144:
720:
2952:
170:
124:
2966:
3885:
648:
532:
The opisthosoma is divided into a forward mesosoma, with flattened appendages, and a metasoma at the rear, which has no appendages. In modern forms, the whole of the opisthosoma is fused into a single unsegmented structure. The underside of the opisthosoma carries the genital openings and five pairs
512:
towards the front. The compound eyes are simpler in structure than those of other arthropods, with the individual ommatidia not being arranged in a compact pattern. They can probably detect movement, but are unlikely to be able to form a true image. In front of the ocelli is an additional organ that
3624:
Nong, Wenyan; Qu, Zhe; Li, Yiqian; Barton-Owen, Tom; Wong, Annette Y. P.; Yip, Ho Yin; Lee, Hoi Ting; Narayana, Satya; Baril, Tobias; Swale, Thomas; Cao, Jianquan; Chan, Ting Fung; Kwan, Hoi Shan; Ngai, Sai Ming; Panagiotou, Gianni; Qian, Pei-Yuan; Qiu, Jian-Wen; Yip, Kevin Y.; Ismail, Noraznawati;
626:
Xiphosurans move to shallow water to mate. The male climbs onto the back of the female, gripping her with his first pair of walking legs. The female digs out a depression in the sand, and lays from 200 to 300 eggs, which the male covers with sperm. The pair then separates, and the female buries the
528:
the food, tearing it up before passing it to the mouth. The fifth and final pair of legs, however, has no pincers or spines, instead having structures for cleaning the gills and pushing mud out of the way while burrowing. Behind the walking legs is a sixth set of appendages, the chilaria, which are
3309:
Ballesteros, JesĂșs A; Santibåñez-LĂłpez, Carlos E; Baker, Caitlin M; Benavides, Ligia R; Cunha, Tauana J; Gainett, Guilherme; Ontano, Andrew Z; Setton, Emily V W; Arango, Claudia P; Gavish-Regev, Efrat; Harvey, Mark S; Wheeler, Ward C; Hormiga, Gustavo; Giribet, Gonzalo; Sharma, Prashant P
442:) group (although this is a grouping recovered in some recent cladistic analyses). Although the name Merostomata is still seen in textbooks, without reference to the Eurypterida, some have urged that this usage should be discouraged. The Merostomata label originally did
635:. At this stage it has no telson yet, and the larva is lecithotrophic (non-feeding) and planktonic, subsisting on the maternal yolk before settling to the bottom to molt, after which the telson first appears. Through a series of successive
630:
The egg is about 2â3 mm (0.08â0.12 in) across. Inside the egg, the embryo goes through four molts before it hatches into a larva, often called a 'trilobite larva' due to its superficial resemblance to a
639:, the larva develops additional gills, increases the length of its caudal spine, and gradually assumes the adult form. Modern xiphosurans reach sexual maturity after about three years of growth.
501:. The exoskeleton consist of a tough cuticle, but do not contain any crystalline biominerals. Like scorpions, xiphosurans have an exocuticular layer of hyaline which exhibits UV fluorescence.
3674:
Shingate, Prashant; Ravi, Vydianathan; Prasad, Aravind; Tay, Boon-Hui; Garg, Kritika M.; Chattopadhyay, Balaji; Yap, Laura-Marie; Rheindt, Frank E.; Venkatesh, Byrappa (2020-05-08).
591:
to the body tissues, and then to two longitudinal sinuses next to the gills. After being oxygenated, the blood flows into the body cavity, and back to the heart. The blood contains
705:. As a group they have never showed much diversity in regard of species. Less than 50 fossil species are known from the Carboniferous period, when they were at their most diverse.
423:
The group has hardly changed in appearance in hundreds of millions of years; the modern horseshoe crabs look almost identical to prehistoric genera and are considered to be
614:
that opens near the base of the last pair of walking legs. The brain is relatively large, and, as in many arthropods, surrounds the oesophagus. In both sexes, the single
4425:
3520:
4325:
3901:
466:; included among them are taxonomically comprehensive analyses of both morphology and genomes, which have recovered Merostomata as a derived clade of arachnids.
4351:
143:
4420:
497:. The mouth is located on underside of the center of the prosoma, between the bases of the walking legs, and lies behind a lip-like structure called the
427:. The most notable difference between ancient and modern forms is that the abdominal segments in present species are fused into a single unit in adults.
3913:
4338:
529:
greatly reduced in size and covered in hairs and spines. These are thought to be vestiges of the limbs of an absorbed first opisthosomal segment.
446:
include
Eurypterida, although they were added in as a better understanding of the extinct group evolved. Now Eurypterida is classified within
3849:
3521:
Metamorphosis of
Limulus Polyphemus Trilobite Larvae: Role of Chemical and Structural Cues, Competency, and The Cost of Delayed Metamorphosis
3408:
3941:
3746:"Horseshoe crab phylogeny and independent colonizations of fresh water: ecological invasion as a driver for morphological innovation"
3625:
Pati, Siddhartha; John, Akbar; Tobe, Stephen S.; Bendena, William G.; Cheung, Siu Gin; Hayward, Alexander; Hui, Jerome H. L. (2021).
3254:"Ordered phylogenomic subsampling enables diagnosis of systematic errors in the placement of the enigmatic arachnid order Palpigradi"
4415:
3895:
719:
3800:
4377:
564:. After grinding up its food in the gizzard, the animal regurgitates any inedible portions, and passes the remainder to the true
3435:
Exocuticular hyaline layer of sea scorpions and horseshoe crabs suggests cuticular fluorescence is plesiomorphic in chelicerates
4343:
3252:
Ballesteros, JesĂșs A.; Santibåñez LĂłpez, Carlos E.; KovĂĄÄ, ÄœubomĂr; Gavish-Regev, Efrat; Sharma, Prashant P. (2019-12-18).
420:). Currently, there are only four living species. Xiphosura contains one suborder, Xiphosurida, and several stem-genera.
1075:
576:
that extend through much of the body, and absorb the nutrients from the food. The intestine terminates in a sclerotised
498:
701:
All extant species are estimated to have diverged from a common ancestor that lived about 135 million years ago in the
454:, and therefore, Merostomata is now a synonym of Xiphosura. Several recent phylogenomic studies place Xiphosura within
4410:
3213:"A Critical Appraisal of the Placement of Xiphosura (Chelicerata) with Account of Known Sources of Phylogenetic Error"
3534:"The oldest horseshoe crab: a new xiphosurid from Late Ordovician Konservat-LagerstÀtten deposits, Manitoba, Canada"
1925:
3627:"Horseshoe crab genomes reveal the evolution of genes and microRNAs after three rounds of whole genome duplication"
1243:
169:
4356:
3509:
3073:
1701:
714:
239:
1892:
1763:
1333:
3934:
1811:
1563:
2292:
2196:
2079:
1787:
1746:
366:
3750:
3538:
3465:
Lyall I. Anderson & Paul A. Selden (1997). "Opisthosomal fusion and phylogeny of
Palaeozoic Xiphosura".
3078:
1973:
1866:
1684:
1401:
1350:
152:
3312:"Comprehensive Species Sampling and Sophisticated Algorithmic Approaches Refute the Monophyly of Arachnida"
2213:
1589:
1515:
1482:
1456:
1439:
4226:
3311:
2266:
1651:
1217:
1173:
359:
3368:
Diet and food preferences of the adult horseshoe crab
Limulus polyphemus in Delaware Bay, New Jersey, USA
1999:
1156:
544:). The spine is highly mobile, and is used to push the animal upright if it is accidentally turned over.
383:
4364:
3830:
2115:
1849:
1123:
922:
Two groups were originally included in the
Xiphosura, but since have been assigned to separate classes:
3889:
2163:
4382:
4299:
4273:
3907:
3759:
3687:
3588:
3547:
3476:
3156:
2523:
2146:
1300:
833:
770:
280:
3676:"Chromosome-level assembly of the horseshoe crab genome provides insights into its genome evolution"
2681:
2101:
842:
297:
3927:
3434:
2984:
2957:
2655:
2602:
1956:
729:
899:
4405:
3777:
3492:
3451:
2731:
2714:
1546:
1283:
164:
3424:
Crystallographic
Texture of the Arthropod Cuticle Using Synchrotron Wide Angle X-ray Diffraction
2314:
819:
783:
521:
4369:
2867:
890:
3845:
3841:
3713:
3656:
3606:
3404:
3349:
3331:
3291:
3273:
3234:
3193:
3133:
3048:
3030:
2971:
981:
801:
3086:
2825:
2540:
478:
species were often far smaller, some as small as 1 to 3 cm (0.39 to 1.18 in) long.
4330:
3767:
3703:
3695:
3646:
3638:
3596:
3555:
3484:
3339:
3323:
3281:
3265:
3224:
3183:
3172:"Revised systematics of Palaeozoic 'horseshoe crabs' and the myth of monophyletic Xiphosura"
3123:
3113:
3038:
3020:
2418:
2401:
2377:
1106:
702:
326:
123:
3731:
1732:
935:
872:
691:
686:
also possibly appearing during this time, though they only appear in abundance during the
417:
303:
4264:
3919:
3811:
3763:
3691:
3592:
3551:
3480:
3708:
3675:
3651:
3626:
3488:
3344:
3286:
3253:
3128:
3101:
3043:
3008:
2979:
808:
557:
409:
3067:
4399:
4148:
4143:
4113:
4020:
3560:
3533:
3188:
3171:
2884:
679:
666:
of Canada, around 445 million years ago. No xiphosurans are known from the following
520:
The first four pairs of legs end in pincers, and have a series of spines, called the
514:
447:
424:
81:
3781:
3496:
4153:
4128:
4118:
4089:
2965:
759:
747:
505:
459:
439:
273:
265:
4278:
3102:"Three-dimensional reconstruction and the phylogeny of extinct chelicerate orders"
3577:"Pictorial Atlas of Fossil and Extant Horseshoe Crabs, With Focus on Xiphosurida"
493:, while the underside bears five pairs of walking legs and a pair of pincer-like
4258:
4133:
4047:
3998:
2451:
861:
789:
724:
675:
607:
596:
592:
525:
486:
474:
Modern xiphosurans reach up to 60 cm (24 in) in adult length, but the
435:
291:
224:
211:
56:
3699:
3642:
4181:
4123:
4099:
4010:
3982:
2947:
2919:
2475:
854:
826:
663:
657:
600:
553:
541:
413:
257:
133:
101:
66:
39:
3610:
3601:
3576:
3335:
3327:
3277:
3197:
3034:
536:
The opisthosoma terminates in a long caudal spine, commonly referred to as a
4312:
4158:
4079:
4074:
4064:
4056:
3988:
3976:
3970:
3951:
3229:
3212:
2790:
2773:
1019:
926:
881:
683:
632:
569:
494:
489:, or abdomen. The upper surface of the prosoma is covered by a semicircular
475:
463:
397:
308:
201:
181:
106:
50:
4249:
3717:
3660:
3353:
3295:
3269:
3238:
3137:
3052:
3884:
618:
lies next to the intestine and opens on the underside of the opisthosoma.
4286:
4243:
4168:
4108:
4069:
4033:
2629:
2499:
687:
671:
667:
490:
455:
451:
401:
96:
91:
76:
71:
61:
43:
4291:
3025:
647:
17:
4186:
4176:
4138:
3772:
3745:
3510:
Developmental ecology of the
American horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus
3467:
695:
636:
611:
565:
561:
482:
111:
86:
3904:- a site with a synoptic account of the Xiphosura, focused on fossils.
3118:
4191:
3964:
584:
577:
573:
537:
509:
389:
372:
191:
4220:
3801:"Palaeozoic arachnids and their significance for arachnid phylogeny"
396: 'tail', in reference to its sword-like telson) is an order of
4317:
3403:. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 590â595.
583:
Xiphosurans have well-developed circulatory systems, with numerous
718:
646:
615:
588:
3532:
David M. Rudkin, Graham A. Young & Godfrey S. Nowlan (2008).
540:(though this same term is also used for a different structure in
3423:
568:. The stomach secretes digestive enzymes, and is attached to an
4224:
3923:
3211:
Sharma, Prashant P.; Ballesteros, JesĂșs A. (14 February 2019).
504:
Xiphosurans have up to four eyes, located in the carapace. Two
595:, a blue copper-based pigment performing the same function as
347:
344:
4304:
580:, which opens just in front of the base of the caudal spine.
408:(a name applied more specifically to the only extant family,
4129:
Malacostraca (woodlice, shrimps, crayfish, lobsters, crabs)
350:
338:
3808:
Proceedings of the 16th
European Colloquium of Arachnology
438:, whence it denoted what is now known to be an unnatural (
690:. Another major radiation of freshwater xiphosurans, the
332:
4154:
Branchiopoda (fairy, tadpole, clam shrimps, water fleas)
434:, although this term was intended to encompass also the
3258:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
682:, with the oldest representatives of the modern family
508:
are on the side of the prosoma, with one or two median
3734:. In World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern
3831:"The early history and phylogeny of the chelicerates"
3153:
Arthropod
Phylogeny with Special Reference to Insects
599:
in vertebrates, and also has blood cells that aid in
335:
329:
3840:. Systematics Association Special Volume Series 55.
3732:
A summary list of fossil spiders and their relatives
4233:
4167:
4097:
4088:
4055:
4046:
4019:
3997:
674:. A major radiation of freshwater xiphosurids, the
651:
Representative members of various xiphosuran clades
341:
3066:
3730:Dunlop, J. A., Penney, D. & Jekel, D. 2018.
3575:Bicknell, Russell D. C.; Pates, Stephen (2020).
430:Xiphosura were historically placed in the class
524:, on the inner surface. The spines are used to
3100:Garwood, Russell J.; Dunlop, Jason A. (2014).
3002:
3000:
606:The excretory system consists of two pairs of
3935:
3910:- the article from the UCMP Web Taxa project.
8:
4034:Arachnida (spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites)
3836:. In R. A. Fortey & R. H. Thomas (ed.).
3009:"The phylogeny and systematics of Xiphosura"
670:. Xiphosurida first appears during the late
4221:
4094:
4052:
4003:
3942:
3928:
3920:
481:Their bodies are divided into an anterior
142:
122:
31:
3898:- an overview of arthropod relationships.
3771:
3707:
3650:
3600:
3559:
3343:
3285:
3228:
3187:
3176:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
3127:
3117:
3042:
3024:
3914:Xiphosura Educational Worksheet for Kids
3446:R. C. Brusca & G. J. Brusca (2002).
795:(Middle Devonian to Upper Carboniferous)
2996:
3873:. Hafner Publishing Company, New York.
3829:J. A. Dunlop and P. A. Selden (1997).
735:Xiphosuran classification as of 2018:
587:that send blood from the long tubular
4134:Thecostraca (barnacles and relatives)
3394:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3376:
7:
4426:Taxa named by Pierre André Latreille
3864:Arthropoda-Tracheata and Chelicerata
3087:participating institution membership
3310:(2022-02-03). Teeling, Emma (ed.).
2859:
2765:
2706:
2515:
2491:
2467:
2443:
2393:
2369:
2362:
2355:
2348:
2341:
2334:
2327:
2320:
2188:
2138:
2131:
2107:
1948:
1941:
1917:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1803:
1779:
1738:
1676:
1538:
1531:
1507:
1431:
1424:
1417:
1393:
1325:
1275:
1268:
1148:
1098:
1091:
1067:
1060:
1053:
1046:
1039:
1032:
1025:
1015:
1008:
1001:
994:
987:
977:
970:
963:
953:
552:The mouth opens into a sclerotised
4187:Diplura (two-pronged bristletails)
3489:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1997.tb00440.x
776:(Middle Devonian to Late Devonian)
655:The oldest known stem-Xiphosuran,
404:. They are more commonly known as
25:
4421:Extant Silurian first appearances
4149:Cephalocarida (horseshoe shrimps)
3370:, Marine Biology, 81, pp. 199-207
3170:Lamsdell, James C. (2012-12-18).
3007:Lamsdell, James C. (2020-12-04).
3883:
3561:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00746.x
3189:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00874.x
2964:
2950:
325:
168:
3871:A Textbook of Arthropod Anatomy
3316:Molecular Biology and Evolution
950:Cladogram after Lasmdell 2020.
1926:Batracholimulus fuchsbergensis
878:(Early Permian-Early Jurassic)
412:). They first appeared in the
137:, the oldest known xiphosuran
1:
1244:Volanalimulus madagascarensis
752:Tesakov & Alekseev, 1998
3860:Fundamentals of Paleontology
1076:Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda
27:Order of marine chelicerates
4119:Pentastomida (tongue worms)
4029:Xiphosura (horseshoe crabs)
3744:Lamsdell, James C. (2016).
2524:Stilpnocephalus pontebbanus
2419:Prestwichianella rotundatus
1702:Yunnanolimulus luopingensis
918:Taxa removed from Xiphosura
837:Anderson & Selden, 1997
4442:
3700:10.1038/s41467-020-16180-1
3643:10.1038/s42003-020-01637-2
3581:Frontiers in Earth Science
1893:Psammolimulus gottingensis
1764:Shpineviolimulus jakovlevi
1334:Crenatolimulus paluxyensis
887:(Carboniferous to recent)
848:(Carboniferous to Permian)
823:Selden & Siveter, 1987
793:Zittel & Eastman, 1913
712:
382:
379: 'sword' and
365:
4208:
4011:Pycnogonida (sea spiders)
4006:
3959:
3399:Robert D. Barnes (1982).
3074:Oxford English Dictionary
2916:
2881:
2864:
2857:
2822:
2787:
2770:
2763:
2728:
2711:
2704:
2678:
2652:
2626:
2599:
2537:
2520:
2513:
2496:
2489:
2472:
2465:
2448:
2441:
2415:
2398:
2391:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2289:
2263:
2210:
2193:
2186:
2160:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2112:
2105:
2076:
1996:
1970:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1922:
1915:
1889:
1863:
1846:
1839:
1832:
1825:
1812:Tasmaniolimulus patersoni
1808:
1801:
1784:
1777:
1760:
1743:
1736:
1698:
1681:
1674:
1648:
1586:
1564:Mesolimulus tafraoutensis
1560:
1543:
1536:
1529:
1512:
1505:
1479:
1453:
1436:
1429:
1422:
1415:
1398:
1391:
1347:
1330:
1323:
1297:
1280:
1273:
1266:
1240:
1214:
1170:
1153:
1146:
1120:
1103:
1096:
1089:
1072:
1065:
1058:
1051:
1044:
1037:
1030:
1023:
1013:
1006:
999:
992:
985:
975:
968:
961:
939:Caster & Brooks, 1956
715:List of xiphosuran genera
252:
247:
165:Scientific classification
163:
150:
141:
130:
121:
38:Temporal range: Earliest
34:
4416:Prehistoric chelicerates
4182:Collembola (springtails)
4109:Ostracoda (seed shrimps)
3799:Jason A. Dunlop (1997).
3602:10.3389/feart.2020.00098
3151:H. B. Boudreaux (1979).
2378:Prestwichianella anthrax
932:(Cambrian to Ordovician)
905:(Late Cretaceous-Recent)
825:(Early Carboniferous to
513:probably functions as a
4213:are paraphyletic groups
3869:R. E. Snodgrass. 1952.
3858:B. B. Rohdendorf (ed.)
3838:Arthropod Relationships
3810:: 65â82. Archived from
3079:Oxford University Press
2774:Belinurus trilobitoides
2682:Macrobelinurus arcuatus
2402:Prestwichianella mariae
2293:Bellinuroopsis rossicus
2197:Paleolimulus kunguricus
2080:Valloisella lievinensis
1974:Austrolimulus fletcheri
1788:Panduralimulus babcocki
1747:Boeotiaspis longispinus
896:(Late Jurassic-Present)
662:is known from the late
153:Atlantic horseshoe crab
4124:Branchiura (fish lice)
4080:Diplopoda (millipedes)
4065:Chilopoda (centipedes)
3916:on EasyScienceforKids.
3631:Communications Biology
3328:10.1093/molbev/msac021
3270:10.1098/rspb.2019.2426
2885:Kasibelinurus amoricum
1867:Limulitella tejraensis
1685:Yunnanolimulus henkeli
1402:Keuperlimulus vicensis
1351:Crenatolimulus darwini
1174:Tachypleus tridentatus
732:
652:
4365:Paleobiology Database
3680:Nature Communications
3230:10.1093/sysbio/syz011
3157:John Wiley & Sons
2732:Koenigiella truemanii
2656:Parabelinurus lunatus
2476:Anacontium carpenteri
2214:Paleolimulus signatus
1590:Mesolimulus sibiricus
1516:Mesolimulus crespelli
1483:Allolimulus woodwardi
1457:Victalimulus mcqueeni
1440:Casterolimulus kletti
779:Suborder Xiphosurida
722:
650:
3954:classes by subphylum
3892:at Wikimedia Commons
3844:. pp. 221â235.
3401:Invertebrate Zoology
3366:Botton, M.I. (1984)
2267:Rolfeia fouldenensis
2147:Xaniopyramis linseyi
1652:Tarracolimulus rieki
1218:Heterolimulus gadeai
694:, is known from the
643:Evolutionary history
533:of flap-like gills.
4177:Protura (coneheads)
3764:2016Palgy..59..181L
3692:2020NatCo..11.2322S
3593:2020FrEaS...8...98B
3552:2008Palgy..51....1R
3481:1997Letha..30...19A
3077:(Online ed.).
3026:10.7717/peerj.10431
2985:List of xiphosurans
2958:Paleontology portal
2715:Koenigiella reginae
2000:Dubbolimulus peetae
1957:Vaderlimulus tricki
1157:Tachypleus syriacus
730:Solnhofen limestone
556:, which leads to a
4411:Chelicerate orders
3842:Chapman & Hall
3773:10.1111/pala.12220
3452:Sinauer Associates
3264:(1917): 20192426.
3217:Systematic Biology
2791:Belinurus bellulus
2500:Pringlia birtwelli
2452:Liomesaspis laevis
2116:Norilimulus woodae
1850:Limulitella bronni
1547:Mesolimulus walchi
1284:Limulus polyphemus
1124:Tachypleus decheni
941:(Lower Ordovician)
733:
678:is known from the
653:
450:together with the
157:Limulus polyphemus
4393:
4392:
4227:Taxon identifiers
4218:
4217:
4204:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4192:Insecta (insects)
4042:
4041:
3888:Media related to
3851:978-0-412-75420-3
3450:. Massachusetts:
3410:978-0-03-056747-6
3159:. pp. 1â320.
3119:10.7717/peerj.641
3085:(Subscription or
2972:Arthropods portal
2940:
2939:
2931:
2930:
2920:Lunataspis aurora
2905:
2904:
2896:
2895:
2868:Pickettia carteri
2846:
2845:
2837:
2836:
2811:
2810:
2802:
2801:
2752:
2751:
2743:
2742:
2693:
2692:
2667:
2666:
2641:
2640:
2615:
2614:
2588:
2587:
2579:
2578:
2570:
2569:
2561:
2560:
2552:
2551:
2541:Alanops magnifica
2430:
2429:
2304:
2303:
2278:
2277:
2252:
2251:
2243:
2242:
2234:
2233:
2225:
2224:
2175:
2174:
2091:
2090:
2065:
2064:
2056:
2055:
2047:
2046:
2038:
2037:
2029:
2028:
2020:
2019:
2011:
2010:
1985:
1984:
1904:
1903:
1878:
1877:
1722:
1721:
1713:
1712:
1663:
1662:
1637:
1636:
1628:
1627:
1619:
1618:
1610:
1609:
1601:
1600:
1575:
1574:
1494:
1493:
1468:
1467:
1380:
1379:
1371:
1370:
1362:
1361:
1312:
1311:
1255:
1254:
1229:
1228:
1203:
1202:
1194:
1193:
1185:
1184:
1135:
1134:
940:
931:
904:
895:
886:
877:
867:
847:
838:
824:
814:
794:
775:
765:
753:
741:
318:
317:
243:
16:(Redirected from
4433:
4386:
4385:
4373:
4372:
4360:
4359:
4347:
4346:
4334:
4333:
4321:
4320:
4308:
4307:
4295:
4294:
4282:
4281:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4254:
4253:
4252:
4222:
4095:
4053:
4004:
3944:
3937:
3930:
3921:
3887:
3855:
3835:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3816:
3805:
3786:
3785:
3775:
3741:
3735:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3711:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3654:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3604:
3572:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3529:
3523:
3518:
3512:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3443:
3437:
3432:
3426:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3396:
3371:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3347:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3289:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3232:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3191:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3131:
3121:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3082:
3070:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3046:
3028:
3004:
2974:
2969:
2968:
2960:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2860:
2826:Patesia randalli
2766:
2707:
2516:
2492:
2468:
2444:
2394:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2349:
2342:
2335:
2328:
2321:
2189:
2164:Moravurus rehori
2139:
2132:
2108:
1949:
1942:
1918:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1804:
1780:
1739:
1677:
1539:
1532:
1508:
1432:
1425:
1418:
1394:
1326:
1276:
1269:
1149:
1107:Tachypleus gigas
1099:
1092:
1068:
1061:
1054:
1047:
1040:
1033:
1026:
1016:
1009:
1002:
995:
988:
978:
971:
964:
954:
938:
929:
902:
893:
884:
875:
866:Racheboeuf, 1992
865:
845:
836:
822:
813:Chernyshev, 1933
812:
792:
773:
763:
751:
739:
738:Order Xiphosura
703:early Cretaceous
548:Internal anatomy
485:and a posterior
393:
386:
376:
369:
357:
356:
353:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
334:
331:
238:
173:
172:
146:
126:
116:
53:
32:
21:
4441:
4440:
4436:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4396:
4395:
4394:
4389:
4381:
4376:
4368:
4363:
4355:
4350:
4342:
4337:
4329:
4324:
4316:
4311:
4303:
4298:
4290:
4285:
4277:
4272:
4263:
4262:
4257:
4248:
4247:
4242:
4229:
4219:
4214:
4196:
4163:
4084:
4038:
4015:
3993:
3955:
3948:
3880:
3852:
3833:
3828:
3820:
3818:
3814:
3803:
3798:
3795:
3793:Further reading
3790:
3789:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3729:
3725:
3673:
3672:
3668:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3574:
3573:
3569:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3519:
3515:
3508:
3504:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3433:
3429:
3422:
3418:
3411:
3398:
3397:
3374:
3365:
3361:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3084:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3006:
3005:
2998:
2993:
2970:
2963:
2956:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2941:
2932:
2906:
2897:
2847:
2838:
2812:
2803:
2753:
2744:
2694:
2668:
2642:
2616:
2589:
2580:
2571:
2562:
2553:
2431:
2305:
2279:
2253:
2244:
2235:
2226:
2176:
2092:
2066:
2057:
2048:
2039:
2030:
2021:
2012:
1986:
1905:
1879:
1733:Austrolimulidae
1723:
1714:
1664:
1638:
1629:
1620:
1611:
1602:
1576:
1495:
1469:
1381:
1372:
1363:
1313:
1301:Limulus coffini
1256:
1230:
1204:
1195:
1186:
1136:
948:
936:Chasmataspidida
920:
873:Austrolimulidae
868:(Carboniferous)
834:Paleolimuloidea
815:(Carboniferous)
771:Kasibelinuridae
740:Latreille, 1802
717:
711:
698:and Triassic.
692:Austrolimulidae
645:
624:
610:connected to a
550:
472:
458:, often as the
418:Late Ordovician
406:horseshoe crabs
328:
324:
304:Austrolimulidae
281:Kasibelinuridae
237:
167:
131:Restoration of
117:
115:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
48:
47:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4439:
4437:
4429:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4398:
4397:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4374:
4361:
4348:
4335:
4322:
4309:
4296:
4283:
4270:
4255:
4239:
4237:
4231:
4230:
4225:
4216:
4215:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4173:
4171:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4105:
4103:
4092:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4061:
4059:
4050:
4044:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4031:
4025:
4023:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4007:
4001:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3985:
3979:
3973:
3967:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3939:
3932:
3924:
3918:
3917:
3911:
3905:
3899:
3893:
3879:
3878:External links
3876:
3875:
3874:
3867:
3856:
3850:
3826:
3794:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3758:(2): 181â194.
3736:
3723:
3666:
3616:
3567:
3524:
3513:
3502:
3457:
3438:
3427:
3416:
3409:
3372:
3359:
3322:(2): msac021.
3301:
3244:
3223:(6): 896â917.
3203:
3162:
3143:
3092:
3058:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2980:Synziphosurine
2976:
2975:
2961:
2945:
2942:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2863:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2769:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2710:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2630:Euproops danae
2625:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2519:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2495:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2471:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2447:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2397:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2373:
2368:
2366:
2361:
2359:
2354:
2352:
2347:
2345:
2340:
2338:
2333:
2331:
2326:
2324:
2319:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2192:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2142:
2137:
2135:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2111:
2106:
2104:
2102:Paleolimulidae
2098:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2004:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1952:
1947:
1945:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1921:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1845:
1840:
1838:
1833:
1831:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1807:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1783:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1742:
1737:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1680:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1542:
1537:
1535:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1511:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1435:
1430:
1428:
1423:
1421:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1397:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1329:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1279:
1274:
1272:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1152:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1052:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1014:
1012:
1007:
1005:
1000:
998:
993:
991:
986:
984:
976:
974:
969:
967:
962:
960:
952:
947:
944:
943:
942:
933:
919:
916:
915:
914:
913:
912:
911:
910:
909:
908:
907:
906:
897:
879:
869:
851:
850:
849:
843:Paleolimulidae
830:
816:
809:Bellinuroopsis
798:
797:
796:
777:
767:
755:
710:
709:Classification
707:
644:
641:
623:
620:
572:and two large
549:
546:
471:
468:
425:living fossils
316:
315:
314:
313:
312:
311:
306:
300:
298:Paleolimulidae
294:
283:
277:
269:
261:
250:
249:
245:
244:
232:
228:
227:
222:
215:
214:
209:
205:
204:
199:
195:
194:
189:
185:
184:
179:
175:
174:
161:
160:
148:
147:
139:
138:
128:
127:
119:
118:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
54:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4438:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4384:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4275:
4271:
4266:
4260:
4256:
4251:
4245:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4223:
4212:
4207:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4170:
4166:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4144:Tantulocarida
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4114:Mystacocarida
4112:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4101:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4087:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4045:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4022:
4021:Euchelicerata
4018:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3990:
3986:
3984:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3961:
3958:
3953:
3945:
3940:
3938:
3933:
3931:
3926:
3925:
3922:
3915:
3912:
3909:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3891:
3886:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3832:
3827:
3817:on 2011-07-27
3813:
3809:
3802:
3797:
3796:
3792:
3783:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3752:
3751:Palaeontology
3747:
3740:
3737:
3733:
3727:
3724:
3719:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3670:
3667:
3662:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3620:
3617:
3612:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3571:
3568:
3562:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3540:
3539:Palaeontology
3535:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3517:
3514:
3511:
3506:
3503:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3469:
3461:
3458:
3453:
3449:
3448:Invertebrates
3442:
3439:
3436:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3420:
3417:
3412:
3406:
3402:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3363:
3360:
3355:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3305:
3302:
3297:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3248:
3245:
3240:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3207:
3204:
3199:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3166:
3163:
3158:
3154:
3147:
3144:
3139:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3096:
3093:
3088:
3080:
3076:
3075:
3069:
3062:
3059:
3054:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2967:
2962:
2959:
2948:
2943:
2936:
2935:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2901:
2900:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2879:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2862:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2842:
2841:
2833:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2807:
2806:
2798:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2768:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2748:
2747:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2726:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2709:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2689:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2663:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2611:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2603:Andersoniella
2597:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2584:
2583:
2575:
2574:
2566:
2565:
2557:
2556:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2518:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2494:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2470:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2446:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2396:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2372:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2287:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2248:
2247:
2239:
2238:
2230:
2229:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2191:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2141:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2110:
2109:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2061:
2060:
2052:
2051:
2043:
2042:
2034:
2033:
2025:
2024:
2016:
2015:
2007:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1951:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1920:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1844:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1806:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1782:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1741:
1740:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1718:
1717:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1679:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1633:
1632:
1624:
1623:
1615:
1614:
1606:
1605:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1541:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1510:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1434:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1396:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1376:
1375:
1367:
1366:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1328:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1278:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1199:
1198:
1190:
1189:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1151:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1101:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1070:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1004:
1003:
997:
996:
990:
989:
983:
980:
979:
973:
972:
966:
965:
959:
956:
955:
951:
945:
937:
934:
930:Walcott, 1911
928:
925:
924:
923:
917:
901:
898:
892:
889:
888:
883:
880:
874:
870:
864:
863:
858:
857:
856:
852:
846:Raymond, 1944
844:
840:
839:
835:
832:Superfamily â
831:
828:
827:Early Permian
821:
817:
811:
810:
805:
804:
803:
799:
791:
787:
786:
785:
781:
780:
778:
774:Pickett, 1993
772:
768:
764:StĂžrmer, 1969
762:
761:
756:
750:
749:
744:
743:
742:
736:
731:
727:
726:
721:
716:
708:
706:
704:
699:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
680:Carboniferous
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
659:
649:
642:
640:
638:
634:
628:
621:
619:
617:
613:
609:
604:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
547:
545:
543:
539:
534:
530:
527:
523:
518:
516:
515:chemoreceptor
511:
507:
506:compound eyes
502:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
479:
477:
469:
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
448:Sclerophorata
445:
441:
437:
433:
428:
426:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
392:
385:
381:
378:
375:
368:
364:
361:
360:Ancient Greek
355:
322:
310:
307:
305:
301:
299:
295:
293:
289:
288:
287:
284:
282:
278:
276:
275:
270:
268:
267:
262:
260:
259:
254:
253:
251:
246:
241:
236:
233:
230:
229:
226:
223:
220:
217:
216:
213:
210:
207:
206:
203:
200:
197:
196:
193:
190:
187:
186:
183:
180:
177:
176:
171:
166:
162:
158:
154:
149:
145:
140:
136:
135:
129:
125:
120:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
52:
45:
41:
33:
30:
19:
4234:
4210:
4098:
4090:Pancrustacea
4028:
3987:Superphylum
3870:
3863:
3859:
3837:
3819:. Retrieved
3812:the original
3807:
3755:
3749:
3739:
3726:
3683:
3679:
3669:
3634:
3630:
3619:
3584:
3580:
3570:
3543:
3537:
3527:
3516:
3505:
3475:(1): 19â31.
3472:
3466:
3460:
3447:
3441:
3430:
3419:
3400:
3367:
3362:
3319:
3315:
3304:
3261:
3257:
3247:
3220:
3216:
3206:
3179:
3175:
3165:
3152:
3146:
3109:
3105:
3095:
3072:
3068:"Xiphosuran"
3061:
3016:
3012:
2918:
2917:
2883:
2882:
2866:
2865:
2824:
2823:
2789:
2788:
2772:
2771:
2730:
2729:
2713:
2712:
2680:
2679:
2654:
2653:
2628:
2627:
2601:
2600:
2539:
2538:
2522:
2521:
2498:
2497:
2474:
2473:
2450:
2449:
2417:
2416:
2400:
2399:
2376:
2375:
2291:
2290:
2265:
2264:
2212:
2211:
2195:
2194:
2162:
2161:
2145:
2144:
2114:
2113:
2078:
2077:
1998:
1997:
1972:
1971:
1955:
1954:
1924:
1923:
1891:
1890:
1865:
1864:
1848:
1847:
1810:
1809:
1786:
1785:
1762:
1761:
1745:
1744:
1700:
1699:
1683:
1682:
1650:
1649:
1588:
1587:
1562:
1561:
1545:
1544:
1514:
1513:
1481:
1480:
1455:
1454:
1438:
1437:
1400:
1399:
1349:
1348:
1332:
1331:
1299:
1298:
1282:
1281:
1242:
1241:
1216:
1215:
1172:
1171:
1155:
1154:
1122:
1121:
1105:
1104:
1074:
1073:
957:
949:
921:
903:Pocock, 1902
900:Tachypleinae
894:Zittel, 1885
885:Zittel, 1885
860:
853:Superfamily
807:
782:â Infraorder
760:Willwerathia
758:
748:Maldybulakia
746:
737:
734:
723:
700:
656:
654:
629:
625:
622:Reproduction
608:coxal glands
605:
582:
551:
535:
531:
519:
503:
480:
473:
460:sister group
443:
440:paraphyletic
431:
429:
422:
405:
390:
387:
380:
373:
370:
363:
320:
319:
285:
274:Willwerathia
272:
266:Maldybulakia
264:
256:
234:
218:
156:
132:
29:
4259:Wikispecies
4048:Mandibulata
3999:Chelicerata
3983:Protostomia
3981:(unranked)
3975:(unranked)
3969:Subkingdom
3866:: 894 pp. .
3686:(1): 2322.
3182:(1): 1â27.
862:Valloisella
800:Infraorder
790:Belinuridae
725:Mesolimulus
676:Belinuridae
597:haemoglobin
593:haemocyanin
542:crustaceans
487:opisthosoma
470:Description
436:eurypterids
432:Merostomata
400:related to
358:; from
292:Belinuridae
286:Xiphosurida
225:Prosomapoda
212:Chelicerata
208:Subphylum:
151:The extant
49:445â0
4400:Categories
3952:Arthropoda
3862:, vol. 9,
3821:2011-03-27
3546:(1): 1â9.
3089:required.)
3019:: e10431.
2991:References
2315:Belinurina
876:Riek, 1955
855:Limuloidea
820:Rolfeiidae
784:Belinurina
766:(Devonian)
754:(Devonian)
713:See also:
664:Ordovician
658:Lunataspis
554:oesophagus
522:gnathobase
495:chelicerae
414:Hirnantian
398:arthropods
258:Lunataspis
202:Arthropoda
134:Lunataspis
40:Hirnantian
4406:Xiphosura
4279:Xiphosura
4265:Xiphosura
4235:Xiphosura
4159:Remipedia
4100:Crustacea
4075:Pauropoda
4057:Myriapoda
3989:Ecdysozoa
3977:Bilateria
3971:Eumetazoa
3908:Xiphosura
3896:Peripatus
3890:Xiphosura
3637:(1): 83.
3611:2296-6463
3336:0737-4038
3278:0962-8452
3198:0024-4082
3035:2167-8359
1020:Limulidae
958:Xiphosura
946:Cladogram
927:Aglaspida
891:Limulinae
882:Limulidae
728:from the
684:Limulidae
633:trilobite
570:intestine
526:masticate
476:Paleozoic
464:Ricinulei
456:Arachnida
452:arachnids
410:Limulidae
402:arachnids
321:Xiphosura
309:Limulidae
240:Latreille
235:Xiphosura
188:Kingdom:
182:Eukaryota
35:Xiphosura
4287:BugGuide
4244:Wikidata
4169:Hexapoda
4139:Copepoda
4070:Symphyla
3965:Animalia
3963:Kingdom
3782:85553811
3718:32385269
3661:33469163
3497:55271880
3354:35137183
3296:31847768
3239:30917194
3138:25405073
3112:: e641.
3053:33335810
2944:See also
982:Limulina
802:Limulina
688:Triassic
672:Devonian
668:Silurian
601:clotting
585:arteries
491:carapace
198:Phylum:
192:Animalia
178:Domain:
18:Chilaria
3950:Extant
3760:Bibcode
3709:7210998
3688:Bibcode
3652:7815833
3589:Bibcode
3548:Bibcode
3477:Bibcode
3468:Lethaia
3345:8845124
3287:6939912
3129:4232842
3044:7720731
696:Permian
612:bladder
566:stomach
562:gizzard
483:prosoma
248:Groups
231:Order:
44:Present
4383:150513
4318:1XIPHO
4292:352890
4250:Q19430
4211:italic
3902:Paleos
3848:
3780:
3716:
3706:
3659:
3649:
3609:
3587:: 98.
3495:
3407:
3352:
3342:
3334:
3294:
3284:
3276:
3237:
3196:
3136:
3126:
3051:
3041:
3033:
637:moults
627:eggs.
578:rectum
538:telson
510:ocelli
499:labrum
374:xĂphos
242:, 1802
4378:WoRMS
4370:81001
4344:82699
4331:10685
4326:IRMNG
3834:(PDF)
3815:(PDF)
3804:(PDF)
3778:S2CID
3493:S2CID
3106:PeerJ
3083:
3013:PeerJ
616:gonad
589:heart
574:caeca
367:ÎŸÎŻÏÎżÏ
362:
219:Clade
4357:6845
4352:NCBI
4339:ITIS
4313:EPPO
4305:1920
3846:ISBN
3714:PMID
3657:PMID
3607:ISSN
3405:ISBN
3350:PMID
3332:ISSN
3292:PMID
3274:ISSN
3235:PMID
3194:ISSN
3134:PMID
3049:PMID
3031:ISSN
2606:sp.
560:and
558:crop
391:ourĂĄ
384:ÎżáœÏÎŹ
57:Preê
4300:EoL
4274:ADW
3768:doi
3704:PMC
3696:doi
3647:PMC
3639:doi
3597:doi
3556:doi
3485:doi
3340:PMC
3324:doi
3282:PMC
3266:doi
3262:286
3225:doi
3184:doi
3180:167
3124:PMC
3114:doi
3039:PMC
3021:doi
462:of
444:not
348:ÊÉr
4402::
4380::
4367::
4354::
4341::
4328::
4315::
4302::
4289::
4276::
4261::
4246::
3806:.
3776:.
3766:.
3756:59
3754:.
3748:.
3712:.
3702:.
3694:.
3684:11
3682:.
3678:.
3655:.
3645:.
3633:.
3629:.
3605:.
3595:.
3583:.
3579:.
3554:.
3544:51
3542:.
3536:.
3491:.
3483:.
3473:30
3471:.
3375:^
3348:.
3338:.
3330:.
3320:39
3318:.
3314:.
3290:.
3280:.
3272:.
3260:.
3256:.
3233:.
3221:68
3219:.
3215:.
3192:.
3178:.
3174:.
3155:.
3132:.
3122:.
3108:.
3104:.
3071:.
3047:.
3037:.
3029:.
3015:.
3011:.
2999:^
603:.
517:.
345:sj
339:oÊ
221::
159:)
107:Pg
51:Ma
46:,
3943:e
3936:t
3929:v
3854:.
3824:.
3784:.
3770::
3762::
3720:.
3698::
3690::
3663:.
3641::
3635:4
3613:.
3599::
3591::
3585:8
3564:.
3558::
3550::
3499:.
3487::
3479::
3454:.
3413:.
3356:.
3326::
3298:.
3268::
3241:.
3227::
3200:.
3186::
3140:.
3116::
3110:2
3081:.
3055:.
3023::
3017:8
871:â
859:â
841:â
829:)
818:â
806:â
788:â
769:â
757:â
745:â
660:,
416:(
394:)
388:(
377:)
371:(
354:/
351:É
342:Ë
336:f
333:ÉȘ
330:z
327:/
323:(
302:â
296:â
290:â
279:â
271:â
263:â
255:â
155:(
112:N
102:K
97:J
92:T
87:P
82:C
77:D
72:S
67:O
62:ê
42:â
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
