:
7749:
7748:
7743:
7734:
7733:
7728:
7715:
7705:
7700:
7699:
7684:Clinical trials
7663:
7632:
7571:
7547:Stanley Plotkin
7509:
7499:
7411:Cancer vaccines
7394:
7388:Schistosomiasis
7366:
7360:Trypanosomiasis
7333:
7297:Cytomegalovirus
7207:Pfizer–BioNTech
7007:
6831:
6780:Vaccine wastage
6750:
6678:
6630:
6600:
6570:
6557:
6537:
6502:
6492:
6467:
6437:
6411:
6400:
6363:
6338:Paramyxoviridae
6331:
6284:
6221:
6210:
6188:
6119:
6030:
6019:
6004:
5984:
5968:Pappataci fever
5961:Oropouche virus
5956:Oropouche fever
5930:
5919:
5889:
5869:
5787:
5759:Heartland virus
5729:
5718:
5698:
5670:Pogosta disease
5598:
5545:West Nile fever
5476:
5357:
5346:
5339:
5326:
5296:
5291:
5290:
5275:article/2225687
5256:
5255:
5180:
5158:
5156:
5147:
5124:
5081:
5076:
5046:
5043:
5038:
5037:
5027:
5025:
5012:
5011:
5007:
4998:
4997:
4993:
4983:Wayback Machine
4973:
4969:
4959:
4958:
4954:
4924:
4923:
4919:
4880:
4879:
4875:
4845:
4844:
4840:
4810:
4809:
4805:
4775:
4774:
4770:
4760:
4758:
4749:
4748:
4744:
4734:
4732:
4723:
4722:
4718:
4674:
4673:
4669:
4659:
4616:
4615:
4611:
4565:
4564:
4560:
4550:
4548:
4535:
4534:
4530:
4520:
4518:
4508:
4507:
4503:
4467:
4466:
4462:
4418:
4417:
4413:
4405:
4382:
4377:
4376:
4372:
4336:
4335:
4328:
4274:
4273:
4269:
4259:
4257:
4241:
4240:
4236:
4190:
4189:
4185:
4175:
4132:
4131:
4127:
4083:
4082:
4078:
4032:
4031:
4027:
3981:
3980:
3976:
3966:
3964:
3951:
3950:
3946:
3934:
3926:
3924:
3911:
3910:
3903:
3891:
3883:
3881:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3817:
3816:
3812:
3802:
3800:
3787:
3786:
3777:
3741:
3740:
3736:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3655:
3654:
3650:
3645:
3641:
3611:
3610:
3595:
3551:
3550:
3546:
3515:(13): 7180–91.
3502:
3501:
3497:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3425:(18): 9888–98.
3412:
3411:
3407:
3363:
3362:
3355:
3324:(16): 3067–73.
3311:
3310:
3306:
3296:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3155:
3154:
3145:
3135:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3069:
3026:
3025:
3021:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2932:
2931:
2924:
2907:
2887:(Pt 2): 471–9.
2878:
2877:
2873:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2799:(20): 11644–7.
2786:
2785:
2774:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2751:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2732:
2730:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2636:(9): 1087–101.
2623:
2622:
2615:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2442:
2441:
2422:
2370:
2369:
2356:
2348:
2311:
2303:
2296:
2286:
2284:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2207:
2205:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2177:
2175:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2078:
2077:
2070:
2048:
2047:
2022:
2012:
2010:
1995:
1994:
1959:
1949:
1947:
1932:
1931:
1910:
1900:
1898:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1848:
1841:
1838:
1819:
1763:Makonde Plateau
1759:
1663:
1661:
1643:
1637:
1616:
1580:
1554:corticosteroids
1530:Supportive care
1526:
1521:
1520:
1493:
1485:
1399:
1393:
1390:
1384:Please see the
1383:
1370:
1359:
1332:false positives
1287:Virus isolation
1245:
1229:membrane fusion
1181:
1175:
1172:
1165:
1136:
1125:
951:
846:
767:
727:Martellivirales
703:Kitrinoviricota
650:
638:
605:
600:
421:
293:Kimakonde words
242:Supportive care
121:
112:
108:
67:
63:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7855:
7853:
7845:
7844:
7839:
7834:
7829:
7819:
7818:
7812:
7811:
7809:
7808:
7795:
7782:
7769:
7756:
7741:
7725:
7723:
7717:
7716:
7711:
7702:
7701:
7698:
7697:
7696:
7695:
7692:
7681:
7675:
7669:
7668:
7665:
7664:
7662:
7661:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7640:
7638:
7634:
7633:
7631:
7630:
7625:
7618:
7613:
7608:
7603:
7598:
7585:
7579:
7577:
7573:
7572:
7570:
7569:
7564:
7562:Katalin Karikó
7559:
7554:
7549:
7544:
7539:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7519:
7513:
7511:
7505:
7504:
7501:
7500:
7498:
7497:
7496:
7495:
7490:
7485:
7480:
7472:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7451:
7450:
7445:
7444:
7443:
7438:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7408:
7402:
7400:
7396:
7395:
7393:
7392:
7391:
7390:
7385:
7376:
7374:
7368:
7367:
7365:
7364:
7363:
7362:
7354:
7353:
7352:
7341:
7339:
7335:
7334:
7332:
7331:
7330:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7317:Herpes simplex
7314:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7291:
7290:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7271:
7266:
7265:
7264:
7259:
7251:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7235:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7217:Sinopharm BIBP
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7167:Bharat Biotech
7164:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7138:
7137:
7132:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7101:
7100:
7095:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7064:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7038:
7037:
7036:
7026:
7021:
7015:
7013:
7009:
7008:
7006:
7005:
7004:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6985:
6984:
6983:
6978:
6970:
6965:
6964:
6963:
6958:
6948:
6947:
6946:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6925:
6924:
6919:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6898:
6897:
6892:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6846:
6844:
6837:
6833:
6832:
6830:
6829:
6828:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6799:
6798:
6797:
6795:Vaccine injury
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6758:
6756:
6755:Administration
6752:
6751:
6749:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6729:
6712:
6711:
6710:
6705:
6697:
6692:
6686:
6684:
6680:
6679:
6677:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6655:
6654:
6644:
6638:
6636:
6632:
6631:
6601:
6599:
6598:
6591:
6584:
6576:
6567:
6566:
6563:
6562:
6559:
6558:
6556:
6555:
6549:
6547:
6539:
6538:
6536:
6535:
6530:
6529:
6528:
6517:
6515:
6504:
6498:
6497:
6494:
6493:
6491:
6490:
6485:
6479:
6477:
6469:
6468:
6466:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6449:
6447:
6439:
6438:
6436:
6435:
6427:
6425:
6414:
6406:
6405:
6402:
6401:
6399:
6398:
6397:
6396:
6391:
6381:
6375:
6373:
6365:
6364:
6362:
6361:
6360:
6359:
6354:
6343:
6341:
6333:
6332:
6330:
6329:
6324:
6323:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6296:
6294:
6286:
6285:
6283:
6282:
6281:
6280:
6275:
6265:
6264:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6237:
6235:
6224:
6216:
6215:
6212:
6211:
6209:
6208:
6200:
6198:
6190:
6189:
6187:
6186:
6185:
6184:
6179:
6169:
6168:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6131:
6129:
6121:
6120:
6118:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6106:
6105:
6097:
6096:
6095:
6085:
6084:
6083:
6073:
6072:
6071:
6063:
6062:
6061:
6046:
6044:
6033:
6022:
6014:
6013:
6010:
6009:
6006:
6005:
6003:
6002:
5996:
5994:
5986:
5985:
5983:
5982:
5977:
5976:
5975:
5965:
5964:
5963:
5953:
5946:
5944:
5933:
5925:
5924:
5921:
5920:
5918:
5917:
5912:
5911:
5910:
5901:
5899:
5891:
5890:
5888:
5887:
5881:
5879:
5871:
5870:
5868:
5867:
5866:
5865:
5857:
5856:
5855:
5850:
5842:
5841:
5840:
5828:
5827:
5826:
5816:
5815:
5814:
5799:
5797:
5789:
5788:
5786:
5785:
5776:
5771:
5761:
5756:
5745:
5743:
5732:
5724:
5723:
5720:
5719:
5717:
5716:
5710:
5708:
5700:
5699:
5697:
5696:
5691:
5690:
5689:
5679:
5678:
5677:
5667:
5666:
5665:
5657:
5656:
5655:
5645:
5644:
5643:
5635:
5634:
5633:
5625:
5624:
5623:
5610:
5608:
5600:
5599:
5597:
5596:
5595:
5594:
5584:
5583:
5582:
5572:
5571:
5570:
5555:
5554:
5553:
5552:
5542:
5541:
5540:
5532:
5531:
5530:
5522:
5521:
5520:
5515:
5505:
5504:
5503:
5488:
5486:
5478:
5477:
5475:
5474:
5473:
5472:
5464:
5463:
5462:
5454:
5453:
5452:
5439:
5438:
5433:
5432:
5431:
5423:
5422:
5421:
5413:
5408:
5407:
5406:
5398:
5397:
5396:
5388:
5387:
5386:
5373:
5371:
5360:
5349:
5341:
5340:
5332:viral diseases
5327:
5325:
5324:
5317:
5310:
5302:
5293:
5292:
5289:
5288:
5277:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5258:
5257:
5254:
5253:
5242:
5231:
5212:
5197:
5181:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5172:Classification
5166:
5165:
5145:
5135:
5123:
5122:External links
5120:
5119:
5118:
5074:
5042:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5005:
4991:
4967:
4952:
4937:(38): 1040–2.
4917:
4873:
4838:
4803:
4768:
4742:
4716:
4687:(4): 199–210.
4667:
4623:PLOS Pathogens
4609:
4558:
4528:
4515:Newspapers.com
4501:
4460:
4411:
4370:
4326:
4287:(11): e50476.
4267:
4234:
4210:10.1186/ar4137
4183:
4125:
4076:
4025:
4001:10.1086/600381
3974:
3944:
3901:
3861:
3810:
3775:
3734:
3699:
3648:
3639:
3620:(13): 1231–9.
3593:
3544:
3495:
3474:(7): 2967–71.
3454:
3405:
3353:
3304:
3260:PLOS Pathogens
3246:
3217:(5): 2414–25.
3197:
3143:
3077:
3033:PLOS Pathogens
3019:
2992:(5844): 1485.
2976:
2922:
2871:
2828:
2772:
2740:
2714:
2665:
2613:
2562:
2513:
2478:
2420:
2383:(3): 345–370.
2354:
2309:
2294:
2264:
2215:
2194:"FDA Approval"
2185:
2155:
2120:
2091:(1): 327–347.
2068:
2020:
2005:. April 2016.
1957:
1908:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1850:Viruses portal
1837:
1834:
1818:
1815:
1758:
1755:
1674:sylvatic cycle
1639:Main article:
1636:
1633:
1629:immune systems
1620:mortality rate
1615:
1612:
1579:
1576:
1540:, non-aspirin
1525:
1522:
1494:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1401:
1400:
1373:
1371:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1244:
1241:
1217:fusion peptide
1183:
1182:
1139:
1137:
1130:
1124:
1121:
1046:phosphorylated
1044:from becoming
950:
947:
913:Reunion Island
845:
842:
769:
768:
761:
759:
755:
754:
747:
743:
742:
735:
731:
730:
723:
719:
718:
711:
707:
706:
699:
695:
694:
687:
683:
682:
675:
668:
667:
662:
658:
657:
644:
643:
623:
622:
614:
613:
604:
601:
599:
596:
527:of the brain,
494:hands and feet
462:conjunctivitis
451:and sometimes
420:
417:
316:joint swelling
277:caused by the
266:
265:
262:
258:
257:
251:
245:
244:
239:
235:
234:
228:
224:
223:
214:
208:
207:
197:
191:
190:
181:
177:
176:
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169:
168:
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161:
160:
157:
151:
150:
141:
135:
134:
129:
123:
122:
120:
119:
60:
58:
54:
53:
49:
48:
40:
39:
31:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7854:
7843:
7840:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7830:
7828:
7825:
7824:
7822:
7805:
7800:
7796:
7792:
7787:
7783:
7779:
7774:
7770:
7766:
7761:
7757:
7752:
7746:
7742:
7737:
7731:
7727:
7726:
7724:
7722:
7718:
7714:
7709:
7693:
7691:
7688:
7687:
7685:
7682:
7679:
7676:
7674:
7671:
7670:
7666:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7641:
7639:
7635:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7623:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7589:
7586:
7584:
7581:
7580:
7578:
7574:
7568:
7567:Drew Weissman
7565:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7552:H. Fred Clark
7550:
7548:
7545:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7522:Louis Pasteur
7520:
7518:
7517:Edward Jenner
7515:
7514:
7512:
7506:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7488:DTwP-HepB-Hib
7486:
7484:
7483:DTaP-IPV-HepB
7481:
7479:
7476:
7475:
7474:combination:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7449:
7446:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7433:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7413:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7403:
7401:
7397:
7389:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7380:
7378:
7377:
7375:
7373:
7372:Helminthiasis
7369:
7361:
7358:
7357:
7355:
7351:
7348:
7347:
7346:
7343:
7342:
7340:
7336:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7294:
7292:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7274:
7273:combination:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7254:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7159:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7127:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7090:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7051:
7047:
7044:
7043:
7042:
7039:
7035:
7032:
7031:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7016:
7014:
7010:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6988:
6986:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6976:DPT/DTwP/DTaP
6974:
6973:
6972:combination:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6953:
6952:
6949:
6945:
6942:
6941:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6914:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6887:
6886:
6885:Meningococcus
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6875:Leptospirosis
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6847:
6845:
6841:
6838:
6834:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6810:Vaccine court
6808:
6806:
6803:
6802:
6800:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6765:GAVI Alliance
6763:
6762:
6760:
6759:
6757:
6753:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6724:
6720:
6716:
6713:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6700:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6687:
6685:
6681:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6653:
6650:
6649:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6639:
6637:
6633:
6628:
6624:
6620:
6616:
6612:
6608:
6604:
6597:
6592:
6590:
6585:
6583:
6578:
6577:
6574:
6554:
6551:
6550:
6548:
6546:
6545:
6540:
6534:
6531:
6527:
6524:
6523:
6522:
6519:
6518:
6516:
6514:
6513:
6512:Rhabdoviridae
6508:
6505:
6499:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6480:
6478:
6476:
6475:
6470:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6450:
6448:
6446:
6445:
6440:
6434:
6433:
6429:
6428:
6426:
6424:
6423:
6422:Herpesviridae
6418:
6415:
6413:
6407:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6386:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6376:
6374:
6372:
6371:
6370:Coronaviridae
6366:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6349:
6348:
6345:
6344:
6342:
6340:
6339:
6334:
6328:
6325:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6302:
6301:
6298:
6297:
6295:
6293:
6292:
6291:Rhabdoviridae
6287:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6270:
6269:
6266:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6243:
6242:
6239:
6238:
6236:
6234:
6233:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6217:
6207:
6206:
6202:
6201:
6199:
6197:
6196:
6195:Herpesviridae
6191:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6174:
6173:
6170:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6137:
6136:
6133:
6132:
6130:
6128:
6127:
6122:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6103:
6102:
6101:
6098:
6094:
6091:
6090:
6089:
6086:
6082:
6079:
6078:
6077:
6074:
6069:
6068:
6067:
6064:
6060:
6057:
6056:
6055:
6051:
6048:
6047:
6045:
6043:
6042:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6015:
6001:
5998:
5997:
5995:
5993:
5992:
5991:Rhabdoviridae
5987:
5981:
5978:
5974:
5973:Toscana virus
5971:
5970:
5969:
5966:
5962:
5959:
5958:
5957:
5954:
5951:
5948:
5947:
5945:
5943:
5942:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5926:
5916:
5913:
5908:
5907:
5906:
5903:
5902:
5900:
5898:
5897:
5892:
5886:
5885:Bourbon virus
5883:
5882:
5880:
5878:
5877:
5872:
5863:
5862:
5861:
5858:
5854:
5851:
5848:
5847:
5846:
5843:
5838:
5837:
5836:
5832:
5829:
5825:
5822:
5821:
5820:
5817:
5813:
5810:
5809:
5808:
5804:
5801:
5800:
5798:
5796:
5795:
5790:
5784:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5769:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5754:
5750:
5747:
5746:
5744:
5742:
5741:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5725:
5715:
5712:
5711:
5709:
5707:
5706:
5701:
5695:
5692:
5688:
5685:
5684:
5683:
5680:
5676:
5675:Sindbis virus
5673:
5672:
5671:
5668:
5663:
5662:
5661:
5658:
5654:
5651:
5650:
5649:
5646:
5641:
5640:
5639:
5636:
5631:
5630:
5629:
5626:
5621:
5620:
5619:
5615:
5612:
5611:
5609:
5607:
5606:
5601:
5593:
5590:
5589:
5588:
5585:
5581:
5578:
5577:
5576:
5573:
5569:
5566:
5565:
5564:
5560:
5557:
5556:
5551:
5548:
5547:
5546:
5543:
5538:
5537:
5536:
5533:
5528:
5527:
5526:
5523:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5510:
5509:
5506:
5502:
5499:
5498:
5497:
5493:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5485:
5484:
5479:
5470:
5469:
5468:
5465:
5460:
5459:
5458:
5455:
5450:
5449:
5448:
5444:
5441:
5440:
5437:
5434:
5429:
5428:
5427:
5424:
5419:
5418:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5404:
5403:
5402:
5399:
5394:
5393:
5392:
5389:
5384:
5383:
5382:
5378:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5370:
5369:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5342:
5337:
5333:
5330:
5323:
5318:
5316:
5311:
5309:
5304:
5303:
5300:
5287:
5283:
5282:
5278:
5276:
5272:
5271:
5267:
5266:
5263:
5259:
5252:
5248:
5247:
5243:
5241:
5237:
5236:
5232:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5211:
5207:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5196:
5192:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5182:
5179:
5174:
5170:
5154:
5150:
5149:"Chikungunya"
5146:
5143:
5139:
5136:
5133:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5121:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5080:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5045:
5044:
5040:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5009:
5006:
5001:
4995:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4977:
4971:
4968:
4963:
4956:
4953:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4921:
4918:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4877:
4874:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4854:(3): 243–62.
4853:
4849:
4842:
4839:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4807:
4804:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4772:
4769:
4757:on 5 May 2015
4756:
4752:
4746:
4743:
4730:
4726:
4720:
4717:
4712:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4671:
4668:
4663:
4656:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4613:
4610:
4605:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4572:PLOS Medicine
4569:
4562:
4559:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4532:
4529:
4516:
4512:
4505:
4502:
4497:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4480:(3): 468–70.
4479:
4475:
4471:
4464:
4461:
4456:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4415:
4412:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4393:(4): 151–60.
4392:
4388:
4381:
4374:
4371:
4366:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4333:
4331:
4327:
4322:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4271:
4268:
4255:
4251:
4250:
4245:
4238:
4235:
4230:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4187:
4184:
4179:
4172:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4129:
4126:
4121:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4080:
4077:
4072:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4029:
4026:
4021:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3994:(4): 516–23.
3993:
3989:
3985:
3978:
3975:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3948:
3945:
3941:
3940:public domain
3922:
3918:
3914:
3908:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3897:public domain
3879:
3875:
3871:
3865:
3862:
3857:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3814:
3811:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3771:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3754:(10): 885–7.
3753:
3749:
3745:
3738:
3735:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3703:
3700:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3652:
3649:
3643:
3640:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3589:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3548:
3545:
3540:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3499:
3496:
3491:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3458:
3455:
3450:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3409:
3406:
3401:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3376:(1): 606–20.
3375:
3371:
3367:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3349:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3308:
3305:
3300:
3293:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3250:
3247:
3242:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3201:
3198:
3193:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3168:(2): 429–42.
3167:
3163:
3159:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3139:
3132:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3081:
3078:
3073:
3066:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3023:
3020:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2980:
2977:
2972:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2945:(1): vex010.
2944:
2940:
2936:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2918:
2912:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2875:
2872:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2844:(7): 876–85.
2843:
2839:
2832:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2757:
2750:
2744:
2741:
2728:
2724:
2718:
2715:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2669:
2666:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2566:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2533:(3): 218–28.
2532:
2528:
2524:
2517:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2494:(2): 287–91.
2493:
2489:
2488:Ophthalmology
2482:
2479:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2235:(10): 887–9.
2234:
2230:
2226:
2219:
2216:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2057:(3): 211–27.
2056:
2052:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2008:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1883:"chikungunya"
1878:
1875:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1826:
1824:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1810:lingua franca
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1736:A. albopictus
1733:
1729:
1728:
1727:Aedes aegypti
1724:main vector,
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1659:
1658:A. albopictus
1655:
1647:
1642:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1523:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1476:A. albopictus
1472:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1411:
1407:
1397:
1387:
1381:
1377:
1374:This section
1372:
1363:
1362:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1349:and elevated
1348:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1307:nested primer
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1233:heterodimeric
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1209:heterodimeric
1206:
1202:
1194:
1189:
1179:
1169:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1140:This section
1138:
1134:
1129:
1128:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1077:interleukin-6
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1040:and prevents
1039:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1003:
1002:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
964:
959:
955:
948:
946:
944:
943:
938:
937:
936:Ae. africanus
932:
931:
926:
922:
921:A. albopictus
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
901:
900:A. albopictus
896:
895:
890:
889:
883:
880:
876:
871:
866:
862:
857:
855:
851:
843:
841:
840:precautions.
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
786:
782:, and family
781:
780:
775:
766:
765:
760:
757:
756:
753:
752:
748:
745:
744:
741:
740:
736:
733:
732:
729:
728:
724:
721:
720:
717:
716:
715:Alsuviricetes
712:
709:
708:
705:
704:
700:
697:
696:
693:
692:
691:Orthornavirae
688:
685:
684:
681:
680:
676:
673:
670:
669:
666:
663:
660:
659:
654:
649:
645:
641:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
615:
612:
608:
602:
597:
595:
593:
589:
588:heart disease
585:
580:
578:
574:
568:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
517:
515:
511:
507:
506:iridocyclitis
503:
499:
495:
491:
485:
483:
479:
475:
474:tenosynovitis
471:
465:
463:
459:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
435:, back pain,
434:
430:
426:
418:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
397:
395:
391:
390:mosquito nets
387:
383:
378:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
347:
346:Aedes aegypti
342:
341:
336:
332:
327:
325:
324:risk of death
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
281:
276:
272:
263:
259:
255:
254:Risk of death
252:
250:
246:
243:
240:
236:
232:
229:
225:
222:
218:
215:
213:
209:
206:
202:
198:
196:
192:
189:
185:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
156:
155:Complications
152:
149:
145:
142:
140:
136:
133:
130:
128:
124:
117:
116:
103:
62:
61:
59:
57:Pronunciation
55:
50:
46:
41:
36:
30:
19:
7720:
7644:Epidemiology
7620:
7592:
7478:DTaP-IPV/Hib
7269:Yellow fever
7182:EpiVacCorona
6939:Tuberculosis
6912:Pneumococcal
6880:Lyme disease
6708:Heterologous
6607:Immunization
6542:
6533:Mokola virus
6510:
6472:
6444:Retroviridae
6442:
6430:
6420:
6368:
6336:
6289:
6230:
6203:
6193:
6126:Bunyavirales
6124:
6041:Arenaviridae
6039:
5989:
5941:Bunyavirales
5939:
5894:
5874:
5860:Langat virus
5794:Flaviviridae
5792:
5783:Bhanja virus
5740:Bunyavirales
5738:
5703:
5647:
5603:
5575:Yellow fever
5563:Dengue fever
5483:Flaviviridae
5481:
5426:Tahyna virus
5391:Bwamba Fever
5368:Bunyavirales
5366:
5279:
5268:
5244:
5233:
5214:
5199:
5184:
5157:. Retrieved
5153:the original
5089:
5085:
5053:
5049:
5028:26 September
5026:. Retrieved
5017:
5008:
4994:
4970:
4955:
4934:
4930:
4920:
4890:(1): 16–23.
4887:
4883:
4876:
4851:
4847:
4841:
4819:(1): 33–57.
4816:
4812:
4806:
4784:(1): 28–32.
4781:
4777:
4771:
4759:. Retrieved
4755:the original
4745:
4733:. Retrieved
4719:
4684:
4680:
4670:
4629:(12): e201.
4626:
4622:
4612:
4575:
4571:
4561:
4549:. Retrieved
4541:www.paho.org
4540:
4531:
4519:. Retrieved
4514:
4504:
4477:
4473:
4463:
4428:
4424:
4414:
4403:the original
4390:
4386:
4373:
4346:
4342:
4284:
4280:
4270:
4258:. Retrieved
4249:Science News
4247:
4237:
4200:
4196:
4186:
4145:(3): e2137.
4142:
4138:
4128:
4096:(3): 412–5.
4093:
4089:
4079:
4042:
4038:
4028:
3991:
3987:
3977:
3965:. Retrieved
3961:the original
3947:
3925:. Retrieved
3916:
3882:. Retrieved
3873:
3864:
3830:(3): e2137.
3827:
3823:
3813:
3801:. Retrieved
3797:the original
3751:
3747:
3737:
3712:
3708:
3702:
3661:
3657:
3651:
3642:
3617:
3613:
3561:
3557:
3547:
3512:
3508:
3498:
3471:
3467:
3457:
3422:
3418:
3408:
3373:
3369:
3321:
3317:
3307:
3263:
3259:
3249:
3214:
3210:
3200:
3165:
3161:
3094:
3090:
3080:
3036:
3032:
3022:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2942:
2938:
2911:cite journal
2884:
2880:
2874:
2841:
2837:
2831:
2796:
2792:
2763:. Retrieved
2743:
2731:. Retrieved
2717:
2682:
2678:
2668:
2633:
2629:
2579:
2575:
2565:
2530:
2526:
2516:
2491:
2487:
2481:
2448:
2444:
2380:
2376:
2287:26 September
2285:. Retrieved
2276:
2267:
2232:
2228:
2218:
2206:. Retrieved
2197:
2188:
2178:26 September
2176:. Retrieved
2167:
2164:"Prevention"
2158:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2088:
2084:
2054:
2050:
2013:26 September
2011:. Retrieved
2000:
1950:26 September
1948:. Retrieved
1937:
1899:. Retrieved
1886:
1877:
1827:
1820:
1808:
1788:
1782:
1779:
1760:
1751:coinfections
1744:
1740:A albopictus
1739:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1701:
1699:
1691:Saint Martin
1682:
1667:
1657:
1635:Epidemiology
1617:
1604:Methotrexate
1581:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1527:
1516:
1510:against the
1497:
1495:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1430:insecticides
1415:
1409:
1391:
1379:
1375:
1344:
1298:
1285:
1262:
1246:
1198:
1192:
1173:
1141:
1117:autoimmunity
1112:
1100:
1067:of specific
1065:serum levels
1060:
1050:
1006:
999:
967:
961:
958:pathogenesis
953:
952:
940:
934:
928:
924:
920:
908:
898:
892:
886:
884:
865:North Africa
858:
847:
844:Transmission
829:
825:
783:
777:
773:
772:
763:
762:
750:
738:
726:
714:
702:
690:
678:
671:
661:(unranked):
630:
610:
581:
569:
533:degeneration
529:inflammation
525:degeneration
518:
486:
466:
422:
398:
379:
367:dengue fever
344:
338:
328:
297:
284:
279:
278:
270:
269:
256:~ 1 in 1,000
217:Dengue fever
183:
29:
7827:Chikungunya
7745:Wikispecies
7680:from market
7576:Controversy
7510:researchers
7426:Hepatitis B
7312:Hepatitis C
7257:Chicken pox
7083:Hepatitis E
7078:Hepatitis B
7073:Hepatitis A
7024:Chikungunya
7001:Shigellosis
6855:Brucellosis
6741:Therapeutic
6695:Inactivated
6635:Development
6623:Inoculation
6615:Vaccination
6232:Filoviridae
6054:Lassa fever
5950:Adria virus
5648:Chikungunya
5605:Togaviridae
5535:Usutu virus
5457:Ngari virus
5381:Batai virus
5041:Works cited
4578:(7): e263.
4521:22 February
3967:17 December
3927:10 November
3884:10 November
3097:(6): e527.
2208:11 November
1598:and simple
1588:chloroquine
1546:paracetamol
1483:Vaccination
1465:pyrethroids
1260:diagnosis.
1258:serological
1095:(MIG), and
988:macrophages
984:fibroblasts
785:Togaviridae
739:Togaviridae
453:small bumps
312:muscle pain
271:Chikungunya
164:Usual onset
38:Chikungunya
7821:Categories
7611:Thiomersal
7557:Paul Offit
7532:Jonas Salk
7508:Inventors/
7379:research:
7356:research:
7293:research:
7222:Skycovione
7212:Sanofi–GSK
7157:SARS-CoV-2
7068:Hantavirus
7034:rVSV-ZEBOV
7019:Adenovirus
6987:research:
6865:Diphtheria
6703:Attenuated
6544:Poxviridae
6474:Poxviridae
6394:SARS-CoV-2
5896:Reoviridae
5774:Tete virus
5705:Reoviridae
5587:Zika fever
5436:Tete virus
5334:(A80–B34,
5246:DiseasesDB
5140:—from the
5130:—from the
4045:: 631642.
3266:(2): e29.
3039:(6): e89.
2939:Virus Evol
2582:: e00435.
1901:4 November
1869:References
1789:kungunyala
1787:root verb
1771:Tanganyika
1767:Mozambique
1747:zika virus
1706:viral coat
1600:analgesics
1542:analgesics
1470:A. aegypti
1410:A. aegypti
1357:Prevention
1319:viral load
1295:cell lines
1271:, such as
1237:exocytosis
1176:April 2022
1073:chemokines
1009:interferon
996:interferon
992:cytopathic
982:, primary
976:epithelial
894:A. aegypti
861:mosquitoes
818:arthropods
792:and is an
779:Alphavirus
751:Alphavirus
553:cerebellum
429:joint pain
371:Zika fever
363:antibodies
304:joint pain
227:Prevention
221:Zika fever
205:antibodies
188:mosquitoes
148:joint pain
7736:Q15794049
7690:Phase III
7678:Withdrawn
7606:Pox party
7416:ALVAC-CEA
7338:Protozoan
7227:Sputnik V
7177:CoronaVac
7147:Rotavirus
7050:Pandemrix
6902:Pertussis
6843:Bacterial
6727:Synthetic
6690:Conjugate
6642:Adjuvants
6619:Infection
6553:Monkeypox
5345:Arthropod
5270:eMedicine
5114:241044156
4203:(1): R9.
3715:(1): 94.
2765:1 January
2397:0166-3542
2107:2327-056X
1801:arthritic
1614:Prognosis
1584:ribavirin
1524:Treatment
1394:June 2024
1386:talk page
1351:cytokines
1281:influenza
1243:Diagnosis
1195:particles
1168:talk page
1146:spherules
1091:(MCP-1),
1069:cytokines
974:in human
949:Mechanism
879:antigenic
870:reservoir
822:arbovirus
794:RNA virus
758:Species:
686:Kingdom:
679:Riboviria
549:hypotonia
502:ligaments
490:arthritis
476:, and/or
470:arthritis
449:reddening
401:outbreaks
335:mosquitos
275:infection
261:Frequency
249:Prognosis
238:Treatment
127:Specialty
7791:11459446
7730:Wikidata
7448:Prostvac
7441:Gardasil
7436:Cervarix
7383:Hookworm
7262:Shingles
7244:Smallpox
7162:Corbevax
7098:Gardasil
7093:Cervarix
6836:Vaccines
6790:Schedule
6761:Global:
6669:Timeline
6611:Vaccines
6501:Multiple
6389:SARS-CoV
6379:MERS-CoV
5568:DENV-1-4
5356:Mosquito
5329:Zoonotic
5281:Orphanet
5106:31668189
5070:28159534
5022:Archived
4979:Archived
4947:Archived
4943:17008866
4912:18940268
4833:14373835
4798:14373834
4729:Archived
4711:19112735
4655:18069894
4604:16700631
4545:Archived
4496:24820844
4455:25062306
4399:17175699
4365:17698645
4321:23209750
4281:PLOS ONE
4254:Archived
4229:23302155
4171:23556021
4120:18325255
4071:24955364
4020:19572805
3921:Archived
3878:Archived
3870:"Ixchiq"
3856:23556021
3770:25029435
3729:26132958
3686:21124458
3634:25806915
3588:20686047
3539:22514352
3490:22371392
3449:22761364
3400:20962078
3348:21300099
3292:18282093
3241:24335291
3192:20123960
3131:17565380
3091:PLOS ONE
3065:17604450
3014:83359245
3006:17872417
2971:28480053
2903:10644846
2866:20654736
2823:25078691
2756:Archived
2727:Archived
2709:11581380
2660:23151166
2608:23577234
2557:21465340
2508:17631967
2473:33440699
2465:22100854
2415:23811281
2281:Archived
2259:25184860
2202:Archived
2172:Archived
2150:28163198
2136:: 8–22.
2115:34255544
2063:23912863
2007:Archived
1944:Archived
1895:Archived
1836:See also
1817:Research
1775:Tanzania
1722:tropical
1678:primates
1592:Steroids
1571:in vitro
1544:such as
1538:naproxen
1536:such as
1446:icaridin
1221:endosome
1205:envelope
1203:and two
1154:28248203
1079:(IL-6),
963:in vitro
927:include
875:genotype
828:thropod-
790:Tanzania
734:Family:
698:Phylum:
640:EMD-5577
603:Virology
584:diabetes
577:seizures
557:meninges
521:swelling
478:bursitis
433:headache
405:Americas
318:, and a
308:headache
289:Tanzania
172:Duration
139:Symptoms
7637:Related
7583:General
7345:Malaria
7232:Valneva
7197:Novavax
7192:Moderna
7187:Janssen
7172:CanSino
7152:Rubella
7110:Measles
6981:Td/Tdap
6951:Typhoid
6934:Tetanus
6929:Q fever
6860:Cholera
6850:Anthrax
6719:Peptide
6683:Classes
6664:Storage
6503:vectors
6483:Tanapox
6432:B virus
6410:Primate
5929:Sandfly
5755:(CCHFV)
5336:042–079
5240:D018354
4892:Bibcode
4868:4938938
4702:2626913
4646:2134949
4595:1463904
4551:19 July
4487:4069744
4446:4111160
4312:3507689
4289:Bibcode
4260:13 June
4220:3672753
4162:3605278
4111:2570824
4062:4052087
4011:7109959
3847:3605278
3694:4412764
3666:Bibcode
3579:2950581
3530:3416352
3440:3446587
3391:3014158
3339:3081687
3318:Vaccine
3283:2242832
3232:3958092
3183:2822618
3122:1885285
3099:Bibcode
3056:1904475
2986:Science
2962:5413804
2846:Bibcode
2814:4178719
2733:23 July
2651:3562718
2599:3614025
2548:3085104
2406:7114207
2250:4624217
1805:Swahili
1797:posture
1793:glossed
1785:Makonde
1757:History
1716:) as a
1686:Réunion
1550:Aspirin
1504:vaccine
1448:, PMD (
1422:habitat
1418:vaccine
1311:amplify
1277:malaria
1254:viremia
1057:antigen
1001:In vivo
796:with a
746:Genus:
722:Order:
710:Class:
633:. From
535:of the
514:retinal
510:uveitis
498:muscles
456:namely
447:, with
441:fatigue
411:in the
409:Florida
355:rodents
7778:539963
7673:WHO-EM
7593:Lancet
7470:TA-NIC
7455:NicVAX
7302:Dengue
7142:Rabies
6968:Typhus
6907:Plague
6785:Policy
6746:Toxoid
6674:Trials
6521:Rabies
6463:HTLV-2
6458:HTLV-1
6412:-borne
6300:Rabies
6222:-borne
6031:-borne
6029:Rodent
6020:-borne
6018:Mammal
5952:(ADRV)
5931:-borne
5730:-borne
5358:-borne
5347:-borne
5286:324625
5159:20 May
5112:
5104:
5068:
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4910:
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4008:
3854:
3844:
3803:20 May
3768:
3727:
3692:
3684:
3658:Nature
3632:
3586:
3576:
3537:
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2403:
2395:
2257:
2247:
2148:
2113:
2105:
2061:
1807:, the
1718:vector
1596:NSAIDs
1378:
1305:using
1303:RT-PCR
1273:dengue
1201:capsid
1152:
1085:RANTES
1053:joints
939:, and
812:, and
637:entry
537:myelin
512:, and
439:, and
437:nausea
425:muscle
394:Ixchiq
375:immune
273:is an
180:Causes
118:
7804:37124
7786:IRMNG
7601:NCVIA
7465:TA-CD
7399:Other
7350:RTS,S
7130:Sabin
7125:Polio
7120:Mumps
7029:Ebola
7012:Viral
6961:ViCPS
6956:Ty21a
6890:MeNZB
6820:VAERS
6770:NITAG
6699:Live
6261:ZEBOV
6165:THAIV
5653:CHIKV
5251:32213
5229:066.3
5225:065.4
5210:A92.0
5144:(WHO)
5134:(WHO)
5110:S2CID
5082:(PDF)
4761:9 May
4735:9 May
4431:(8).
4406:(PDF)
4383:(PDF)
3690:S2CID
3010:S2CID
2759:(PDF)
2752:(PDF)
2576:eLife
2469:S2CID
1502:is a
1323:ELISA
1315:genes
1081:IL-1β
1021:IPS-1
1017:IFN-β
1013:IFN-α
888:Aedes
672:Realm
665:Virus
598:Cause
563:, or
508:, or
331:virus
300:fever
285:CHIKV
144:Fever
7799:NCBI
7765:TZKS
7327:Zika
7287:MMRV
7135:Salk
7115:Mpox
7061:LAIV
7056:H5N1
7046:H1N1
6922:PPSV
6805:ACIP
6801:US:
6775:SAGE
6736:mRNA
6652:list
6526:RABV
6327:CHPV
6315:DUVV
6310:MOKV
6305:ABLV
6278:RAVV
6273:MARV
6256:TAFV
6251:SUDV
6246:BDBV
6177:ANDV
6160:AMRV
6155:SEOV
6150:PUUV
6145:HTNV
6140:DOBV
6115:CHPV
6110:LUJV
6104:MACV
6093:SABV
6081:JUNV
6070:GTOV
6059:LASV
5909:CTFV
5864:LGTV
5853:AHFV
5849:KFDV
5839:OHFV
5824:POWV
5812:TBEV
5728:Tick
5664:ONNV
5642:VEEV
5632:WEEV
5622:EEEV
5592:ZIKV
5539:USUV
5529:SLEV
5518:KUNV
5513:MVEV
5471:RVFV
5461:NRIV
5451:BUNV
5430:TAHV
5420:LACV
5395:BWAV
5385:BATV
5235:MeSH
5220:9-CM
5195:1D40
5161:2013
5102:PMID
5066:PMID
5030:2016
4939:PMID
4908:PMID
4864:PMID
4829:PMID
4794:PMID
4763:2015
4737:2015
4707:PMID
4651:PMID
4600:PMID
4553:2015
4523:2023
4492:PMID
4451:PMID
4395:PMID
4361:PMID
4317:PMID
4262:2015
4225:PMID
4167:PMID
4116:PMID
4067:PMID
4043:2014
4016:PMID
3969:2013
3929:2023
3886:2023
3852:PMID
3805:2013
3766:PMID
3725:PMID
3682:PMID
3630:PMID
3584:PMID
3535:PMID
3486:PMID
3445:PMID
3396:PMID
3344:PMID
3288:PMID
3237:PMID
3188:PMID
3127:PMID
3061:PMID
3002:PMID
2967:PMID
2917:link
2899:PMID
2862:PMID
2819:PMID
2767:2014
2735:2020
2705:PMID
2656:PMID
2604:PMID
2553:PMID
2504:PMID
2461:PMID
2411:PMID
2393:ISSN
2289:2016
2255:PMID
2210:2023
2180:2016
2146:PMID
2111:PMID
2103:ISSN
2059:PMID
2015:2016
1952:2016
1903:2014
1769:and
1712:(an
1695:PAHO
1618:The
1473:and
1442:DEET
1338:and
1263:The
1150:PMID
1071:and
1042:STAT
1034:RBP1
1029:IRF7
1027:and
1025:IRF3
1015:and
978:and
877:and
635:EMDB
575:and
445:rash
427:and
388:and
369:and
343:and
329:The
320:rash
302:and
111:-ən-
109:CHIK
7773:EoL
7760:CoL
7588:MMR
7431:HPV
7421:BCG
7322:HIV
7282:MMR
7088:HPV
7041:Flu
6944:BCG
6917:PCV
6870:Hib
6825:VSD
6732:DNA
6627:J07
6357:NiV
6352:HeV
6320:LBV
6220:Bat
6182:SNV
5687:RRV
5580:YFV
5550:WNV
5501:JEV
5405:CEV
5216:ICD
5201:ICD
5186:ICD
5094:doi
5058:doi
5018:WHO
4900:doi
4856:doi
4821:doi
4786:doi
4697:PMC
4689:doi
4641:PMC
4631:doi
4590:PMC
4580:doi
4482:PMC
4478:139
4441:PMC
4433:doi
4351:doi
4307:PMC
4297:doi
4215:PMC
4205:doi
4157:PMC
4147:doi
4106:PMC
4098:doi
4057:PMC
4047:doi
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3992:200
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3752:371
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3476:doi
3472:188
3435:PMC
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3386:PMC
3378:doi
3334:PMC
3326:doi
3278:PMC
3268:doi
3227:PMC
3219:doi
3178:PMC
3170:doi
3166:207
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3051:PMC
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2994:doi
2990:317
2957:PMC
2947:doi
2889:doi
2854:doi
2809:PMC
2801:doi
2695:PMC
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2646:PMC
2638:doi
2594:PMC
2584:doi
2543:PMC
2535:doi
2496:doi
2492:115
2453:doi
2449:379
2401:PMC
2385:doi
2277:CDC
2245:PMC
2237:doi
2233:371
2198:FDA
2168:CDC
2138:doi
2093:doi
2002:WHO
1939:CDC
1734:by
1432:or
1327:IgM
1275:or
1223:in
1158:doi
970:is
555:or
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523:or
500:or
361:or
359:RNA
203:or
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