1009:
1531:
737:. As they physically develop, gaining weight in several areas of the body, early-maturing females usually look larger than females who have not yet entered puberty. A result of the social pressure to be thin, the early-maturing females develop a negative view of their body image. In addition, people may tease the females about their visible breasts, forcing the early-maturing female to hide her breasts by dressing differently. Embarrassment about a more developed body may also result in the refusal to undress for gym. These experiences lead to lower self-esteem, more depression and poorer body image in these early-maturing females.
556:
1083:, and back hair become heavier more gradually. There is a large range in amount of body hair among adult men, and significant differences in timing and quantity of hair growth among different racial groups. Facial hair is often present in late adolescence, but may not appear until significantly later. Facial hair will continue to get coarser, darker and thicker for another 2–4 years after puberty. Some men do not develop full facial hair for up to 10 years after the completion of puberty. Chest hair may appear during puberty or years after, though not all men develop it.
1632:
2613:
1624:
60:
1778:(BPA) is a chemical used to make plastics, and is frequently used to make baby bottles, water bottles, sports equipment, medical devices, and as a coating in food and beverage cans. Scientists are concerned about BPA's behavioral effects on fetuses, infants, and children at current exposure levels because it can affect the prostate gland, mammary gland, and lead to early puberty in females. BPA mimics and interferes with the action of estrogen—an important reproduction and development regulator. It
1134:. Before puberty, the larynx of males and females is about equally small. Occasionally, voice change is accompanied by unsteadiness of vocalization in the early stages of untrained voices. Most of the voice change happens during stage 3–4 of male puberty around the time of peak growth. Adult pitch is attained at an average age of 15 years, although the voice may not fully settle until early twenties. It usually precedes the development of significant facial hair by several months to years.
1143:
862:
1332:
906:
1323:, but may or may not accompany the earliest menses. In postmenarchal females, about 80% of the cycles were anovulatory in the first year after menarche, 50% in the third year and 10% in the sixth year. Initiation of ovulation after menarche is not inevitable. A high proportion of females with continued irregularity in the menstrual cycle several years from menarche will continue to have prolonged irregularity and anovulation, and are at higher risk for reduced fertility.
885:, from stage I which represents a volume of less than 1.5 ml, to stage V which represents a testicular volume of greater than or equal to 20 ml. Testicular size reaches maximal adult size about 6 years after the onset of puberty. While 18–20 cm is an average adult size, there is wide variation in testicular size in the normal population. After the male's testicles have enlarged and developed for about one year, the length and then the breadth of the shaft of the
466:, occurs on average at age 13. In the 21st century, the average age at which children, especially females, reach specific markers of puberty is lower compared to the 19th century, when it was 15 for females and 17 for males (with age at first periods for females and voice-breaks for males being used as examples). This can be due to any number of factors, including improved nutrition resulting in rapid body growth, increased weight and fat deposition, or exposure to
537:
474:, which can at times be due to food consumption or other environmental factors. However, more modern archeological research suggests that the rate of puberty as it occurs now is the intended way. Growth spurts began at around 10–12, but markers of later stages of puberty such as menarche had delays that correlated with severe environmental conditions such as poverty, poor nutrition, air and pollution. Puberty that starts earlier than usual is known as
1351:). Fat tissue increases to a greater percentage of the body composition than in males, especially in the typical female distribution of breasts, hips, buttocks, thighs, upper arms, and pubis. Progressive differences in fat distribution as well as sex differences in local skeletal growth contribute to the typical female body shape by the end of puberty. On average, at 10 years, females have 6% more body fat than males.
1650:
2736:
2626:
1910:
1478:
775:
661:. Production of progesterone in the ovaries begins with the development of ovulatory cycles in females (during the lutheal phase of the cycle), before puberty low levels of progesterone are produced in the adrenal glands of both males and females. Estradiol levels rise earlier and reach higher levels in women than in men. While estradiol promotes growth of the breasts and
1786:(CDC) found measurable amounts of BPA in the bodies of more than 90 percent of the U.S. population studied. The highest estimated daily intakes of BPA occur in infants and children. Many plastic baby bottles contain BPA, and BPA is more likely to leach out of plastic when its temperature is increased, as when one warms a baby bottle or warms up food in the microwave.
1041:
2561:(GnRH) into the blood of the pituitary portal system. An American physiologist, Ernst Knobil, found that the GnRH signals from the hypothalamus induce pulsed secretion of LH (and to a lesser degree, FSH) at roughly 1–2 hour intervals. The LH pulses are the consequence of pulsatile GnRH secretion by the arcuate nucleus that, in turn, is the result of an
320:
1572:
genetic differences and can change within a few generations with a substantial change in diet. The median age of menarche for a population may be an index of the proportion of undernourished females in the population, and the width of the spread may reflect unevenness of wealth and food distribution in a population.
849:. During puberty, a male's erect penis becomes capable of ejaculating semen and impregnating a female. A male's first ejaculation is an important milestone in his development. On average, a male's first ejaculation occurs at age 13. Ejaculation sometimes occurs during sleep; this phenomenon is known as a
757:
to depression and other psychosocial issues. However, early puberty might also result in positive outcomes, such as popularity among peers, higher self-esteem and confidence, as a result of physical developments, such as taller height, developed muscles, muscular male breast and better athletic ability.
6597:
Guízar-Vázquez JJ, Rosales-López A, Ortiz-Jalomo R, Nava-Delgado SE, Salamanca-Gómez F (1992). "Edad de aparición de la espermaturia (espermaquia) en 669 niños mexicanos y su relación con caracteres sexuales secundarios y talla" [Age of onset of spermaturia (spermache) in 669 Mexican children and
3485:
The changes that occur during puberty usually happen in an ordered sequence, beginning with thelarche (breast development) at around age 10 or 11, followed by adrenarche (growth of pubic hair due to androgen stimulation), peak height velocity, and finally menarche (the onset of menses), which usually
2002:
Another limitation of the social research is that nearly all of it has concerned females, partly because female puberty requires greater physiologic resources and partly because it involves a unique event (menarche) that makes survey research into female puberty much simpler than male. More detail is
1180:
of puberty, this is stage 2 of breast development (stage 1 is a flat, prepubertal breast). Within 6–12 months, the swelling has clearly begun in both sides, softened, and can be felt and seen extending beyond the edges of the areolae. This is stage 3 of breast development. By another 12 months (stage
756:
Early-maturing males develop "more aggressive, law-breaking, and alcohol abusing" behaviors, which result in anger towards parents and trouble in school and with the police. Early puberty also correlates with increased sexual activity and a higher instance of teenage pregnancy, both of which can lead
724:
Several studies about puberty have examined the effects of an early or a late onset of puberty in males and females. In general, females who enter puberty late experience positive outcomes in adolescence and adulthood, while females who enter puberty early experience negative outcomes. Males who have
707:
which synthesizes GnRH. Individuals who are deficient in leptin fail to initiate puberty. The levels of leptin increase with the onset of puberty, and then decline to adult levels when puberty is completed. The rise in GnRH might also be caused by genetics. A study discovered that a mutation in genes
2689:
LH stimulates the Leydig cells of the testes to make testosterone and blood levels begin to rise. For much of puberty, nighttime levels of testosterone are higher than daytime. Regularity of frequency and amplitude of gonadotropin pulses seems to be less necessary for progression of male than female
2548:
Normal puberty is initiated in the hypothalamus, with de-inhibition of the pulse generator in the arcuate nucleus. This inhibition of the arcuate nucleus is an ongoing active suppression by other areas of the brain. The signal and mechanism releasing the arcuate nucleus from inhibition have been the
2514:
of fetal life. The testes and ovaries become briefly inactive around the time of birth but resume hormonal activity until several months after birth, when incompletely understood mechanisms in the brain begin to suppress the activity of the arcuate nucleus. This has been referred to as maturation of
602:
Although there is a wide range of normal ages, females typically begin puberty around age 10½ and end puberty around 15–17; males begin around ages 11—12 and end around 16–17. Females attain reproductive maturity about four years after the first physical changes of puberty appear. In contrast, males
1703:
A 2006 study in
Denmark found that puberty, as evidenced by breast development, started at an average age of 9 years and 10 months, a year earlier than when a similar study was done in 1991. Scientists believe the phenomenon could be linked to obesity or exposure to chemicals in the food chain, and
1555:
The age at which puberty begins varies between individuals; usually, puberty begins between 10 and 13 years of age. The age at which puberty begins is affected by both genetic factors and by environmental factors such as nutritional state and social circumstances. An example of social circumstances
979:
Research by Øster (1968) found that with the onset and continuation of puberty, the proportion of males able to pull back their foreskins increased. At ages 12–13, Øster found that only 60% of males were able to retract their foreskins; this increased to 85% by ages 14–15, and 95% by 16–17. He also
656:
in females starts with production of testosterone, which is typically quickly converted to estradiol inside the ovaries. However the rate of conversion from testosterone to estradiol (driven by FSH/LH balance) during early puberty is highly individual, resulting in very diverse development patterns
2834:
As the estradiol levels gradually rise and the other autoamplification processes occur, a point of maturation is reached when the feedback sensitivity of the hypothalamic "gonadostat" becomes positive. This attainment of positive feedback is the hallmark of female sexual maturity, as it allows the
2808:
activity of these granulosa cells, which converts most of the testosterone to estradiol for secretion into the circulation. The remaining testosterone, together with adrenal androgens is responsible for the typical androgenic changes of female puberty: pubic hair, other androgenic hair as outlined
1970:
Some of the least understood environmental influences on timing of puberty are social and psychological. In comparison with the effects of genetics, nutrition, and general health, social influences are small, shifting timing by a few months rather than years. Mechanisms of these social effects are
1551:
The definition of the onset of puberty may depend on perspective (e.g., hormonal versus physical) and purpose (establishing population normal standards, clinical care of early or late pubescent individuals, etc.). A common definition for the onset of puberty is physical changes to a person's body.
1809:
Much evidence suggests that for most of the last few centuries, nutritional differences accounted for majority of variation of pubertal timing in different populations, and even among social classes in the same population. Recent worldwide increased consumption of animal protein, other changes in
995:
states there is "little evidence to affirm the association between circumcision status and optimal penile hygiene", various studies suggest that males be educated about the role of hygiene, including retracting the foreskin while urinating and rinsing under it and around the glans at each bathing
1978:
The most important part of a child's psychosocial environment is the family, and most of the social influence research has investigated features of family structure and function in relation to earlier or later female puberty. Most of the studies have reported that menarche may occur a few months
1845:
The average level of daily physical activity has also been shown to affect timing of puberty, especially in females. A high level of exercise, whether for athletic or body image purposes, or for daily subsistence, reduces energy calories available for reproduction and slows puberty. The exercise
1575:
Researchers have identified an earlier age of the onset of puberty. However, they have based their conclusions on a comparison of data from 1999 with data from 1969. In the earlier example, the sample population was based on a small sample of white females (200, from
Britain). The later study
1571:
in various populations surveyed has ranged from 12 to 18 years. The earliest average onset of puberty is for
African-American females and the latest average onset for high altitude subsistence populations in Asia. However, much of the higher age averages reflect nutritional limitations more than
1019:
often appears on a male shortly after the genitalia begin to grow. The pubic hairs are usually first visible at the dorsal (abdominal) base of the penis. The first few hairs are described as stage 2. Stage 3 is usually reached within another 6–12 months, when the hairs are too many to count. By
1538:
In a general sense, the conclusion of puberty is reproductive maturity. Criteria for defining the conclusion may differ for different purposes: attainment of the ability to reproduce, achievement of maximal adult height, maximal gonadal size, or adult sex hormone levels. Maximal adult height is
1998:
surveys. Statistical associations are not necessarily causal, and a variety of covariables and alternative explanations can be imagined. Effects of such small size can never be confirmed or refuted for any individual child. Furthermore, interpretations of the data are politically controversial
1731:
If genetic factors account for half of the variation of pubertal timing, environment factors are clearly important as well. One of the first observed environmental effects is that puberty occurs later in children raised at higher altitudes. The most important of the environmental influences is
1752:
are sometimes used in cattle farming but have been banned in chicken meat production for 40 years. Although agricultural laws regulate use to minimize accidental human consumption, the rules are largely self-enforced in the United States. Significant exposure of a child to hormones or other
740:
Furthermore, as physical and emotional differences set them apart from people in their same age group, early-maturing females develop relationships with older people. For instance, some early-maturing females have older malefriends, "attracted to the females' womanly physique and femaleish
996:
opportunity. Regular washing under the foreskin was found by
Krueger and Osborn (1986) to reduce the risk of numerous penile disorders, however Birley et al. (1993) report excessive washing with soap should be avoided because it dries the oils out of the tissues and can cause non-specific
955:
years, erections occur much more frequently due to puberty. Erections can occur spontaneously at any time of day, and if clothed may cause a bulge or "hump". This can be disguised or hidden by wearing close-fitting underwear, a long shirt and baggier clothes. Erections are common for male
2553:
levels rise throughout childhood and play a part in allowing the arcuate nucleus to resume operation. If the childhood inhibition of the arcuate nucleus is interrupted prematurely by injury to the brain, it may resume pulsatile gonadotropin release and puberty will begin at an early age.
760:
On the other hand, late-maturing males develop lower self-esteem and confidence and generally have lower popularity among peers, due to their less-developed physiques. Also, they experience problems with anxiety and depression and are more likely to be afraid of sex than other males.
677:, marking an increase of adrenal androgen production between ages 6–10. Adrenarche is sometimes accompanied by the early appearance of axillary and pubic hair. The first androgenic hair resulting from adrenarche can be also transient and disappear before the onset of true puberty.
3911:
MacGillivray MH, Morishima A, Conte F, Grumbach M, Smith EP (1998). "Pediatric endocrinology update: an overview. The essential roles of estrogens in pubertal growth, epiphyseal fusion and bone turnover: lessons from mutations in the genes for aromatase and the estrogen receptor".
924:
This muscle develops mainly during the later stages of puberty, and muscle growth can continue even after males are biologically adult. The peak of the so-called "strength spurt", the rate of muscle growth, is attained about one year after a male experiences his peak growth rate.
752:
In the past, early onset of puberty in males has been associated with positive outcomes, such as leadership in high school and success in adulthood. However, recent studies have revealed that the risks and problems of early maturation in males might outweigh the benefits.
921:. Some of the bone growth (e.g. shoulder width and jaw) is disproportionately greater, resulting in noticeably different male and female skeletal shapes. The average adult male has about 150% of the lean body mass of an average female, and about 50% of the body fat.
3523:
On average, the onset of puberty is about 18 months earlier for girls (usually starting around the age of 10 or 11 and lasting until they are 15 to 17) than for boys (who usually begin puberty at about the age of 11 to 12 and complete it by the age of 16 to 17, on
6915:. in Bourguignon, Jean Pierre & Tony M. Plant. The Onset of Puberty in Perspective: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on the Control of the Onset of Puberty, Held in Liège, Belgium, 26–28 September 1999. Elsevier. Amsterdam & New York 2000.
2604:, and other androgenic changes in both sexes. The primary clinical significance of the distinction between adrenarche and gonadarche is that pubic hair and body odor changes by themselves do not prove that central puberty is underway for an individual child.
988:(1996) on a sample of over 600 males, and Ishikawa and Kawakita (2004) found that by age 15, 77% of their sample of males could retract their foreskins. Beaugé (1997) reports that males may assist the development of retractile foreskin by manual stretching.
976:, which ultimately should be possible without pain or difficulty. The membrane that bonds the inner surface of the foreskin with the glans disintegrates and releases the foreskin to separate from the glans. The foreskin then gradually becomes retractable.
956:
prepubescent children and infants, and can even occur before birth. Spontaneous erections are also known as involuntary or unwanted erections and are normal. Such erections can be embarrassing if they happen in public, such as a classroom or living room.
1185:
forming a secondary mound. In most young women, this mound disappears into the contour of the mature breast (stage 5), although there is so much variation in sizes and shapes of adult breasts that stages 4 and 5 are not always separately identifiable.
628:. The conversion of testosterone to estradiol depends on the amount of body fat and estradiol levels in males are typically much lower than in females. The male "growth spurt" also begins later, accelerates more slowly, and lasts longer before the
6867:
Herman-Giddens ME, Slora EJ, Wasserman RC, Bourdony CJ, Bhapkar MV, Koch GG, et al. (1997). "Secondary sexual characteristics and menses in young girls seen in office practice: a study from the
Pediatric Research in Office Settings network".
2717:
Another hormonal change in males takes place during the teenage years for most young men. At this point in a male's life the testosterone levels slowly rise, and most of the effects are mediated through the androgen receptors by way of conversion
2591:
and its relationship to maturation of the hypothalamic-gonadal axis is not fully understood, and some evidence suggests it is a parallel but largely independent process coincident with or even preceding central puberty. Rising levels of adrenal
2569:
discovered that the gonadotropin pulses occur only during sleep, but as puberty progresses they can be detected during the day. By the end of puberty, there is little day-night difference in the amplitude and frequency of gonadotropin pulses.
2537:) for approximately another 8 to 10 years of childhood. Evidence is accumulating that the reproductive system is not totally inactive during the childhood years. Subtle increases in gonadotropin pulses occur, and ovarian follicles surrounding
6901:. Bristol: Society for Endocrinology, 1995. Proceedings of the latest (4th) International Conference on the Control of the Onset of Puberty, containing summaries of current theories of physiological control, as well as GnRH analog treatment.
1797:
factors are the strongest and most obvious environmental factors affecting timing of puberty. females are especially sensitive to nutritional regulation because they must contribute all of the nutritional support to a growing fetus. Surplus
5943:
1712:
Various studies have found direct genetic effects to account for at least 46% of the variation of timing of puberty in well-nourished populations. The genetic association of timing is strongest between mothers and daughters. The specific
1251:, becoming thicker and duller pink in color (in contrast to the brighter red of the prepubertal vaginal mucosa). Mucosa changes into a multilayered structure with superficial layer of squamous cells. Estrogen increase glycogen content in
1687:
The average age at which the onset of puberty occurs has dropped significantly since the 1840s. In every decade from 1840 to 1950 there was a drop of four months in the average age of menarche among
Western European females. In
1990:
More extreme degrees of environmental stress, such as wartime refugee status with threat to physical survival, have been found to be associated with delay of maturation, an effect that may be compounded by dietary inadequacy.
636:
than women. Most of this sex difference in adult heights is attributable to a later onset of the growth spurt and a slower progression to completion, a direct result of the later rise and lower adult male levels of estradiol.
1841:
with an earlier onset of puberty in females. They have cited obesity as a cause of breast development before nine years and menarche before twelve years. Early puberty in females can be a harbinger of later health problems.
5175:
880:
in prepubertal males change little in size from about 1 year of age to the onset of puberty, averaging about 2–3 cm in length and about 1.5–2 cm in width. The size of the testicles is among the parameters of the
2697:
in adolescent males is converted to estradiol. Estradiol mediates the growth spurt, bone maturation, and epiphyseal closure in males just as in females. Estradiol also induces at least modest development of breast tissue
489:
changes in size, shape, composition, and functioning of the pubertal body, is the development of secondary sex characteristics, the "filling in" of the child's body; from girl to woman, from boy to man. Derived from the
741:
innocence." While having an older malefriend might improve popularity among peers, it also increases the risk of alcohol and drug use, increased sexual relations (often unprotected), eating disorders and bullying.
453:
On average, females begin puberty around age 10½ and complete puberty at ages 15–17; males generally begin puberty around ages 11–12 and complete puberty at ages 16–17. The major landmark of puberty for females is
1307:. Most American females experience their first period at 11, 12 or 13, but some experience it earlier than their 11th birthday and others after their 14th birthday. In fact, anytime between 8 and 16 is normal. In
536:
1767:
More obvious degrees of partial puberty from direct exposure of young children to small but significant amounts of pharmaceutical sex steroids from exposure at home may be detected during medical evaluation for
2596:(termed adrenarche) can usually be detected between 6 and 11 years of age, even before the increasing gonadotropin pulses of hypothalamic puberty. Adrenal androgens contribute to the development of pubic hair (
3564:
7030:
3858:
Garn, SM. Physical growth and development. In: Friedman SB, Fisher M, Schonberg SK., editors. Comprehensive
Adolescent Health Care. St Louis: Quality Medical Publishing; 1992. Retrieved on 2009-02-20
350:
7035:
5947:
5082:
Anderson SE, Dallal GE, Must A (April 2003). "Relative weight and race influence average age at menarche: results from two nationally representative surveys of US girls studied 25 years apart".
3680:
Mouritsen A, Aksglaede L, Sørensen K, Mogensen SS, Leffers H, Main KM, et al. (April 2010). "Hypothesis: exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals may interfere with timing of puberty".
5555:
Based on a publication from The Ribbon, a newsletter of the
Cornell University Program on Breast Cancer and Environmental Risk Factors in New York States ((BCERF), Vol 6, No. 1, Winter 2001.)
6458:
Vilaplana J, Madrid JA, Sánchez-Vázquez J, Campuzano A, Cambras T, Díez-Noguera A (1995). "Influence of period length of light/dark cycles on the body weight and food intake of young rats".
5883:
Comings DE, Muhleman D, Johnson JP, MacMurray JP (2002). "Parent-daughter transmission of the androgen receptor gene as an explanation of the effect of father absence on age of menarche".
2306:. LH secretion changes more dramatically with the initiation of puberty than FSH, as LH levels increase about 25-fold with the onset of puberty, compared with the 2.5-fold increase of FSH.
5539:
1814:
have resulted in falling ages of puberty, mainly in those populations with the higher previous ages. In many populations the amount of variation attributable to nutrition is shrinking.
1430:, resulting in the characteristic red color of the lips, labia minora and sometimes labia majora. Estradiol together with other ovarian steroids also cause the darker coloration of the
7062:
5780:
Mustanski BS, Viken RJ, Kaprio J, Pulkkinen L, Rose RJ (2004). "Genetic and environmental influences on pubertal development: longitudinal data from
Finnish twins at ages 11 and 14".
5184:
1854:
Chronic diseases can delay puberty in both males and females. Those that involve chronic inflammation or interfere with nutrition have the strongest effect. In the western world,
1999:
because of the ease with which this type of research can be used for political advocacy. Accusations of bias based on political agenda sometimes accompany scientific criticism.
5969:
928:
Often, the fat pads of the male breast tissue and the male nipples will develop during puberty; sometimes, especially in one breast, this becomes more apparent and is termed
3955:
725:
earlier pubertal timing generally have more positive outcomes in adulthood but more negative outcomes in adolescence, while the reverse is true for later pubertal timing.
603:
accelerate more slowly but continue to grow for about six years after the first visible pubertal changes. Any increase in height beyond the post-pubertal age is uncommon.
343:
291:
2519:. The period of hormonal activity until several months after birth, followed by suppression of activity, may correspond to the period of infant sexuality, followed by a
1205:. The first few hairs are described as Tanner stage 2. Stage 3 is usually reached within another 6–12 months, when the hairs are too numerous to count and appear on the
632:
fuse. Although males are on average 2 centimetres (0.8 in) shorter than females before puberty begins, adult men are on average about 13 centimetres (5.1 in)
1979:
earlier in females in high-stress households, whose fathers are absent during their early childhood, who have a stepfather in the home, who are subjected to prolonged
1560:; a juvenile female who has significant interaction with adult males will enter puberty earlier than juvenile females who are not socially overexposed to adult males.
1543:) usually precedes completion of growth by 1–2 years in females and 3–4 years in males. Stage 5 typically represents maximal gonadal growth and adult hormone levels.
1530:
733:
Outcomes have generally indicated that early onset of puberty in females can be psychologically damaging. The main reason for this detrimental effect is the issue of
712:
as well as the neurokinin B receptor can alter the timing of puberty. The researchers hypothesized that neurokinin B might play a role in regulating the secretion of
438:—height and weight—accelerates in the first half of puberty and is completed when an adult body has been developed. Before puberty, the external sex organs, known as
5491:
Kaplowitz PB, Slora EJ, Wasserman RC, Pedlow SE, Herman-Giddens ME (2001). "Earlier onset of puberty in girls: relation to increased body mass index and ethnicity".
1724:
Researchers have hypothesized that early puberty onset may be caused by certain hair care products containing estrogen or placenta, and by certain chemicals, namely
1008:
281:
6229:
Boyar R, Finkelstein J, Roffwarg H, Kapen S, Weitzman E, Hellman L (1972). "Synchronization of augmented luteinizing hormone secretion with sleep during puberty".
5346:
Kalloo NB, Gearhart JP, Barrack ER (1993). "Sexually dimorphic expression of estrogen receptors, but not of androgen receptors in human fetal external genitalia".
4025:
7433:
3574:
1817:
Although available dietary energy (simple calories) is the most important dietary influence on timing of puberty, quality of the diet plays a role as well. Lower
1987:
from a developing country at a young age. Conversely, menarche may be slightly later when a female grows up in a large family with a biological father present.
336:
7428:
2820:
Rising levels of estradiol produce the characteristic estrogenic body changes of female puberty: growth spurt, acceleration of bone maturation and closure,
7578:
7055:
1122:
in both sexes. This growth is far more prominent in males, causing the male voice to drop and deepen, sometimes abruptly but rarely "overnight", about one
296:
7418:
5753:
Ge X, Natsuaki MN, Neiderhiser JM, Reiss D (2007). "Genetic and
Environmental Influences on Pubertal Timing: Results From Two National Sibling Studies".
5565:
Mitchell AL, Dwyer A, Pitteloud N, Quinton R (2011). "Genetic basis and variable phenotypic expression of Kallmann syndrome: towards a unifying theory".
1783:
4641:
Kayaba H, Tamura H, Kitajima S, Fujiwara Y, Kato T, Kato T (November 1996). "Analysis of Shape and Retractability of the Prepuce in 603 Japanese Boys".
1732:
clearly nutrition, but a number of others have been identified, all which affect timing of female puberty and menarche more clearly than male puberty.
2031:
can occur before other signs of puberty in a few females. These variations deserve medical evaluation because they can occasionally signal a disease.
1994:
Most of these reported social effects are small and our understanding is incomplete. Most of these "effects" are statistical associations revealed by
2686:
Early stages of male hypothalamic maturation seem to be very similar to the early stages of female puberty, though occurring about 1–2 years later.
744:
Generally, later onset of puberty in females produces positive outcomes. They exhibit positive behaviors in adolescence that continue to adulthood.
3716:
7015:
3830:
5543:
7828:
7742:
7307:
7048:
4224:
Taga KA (2006-05-03). "A Longitudinal Investigation of Associations Between Boys' Pubertal Timing and Adult Behavioral Health and Well-Being".
2584:
An array of "autoamplification processes" increases the production of all of the pubertal hormones of the hypothalamus, pituitary, and gonads.
2059:, with input and regulation from many other body systems. True puberty is often termed "central puberty" because it begins as a process of the
1456:
Changes of the vulva initiated by estradiol as well as its direct effects also appear to influence the functioning of the lower urinary tract.
122:
4133:"TAC3 and TACR3 mutations in familial hypogonadotropic hypogonadism reveal a key role for Neurokinin B in the central control of reproduction"
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3732:"On the threshold of adulthood: A new approach for the use of maturation indicators to assess puberty in adolescents from medieval England"
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levels rise and then decline as puberty ends. Growth finishes and adult height is attained as the estradiol levels complete closure of the
5381:
Andersson KE, Wein AJ (2004). "Pharmacology of the Lower Urinary Tract: Basis for Current and Future Treatments of Urinary Incontinence".
6231:
991:
Once a male is able to retract his foreskin, penile hygiene should become an important feature of his routine body care. Although the
587:
Two of the most significant differences between puberty in females and puberty in males are the age at which it begins, and the major
6340:"A developmental study of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuronal system during sexual maturation in the male Djungarian hamster"
5979:
4885:
1539:
achieved at an average age of 15 years for an average female and 18 years for an average male. Potential fertility (sometimes termed
6920:
2783:
2673:
2577:
of oscillators in the brain. By this mechanism, the gonadotropin pulses that occur primarily at night just before puberty represent
2161:
responds to the pulsed GnRH signals by releasing LH and FSH into the blood of the general circulation, also in a pulsatile pattern.
1957:
1748:
from pharmaceutical products are excreted into the sewage systems of large cities, and are sometimes detectable in the environment.
1517:
814:
555:
543:
216:
2497:. It also plays a permissive role in female puberty, which usually will not proceed until an adequate body mass has been achieved.
1744:
may affect aspects of prenatal or postnatal sexual development in humans. Large amounts of incompletely metabolized estrogens and
7317:
658:
7571:
4910:
6069:
mutations in familial hypogonadotropic hypogonadism reveal a key role for Neurokinin B in the central control of reproduction"
6000:
6813:
5927:
3148:
2796:
As the amplitude of LH pulses increases, the theca cells of the ovaries begin to produce testosterone and smaller amounts of
2761:
2651:
2558:
2442:
2144:. The arcuate nucleus is affected and controlled by neuronal input from other areas of the brain and hormonal input from the
1935:
1499:
1404:
992:
796:
681:
301:
5856:
Kaprio J, Rimpelä A, Winter T, Viken RJ, Rimpelä M, Rose RJ (1995). "Common genetic influences on BMI and age at menarche".
6927:
Tanner JM, Davies PS (1985). "Clinical longitudinal standards for height and height velocity for North American children".
6129:
4973:
Tanner JM, Davies PS (1985). "Clinical longitudinal standards for height and height velocity for North American children".
1700:, the decline happened later and was then more rapid: from 1945 to 1975 in Japan there was a drop of 11 months per decade.
1692:, females born in 1840 had their menarche at an average age of 17 years. In France, the average in 1840 was 15.3 years. In
7587:
4563:
4536:
3399:
1584:
1446:
1375:. This often precedes thelarche and pubarche by one or more years. Another androgen effect is increased secretion of oil (
1283:. Before puberty, uterine body to cervix ratio is 1:1; which increases to 2:1 or 3:1 after completion of pubertal period.
1051:
In the months and years following the appearance of pubic hair, other areas of skin that respond to androgens may develop
951:. The penis can regularly get erect during sleep and men or males often wake up with an erection. Once a male reaches his
447:
49:
4262:
1576:
identified as puberty as occurring in 48% of African-American females by age nine, and 12% of white females by that age.
7621:
7292:
6908:
6413:
Lehrer S (1986). "Rats on 22.5-hr light:dark cycles have vaginal opening earlier than rats on 26-hr light:dark cycles".
3470:
3404:
2956:
2847:
2458:
2310:
2087:
1604:
689:
261:
7652:
4457:
4404:
2824:
2015:
The sequence of events of pubertal development can occasionally vary. For example, in about 15% of males and females,
1779:
1209:
as well. By stage 4, the pubic hairs densely fill the "pubic triangle". Stage 5 refers to spread of pubic hair to the
944:
435:
84:
6505:"Continuation of gradual weight gain necessary for the onset of puberty may be responsible for obesity later in life"
4322:
2746:
2636:
2565:
or signal generator in the central nervous system ("GnRH pulse generator"). In the years preceding physical puberty,
1920:
1315:
it is 12.9. The time between menstrual periods (menses) is not always regular in the first two years after menarche.
1631:
7833:
7823:
7564:
7499:
6546:
6415:
5301:
4915:
1855:
894:
236:
41:
7009:
2765:
2750:
2655:
2640:
2612:
1939:
1924:
1760:
Harder to detect as an influence on puberty are the more diffusely distributed environmental chemicals like PCBs (
1488:
785:
7486:
7277:
1877:
1197:
is often the second noticeable change in puberty, usually within a few months of thelarche. It is referred to as
276:
6110:
5730:
1862:
have been notorious for such an effect in the last century, while in areas of the underdeveloped world, chronic
1623:
1331:
905:
7647:
7494:
4286:
2757:
2647:
1931:
1761:
1495:
984:
at ages 14–17, the remainder were partially able to. The findings were supported by further research by Kayaba
792:
286:
251:
221:
207:
6629:
Gordon CM, Laufer MR (2005). "Chapter 4: Physiology of puberty". In Emans SJ, Goldstein DP, Laufer MR (eds.).
6460:
4860:
4594:"Further Fate of the Foreskin: Incidence of Preputial Adhesions, Phimosis, and Smegma among Danish Schoolboys"
1075:
area. As with most human biological processes, this specific order may vary among some individuals. Arm, leg,
1020:
stage 4, the pubic hairs densely fill the "pubic triangle". Stage 5 refers to the spread of pubic hair to the
4486:
Making Sense of Sex: A Forthright Guide to Puberty, Sex and Relationships for People with Asperger's Syndrome
692:. Exogenous GnRH pulses cause the onset of puberty. Brain tumors which increase GnRH output may also lead to
1754:
1534:
Variations of the initial and final height of three males from 12 years old to the end of their growth spurt
1280:
665:, it is also the principal hormone driving the pubertal growth spurt and epiphyseal maturation and closure.
6293:
Rivest RW (1991). "Sexual maturation in female rats: hereditary, developmental and environmental aspects".
7327:
3834:
3183:
2434:
2060:
1984:
716:, a compound responsible for triggering direct release of GnRH as well as indirect release of LH and FSH.
439:
59:
4304:
837:. The penis also increases in size, and a male develops pubic hair. A male's testicles also begin making
7540:
7535:
7376:
7205:
6822:
Ducros, A. and Pasquet, P. "Evolution de l'âge d'apparition des premières règles (ménarche) en France".
5211:
Apter D (1980). "Serum steroids and pituitary hormones in female puberty: a partly longitudinal study".
3949:
2243:, are critical parts of the control system that switches on the release of GnRH at the start of puberty.
1131:
226:
3838:
1552:
These physical changes are the first visible signs of neural, hormonal, and gonadal function changes.
1142:
861:
7818:
7601:
7530:
4787:"Clinical features and management of recurrent balanitis: association with atopy and genital washing"
3643:
3344:
1164:
The first physical sign of puberty in females is usually a firm, tender lump under the center of the
1119:
486:
178:
6650:"Chapter 21: Nutritional disorders: integration of energy metabolism and its disorders in childhood"
1806:, which signals to the brain the availability of resources for initiation of puberty and fertility.
1579:
One possible cause of a delay in the onset of puberty past the age 14 in females and 15 in males is
1464:
Hair growth develops under the arms, starting out sparse before thickening and darkening over time.
7380:
7297:
7268:
5525:
Nelson RJ. 2005. Introduction to Behavioral Endocrinology. Sinauer Associates: Massachusetts. p357.
3780:
Papadimitriou A (2016). "The Evolution of the Age at Menarche from Prehistorical to Modern Times".
3637:
Buck Louis GM, Gray LE, Marcus M, Ojeda SR, Pescovitz OH, Witchel SF, et al. (February 2008).
3569:
3277:
Values are mean plasma levels, with ranges in parentheses. = Pre-adrenarche. = Post-adrenarche. (
3116:
2892:
2719:
2278:
2083:
1600:
1591:). Kallmann syndrome and other forms of HH affect both men and women. It is caused by a failure in
1408:
1108:
685:
467:
379:
158:
5817:"Age at menarche as a fitness trait: nonadditive genetic variance detected in a large twin sample"
5122:"Age at menarche in Canada: results from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children & Youth"
7466:
7256:
7218:
7075:
6991:
6855:
6700:
6509:
6485:
6440:
6320:
6211:
5590:
5449:
5406:
5236:
4241:
4064:
4039:
Meister B, Håkansson ML (2001). "Leptin receptors in hypothalamus and circumventricular organs".
3937:
3893:
3762:
3384:
2710:, during puberty are told the effects are temporary in some male teenagers due to high levels of
2703:
2116:
The onset of this neurohormonal process may precede the first visible body changes by 1–2 years.
2079:
1769:
1557:
1252:
1202:
1159:
850:
475:
6727:
4514:
2112:
Rising levels of estradiol and testosterone produce the body changes of female and male puberty.
5657:"Age of menarche in contemporary British teenagers: survey of girls born between 1982 and 1986"
4834:
1012:
Male at 11.3 yo (prepubertal), 12.5 yo, 14.9 yo and 16.3 yo (post pubertal)
872:
In males, testicular enlargement is the first physical manifestation of puberty (and is termed
7664:
7642:
7322:
7287:
7236:
7020:
6980:
6944:
6916:
6885:
6847:
6809:
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6758:
6750:
6735:
6708:
6692:
6657:
6649:
6634:
6607:
6577:
6571:
6528:
6477:
6432:
6395:
6361:
6312:
6275:
6266:
Sizonenko PC, Aubert ML (1986). "Neuroendocrine changes characteristic of sexual maturation".
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6203:
6184:
6149:
6098:
6041:
5923:
5900:
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5838:
5797:
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5398:
5363:
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5153:
5099:
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4740:
4685:
4658:
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4384:
4204:
4162:
4113:
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3929:
3885:
3797:
3754:
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3619:
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3512:
3508:
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3428:
3379:
2494:
2395:
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1811:
1718:
1580:
693:
547:
443:
423:
324:
271:
246:
173:
29:
5266:
Southam AL, Richart RM (1966). "The prognosis for adolescents with menstrual abnormalities".
4484:
3731:
3502:
3464:
2318:
stimulating hormone) is another protein hormone secreted into the general circulation by the
1221:. In about 15% of females, the earliest pubic hair appears before breast development begins.
7813:
7101:
6970:
6936:
6877:
6839:
6684:
6518:
6469:
6424:
6351:
6304:
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6193:
6141:
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6005:
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5828:
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5390:
5355:
5275:
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5143:
5133:
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4233:
4152:
4144:
4103:
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3877:
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3609:
3601:
3434:
3282:
2578:
2507:
2367:
2323:
2315:
1893:
1881:
1607:) levels with the subsequent result of a failure to commence or complete puberty, secondary
1442:
1272:
1237:
640:
The hormonal maturation of females is considerably more complicated than in males. The main
1383:, a skin condition that is characteristic of puberty. Acne varies greatly in its severity.
7792:
7708:
7129:
7083:
7040:
6912:
4889:
3394:
3364:
3349:
3218:
2566:
2438:
2426:
2331:
2287:
2271:
2157:
2141:
2126:
2048:
1450:
1292:
1052:
641:
514:
479:
22:
3285:
section, occurs as a separate event and can precede puberty onset by 1 to 2 years.)
1339:
During this period, also in response to rising levels of estrogen, the lower half of the
1096:
2809:
above, body odor, acne. The bioactivity of testosterone is to a large degree limited by
21:"Sexual development" redirects here. For sexual development of non-human organisms, see
7732:
7213:
7134:
6523:
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6428:
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5148:
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4132:
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3614:
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2478:
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2430:
2399:
1312:
1214:
1080:
1029:
111:
6940:
5057:
4986:
4654:
458:, the onset of menstruation, which occurs on average around age 12½. For males, first
7807:
7476:
7171:
7121:
6774:"Chapter 18: The testes: disorders of sexual differentiation and puberty in the male"
6473:
6145:
6059:
Topaloglu AK, Reimann F, Guclu M, Yalin AS, Kotan LD, Porter KM, et al. (2008).
5974:
5766:
5681:
5656:
5279:
4245:
4131:
Topaloglu AK, Reimann F, Guclu M, Yalin AS, Kotan LD, Porter KM, et al. (2009).
4052:
3693:
3588:
Guillette EA, Conard C, Lares F, Aguilar MG, McLachlan J, Guillette LJ (March 2006).
2524:
2520:
2418:
2411:
2387:
2196:
2056:
1889:
1826:
1822:
1412:
1380:
1344:
1304:
1263:) are a normal effect of estrogen as well. In the two years following thelarche, the
1177:
1146:
1060:
1056:
6859:
6489:
6444:
6324:
5594:
5453:
5410:
5240:
4068:
3941:
3897:
3766:
2449:. Adrenal androgens contribute to the androgenic events of early puberty in females.
7349:
7332:
7263:
7223:
7139:
7111:
7096:
6633:(5th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 120–155.
6215:
3246:
3084:
2797:
2699:
2694:
2534:
2530:
2482:
2342:
2327:
2286:
hormone secreted into the general circulation by gonadotrope cells of the anterior
2263:
2252:
2240:
2232:
2214:
2184:
2132:
2106:
2068:
2044:
2040:
1995:
1980:
1859:
1740:
There is theoretical concern, and animal evidence, that environmental hormones and
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1608:
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1420:
1416:
1368:
1103:
1092:
929:
882:
828:
709:
704:
645:
633:
618:
610:
506:
471:
1872:
Mental illnesses occur in puberty. The brain undergoes significant development by
402:
in a male. In response to the signals, the gonads produce hormones that stimulate
6157:
4197:
3537:
1619:
Comparison of two individual with vast difference in the age of onset of puberty:
7787:
7754:
7737:
7556:
7525:
7520:
7251:
6295:
6244:
6130:"Modern correlates of Freudian psychology. Infant sexuality and the unconscious"
5793:
5704:
3389:
2828:
2735:
2625:
2516:
2486:
2466:
2351:
2319:
2291:
2267:
2236:
2180:
2101:
respond to the rising amounts of LH and FSH by growing and beginning to produce
1909:
1775:
1749:
1745:
1612:
1477:
1427:
1396:
1348:
1127:
1044:
973:
969:
890:
886:
846:
774:
653:
614:
588:
518:
459:
387:
241:
231:
127:
116:
6830:
Gluckman PD, Hanson MA (2006). "Evolution, development and timing of puberty".
6356:
6339:
5467:
3793:
2140:
which generate and release pulses of GnRH into the portal venous system of the
1772:, but mild effects and the other potential exposures outlined above would not.
442:, are sex characteristics that distinguish males and females. Puberty leads to
7759:
7674:
7637:
7545:
7515:
7408:
7369:
7364:
7344:
7071:
6894:
Newer data suggesting that lower age thresholds for evaluation should be used.
6843:
5672:
5578:
5359:
4237:
3374:
3359:
3330:
3306:
3300:
3278:
2827:, increased fat composition, growth of the uterus, increased thickness of the
2588:
2562:
2515:
the prepubertal "gonadostat", which becomes sensitive to negative feedback by
2359:
2299:
2227:
2219:
2201:
2020:
1364:
1275:
in the ovaries increase in size. The ovaries usually contain small follicular
1260:
1256:
1206:
1194:
1076:
1016:
997:
873:
734:
713:
674:
463:
419:
371:
168:
132:
7025:
6905:
6696:
5138:
3539:
Understanding Child Maltreatment: An Ecological and Developmental Perspective
2362:
of the ovaries and the adrenal cortex. Testosterone is the primary mammalian
1415:
of the vagina. Typically, estradiol will also cause pronounced growth of the
7713:
7471:
7461:
7438:
7385:
7282:
7272:
7183:
7156:
7144:
7106:
6953:
Highly useful growth charts with integrated standards for stages of puberty.
6380:
5896:
3881:
3590:"Altered breast development in young girls from an agricultural environment"
3354:
3312:
3020:
2851:
2840:
2814:
2805:
2711:
2601:
2574:
2538:
2511:
2378:
2102:
2024:
1972:
1885:
1866:
1829:, are associated with later onset and slower progression of female puberty.
1794:
1725:
1564:
1392:
1372:
1320:
1316:
1300:
1173:
1064:
649:
629:
625:
431:
188:
163:
6984:
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6958:
6851:
6532:
6207:
6198:
6179:
6102:
6045:
5904:
5801:
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5586:
5512:
5504:
5445:
5402:
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5103:
5095:
4744:
4735:
4718:
4689:
4609:
4408:
4166:
4117:
4060:
3996:
3801:
3758:
3701:
3666:
3623:
968:
becomes wider, progressively allowing for retraction down the shaft of the
617:; while testosterone is produced, all males' changes are characterized as
6948:
6889:
6881:
6712:
6611:
6481:
6436:
6399:
6365:
6316:
6279:
6252:
6153:
5869:
5842:
5367:
5287:
5232:
5065:
4994:
4820:
4771:
4758:
Krueger H, Osborn L (1986). "Effects of hygiene among the uncircumcised".
4662:
4627:
3933:
3889:
2533:
and sex steroid levels fall to low levels (nearly undetectable by current
2398:
throughout the body. The largest amounts of estradiol are produced by the
1587:(HH). Kallmann syndrome is also associated with a lack of sense of smell (
1040:
7403:
7359:
7354:
7231:
7188:
7176:
7161:
7091:
7026:
Pictures and detailed information about breast development during puberty
4802:
4676:
Ishikawa E, Kawakita M (2004). "Preputial development in Japanese boys".
3324:
3318:
2836:
2702:) in a large proportion of males. Males who develop mild gynecomastia, a
2597:
2593:
2549:
subject of investigation for decades and remain incompletely understood.
2490:
2421:
2407:
2391:
2363:
2355:
2335:
2295:
2188:
2028:
2016:
2004:
1863:
1802:(beyond growth and activity requirements) are reflected in the amount of
1741:
1660:
1592:
1568:
1438:
1360:
1296:
1248:
1229:
1198:
1172:, occurring on average at about 10½ years of age. This is referred to as
1068:
981:
965:
940:
622:
607:
596:
592:
455:
399:
3987:
3970:
1181:
4), the breasts are approaching mature size and shape, with areolae and
7764:
7703:
7443:
6704:
6672:
6308:
5944:"Are Bisphenol A (BPA) Plastic Products Safe for Infants and Children?"
5424:
Robinson D, Cardozo L (2011). "Estrogens and the lower urinary tract".
4099:
3750:
3657:
3639:"Environmental factors and puberty timing: expert panel research needs"
3638:
3052:
2383:
2347:
2283:
2259:
2256:
2222:
2177:
2149:
1873:
1838:
1818:
1803:
1799:
1728:, which are used in many cosmetics, toys, and plastic food containers.
1693:
1588:
1502: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1441:
and possibly has important effects on the growth and maturation of the
1233:
952:
834:
799: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
383:
137:
100:
6036:
6019:
5468:"Everything You Wanted to Know About Puberty (for Teens) - KidsHealth"
5437:
5394:
3925:
3565:"Girls now reaching puberty before 10—a year sooner than 20 years ago"
2322:
cells of the anterior pituitary. The main target cells of FSH are the
1236:
due to effect of estrogen increasing its resistance to infection. The
7698:
7669:
7611:
7606:
7453:
7243:
7193:
7166:
3717:"Children aren't starting puberty younger, medieval skeletons reveal"
3605:
3369:
2821:
2707:
2550:
2473:
2461:) rises substantially during puberty in response to rising levels of
2200:
are a second source for steroid hormones. Adrenal maturation, termed
2169:
2137:
2098:
1689:
1670:
and do not remove this message until the contradictions are resolved.
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play important physiological functions in puberty. The production of
427:
411:
403:
193:
95:
79:
74:
6688:
1846:
effect is often amplified by a lower body fat mass and cholesterol.
6084:
4864:
4148:
2817:
levels (estradiol stimulates, prolactin decreases SHBG synthesis).
833:
In males, puberty begins with the enlargement of the testicles and
621:. A substantial product of testosterone metabolism in males is the
7771:
7749:
7727:
7718:
7679:
7616:
7149:
6598:
its relation to secondary sexual characteristics and height].
5634:
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2403:
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2145:
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2052:
1697:
1630:
1622:
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1400:
1376:
1330:
1268:
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1210:
1141:
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1039:
1025:
1021:
1007:
904:
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842:
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554:
522:
491:
415:
395:
391:
375:
367:
198:
142:
106:
89:
5542:. National Research Center for Women and Families. Archived from
703:
might be the cause of the GnRH rise. Leptin has receptors in the
6959:"Neurobiological mechanisms of the onset of puberty in primates"
4951:
4949:
4947:
4934:
4932:
2810:
2542:
2489:
a rough indicator of adipose mass for purposes of regulation of
2453:
2247:
2072:
1971:
unknown, though a variety of physiological processes, including
1714:
1276:
914:
407:
7560:
7044:
6020:"Anorexia nervosa: definition, epidemiology, and cycle of risk"
5044:
Siegel MJ, Surratt JT (1992). "Pediatric gynecologic imaging".
1717:
affecting timing are not yet known. Among the candidates is an
1704:
is putting females at greater long-term risk of breast cancer.
1395:(the primary female sex hormone) causes thickening of lips and
964:
During puberty, if not before, the tip and opening of a male's
7395:
6018:
Bulik CM, Reba L, Siega-Riz AM, Reichborn-Kjennerud T (2005).
5608:
Hugh Jones, ed. (2008). "Chapter 9. Puberty & Fertility".
2729:
2619:
1903:
1643:
1471:
1426:
Estradiol is also responsible for the increased production of
768:
6673:"Estimation of Spermarche from Longitudinal Spermaturia Data"
2573:
Some investigators have attributed the onset of puberty to a
1379:) from the skin. This change increases the susceptibility to
505:
describes the physical changes to sexual maturation, not the
4565:
What's Happening to My Body? Book for Girls: Revised Edition
2800:. Much of the testosterone moves into nearby cells known as
1335:
Development of a female from childhood to the end of puberty
28:"Pubescence" redirects here. For the 2011 Chinese film, see
4538:
What's Happening to My Body? Book for Boys: Revised Edition
4459:
What's Happening to My Body? Book for Boys: Revised Edition
4405:"h2g2 - The Morning Glory (or Nocturnal Penile Tumescence)"
1563:
The average age at which puberty begins may be affected by
980:
found that 1% of those unable to fully retract experienced
406:
and the growth, function, and transformation of the brain,
7031:
Puberty in females: interactive animation of Tanner stages
6780:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. pp. 565–628.
6757:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. pp. 455–518.
6734:(2nd ed.). New York: Plenum Press. pp. 171–209.
6656:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. pp. 689–724.
4342:
3971:"Leptin, growth hormone, and the onset of primate puberty"
2831:
and the vaginal mucosa, and widening of the lower pelvis.
2176:) respond to rising levels of LH and FSH by producing the
2063:. A simple description of hormonal puberty is as follows:
909:
Development of a male from childhood to the end of puberty
5655:
Whincup PH, Gilg JA, Odoki K, Taylor SJ, Cook DG (2001).
5612:. Oxford Endocrinology Library. Oxford University Press.
3817:, C. T. Onions ed. Oxford University Press, 1996, p. 720.
7036:
Puberty in males: interactive animation of Tanner stages
2846:
Growth hormone levels rise steadily throughout puberty.
1403:. In the vulva and vagina, estradiol causes thickening (
550:
to early adulthood. Puberty is marked in green at right.
478:, and puberty which starts later than usual is known as
7016:
University of Maryland guide to puberty and adolescence
6573:
Principles and Practice of Endocrinology and Metabolism
4649:(5). American Urological Association, Inc.: 1813–1815.
4041:
Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology
3309:(approximately age 10½ in females and age 11½ in males)
525:, which overlaps much of the body's period of puberty.
6992:"Research shows how evolution explains age of puberty"
4703:
Beaugé M (1997). "The causes of adolescent phimosis".
3149:
2616:
Temporary gynecomastia of a male going through puberty
1255:, which in future plays important part in maintaining
1201:. The pubic hairs are usually visible first along the
943:
during sleep or when waking up are medically known as
3321:(approximately age 11 in females and age 12 in males)
2804:. Smaller increases of FSH induce an increase in the
1757:
could produce some or all of the changes of puberty.
521:
is the period of mental transition from childhood to
5348:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
5183:(2nd ed.). Blackwell Publishing. Archived from
5115:
5113:
3975:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
2957:
2813:
which in turn is mainly controlled by estradiol and
7780:
7688:
7630:
7594:
7508:
7485:
7452:
7417:
7394:
7306:
7204:
7120:
7082:
6906:
Role of sex steroids during development—integration
5120:Al-Sahab B, Ardern CI, Hamadeh MJ, Tamim H (2010).
4381:
Smith's Recognizable Patterns of Human Malformation
4257:
4255:
2019:(the first pubic hairs) can precede, respectively,
1311:, the average age of menarche is 12.72, and in the
845:, which contains sperm and other fluids, is called
366:is the process of physical changes through which a
6576:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 889.
6001:"US Girls' Early Puberty Attracts Research Flurry"
5970:"Childhood obesity brings early puberty for girls"
5858:Human Biology; an International Record of Research
5046:Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America
4196:
2722:in target organs (especially that of the bowels).
2390:of testosterone. Estradiol is the principal human
2204:, typically precedes gonadarche in mid-childhood.
1764:), which can bind and trigger estrogen receptors.
1327:Body shape, fat distribution, and body composition
684:pulsing, which precedes the rise in sex hormones,
3504:Encyclopedia of Educational Theory and Philosophy
2136:is the driver of the reproductive system. It has
1247:also changes in response to increasing levels of
897:will also start to enlarge to adult proportions.
575:8 Pregnancy – hCG (Human chorionic gonadotropin)
5077:
5075:
1975:, have been suggested based on animal research.
1892:. Females aged between 15 and 19 make up 40% of
546:Approximate outline of development periods from
5321:
3868:Abbassi V (1998). "Growth and normal puberty".
2433:in both sexes. The major adrenal androgens are
2120:Components of the endocrine reproductive system
1876:which can contribute to mood disorders such as
1782:out of plastic into liquids and foods, and the
1071:(preauricular) hair, periareolar hair, and the
6751:"Chapter 16: Female puberty and its disorders"
6671:Jorgensen M, Keiding N, Skakkebaek NE (1991).
6600:Boletin Medico del Hospital Infantil de Mexico
5253:
5169:
5167:
5019:
4955:
4938:
4366:
3954:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
3782:Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology
3184:
1753:substances that activate estrogen or androgen
1437:Testosterone will cause an enlargement of the
1101:"Squeaky-voiced Teen" redirects here. For the
913:By the end of puberty, adult men have heavier
7572:
7056:
6388:The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, New York
6024:The International Journal of Eating Disorders
5635:"Average age at menarche in various cultures"
5268:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
1299:, and typically occurs about two years after
680:The onset of puberty is associated with high
344:
8:
6268:Journal of Neural Transmission. Supplementum
5533:
5531:
5007:
2441:(which are precursors of testosterone), and
1387:Visual and other effects of hormonal changes
1303:. The average age of menarche is 12½ in the
932:. It is usually not a permanent phenomenon.
509:and cultural maturation denoted by the term
16:Physical transition from a child to an adult
6547:"Sex Determination _ Dr Mahmoud Ahmad Fora"
5637:. Museum of Menstruation and Women's Health
4968:
4966:
4964:
4855:
4853:
4851:
3825:
3823:
3458:
3456:
3454:
2893:
2764:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2654:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2510:becomes functional by the end of the first
1938:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1708:Genetic influence and environmental factors
529:Differences between male and female puberty
495:
7579:
7565:
7557:
7063:
7049:
7041:
5333:
5206:
5204:
5031:
3815:The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology
3496:
3494:
2856:
1784:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
351:
337:
36:
6974:
6804:Colborn T, Dumanoski D, Myers JP (1996).
6522:
6355:
6197:
6111:"Key to regulation of puberty discovered"
6092:
6035:
5918:Colborn T, Dumanoski D, Myers JP (1996).
5832:
5680:
5147:
5137:
4810:
4734:
4617:
4156:
4107:
4014:(6th Rev ed.). Blackwell Publishers.
3986:
3656:
3613:
3536:Scannapieco M, Connell-Carrick K (2005).
2784:Learn how and when to remove this message
2674:Learn how and when to remove this message
2465:and may be the principal mediator of the
2445:which is present in large amounts in the
2374:in responsive tissue throughout the body.
1958:Learn how and when to remove this message
1837:Scientific researchers have linked early
1567:as well. For example, the average age of
1518:Learn how and when to remove this message
1407:) of the skin and the growth of both the
815:Learn how and when to remove this message
4587:
4585:
4343:Jorgensen, Keiding & Skakkebaek 1991
3542:. Oxford University Press. p. 195.
2485:. The leptin level seems to provide the
1696:, the average in 1840 was 16½ years. In
1649:
1595:at puberty which results in low or zero
6180:"In Memoriam: Ernst Knobil (1926-2000)"
3416:
3272:
2557:Neurons of the arcuate nucleus secrete
2152:tissue and a variety of other systems.
720:Effects of early and late puberty onset
699:The cause of the GnRH rise is unknown.
450:, which further distinguish the sexes.
259:
206:
150:
66:
48:
6832:Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism
6732:Human Growth: A Comprehensive Treatise
5748:
5746:
5744:
4511:"Erections in Babies | LIVESTRONG.COM"
4287:"Male Reproductive System Information"
3947:
3422:
3420:
3154:Tooltip Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate
2857:
2406:, but lesser amounts are derived from
2290:. The main target cells of LH are the
1635:Two females from 8.0 to 14.5 years old
1399:as well as further development of the
1114:Under the influence of androgens, the
865:Five Tanner stages of male genitalia;
7434:Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis
6381:"Puberty and resonance: a hypothesis"
4354:
4190:
4188:
4186:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4176:
3730:Lewis M, Shapland F, Watts R (2016).
1627:Two males from 11.5 to 16.6 years old
561:1 Follicle-stimulating hormone – FSH
7:
4785:Birley HD, Luzzi GA, Bell R (1993).
4383:. St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier Saunders.
2962:Tooltip Follicle-stimulating hormone
2762:adding citations to reliable sources
2652:adding citations to reliable sources
1936:adding citations to reliable sources
1500:adding citations to reliable sources
797:adding citations to reliable sources
7429:Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis
6631:Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology
6232:The New England Journal of Medicine
6030:(Suppl 1): S2–9, discussion S20–1.
4562:Madaras L, Madaras A (2007-06-06).
4535:Madaras L, Madaras A (2007-06-08).
4456:Madaras L, Madaras A (2007-06-08).
3111: (200–2500)
7021:Growing Up Sexually: A World Atlas
6730:. In Falkner F, Tanner JM (eds.).
6429:10.1111/j.1600-079X.1986.tb00759.x
5821:American Journal of Human Genetics
5755:Journal of Research on Adolescence
5302:"Hips widen during female puberty"
5225:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1980.tb02125.x
4432:Sexuality Now: Embracing Diversity
3430:Human Development: A Lifespan View
3327:(approximately age 12½ in females)
3315:(approximately age 10½ in females)
2693:However, a significant portion of
2481:. Its primary target organ is the
2350:hormone produced primarily by the
2282:(luteinizing hormone) is a larger
1659:appears to contradict the article
1259:. Whitish secretions (physiologic
917:and nearly twice as much skeletal
14:
6957:Terasawa E, Fernandez DL (2001).
5705:"Girls maturing slightly earlier"
3739:American Journal of Human Biology
2477:is a protein hormone produced by
1447:corpora cavernosa of the clitoris
1126:, because the longer and thicker
6134:The American Journal of Medicine
5767:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2007.00546.x
5731:"Girls now begin puberty aged 9"
4226:Journal of Youth and Adolescence
4088:Archives of Disease in Childhood
4053:10.1046/j.1440-1681.2001.03493.x
3694:10.1111/j.1365-2605.2010.01051.x
3333:(approximately age 13½ in males)
2734:
2624:
1908:
1648:
1476:
947:and colloquially referred to as
773:
659:secondary sexual characteristics
535:
318:
58:
6726:Marshall WA, Tanner JM (1986).
6648:Gungor N, Arslanian SA (2002).
4719:"Circumcision Policy Statement"
4489:. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
4082:Clayton PE, Trueman JA (2000).
2358:, and in lesser amounts by the
1825:intakes, as occur with typical
1487:needs additional citations for
901:Male musculature and body shape
784:needs additional citations for
644:, testosterone, estradiol, and
446:through the development of the
5815:Treloar SA, Martin NG (1990).
5610:Testosterone Deficiency in Men
4835:"Puberty -- Changes for Males"
4305:"The Male Reproductive System"
4203:. New York: Worth Publishers.
3427:Kail RV, Cavanaugh JC (2010).
3189:Tooltip Dehydroepiandrosterone
2559:gonadotropin releasing hormone
2443:dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate
1833:Obesity influence and exercise
1419:and to a lesser degree of the
1371:, resulting in a more "adult"
993:American Academy of Pediatrics
883:Tanner scale for male genitals
440:primary sexual characteristics
1:
7829:Human female endocrine system
7588:Development of the human body
6941:10.1016/S0022-3476(85)80501-1
6338:Yellon SM, Newman SW (1991).
5322:Gungor & Arslanian (2002)
5058:10.1016/S0889-8545(21)00504-0
4987:10.1016/S0022-3476(85)80501-1
4911:"The structure of the larynx"
4655:10.1016/S0022-5347(01)65544-7
3471:Jones & Bartlett Learning
3400:Seclusion of girls at puberty
2508:endocrine reproductive system
2425:are steroids produced by the
1585:hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
1087:Voice change and Adam's apple
448:secondary sex characteristics
6474:10.1016/0031-9384(95)00021-A
6146:10.1016/0002-9343(84)90172-4
5426:Neurourology and Urodynamics
5280:10.1016/0002-9378(66)90398-X
5254:Marshall & Tanner (1986)
5020:Marshall & Tanner (1986)
4956:Marshall & Tanner (1986)
4939:Marshall & Tanner (1986)
4861:"Getting The Facts: Puberty"
4367:Marshall & Tanner (1986)
3405:Secondary sex characteristic
2459:insulin-like growth factor 1
2071:begins to release pulses of
1810:nutrition, and increases in
501:(age of maturity), the word
262:Developmental stage theories
123:Emerging and early adulthood
6899:The Neurobiology of Puberty
6245:10.1056/NEJM197209212871203
5794:10.1037/0012-1649.40.6.1188
5174:Hamilton-Fairley D (2004).
4199:Invitation to the Life Span
3486:occurs around age 12 or 13.
2898:Tooltip Luteinizing hormone
2726:Hormonal changes in females
1850:Physical and mental illness
945:nocturnal penile tumescence
563:2 Luteinizing hormone – LH
7850:
7419:Reproductive endocrinology
6416:Journal of Pineal Research
6357:10.1095/biolreprod45.3.440
5177:Obstetrics and Gynaecology
5008:Gordon & Laufer (2005)
4379:Jones, Kenneth W. (2006).
4263:"Puberty: Adolescent Male"
3794:10.1016/j.jpag.2015.12.002
3466:Women's Gynecologic Health
1856:inflammatory bowel disease
1347:widen (providing a larger
1287:Menstruation and fertility
1157:
1100:
1090:
1028:as part of the developing
826:
208:Development and psychology
27:
20:
7487:Human reproductive system
6929:The Journal of Pediatrics
6844:10.1016/j.tem.2005.11.006
6776:. In Sperling, MA (ed.).
6753:. In Sperling, MA (ed.).
6461:Physiology & Behavior
5673:10.1136/bmj.322.7294.1095
5579:10.1016/j.tem.2011.03.002
5360:10.1210/jcem.77.3.8370691
4975:The Journal of Pediatrics
4578:– via Google Books.
4551:– via Google Books.
4499:– via Google Books.
4472:– via Google Books.
4445:– via Google Books.
4323:"Male puberty milestones"
4238:10.1007/s10964-006-9039-4
3831:"Puberty and adolescence"
3273:
2955:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2608:Hormonal changes in males
2255:-releasing hormone) is a
2027:by a few months. Rarely,
1983:in childhood, or who are
1900:Stress and social factors
1878:major depressive disorder
1055:. The usual sequence is:
559:Hormone feedback cycles:
6652:. In Sperling MA (ed.).
5968:McKenna P (2007-03-05).
5782:Developmental Psychology
5567:Trends Endocrinol. Metab
5540:"Early Puberty in Girls"
5538:Zuckerman D (May 2009).
5139:10.1186/1471-2458-10-736
4483:Attwood S (2008-05-15).
4429:Carroll J (2009-01-29).
4010:Johnson M (2007-06-29).
3719:. University of Reading.
3594:Environ. Health Perspect
3573:. London. Archived from
3563:Alleyne R (2010-06-13).
3303:(approximately ages 6—8)
1762:polychlorinated biphenyl
1057:underarm (axillary) hair
287:Psychosexual development
6897:Plant TM, Lee PA, eds.
6778:Pediatric Endocrinology
6755:Pediatric Endocrinology
6654:Pediatric Endocrinology
6344:Biology of Reproduction
5897:10.1111/1467-8624.00456
5729:Rogers L (2010-06-13).
5383:Pharmacological Reviews
4916:Encyclopædia Britannica
3928:(inactive 2024-08-27).
3882:10.1542/peds.102.S3.507
2043:system consists of the
1225:Vagina, uterus, ovaries
1024:and upward towards the
673:Puberty is preceded by
7509:Diseases and disorders
7318:Sexual differentiation
6976:10.1210/edrv.22.1.0418
6749:Rosenfield RL (2002).
6199:10.1210/edrv.22.6.8566
5505:10.1542/peds.108.2.347
5213:Clinical Endocrinology
5096:10.1542/peds.111.4.844
4863:. ppwr. Archived from
4736:10.1542/peds.103.3.686
4610:10.1136/adc.43.228.200
4592:Øster J (April 1968).
4267:Johns Hopkins Medicine
4012:Essential Reproduction
3835:University of Maryland
3715:Lewis M (2020-07-13).
2932:<0.1 (<0.1–0.2)
2617:
2435:dehydroepiandrosterone
2270:cells of the anterior
2061:central nervous system
2011:Variations of sequence
1666:Please discuss at the
1636:
1628:
1535:
1336:
1150:
1048:
1013:
910:
889:will increase and the
869:
584:
511:adolescent development
496:
7541:Premature ejaculation
7536:Hard flaccid syndrome
7206:Human sexual activity
6882:10.1542/peds.99.4.505
4888:. PBS. Archived from
3651:(Suppl 3): S192–207.
2615:
2502:Endocrine perspective
2467:pubertal growth spurt
2090:into the circulation.
2082:respond by secreting
2035:Neurohormonal process
1790:Nutritional influence
1736:Hormones and steroids
1634:
1626:
1533:
1334:
1176:. By the widely used
1149:of puberty in females
1145:
1132:fundamental frequency
1086:
1043:
1011:
908:
867:The Adolescent Period
864:
558:
382:. It is initiated by
325:Psychology portal
227:Nature versus nurture
151:Biological milestones
7531:Erectile dysfunction
6728:"Chapter 8: Puberty"
4803:10.1136/sti.69.5.400
4435:. Cengage Learning.
4084:"Leptin and puberty"
4028:. MERCK. 2008-05-16.
4026:"Precocious Puberty"
3501:Phillips DC (2014).
3345:Adolescent sexuality
2758:improve this section
2648:improve this section
2545:) double in number.
2386:hormone produced by
1932:improve this section
1496:improve this article
1036:Body and facial hair
793:improve this article
468:endocrine disruptors
179:Language acquisition
7310:reproductive system
7298:Vaginal lubrication
7076:sexual reproduction
5667:(7294): 1095–1096.
5324:, pp. 699–700.
5256:, pp. 196–197.
5090:(4 Pt 1): 844–850.
5022:, pp. 186–187.
4886:"The No-Hair Scare"
4729:(3): 686–93. 1999.
3988:10.1210/jc.86.1.459
3876:(2 Pt 3): 507–513.
3570:The Daily Telegraph
3117:Hydroxyprogesterone
2911:6.7 (<1.0–14.6)
2858:
2720:dihydrotestosterone
2366:and the "original"
2235:), both present in
1821:intakes and higher
1409:myoepithelial layer
1217:upward towards the
1109:Squeaky-Voiced Teen
960:Foreskin retraction
380:sexual reproduction
302:Cultural-historical
7743:Emerging adulthood
7308:Development of the
7219:Sexual intercourse
6998:, December 1, 2005
6911:2013-07-04 at the
6826:(1978), 13, 35–43.
6570:Becker KL (2001).
6510:Discovery Medicine
6309:10.1007/bf01923338
4195:Berger KS (2014).
4100:10.1136/adc.83.1.1
3751:10.1002/ajhb.22761
3658:10.1542/peds.1813E
3511:. pp. 18–19.
3463:Schuiling (2016).
3385:Precocious puberty
3101:175 (<10–2500)
2999:3.5 (<0.5–6.6)
2996:2.1 (<0.5–5.4)
2972:4.6 (<1.0–7.2)
2938:2.1 (<0.1–6.8)
2935:0.7 (<0.1–2.8)
2908:4.2 (<1.0–9.0)
2905:2.7 (<1.0–5.5)
2618:
2396:estrogen receptors
2372:androgen receptors
2262:released from the
2080:anterior pituitary
1770:precocious puberty
1637:
1629:
1558:Vandenbergh effect
1536:
1355:Body odor and acne
1337:
1295:is referred to as
1293:menstrual bleeding
1253:vaginal epithelium
1160:Breast development
1154:Breast development
1151:
1138:Changes in females
1049:
1014:
911:
870:
851:nocturnal emission
585:
583:12 Prolactin – PRL
571:6 Pituitary gland
485:Notable among the
476:precocious puberty
217:Pre- and perinatal
7834:Sexuality and age
7824:Human development
7801:
7800:
7665:Adult development
7643:Child development
7554:
7553:
7323:Sexual dimorphism
7288:Postpartum period
7010:Support for teens
6963:Endocrine Reviews
6824:Biométrie Humaine
6808:. Little, Brown.
6806:Our Stolen Future
6787:978-0-7216-9539-6
6772:Styne DM (2002).
6764:978-0-7216-9539-6
6741:978-0-306-41952-2
6663:978-0-7216-9539-6
6640:978-0-7817-4493-5
6583:978-0-7817-1750-2
6503:Lehrer S (2015).
6379:Lehrer S (1983).
6303:(10): 1027–1038.
6185:Endocrine Reviews
6178:Neill JD (2001).
6128:Lehrer S (1984).
6037:10.1002/eat.20107
5999:Molly, M. Ginty,
5922:. Little, Brown.
5920:Our Stolen Future
5885:Child Development
5619:978-0-19-954513-1
5438:10.1002/nau.21106
5395:10.1124/pr.56.4.4
5334:Rosenfield (2002)
5126:BMC Public Health
5032:Rosenfield (2002)
4575:978-1-55704-764-9
4568:. HarperCollins.
4548:978-1-55704-769-4
4541:. HarperCollins.
4496:978-1-84642-797-8
4469:978-1-55704-769-4
4462:. HarperCollins.
4442:978-0-495-60274-3
4390:978-0-7216-0615-6
4210:978-1-4292-8352-6
3969:Plant TM (2001).
3926:10.1159/000053061
3549:978-0-19-803563-3
3518:978-1-4833-6475-9
3509:SAGE Publications
3480:978-1-284-12501-6
3444:978-0-495-60037-4
3380:Kallmann syndrome
3292:
3291:
2794:
2793:
2786:
2684:
2683:
2676:
2495:energy metabolism
2324:ovarian follicles
2266:which stimulates
1968:
1967:
1960:
1812:childhood obesity
1719:androgen receptor
1685:
1684:
1581:Kallmann syndrome
1528:
1527:
1520:
1359:Rising levels of
1319:is necessary for
1213:and sometimes as
895:corpora cavernosa
841:. The release of
825:
824:
817:
694:premature puberty
613:is the principal
444:sexual dimorphism
398:in a female, the
386:signals from the
361:
360:
30:Pubescence (film)
7841:
7781:Social and legal
7581:
7574:
7567:
7558:
7293:Mechanics of sex
7102:Follicular phase
7072:Human physiology
7065:
7058:
7051:
7042:
6988:
6978:
6952:
6893:
6863:
6819:
6791:
6768:
6745:
6722:
6720:
6719:
6667:
6644:
6616:
6615:
6594:
6588:
6587:
6567:
6561:
6560:
6558:
6557:
6543:
6537:
6536:
6526:
6517:(110): 191–196.
6500:
6494:
6493:
6455:
6449:
6448:
6410:
6404:
6403:
6385:
6376:
6370:
6369:
6359:
6335:
6329:
6328:
6290:
6284:
6283:
6263:
6257:
6256:
6226:
6220:
6219:
6201:
6175:
6169:
6168:
6166:
6165:
6156:. Archived from
6125:
6119:
6118:
6115:(e) Science News
6106:
6096:
6056:
6050:
6049:
6039:
6015:
6009:
5997:
5991:
5990:
5988:
5987:
5978:. Archived from
5965:
5959:
5958:
5956:
5955:
5946:. Archived from
5940:
5934:
5933:
5915:
5909:
5908:
5891:(4): 1046–1051.
5880:
5874:
5873:
5853:
5847:
5846:
5836:
5812:
5806:
5805:
5788:(6): 1188–1198.
5777:
5771:
5770:
5750:
5739:
5738:
5726:
5720:
5719:
5717:
5716:
5701:
5695:
5694:
5684:
5652:
5646:
5645:
5643:
5642:
5630:
5624:
5623:
5605:
5599:
5598:
5562:
5556:
5554:
5552:
5551:
5535:
5526:
5523:
5517:
5516:
5488:
5482:
5481:
5479:
5478:
5464:
5458:
5457:
5421:
5415:
5414:
5378:
5372:
5371:
5343:
5337:
5331:
5325:
5319:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5309:
5298:
5292:
5291:
5263:
5257:
5251:
5245:
5244:
5208:
5199:
5198:
5196:
5195:
5189:
5182:
5171:
5162:
5161:
5151:
5141:
5117:
5108:
5107:
5079:
5070:
5069:
5041:
5035:
5029:
5023:
5017:
5011:
5005:
4999:
4998:
4970:
4959:
4953:
4942:
4936:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4923:
4907:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4882:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4872:
4857:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4842:
4831:
4825:
4824:
4814:
4782:
4776:
4775:
4755:
4749:
4748:
4738:
4715:
4709:
4708:
4700:
4694:
4693:
4673:
4667:
4666:
4638:
4632:
4631:
4621:
4604:(228): 200–202.
4589:
4580:
4579:
4559:
4553:
4552:
4532:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4522:
4513:. Archived from
4507:
4501:
4500:
4480:
4474:
4473:
4453:
4447:
4446:
4426:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4407:. Archived from
4401:
4395:
4394:
4376:
4370:
4364:
4358:
4352:
4346:
4340:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4319:
4313:
4312:
4301:
4295:
4294:
4291:Cleveland Clinic
4283:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4259:
4250:
4249:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4202:
4192:
4171:
4170:
4160:
4128:
4122:
4121:
4111:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4036:
4030:
4029:
4022:
4016:
4015:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3990:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3953:
3945:
3920:(Suppl 1): 2–8.
3914:Hormone Research
3908:
3902:
3901:
3865:
3859:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3837:. Archived from
3827:
3818:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3736:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3677:
3671:
3670:
3660:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3617:
3606:10.1289/ehp.8280
3585:
3579:
3578:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3498:
3489:
3488:
3460:
3449:
3448:
3435:Cengage Learning
3433:(5th ed.).
3424:
3283:adrenal androgen
3190:
3186:
3155:
3151:
2963:
2959:
2899:
2895:
2859:
2789:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2769:
2738:
2730:
2679:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2659:
2628:
2620:
2368:anabolic steroid
2003:provided in the
1963:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1943:
1912:
1904:
1894:anorexia nervosa
1882:bipolar disorder
1869:are widespread.
1827:vegetarian diets
1680:
1677:
1671:
1652:
1651:
1644:
1640:Historical shift
1523:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1503:
1480:
1472:
1443:vestibular bulbs
820:
813:
809:
806:
800:
777:
769:
765:Changes in males
654:gonadal steroids
642:steroid hormones
539:
499:
378:body capable of
374:matures into an
353:
346:
339:
323:
322:
321:
222:Infant and child
62:
37:
7849:
7848:
7844:
7843:
7842:
7840:
7839:
7838:
7804:
7803:
7802:
7797:
7793:Age of majority
7776:
7709:Early childhood
7684:
7631:Birth and after
7626:
7622:Gestational age
7590:
7585:
7555:
7550:
7504:
7481:
7448:
7421:and infertility
7420:
7413:
7390:
7309:
7302:
7200:
7130:Spermatogenesis
7116:
7084:Menstrual cycle
7078:
7069:
7006:
7001:
6956:
6926:
6913:Wayback Machine
6904:Sizonenko, PC.
6866:
6829:
6816:
6803:
6799:
6797:Further reading
6794:
6788:
6771:
6765:
6748:
6742:
6725:
6717:
6715:
6689:10.2307/2532505
6670:
6664:
6647:
6641:
6628:
6624:
6619:
6596:
6595:
6591:
6584:
6569:
6568:
6564:
6555:
6553:
6551:www.just.edu.jo
6545:
6544:
6540:
6502:
6501:
6497:
6457:
6456:
6452:
6412:
6411:
6407:
6383:
6378:
6377:
6373:
6337:
6336:
6332:
6292:
6291:
6287:
6265:
6264:
6260:
6239:(12): 582–586.
6228:
6227:
6223:
6177:
6176:
6172:
6163:
6161:
6127:
6126:
6122:
6109:
6107:
6073:Nature Genetics
6058:
6057:
6053:
6017:
6016:
6012:
5998:
5994:
5985:
5983:
5967:
5966:
5962:
5953:
5951:
5942:
5941:
5937:
5930:
5917:
5916:
5912:
5882:
5881:
5877:
5855:
5854:
5850:
5814:
5813:
5809:
5779:
5778:
5774:
5752:
5751:
5742:
5728:
5727:
5723:
5714:
5712:
5703:
5702:
5698:
5654:
5653:
5649:
5640:
5638:
5632:
5631:
5627:
5620:
5607:
5606:
5602:
5564:
5563:
5559:
5549:
5547:
5537:
5536:
5529:
5524:
5520:
5490:
5489:
5485:
5476:
5474:
5466:
5465:
5461:
5423:
5422:
5418:
5380:
5379:
5375:
5345:
5344:
5340:
5332:
5328:
5320:
5316:
5307:
5305:
5300:
5299:
5295:
5265:
5264:
5260:
5252:
5248:
5210:
5209:
5202:
5193:
5191:
5187:
5180:
5173:
5172:
5165:
5119:
5118:
5111:
5081:
5080:
5073:
5043:
5042:
5038:
5030:
5026:
5018:
5014:
5006:
5002:
4972:
4971:
4962:
4954:
4945:
4937:
4930:
4921:
4919:
4909:
4908:
4904:
4895:
4893:
4884:
4883:
4879:
4870:
4868:
4859:
4858:
4849:
4840:
4838:
4833:
4832:
4828:
4784:
4783:
4779:
4757:
4756:
4752:
4717:
4716:
4712:
4707:(Sept/Oct): 26.
4702:
4701:
4697:
4675:
4674:
4670:
4640:
4639:
4635:
4591:
4590:
4583:
4576:
4561:
4560:
4556:
4549:
4534:
4533:
4529:
4520:
4518:
4509:
4508:
4504:
4497:
4482:
4481:
4477:
4470:
4455:
4454:
4450:
4443:
4428:
4427:
4423:
4414:
4412:
4403:
4402:
4398:
4391:
4378:
4377:
4373:
4365:
4361:
4353:
4349:
4341:
4337:
4328:
4326:
4321:
4320:
4316:
4303:
4302:
4298:
4285:
4284:
4280:
4271:
4269:
4261:
4260:
4253:
4223:
4222:
4218:
4211:
4194:
4193:
4174:
4137:Nature Genetics
4130:
4129:
4125:
4081:
4080:
4076:
4038:
4037:
4033:
4024:
4023:
4019:
4009:
4008:
4004:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3946:
3910:
3909:
3905:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3857:
3853:
3844:
3842:
3829:
3828:
3821:
3813:
3809:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3734:
3729:
3728:
3724:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3636:
3635:
3631:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3550:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3519:
3500:
3499:
3492:
3481:
3462:
3461:
3452:
3445:
3437:. p. 296.
3426:
3425:
3418:
3414:
3409:
3395:Puberty blocker
3365:Delayed puberty
3350:Child sexuality
3340:
3297:
3281:, or increased
3260:26 (<10–40)
3257:18 (<10–29)
3254:10 (<10–22)
3226:26 (<10–50)
3219:Androstenedione
3197:
3188:
3162:
3153:
3142:
3137:
3124:33 (<10–84)
3110:
3105:
3092:22 (<10–32)
3078:
3073:
3046:
3041:
3015:5.4 (1.8–10.5)
3014:
3009:
3005:6.2 (1.1–11.3)
2987:
2982:
2978:7.4 (3.3–10.5)
2975:6.8 (3.3–10.5)
2961:
2950:
2945:
2923:
2918:
2914:7.7 (2.8–15.0)
2897:
2869:
2802:granulosa cells
2790:
2779:
2773:
2770:
2755:
2739:
2728:
2680:
2669:
2663:
2660:
2645:
2629:
2610:
2567:Robert M. Boyar
2535:clinical assays
2504:
2439:androstenedione
2427:zona reticulosa
2400:granulosa cells
2288:pituitary gland
2210:
2158:pituitary gland
2142:pituitary gland
2127:arcuate nucleus
2122:
2037:
2013:
1964:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1929:
1913:
1902:
1852:
1835:
1792:
1738:
1710:
1681:
1675:
1672:
1665:
1653:
1642:
1621:
1549:
1524:
1513:
1507:
1504:
1493:
1481:
1470:
1462:
1451:urethral sponge
1389:
1367:composition of
1363:can change the
1357:
1329:
1289:
1227:
1192:
1168:of one or both
1162:
1156:
1140:
1118:(or voice box)
1112:
1107:character, see
1099:
1091:Main articles:
1089:
1053:androgenic hair
1038:
1006:
972:and behind the
962:
938:
903:
859:
857:Testicular size
831:
821:
810:
804:
801:
790:
778:
767:
750:
731:
722:
671:
606:For males, the
582:
580:
578:
577:9 Testosterone
576:
574:
572:
570:
569:5 Hypothalamus
568:
566:
565:3 Progesterone
564:
562:
560:
553:
552:
551:
545:
540:
531:
515:Western culture
480:delayed puberty
436:Physical growth
357:
319:
317:
264:
119:
103:
92:
52:and development
51:
33:
26:
23:Sexual maturity
17:
12:
11:
5:
7847:
7845:
7837:
7836:
7831:
7826:
7821:
7816:
7806:
7805:
7799:
7798:
7796:
7795:
7790:
7784:
7782:
7778:
7777:
7775:
7774:
7769:
7768:
7767:
7762:
7757:
7747:
7746:
7745:
7740:
7735:
7733:Preadolescence
7725:
7724:
7723:
7722:
7721:
7711:
7706:
7701:
7692:
7690:
7686:
7685:
7683:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7661:
7660:
7655:
7650:
7640:
7634:
7632:
7628:
7627:
7625:
7624:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7598:
7596:
7592:
7591:
7586:
7584:
7583:
7576:
7569:
7561:
7552:
7551:
7549:
7548:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7512:
7510:
7506:
7505:
7503:
7502:
7497:
7491:
7489:
7483:
7482:
7480:
7479:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7458:
7456:
7450:
7449:
7447:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7431:
7425:
7423:
7415:
7414:
7412:
7411:
7406:
7400:
7398:
7392:
7391:
7389:
7388:
7383:
7374:
7373:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7337:
7336:
7335:
7330:
7325:
7314:
7312:
7304:
7303:
7301:
7300:
7295:
7290:
7285:
7280:
7275:
7266:
7261:
7260:
7259:
7254:
7246:
7241:
7240:
7239:
7234:
7226:
7221:
7216:
7214:Sexual arousal
7210:
7208:
7202:
7201:
7199:
7198:
7197:
7196:
7191:
7181:
7180:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7154:
7153:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7135:spermatogonium
7126:
7124:
7118:
7117:
7115:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7088:
7086:
7080:
7079:
7070:
7068:
7067:
7060:
7053:
7045:
7039:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7005:
7004:External links
7002:
7000:
6999:
6989:
6954:
6924:
6902:
6895:
6864:
6827:
6820:
6814:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6792:
6786:
6769:
6763:
6746:
6740:
6723:
6683:(1): 177–193.
6668:
6662:
6645:
6639:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6617:
6602:(in Spanish).
6589:
6582:
6562:
6538:
6495:
6450:
6423:(4): 375–378.
6405:
6371:
6350:(3): 440–446.
6330:
6285:
6258:
6221:
6192:(6): 721–723.
6170:
6140:(6): 977–980.
6120:
6085:10.1038/ng.306
6079:(3): 354–358.
6051:
6010:
5992:
5960:
5935:
5928:
5910:
5875:
5864:(5): 739–753.
5848:
5827:(1): 137–148.
5807:
5772:
5761:(4): 767–788.
5740:
5721:
5696:
5647:
5625:
5618:
5600:
5557:
5527:
5518:
5483:
5472:kidshealth.org
5459:
5432:(5): 754–757.
5416:
5389:(4): 581–631.
5373:
5354:(3): 692–698.
5338:
5326:
5314:
5293:
5274:(5): 637–645.
5258:
5246:
5219:(2): 107–120.
5200:
5163:
5109:
5071:
5052:(1): 103–127.
5036:
5034:, p. 462.
5024:
5012:
5010:, p. 151.
5000:
4981:(3): 317–329.
4960:
4958:, p. 188.
4943:
4941:, p. 187.
4928:
4902:
4877:
4847:
4826:
4797:(5): 400–403.
4791:Genitourin Med
4777:
4750:
4710:
4695:
4678:Hinyokika Kiyo
4668:
4633:
4598:Arch Dis Child
4581:
4574:
4554:
4547:
4527:
4502:
4495:
4475:
4468:
4448:
4441:
4421:
4396:
4389:
4371:
4369:, p. 180.
4359:
4357:, p. 598.
4347:
4335:
4314:
4296:
4278:
4251:
4232:(3): 380–390.
4216:
4209:
4172:
4149:10.1038/ng.306
4143:(3): 354–358.
4123:
4074:
4047:(7): 610–617.
4031:
4017:
4002:
3981:(1): 458–460.
3961:
3903:
3860:
3851:
3819:
3807:
3788:(6): 527–530.
3772:
3722:
3707:
3682:Int. J. Androl
3672:
3629:
3580:
3577:on 2010-06-14.
3555:
3548:
3528:
3517:
3490:
3479:
3473:. p. 22.
3450:
3443:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3328:
3322:
3316:
3310:
3304:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3213:538 (215–855)
3211:
3208:
3207:394 (240–768)
3205:
3204:328 (190–620)
3202:
3201:297 (150–540)
3199:
3196:35 (<10–70)
3194:
3191:
3180:
3179:
3178:220 (118–320)
3176:
3173:
3172:195 (106–320)
3170:
3167:
3164:
3159:
3156:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3060:13 (<9–23)
3058:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3035:
3034:27 (<9–60)
3032:
3031:15 (<9–30)
3029:
3026:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3013:6.6 (1.9–10.8)
3011:
3006:
3003:
3002:4.9 (0.7–9.0)
3000:
2997:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2988:6.0 (3.4–8.6)
2984:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2969:4.0 (<1–5)
2967:
2964:
2953:
2952:
2951:3.5 (1.5–8.0)
2947:
2942:
2941:3.6 (0.9–8.1)
2939:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2866:
2863:
2839:necessary for
2792:
2791:
2742:
2740:
2733:
2727:
2724:
2682:
2681:
2632:
2630:
2623:
2609:
2606:
2587:Regulation of
2503:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2479:adipose tissue
2470:
2463:growth hormone
2450:
2431:adrenal cortex
2415:
2375:
2339:
2334:tissue of the
2307:
2275:
2244:
2209:
2208:Major hormones
2206:
2197:adrenal glands
2121:
2118:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2091:
2076:
2057:adrenal glands
2039:The endocrine
2036:
2033:
2012:
2009:
1966:
1965:
1916:
1914:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1851:
1848:
1834:
1831:
1791:
1788:
1737:
1734:
1709:
1706:
1683:
1682:
1656:
1654:
1647:
1641:
1638:
1617:
1548:
1545:
1526:
1525:
1484:
1482:
1475:
1469:
1466:
1461:
1458:
1405:stratification
1388:
1385:
1356:
1353:
1328:
1325:
1313:United Kingdom
1288:
1285:
1226:
1223:
1215:abdominal hair
1191:
1188:
1178:Tanner staging
1158:Main article:
1155:
1152:
1139:
1136:
1088:
1085:
1065:upper lip hair
1037:
1034:
1030:abdominal hair
1005:
1002:
961:
958:
937:
934:
902:
899:
858:
855:
823:
822:
781:
779:
772:
766:
763:
749:
746:
730:
727:
721:
718:
708:encoding both
670:
667:
591:involved, the
581:11 Incentives
542:
541:
534:
533:
532:
530:
527:
359:
358:
356:
355:
348:
341:
333:
330:
329:
328:
327:
312:
311:
310:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
266:
265:
260:
257:
256:
255:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
211:
210:
204:
203:
202:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
153:
152:
148:
147:
146:
145:
140:
135:
130:
125:
120:
114:
109:
104:
98:
93:
87:
82:
77:
69:
68:
64:
63:
55:
54:
46:
45:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7846:
7835:
7832:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7811:
7809:
7794:
7791:
7789:
7786:
7785:
7783:
7779:
7773:
7770:
7766:
7763:
7761:
7758:
7756:
7753:
7752:
7751:
7748:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7734:
7731:
7730:
7729:
7726:
7720:
7717:
7716:
7715:
7712:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7696:
7694:
7693:
7691:
7687:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7645:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7635:
7633:
7629:
7623:
7620:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7599:
7597:
7593:
7589:
7582:
7577:
7575:
7570:
7568:
7563:
7562:
7559:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7513:
7511:
7507:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7492:
7490:
7488:
7484:
7478:
7477:Breastfeeding
7475:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7459:
7457:
7455:
7451:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7426:
7424:
7422:
7416:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7402:
7401:
7399:
7397:
7393:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7378:
7375:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7342:
7341:
7338:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7320:
7319:
7316:
7315:
7313:
7311:
7305:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7270:
7269:Fertilization
7267:
7265:
7262:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7249:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7229:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7212:
7211:
7209:
7207:
7203:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7186:
7185:
7182:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7159:
7158:
7155:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7132:
7131:
7128:
7127:
7125:
7123:
7122:Gametogenesis
7119:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7089:
7087:
7085:
7081:
7077:
7073:
7066:
7061:
7059:
7054:
7052:
7047:
7046:
7043:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7011:
7008:
7007:
7003:
6997:
6993:
6990:
6986:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6969:(1): 111–51.
6968:
6964:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6946:
6942:
6938:
6935:(3): 317–29.
6934:
6930:
6925:
6923:. pp 299–306.
6922:
6921:0-444-50296-3
6918:
6914:
6910:
6907:
6903:
6900:
6896:
6891:
6887:
6883:
6879:
6876:(4): 505–12.
6875:
6871:
6865:
6861:
6857:
6853:
6849:
6845:
6841:
6837:
6833:
6828:
6825:
6821:
6817:
6811:
6807:
6802:
6801:
6796:
6789:
6783:
6779:
6775:
6770:
6766:
6760:
6756:
6752:
6747:
6743:
6737:
6733:
6729:
6724:
6714:
6710:
6706:
6702:
6698:
6694:
6690:
6686:
6682:
6678:
6674:
6669:
6665:
6659:
6655:
6651:
6646:
6642:
6636:
6632:
6627:
6626:
6621:
6613:
6609:
6605:
6601:
6593:
6590:
6585:
6579:
6575:
6574:
6566:
6563:
6552:
6548:
6542:
6539:
6534:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6516:
6512:
6511:
6506:
6499:
6496:
6491:
6487:
6483:
6479:
6475:
6471:
6467:
6463:
6462:
6454:
6451:
6446:
6442:
6438:
6434:
6430:
6426:
6422:
6418:
6417:
6409:
6406:
6401:
6397:
6393:
6389:
6382:
6375:
6372:
6367:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6334:
6331:
6326:
6322:
6318:
6314:
6310:
6306:
6302:
6298:
6297:
6289:
6286:
6281:
6277:
6273:
6269:
6262:
6259:
6254:
6250:
6246:
6242:
6238:
6234:
6233:
6225:
6222:
6217:
6213:
6209:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6191:
6187:
6186:
6181:
6174:
6171:
6160:on 2011-09-21
6159:
6155:
6151:
6147:
6143:
6139:
6135:
6131:
6124:
6121:
6117:. 2008-12-11.
6116:
6112:
6108:Lay summary:
6104:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6086:
6082:
6078:
6074:
6070:
6068:
6064:
6055:
6052:
6047:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6029:
6025:
6021:
6014:
6011:
6008:
6007:
6006:Women's eNews
6002:
5996:
5993:
5982:on 2008-04-19
5981:
5977:
5976:
5975:New Scientist
5971:
5964:
5961:
5950:on 2020-08-06
5949:
5945:
5939:
5936:
5931:
5925:
5921:
5914:
5911:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5890:
5886:
5879:
5876:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5852:
5849:
5844:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5811:
5808:
5803:
5799:
5795:
5791:
5787:
5783:
5776:
5773:
5768:
5764:
5760:
5756:
5749:
5747:
5745:
5741:
5736:
5732:
5725:
5722:
5710:
5706:
5700:
5697:
5692:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5674:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5651:
5648:
5636:
5629:
5626:
5621:
5615:
5611:
5604:
5601:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5573:(7): 249–58.
5572:
5568:
5561:
5558:
5546:on 2013-11-09
5545:
5541:
5534:
5532:
5528:
5522:
5519:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5499:(2): 347–53.
5498:
5494:
5487:
5484:
5473:
5469:
5463:
5460:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5420:
5417:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5377:
5374:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5342:
5339:
5335:
5330:
5327:
5323:
5318:
5315:
5303:
5297:
5294:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5269:
5262:
5259:
5255:
5250:
5247:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5207:
5205:
5201:
5190:on 2018-10-09
5186:
5179:
5178:
5170:
5168:
5164:
5159:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5116:
5114:
5110:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5078:
5076:
5072:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5040:
5037:
5033:
5028:
5025:
5021:
5016:
5013:
5009:
5004:
5001:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4969:
4967:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4952:
4950:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4935:
4933:
4929:
4918:
4917:
4912:
4906:
4903:
4892:on 2009-02-05
4891:
4887:
4881:
4878:
4867:on 2008-01-04
4866:
4862:
4856:
4854:
4852:
4848:
4836:
4830:
4827:
4822:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4781:
4778:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4754:
4751:
4746:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4714:
4711:
4706:
4699:
4696:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4672:
4669:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4637:
4634:
4629:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4588:
4586:
4582:
4577:
4571:
4567:
4566:
4558:
4555:
4550:
4544:
4540:
4539:
4531:
4528:
4517:on 2012-10-04
4516:
4512:
4506:
4503:
4498:
4492:
4488:
4487:
4479:
4476:
4471:
4465:
4461:
4460:
4452:
4449:
4444:
4438:
4434:
4433:
4425:
4422:
4411:on 2016-03-07
4410:
4406:
4400:
4397:
4392:
4386:
4382:
4375:
4372:
4368:
4363:
4360:
4356:
4351:
4348:
4344:
4339:
4336:
4324:
4318:
4315:
4310:
4306:
4300:
4297:
4292:
4288:
4282:
4279:
4268:
4264:
4258:
4256:
4252:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4220:
4217:
4212:
4206:
4201:
4200:
4191:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4173:
4168:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4127:
4124:
4119:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4078:
4075:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4035:
4032:
4027:
4021:
4018:
4013:
4006:
4003:
3998:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3965:
3962:
3957:
3951:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3907:
3904:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3864:
3861:
3855:
3852:
3841:on 2013-09-24
3840:
3836:
3832:
3826:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3811:
3808:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3776:
3773:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3733:
3726:
3723:
3718:
3711:
3708:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3688:(2): 346–59.
3687:
3683:
3676:
3673:
3668:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3633:
3630:
3625:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3584:
3581:
3576:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3559:
3556:
3551:
3545:
3541:
3540:
3532:
3529:
3525:
3520:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3505:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3482:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3446:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3431:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3411:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3241:172 (74–284)
3240:
3237:
3235:147 (70–245)
3234:
3232:126 (55–190)
3231:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3198:127 (72–180)
3195:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3169:155 (85–290)
3168:
3166:129 (60–240)
3165:
3163:106 (40–200)
3160:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3146:
3143:178 (35–290)
3140:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3108:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3076:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3047:130 (70–300)
3044:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3028:9 (<9–20)
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3012:
3007:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2985:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2960:
2954:
2949:3.8 (1.6–8.1)
2948:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2921:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2896:
2890:
2885:
2860:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2823:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2788:
2785:
2777:
2774:November 2011
2767:
2763:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2743:This section
2741:
2737:
2732:
2731:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2687:
2678:
2675:
2667:
2664:November 2011
2657:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2633:This section
2631:
2627:
2622:
2621:
2614:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2552:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2526:
2525:Sigmund Freud
2522:
2521:latency stage
2518:
2513:
2509:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2416:
2414:testosterone.
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2388:aromatization
2385:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2370:. It acts on
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2332:spermatogenic
2329:
2328:Sertoli cells
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2128:
2119:
2117:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2078:Cells in the
2077:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1996:epidemiologic
1992:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1974:
1962:
1959:
1951:
1948:November 2011
1941:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1917:This section
1915:
1911:
1906:
1905:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1890:schizophrenia
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1823:dietary fiber
1820:
1815:
1813:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1771:
1765:
1763:
1758:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1727:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1679:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1657:This section
1655:
1646:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1559:
1553:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1532:
1522:
1519:
1511:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1485:This section
1483:
1479:
1474:
1473:
1467:
1465:
1460:Underarm hair
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1413:smooth muscle
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1333:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1305:United States
1302:
1298:
1294:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1153:
1148:
1147:Tanner stages
1144:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1130:have a lower
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1098:
1094:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1061:perianal hair
1058:
1054:
1046:
1042:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1010:
1003:
1001:
999:
994:
989:
987:
983:
977:
975:
971:
967:
959:
957:
954:
950:
946:
942:
935:
933:
931:
926:
922:
920:
916:
907:
900:
898:
896:
892:
888:
884:
879:
875:
868:
863:
856:
854:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
830:
819:
816:
808:
798:
794:
788:
787:
782:This section
780:
776:
771:
770:
764:
762:
758:
754:
747:
745:
742:
738:
736:
728:
726:
719:
717:
715:
711:
706:
702:
697:
695:
691:
687:
683:
678:
676:
669:Puberty onset
668:
666:
664:
660:
655:
651:
647:
643:
638:
635:
631:
627:
624:
620:
616:
612:
609:
604:
600:
598:
594:
590:
557:
549:
544:
538:
528:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
498:
493:
488:
483:
481:
477:
473:
472:xenoestrogens
469:
465:
461:
457:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
354:
349:
347:
342:
340:
335:
334:
332:
331:
326:
316:
315:
314:
313:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
269:
268:
267:
263:
258:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
214:
213:
212:
209:
205:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
159:Fertilization
157:
156:
155:
154:
149:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
118:
115:
113:
112:Preadolescent
110:
108:
105:
102:
99:
97:
94:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
76:
73:
72:
71:
70:
65:
61:
57:
56:
53:
47:
43:
39:
38:
35:
31:
24:
19:
7760:Middle adult
7695:Early years
7657:
7595:Before birth
7381:Paternal age
7377:Maternal age
7350:Tanner scale
7339:
7333:Virilization
7328:Feminization
7278:Implantation
7264:Insemination
7248:Ejaculation
7224:Masturbation
7140:spermatocyte
7112:Luteal phase
7097:Menstruation
6996:ScienceDaily
6995:
6966:
6962:
6932:
6928:
6898:
6873:
6869:
6835:
6831:
6823:
6805:
6777:
6754:
6731:
6716:. Retrieved
6680:
6676:
6653:
6630:
6606:(1): 12–17.
6603:
6599:
6592:
6572:
6565:
6554:. Retrieved
6550:
6541:
6514:
6508:
6498:
6465:
6459:
6453:
6420:
6414:
6408:
6394:(1): 39–43.
6391:
6387:
6374:
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6300:
6294:
6288:
6271:
6267:
6261:
6236:
6230:
6224:
6189:
6183:
6173:
6162:. Retrieved
6158:the original
6137:
6133:
6123:
6114:
6076:
6072:
6066:
6062:
6054:
6027:
6023:
6013:
6004:
5995:
5984:. Retrieved
5980:the original
5973:
5963:
5952:. Retrieved
5948:the original
5938:
5919:
5913:
5888:
5884:
5878:
5861:
5857:
5851:
5824:
5820:
5810:
5785:
5781:
5775:
5758:
5754:
5734:
5724:
5713:. Retrieved
5711:. 2001-05-03
5708:
5699:
5664:
5660:
5650:
5639:. Retrieved
5628:
5609:
5603:
5570:
5566:
5560:
5548:. Retrieved
5544:the original
5521:
5496:
5492:
5486:
5475:. Retrieved
5471:
5462:
5429:
5425:
5419:
5386:
5382:
5376:
5351:
5347:
5341:
5329:
5317:
5306:. Retrieved
5296:
5271:
5267:
5261:
5249:
5216:
5212:
5192:. Retrieved
5185:the original
5176:
5129:
5125:
5087:
5083:
5049:
5045:
5039:
5027:
5015:
5003:
4978:
4974:
4920:. Retrieved
4914:
4905:
4894:. Retrieved
4890:the original
4880:
4869:. Retrieved
4865:the original
4839:. Retrieved
4829:
4794:
4790:
4780:
4766:(4): 353–5.
4763:
4759:
4753:
4726:
4722:
4713:
4705:Br J Sex Med
4704:
4698:
4684:(5): 305–8.
4681:
4677:
4671:
4646:
4642:
4636:
4601:
4597:
4564:
4557:
4537:
4530:
4519:. Retrieved
4515:the original
4505:
4485:
4478:
4458:
4451:
4431:
4424:
4413:. Retrieved
4409:the original
4399:
4380:
4374:
4362:
4355:Styne (2002)
4350:
4338:
4327:. Retrieved
4317:
4308:
4299:
4290:
4281:
4270:. Retrieved
4266:
4229:
4225:
4219:
4198:
4140:
4136:
4126:
4091:
4087:
4077:
4044:
4040:
4034:
4020:
4011:
4005:
3978:
3974:
3964:
3950:cite journal
3917:
3913:
3906:
3873:
3869:
3863:
3854:
3843:. Retrieved
3839:the original
3814:
3810:
3785:
3781:
3775:
3745:(1): 48–56.
3742:
3738:
3725:
3710:
3685:
3681:
3675:
3648:
3642:
3632:
3600:(3): 471–5.
3597:
3593:
3583:
3575:the original
3568:
3558:
3538:
3531:
3522:
3503:
3484:
3465:
3429:
3286:
3274:
3247:Testosterone
3229:77 (40–112)
3133:97 (17–235)
3130:75 (10–185)
3085:Progesterone
3079:75 (39–160)
2845:
2833:
2819:
2798:progesterone
2795:
2780:
2771:
2756:Please help
2744:
2716:
2700:gynecomastia
2695:testosterone
2692:
2688:
2685:
2670:
2661:
2646:Please help
2634:
2586:
2583:
2572:
2556:
2547:
2531:Gonadotropin
2529:
2517:sex steroids
2505:
2483:hypothalamus
2472:
2452:
2417:
2394:and acts on
2377:
2352:Leydig cells
2343:Testosterone
2341:
2309:
2292:Leydig cells
2277:
2264:hypothalamus
2253:gonadotropin
2246:
2241:hypothalamus
2237:KNDy neurons
2233:neuropeptide
2226:
2215:Neurokinin B
2213:
2195:
2193:
2185:testosterone
2181:sex hormones
2165:
2163:
2156:
2154:
2133:hypothalamus
2131:
2125:
2123:
2115:
2107:testosterone
2069:hypothalamus
2067:The brain's
2045:hypothalamus
2041:reproductive
2038:
2014:
2001:
1993:
1989:
1981:sexual abuse
1977:
1969:
1954:
1945:
1930:Please help
1918:
1871:
1860:tuberculosis
1853:
1844:
1836:
1816:
1808:
1793:
1774:
1766:
1759:
1750:Sex steroids
1746:progestogens
1739:
1730:
1723:
1711:
1702:
1686:
1673:
1658:
1618:
1609:hypogonadism
1597:gonadotropin
1583:, a form of
1578:
1574:
1562:
1554:
1550:
1547:Age of onset
1540:
1537:
1514:
1505:
1494:Please help
1489:verification
1486:
1463:
1455:
1436:
1425:
1421:labia majora
1417:labia minora
1391:In females,
1390:
1369:perspiration
1358:
1338:
1290:
1228:
1193:
1163:
1113:
1104:The Simpsons
1102:
1097:Adam's apple
1093:Voice change
1050:
1015:
990:
985:
978:
963:
949:morning wood
948:
939:
930:gynecomastia
927:
923:
912:
871:
866:
832:
829:Tanner scale
811:
805:October 2009
802:
791:Please help
786:verification
783:
759:
755:
751:
743:
739:
732:
723:
710:neurokinin B
705:hypothalamus
698:
679:
672:
646:progesterone
639:
619:virilization
611:testosterone
605:
601:
589:sex steroids
586:
579:10 Testicle
510:
507:psychosocial
502:
494:
484:
452:
363:
362:
307:Evolutionary
282:Psychosocial
183:
133:Middle adult
50:Human growth
34:
18:
7819:Adolescence
7765:Elder adult
7755:Young adult
7738:Adolescence
7602:Development
7526:Dyspareunia
7521:Dysorgasmia
7467:Development
6838:(1): 7–12.
6468:(1): 9–13.
6296:Experientia
6274:: 159–181.
5336:, p. .
4760:J Fam Pract
3390:Puberphonia
3269:40 (27–70)
3263:38 (24–62)
3127:52 (10–98)
3098:36 (10–75)
3095:30 (10–51)
3069:36 (23–69)
3066:26 (17–58)
3063:18 (10–37)
3045:50 (30–100)
3037:55 (16–85)
2986:10.3 (6–15)
2924:6.6 (3–18)
2868:Prepubertal
2829:endometrium
2527:described.
2360:theca cells
2320:gonadotrope
2300:theca cells
2268:gonadotrope
1795:Nutritional
1776:Bisphenol A
1613:infertility
1428:pheomelanin
1397:oral mucosa
1349:birth canal
1279:visible by
1234:keratinizes
1207:pubic mound
1128:vocal folds
1045:Facial hair
891:glans penis
847:ejaculation
648:as well as
615:sex hormone
567:4 Estrogen
519:adolescence
487:morphologic
460:ejaculation
242:Young adult
128:Young adult
7808:Categories
7675:Senescence
7546:Vaginismus
7516:Anorgasmia
7370:Adrenarche
7365:Spermarche
7345:Gonadarche
6870:Pediatrics
6815:0316875465
6718:2023-03-03
6677:Biometrics
6556:2022-07-06
6164:2009-05-03
5986:2010-05-22
5954:2013-11-09
5929:0316875465
5715:2007-08-02
5641:2007-08-02
5633:Finley H.
5550:2010-07-13
5493:Pediatrics
5477:2019-08-23
5308:2013-11-09
5304:. Columbia
5194:2013-11-09
5132:(1): 736.
5084:Pediatrics
4922:2009-02-20
4896:2009-02-20
4871:2009-02-20
4841:2009-02-20
4837:. pamf.org
4723:Pediatrics
4521:2012-01-07
4415:2013-11-09
4329:2020-02-27
4325:. Health24
4272:2020-02-27
4094:(1): 1–4.
3870:Pediatrics
3845:2013-09-13
3644:Pediatrics
3412:References
3375:Hebephilia
3360:Andropause
3331:spermarche
3307:gonadarche
3301:adrenarche
3279:Adrenarche
3161:49 (20–95)
3141:48 (12–90)
3136:Follicular
3109:35 (13–75)
3104:Follicular
3077:44 (30–89)
3072:Follicular
3040:Follicular
3008:Follicular
2981:Follicular
2944:Follicular
2922:7.6 (3–18)
2917:Follicular
2835:mid cycle
2589:adrenarche
2563:oscillator
2539:germ cells
2408:testicular
2228:kisspeptin
2220:tachykinin
2202:adrenarche
2055:, and the
2021:gonadarche
1973:pheromones
1867:infections
1726:phthalates
1676:April 2021
1468:Variations
1365:fatty acid
1291:The first
1281:ultrasound
1271:, and the
1261:leukorrhea
1257:vaginal pH
1195:Pubic hair
1190:Pubic hair
1017:Pubic hair
1004:Pubic hair
998:dermatitis
874:gonadarche
827:See also:
735:body image
714:kisspeptin
675:adrenarche
517:, wherein
464:spermarche
432:sex organs
277:Ecological
272:Attachment
232:Adolescent
169:Childbirth
117:Adolescent
7750:Adulthood
7714:Childhood
7472:Lactation
7462:Thelarche
7439:Andrology
7386:Menopause
7283:Pregnancy
7273:Fertility
7228:Erection
7184:Germ cell
7157:Oogenesis
7145:spermatid
7107:Ovulation
7012:(archive)
6697:0006-341X
5737:. London.
5735:The Times
4246:143325699
3524:average).
3355:Menopause
3313:thelarche
3021:Estradiol
2852:epiphyses
2841:ovulation
2815:prolactin
2806:aromatase
2745:does not
2712:estradiol
2704:swellings
2690:puberty.
2635:does not
2602:body odor
2600:), adult
2594:androgens
2575:resonance
2512:trimester
2422:androgens
2379:Estradiol
2272:pituitary
2103:estradiol
2049:pituitary
2025:thelarche
2007:article.
1919:does not
1886:dysthymia
1755:receptors
1742:chemicals
1668:talk page
1565:ethnicity
1393:estradiol
1373:body odor
1361:androgens
1343:and thus
1321:fertility
1317:Ovulation
1301:thelarche
1273:follicles
1174:thelarche
1081:abdominal
1047:of a male
941:Erections
936:Erections
650:prolactin
630:epiphyses
626:estradiol
597:estrogens
593:androgens
548:childhood
523:adulthood
497:puberatum
400:testicles
297:Cognitive
189:Menopause
164:Pregnancy
138:Old adult
7409:Vivipary
7379: /
7360:Menarche
7355:Pubarche
7237:Clitoral
7189:gonocyte
7162:oogonium
7092:Menarche
6985:11159818
6909:Archived
6860:26141301
6852:16311040
6533:26562472
6490:43118869
6445:41436917
6325:28120306
6208:11739328
6103:19079066
6046:15852310
5905:12146732
5802:15535766
5709:BBC News
5691:11337438
5595:23578201
5587:21511493
5513:11483799
5454:36951754
5446:21661025
5411:15746586
5403:15602011
5241:19913395
5158:21110899
5104:12671122
4745:10049981
4690:15237481
4167:19079066
4118:10868988
4069:72146698
4061:11458889
3997:11232044
3942:72138474
3898:24733669
3802:26703478
3767:26111310
3759:26238500
3702:20487042
3667:18245512
3624:16507474
3338:See also
3325:menarche
3319:pubarche
3287:Sources:
2882:Stage 5
2879:Stage 4
2876:Stage 3
2873:Stage 2
2870:Stage 1
2862:Hormone
2837:LH surge
2598:pubarche
2541:(future
2523:, which
2491:appetite
2392:estrogen
2364:androgen
2326:and the
2316:follicle
2298:and the
2189:estrogen
2029:menarche
2017:pubarche
2005:menarche
1874:hormones
1864:parasite
1804:body fat
1800:calories
1661:Menarche
1593:HPG axis
1569:menarche
1541:nubility
1508:May 2008
1439:clitoris
1411:and the
1297:menarche
1249:estrogen
1230:Perineal
1199:pubarche
1069:sideburn
982:phimosis
966:foreskin
623:estrogen
608:androgen
595:and the
573:7 Ovary
470:such as
456:menarche
384:hormonal
252:Maturity
42:a series
40:Part of
7814:Puberty
7704:Toddler
7658:Puberty
7444:Hormone
7340:Puberty
6949:3875704
6890:9093289
6713:2049498
6705:2532505
6622:Sources
6612:1304761
6524:4809356
6482:7667433
6437:3783418
6400:6601758
6366:1782292
6317:1936201
6280:3462329
6253:4341276
6216:1634732
6154:6507468
6094:4312696
5870:8543288
5843:2349942
5834:1683767
5368:8370691
5288:5906589
5233:6249519
5149:3001737
5066:1584537
4995:3875704
4821:8244363
4812:1195128
4772:3958682
4663:8863623
4628:5689532
4619:2019851
4158:4312696
4109:1718397
3934:9554463
3890:9685454
3615:1392245
3138:Luteal
3106:Luteal
3074:Luteal
3053:Estrone
3042:Luteal
3010:Luteal
2983:Luteal
2966:mIU/mL
2946:Luteal
2919:Luteal
2902:mIU/mL
2766:removed
2751:sources
2708:nipples
2656:removed
2641:sources
2429:of the
2419:Adrenal
2412:adrenal
2404:ovaries
2402:of the
2384:steroid
2354:of the
2348:steroid
2304:ovaries
2302:of the
2284:protein
2260:hormone
2257:peptide
2239:of the
2223:peptide
2178:steroid
2174:ovaries
2150:adipose
2138:neurons
2130:of the
2095:ovaries
1985:adopted
1940:removed
1925:sources
1896:cases.
1839:obesity
1819:protein
1780:leaches
1694:England
1589:anosmia
1556:is the
1269:ovaries
1243:of the
1241:surface
1238:mucosal
1183:nipples
1170:breasts
953:teenage
835:scrotum
729:Females
503:puberty
428:breasts
396:ovaries
390:to the
364:Puberty
184:Puberty
174:Walking
101:Toddler
7699:Infant
7689:Phases
7670:Ageing
7648:Stages
7612:Embryo
7607:Zygote
7500:Female
7454:Breast
7257:Female
7244:Orgasm
7232:Penile
7194:gamete
7167:oocyte
6983:
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3295:Stages
3275:Notes:
3251:ng/dL
3223:ng/dL
3193:ng/dL
3158:μg/dL
3150:DHEA-S
3121:ng/dL
3089:ng/dL
3057:pg/mL
3025:pg/mL
2887:Phase
2865:Units
2825:growth
2822:breast
2706:under
2551:Leptin
2474:Leptin
2356:testes
2336:testes
2296:testes
2225:) and
2170:testes
2166:gonads
2146:gonads
2099:testes
2053:gonads
2051:, the
2047:, the
1721:gene.
1690:Norway
1432:areola
1341:pelvis
1309:Canada
1265:uterus
1245:vagina
1211:thighs
1166:areola
1124:octave
1116:larynx
1022:thighs
919:muscle
878:Testes
701:Leptin
663:uterus
634:taller
430:, and
412:muscle
404:libido
394:: the
392:gonads
194:Ageing
96:Infant
85:Embryo
80:Zygote
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7788:Minor
7772:Dying
7728:Youth
7719:Child
7680:Death
7653:Early
7638:Birth
7617:Fetus
7172:ootid
7150:sperm
6856:S2CID
6701:JSTOR
6486:S2CID
6441:S2CID
6384:(PDF)
6321:S2CID
6212:S2CID
6067:TACR3
5682:31261
5591:S2CID
5450:S2CID
5407:S2CID
5237:S2CID
5188:(PDF)
5181:(PDF)
4309:WebMD
4242:S2CID
4065:S2CID
3938:S2CID
3894:S2CID
3763:S2CID
3735:(PDF)
2579:beats
2487:brain
2447:blood
2382:is a
2346:is a
1715:genes
1698:Japan
1401:vulva
1377:sebum
1277:cysts
1232:skin
1219:navel
1203:labia
1120:grows
1077:chest
1073:beard
1026:navel
986:et al
974:glans
970:penis
915:bones
887:penis
843:semen
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748:Males
492:Latin
416:blood
408:bones
388:brain
376:adult
368:child
292:Moral
247:Adult
237:Youth
199:Death
143:Dying
107:Child
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7495:Male
7404:Ovum
7252:Male
7177:ovum
6981:PMID
6945:PMID
6917:ISBN
6886:PMID
6848:PMID
6810:ISBN
6782:ISBN
6759:ISBN
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6709:PMID
6693:ISSN
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6608:PMID
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6396:PMID
6362:PMID
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6276:PMID
6249:PMID
6204:PMID
6150:PMID
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5798:PMID
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5284:PMID
5229:PMID
5154:PMID
5100:PMID
5062:PMID
4991:PMID
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4768:PMID
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4686:PMID
4659:PMID
4624:PMID
4570:ISBN
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4491:ISBN
4464:ISBN
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4205:ISBN
4163:PMID
4114:PMID
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3956:link
3930:PMID
3886:PMID
3798:PMID
3755:PMID
3698:PMID
3663:PMID
3620:PMID
3544:ISBN
3513:ISBN
3475:ISBN
3439:ISBN
3185:DHEA
2993:U/L
2929:U/L
2848:IGF1
2811:SHBG
2749:any
2747:cite
2639:any
2637:cite
2543:eggs
2506:The
2493:and
2454:IGF1
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2248:GnRH
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2187:and
2172:and
2164:The
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6933:107
6878:doi
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6519:PMC
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6352:doi
6305:doi
6241:doi
6237:287
6194:doi
6142:doi
6089:PMC
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6032:doi
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5829:PMC
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5763:doi
5677:PMC
5669:doi
5665:322
5661:BMJ
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5497:108
5434:doi
5391:doi
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