2448:
28:
132:
Child-resistant packaging can be a problem for some aged individuals or people with disabilities. Regulations require designs to be tested to verify that most adults can access the package. Some jurisdictions allow pharmacists to provide medications in non-CR packages when there are no children in
81:
has stated in a press release that "There is no such thing as child-proof packaging. So you shouldn't think of packaging as your primary line of defense. Rather, you should think of packaging, even child-resistant packaging, as your last line of defense."
40:
586:
120:. Although child-resistant lids are not perfect, there is strong evidence that use of child-resistant lids has reduced child poisoning rates in the United States substantially. Coordination exists for improving
62:. It is required by regulation for prescription drugs, over-the-counter medications, Nicotine Containing Electronic Cigarette devices or Refill containers that can contain Nicotine EUTPD 36.7
608:
290:
116:
the authority to regulate this area. Additions throughout the decades have increased the initial coverage to include other hazardous items, including chemicals regulated by the
704:
643:
de la Fuente, Javier; Bix, Laura (2010). "User-pack
Interaction: Insights for Designing Inclusive Child-resistant Packaging". In Langdon, P.; Clarkson, P.; Robinson, P. (eds.).
152:
Often the CR requirements are met by package closures which require two dissimilar motions for opening. Hundreds of package designs are available for packagers to consider.
329:
902:
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161:
117:
677:
2036:
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113:
98:
78:
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A history of accidents involving children opening household packaging and ingesting the contents led the United States
Congress to pass the
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857:
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2006:
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274:
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2222:
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375:
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826:
460:
179:
ASTM F2517-17 Standard
Specification for Determination of Child Resistance of Portable Fuel Containers for Consumer Use
2267:
2151:
1383:
1165:
167:
ISO 13127 Packaging—Child resistant packaging—Mechanical test methods for reclosable child resistant packaging systems
58:
used to reduce the risk of children ingesting hazardous materials. This is often accomplished by the use of a special
408:"New National Emergency Hotline Assessed; CPSC Joins in Launching Poison Prevention Week to Stop 30 Deaths Each Year"
1910:
224:
407:
2365:
2327:
2257:
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is used to determine if aged individuals or people with disabilities have the ability to open the same packages.
2252:
2121:
1720:
1140:
1110:
1000:
609:"Perceptions and attitudes of people with disabilities and older adults about child-resistant drug packaging"
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1213:
850:
2001:
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of packages with actual children, to determine if the packages can be opened. More recently, additional
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8317 Child-resistant packaging - Requirements and testing procedures for reclosable packages.
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1986:
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1991:
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579:"The use of a universal design methodology for developing child-resistant drug packaging"
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1005:
752:
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522:"Unintentional child poisoning risk: A review of causal factors and prevention studies"
209:
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with a child-resistant cap bearing the instruction "push down & turn to open"
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652:
437:
382:
90:
The child-resistant locking closure for containers was invented in 1967 by Dr.
2552:
2510:
2317:
2297:
2187:
2056:
1981:
1870:
1785:
1650:
1610:
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1443:
1418:
1368:
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1070:
1055:
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952:
194:
464:
2542:
2492:
2410:
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2011:
1900:
1890:
1880:
1835:
1810:
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1438:
1205:
1050:
982:
866:
823:
214:
63:
55:
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1020:
726:
Bix, Laura; de la Fuente, Javier; Pimple, Kenneth D.; Kou, Eric (2009).
411:
2547:
2461:
1971:
1966:
1915:
1625:
1373:
1228:
32:
39:
2385:
1770:
1468:
1333:
1298:
1293:
1268:
1248:
176:
ASTM F3159, Consumer Safety
Specification for Liquid Laundry Packets
27:
728:"Is the test of senior friendly/child resistant packaging ethical?"
315:
Trade-offs: an introduction to economic reasoning and social issues
1775:
1695:
1595:
1318:
38:
26:
1605:
1545:
1283:
170:
109:
2465:
839:
1700:
1403:
1398:
1388:
1273:
1243:
824:
Jay M. Arena Papers at Duke
University Medical Center Archives
489:
Fatal tradeoffs: public and private responsibilities for risk
835:
173:
463:. U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. Archived from
43:
Opening many C-R packages involves two dissimilar motions
813:
818:
780:
2561:
2500:
2341:
2160:
1929:
1559:
1204:
991:
873:
245:"The Tobacco and Related Products Regulations 2016"
66:, and household chemicals. In some jurisdictions,
903:Modified atmosphere/modified humidity packaging
436:. Canadian Medical Hall of Fame. Archived from
2477:
851:
8:
2037:Hazard analysis and critical control points
492:. Oxford University Press US. p. 235.
318:. University of Chicago Press. p. 98.
2484:
2470:
2462:
858:
844:
836:
353:"Child-resistant does not mean Childproof"
141:The regulations are based on protocols of
1947:Automatic identification and data capture
751:
703:. US Consumer Product Safety Commission.
680:. U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission
678:"Testing procedure for special packaging"
461:"Poison Prevention Packaging Information"
279:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 393.
236:
114:U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission
99:Poison Prevention Packaging Act of 1970
79:U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission
707:from the original on 5 September 2015
558:from the original on October 21, 2018
410:(Press release). CPSC. Archived from
374:Smith, G; Barone, S (16 March 2005).
7:
1349:Flexible intermediate bulk container
814:Institute of Packaging Professionals
794:Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology
74:is also regulated for child safety.
2333:Vertical form fill sealing machine
607:de la Fuente, Javier; Bix, Laura.
293:from the original on 31 March 2017
25:
2303:Rotary wheel blow molding systems
1151:Purdue Improved Crop Storage bags
2447:
2446:
2273:Mechanical brake stretch wrapper
744:10.1111/j.1369-7625.2009.00534.x
645:Designing Inclusive Interactions
2007:Electronic article surveillance
1861:Shock and vibration data logger
1706:Linear low-density polyethylene
819:Packaging Association of Canada
796:, John Wiley & Sons, 2009,
778:Lockhart, H., and Paine, F.A.,
589:from the original on 2020-10-09
332:from the original on 2017-03-31
255:from the original on 2017-03-31
124:on requirements and protocols.
118:Environmental Protection Agency
2112:Radio-frequency identification
616:Journal for Patient Compliance
351:Gaunt, Michael J. (May 2007).
1:
2223:Extended core stretch wrapper
1176:Single-serve coffee container
701:"Poison Prevention Packaging"
585:. Michigan State University.
541:10.1080/02739615.2015.1124775
312:Winter, Harold (2005-05-01).
1379:Insulated shipping container
773:General and cited references
2268:Material-handling equipment
2152:Verification and validation
1384:Intermediate bulk container
1166:Self-heating food packaging
653:10.1007/978-1-84996-166-0_9
273:Sanbar, Shafeek S. (2007).
2621:
1911:Time temperature indicator
225:United States Pharmacopeia
2538:Child-resistant packaging
2444:
2366:Environmental engineering
2328:Turntable stretch wrapper
2258:Lineshaft roller conveyor
2248:Injection molding machine
1186:Toothpaste pump dispenser
1046:Disposable food packaging
888:Child-resistant packaging
459:CPSC (February 9, 2007).
48:Child-resistant packaging
2253:Label printer applicator
2122:Shearing (manufacturing)
1721:Low-density polyethylene
1141:Pharmaceutical packaging
1111:Low plastic water bottle
1001:Alternative wine closure
486:Viscusi, W. Kip (1995).
2574:School bus crossing arm
2283:Orbital stretch wrapper
1906:Temperature data logger
1826:Pressure-sensitive tape
1686:Humidity indicator card
1214:Aerosol spray dispenser
122:international standards
2002:Die forming (plastics)
1711:Liquid packaging board
1414:Multilayered packaging
1146:Plastic milk container
1126:Optical disc packaging
577:de la Fuente, Javier.
529:Children's Health Care
520:Schwebel, D C (2017).
381:. CPSC. Archived from
376:"PPPA, Unit Packaging"
249:www.legislation.gov.uk
44:
36:
2431:Sustainable packaging
2381:Life-cycle assessment
2361:Closed-loop box reuse
2308:Seed-counting machine
1641:Corrugated fiberboard
1591:Biodegradable plastic
1314:Corrugated box design
968:Sustainable packaging
958:Shelf-ready packaging
933:Packaging engineering
200:Over-the-counter drug
42:
30:
18:Child-proof container
2401:PET bottle recycling
2263:Logistics automation
1791:Plastic-coated paper
938:Resealable packaging
2453:Category: Packaging
2288:Packaging machinery
2097:Product development
1896:Tamper-evident band
1736:Modified atmosphere
1076:Foam food container
732:Health Expectations
647:. pp. 89–100.
467:on 19 December 2008
434:"Dr. Henri Breault"
414:on 12 December 2008
2416:Reusable packaging
2376:Industrial ecology
2137:Ultrasonic welding
2102:Production control
2052:Injection moulding
1937:Aseptic processing
1646:Corrugated plastic
1516:Steel and tin cans
1486:Shipping container
1424:Packet (container)
1161:Seasonal packaging
1061:Evidence packaging
1041:Currency packaging
1036:Cosmetic packaging
943:Reusable packaging
829:2013-03-08 at the
128:Difficulty opening
45:
37:
2587:
2586:
2579:Child safety seat
2528:Child safety lock
2459:
2458:
2421:Reverse logistics
2406:Plastic recycling
2278:Multihead weigher
2198:Cartoning machine
2193:Cap torque tester
2107:Quality assurance
2082:Plastic extrusion
2047:Induction sealing
2017:Extrusion coating
1876:Staple (fastener)
1846:Security printing
1681:Hot-melt adhesive
1254:Biodegradable bag
1096:Glass milk bottle
978:Tamper resistance
918:Package pilferage
893:Contract packager
802:978-0-470-08704-6
782:, 2006, Blackie,
662:978-1-84996-165-3
499:978-0-19-510293-2
325:978-0-226-90225-8
286:978-0-323-03753-2
220:Tamper resistance
205:Package pilferage
190:Child safety lock
143:performance tests
112:. This gave the
16:(Redirected from
2612:
2486:
2479:
2472:
2463:
2450:
2449:
2436:Waste management
2426:Source reduction
2243:Industrial robot
2147:Vacuum packaging
2072:Package tracking
2027:Glass production
1987:Corona treatment
1977:Containerization
1841:Screw cap (wine)
1756:Oxygen scavenger
1219:Aluminium bottle
1171:Screw cap (wine)
1116:Luxury packaging
948:Reuse of bottles
913:Package delivery
898:Edible packaging
883:Active packaging
860:
853:
846:
837:
766:
765:
755:
723:
717:
716:
714:
712:
696:
690:
689:
687:
685:
673:
667:
666:
640:
634:
633:
631:
630:
624:
618:. Archived from
613:
604:
598:
597:
595:
594:
574:
568:
567:
565:
563:
557:
526:
517:
511:
510:
508:
506:
483:
477:
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474:
472:
456:
450:
449:
447:
445:
430:
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423:
421:
419:
404:
398:
397:
395:
393:
387:
380:
371:
365:
364:
362:
360:
355:. Pharmacy Times
348:
342:
341:
339:
337:
309:
303:
302:
300:
298:
270:
264:
263:
261:
260:
241:
133:the same house.
21:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2557:
2496:
2490:
2460:
2455:
2440:
2396:Paper recycling
2391:Packaging waste
2371:Glass recycling
2343:
2337:
2293:Pallet inverter
2213:Conveyor system
2168:Barcode printer
2156:
2132:Track and trace
2087:Plastic welding
2022:Flame treatment
1992:Curtain coating
1925:
1746:Nonwoven fabric
1731:Metallised film
1636:Container glass
1563:
1561:
1555:
1531:Tub (container)
1429:Padded envelope
1200:
1026:Case-ready meat
993:
987:
923:Package testing
875:
869:
864:
831:Wayback Machine
810:
775:
770:
769:
725:
724:
720:
710:
708:
698:
697:
693:
683:
681:
675:
674:
670:
663:
642:
641:
637:
628:
626:
622:
611:
606:
605:
601:
592:
590:
583:Master's Thesis
576:
575:
571:
561:
559:
555:
524:
519:
518:
514:
504:
502:
500:
485:
484:
480:
470:
468:
458:
457:
453:
443:
441:
440:on 7 March 2012
432:
431:
427:
417:
415:
406:
405:
401:
391:
389:
388:on 22 July 2010
385:
378:
373:
372:
368:
358:
356:
350:
349:
345:
335:
333:
326:
311:
310:
306:
296:
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287:
272:
271:
267:
258:
256:
243:
242:
238:
233:
186:
158:
147:package testing
139:
130:
88:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2618:
2616:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2592:
2591:
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2513:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2491:
2489:
2488:
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2474:
2466:
2457:
2456:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2356:Can collecting
2353:
2351:Biodegradation
2347:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2323:Tape dispenser
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2173:Barcode reader
2170:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2142:Vacuum forming
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2032:Graphic design
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1952:Blow fill seal
1949:
1944:
1942:Authentication
1939:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1856:Shock detector
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1831:Pump dispenser
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1801:Plastic pallet
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1761:Package handle
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
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1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1576:Aluminium foil
1573:
1567:
1565:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1511:Stand-up pouch
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1454:Plastic bottle
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1359:Folding carton
1356:
1351:
1346:
1344:Euro container
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1324:Disposable cup
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1234:Antistatic bag
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1210:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1086:Fuel container
1083:
1081:Food packaging
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1006:Ammunition box
1003:
997:
995:
989:
988:
986:
985:
980:
975:
973:Tamper-evident
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
879:
877:
871:
870:
865:
863:
862:
855:
848:
840:
834:
833:
821:
816:
809:
808:External links
806:
805:
804:
790:
774:
771:
768:
767:
738:(2): 430–437.
718:
691:
668:
661:
635:
599:
569:
535:(2): 109–130.
512:
498:
478:
451:
425:
399:
366:
343:
324:
304:
285:
276:Legal medicine
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210:Pharmaceutical
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68:unit packaging
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2569:Child harness
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1821:Polypropylene
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908:Overpackaging
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788:0-7514-0167-6
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625:on 2013-10-17
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107:
106:Frank E. Moss
104:
100:
95:
93:
92:Henri Breault
85:
83:
80:
75:
73:
72:blister packs
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
41:
34:
29:
19:
2600:Child safety
2537:
2523:Baby monitor
2493:Child safety
2342:Environment,
1957:Blow molding
1886:Stretch wrap
1816:Polyethylene
1806:Plastic wrap
1796:Plastic film
1781:Paper pallet
1716:Living hinge
1621:Coated paper
1501:Spray bottle
1481:Security bag
1474:Water sachet
1464:Salvage drum
1459:Retort pouch
1364:Glass bottle
1259:Blister pack
1224:Aluminum can
1191:Water bottle
1091:Gas cylinder
1066:Field ration
963:Shelf-stable
887:
793:
792:Yam, K. L.,
779:
735:
731:
721:
709:. Retrieved
694:
682:. Retrieved
671:
644:
638:
627:. Retrieved
620:the original
615:
602:
591:. Retrieved
582:
572:
560:. Retrieved
532:
528:
515:
503:. Retrieved
488:
481:
469:. Retrieved
465:the original
454:
442:. Retrieved
438:the original
428:
416:. Retrieved
412:the original
402:
390:. Retrieved
383:the original
369:
357:. Retrieved
346:
334:. Retrieved
314:
307:
295:. Retrieved
275:
268:
257:. Retrieved
248:
239:
151:
140:
137:Requirements
131:
103:U.S. Senator
96:
89:
76:
67:
59:
52:CR packaging
51:
47:
46:
31:A bottle of
2238:Heat sealer
2203:Case sealer
2077:Papermaking
1997:Die cutting
1962:Calendering
1866:Shrink wrap
1741:Molded pulp
1726:Meat diaper
1691:Kraft paper
1671:Foam peanut
1661:Double seam
1631:Coextrusion
1601:Bubble wrap
1581:Bail handle
1526:Thermal bag
1449:Plastic bag
1264:Boil-in-bag
1196:Wine bottle
1181:Spray paint
1136:Popcorn bag
1131:Oyster pail
1016:Beer bottle
562:October 21,
471:19 December
444:28 February
54:is special
2594:Categories
2553:Pool fence
2318:Staple gun
2298:Palletizer
2188:Can seamer
2057:Lamination
1982:Converting
1871:Slip sheet
1786:Paperboard
1651:Cushioning
1611:Cellophane
1586:Bioplastic
1564:components
1551:Wooden box
1521:Tetra Brik
1444:Paper sack
1419:Multi-pack
1369:Gunny sack
1239:Bag-in-box
1206:Containers
1071:Flour sack
1056:Egg carton
1031:Coffee bag
1011:Banana box
953:Shelf life
629:2013-10-16
593:2013-10-16
505:6 November
336:6 November
297:6 November
259:2017-03-30
195:Childproof
86:Background
64:pesticides
60:safety cap
2605:Packaging
2543:Kiddy Bag
2411:Recycling
2218:Drum pump
2161:Machinery
2012:Extrusion
1930:Processes
1901:Tear tape
1891:Susceptor
1881:Strapping
1836:Screw cap
1811:Polyester
1656:Desiccant
1560:Materials
1541:Unit load
1496:Skin pack
1439:Paper bag
1309:Clamshell
1051:Drink can
983:Wrap rage
867:Packaging
711:21 August
684:21 August
231:Citations
215:Screw cap
156:Standards
56:packaging
2501:Domestic
2344:post-use
2233:Heat gun
2183:Calender
2092:Printing
1921:Velostat
1916:Tinplate
1751:Overwrap
1676:Gel pack
1666:Flip-top
1571:Adhesive
1506:Squround
1409:Mesh bag
1394:Jerrycan
1339:Envelope
1279:Bulk box
1156:Sand bag
1121:Milk bag
1106:Juicebox
1021:Box wine
994:packages
827:Archived
762:19650857
705:Archived
587:Archived
553:Archived
549:73912457
418:26 March
392:25 March
330:Archived
291:Archived
253:Archived
184:See also
70:such as
2548:Playpen
2516:Toddler
2495:devices
2067:Molding
1972:Coating
1967:Canning
1626:Coating
1616:Closure
1374:Inhaler
1229:Ampoule
1101:Growler
992:Product
874:General
753:5060504
359:3 March
33:aspirin
2562:Travel
2511:Infant
2451:
2386:Litter
2228:Filler
1771:Pallet
1469:Sachet
1334:Endcap
1299:Carton
1294:Carboy
1269:Bottle
1249:Barrel
876:topics
800:
786:
760:
750:
699:CPSC.
676:CPSC.
659:
547:
496:
322:
283:
1776:Paper
1696:Label
1596:BoPET
1319:Crate
623:(PDF)
612:(PDF)
556:(PDF)
545:S2CID
525:(PDF)
386:(PDF)
379:(PDF)
2507:Bed
1606:Bung
1546:Vial
1536:Tube
1434:Pail
1329:Drum
1304:Chub
1289:Case
1284:Cage
798:ISBN
784:ISBN
758:PMID
713:2015
686:2015
657:ISBN
564:2018
507:2010
494:ISBN
473:2008
446:2012
420:2009
394:2010
361:2009
338:2010
320:ISBN
299:2010
281:ISBN
171:ASTM
110:Utah
77:The
1701:Lid
1562:and
1404:Keg
1399:Jug
1389:Jar
1274:Box
1244:Bag
748:PMC
740:doi
649:doi
537:doi
162:ISO
108:of
50:or
2596::
756:.
746:.
736:12
734:.
730:.
655:.
614:.
581:.
551:.
543:.
533:46
531:.
527:.
328:.
289:.
251:.
247:.
94:.
2485:e
2478:t
2471:v
859:e
852:t
845:v
764:.
742::
715:.
688:.
665:.
651::
632:.
596:.
566:.
539::
509:.
475:.
448:.
422:.
396:.
363:.
340:.
301:.
262:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
