58:
forced into child labour because their family is still in poverty. Specifically, the cost of transportation is a barrier that prevents poor children from attending school in many
African countries. According to Hannie Dlamini, the chairman of the Eswatini Aids Support Organisation (EASO), "the extended family system is breaking down and there is no-one to look after orphans," meaning that "fifteen year olds are responsible for homes."
145:. Since, the Swazi government has taken over funding to continue to support children. In 2014, the Swazi government assisted orphans and other vulnerable children by paying their school fees and made plans to help pay for the final year of primary school for more children. However, because Eswatini does not have a compulsory education age, this was difficult to enforce and was only partially successful.
128:
1218:
179:
Specifically, the country's top three products are sugar cane, maize, and roots and tubers. Wood pulp, citrus and other fruit, cotton, and meat are also important to
Eswatini's agricultural sector. Livestock herding, a type of agricultural work, is considered to be one of the most severe forms of child labour.
28:. Additionally, child labour is harmful in that it restricts a child's ability to attend school or receive an education. The ILO recognizes that not all forms of children working are harmful, but this article will focus on the type of child labour that is generally accepted as harmful to the child involved.
119:
The government of
Eswatini has also made several independent efforts to reduce child labour. In 1980, the Employment Act was passed, mandating that children not be employed for any industrial work, unless the child was a direct family member of the employer, or the work was primarily educational. The
69:
Number of children in a household also affects child labour vulnerability. Because perceived quality of a child tends to decrease as the quantity of children in a family rise, parents and others are less concerned with protecting children that are from large families. In addition, large families have
61:
Eswatini is a lower middle-income country, and yet serious poverty exists because there is a very unequal distribution of wealth. The richest 10% control nearly half of the country's wealth, with the bottom 43% living in chronic poverty. In 1999, UNICEF found that many children initially went to work
78:
Although child labour is often seen as inherently bad because it has been found to be linked with adolescent mortality, some also argue that it should not be banned. For example, should a child be permitted to work after voluntarily signing a labour contract? Eswatini's growing poverty causes a need
199:
is one of the most severe forms of child labour, with orphans being particularly vulnerable. The majority of children involved in sex work in
Eswatini live away from their place of birth. Young girls are trafficked to South Africa, trading sex for food. High rates of prostitution and other forms of
187:
Industry jobs are the third most common type of child labour worldwide, at 7.2%. Several international companies such as Coca-Cola and
Cadbury have invested in Eswatini, building factories there. Coal and diamond mining have historically been major industries, but their importance has significantly
82:
The ILO also recognizes that some types of child labour may be permissible and makes the distinction between "child labour" and "hazardous work." In 2012, the organization reported that 168 million children aged 5–17 are subjected to child labour worldwide, with 85 million of these cases considered
123:
Additionally, the
Employment Act outlines restrictions for hiring "young persons," defined as those over the age of 15 but under 18. Again, educational value is the main exception to the restrictions, as apprenticeship or vocational training may be approved by the Minister. Both children and young
57:
is one of the most common determinants of child labour, and 69% of Swazis were living in poverty as of 2006. Because child labour interferes with schooling, an individual's ability to escape poverty is significantly reduced. This can create child-labour traps, in which the next generation is also
45:
Many of the children in
Eswatini subjected to harsh work conditions are victims of human trafficking. Despite the Eswatini government's attempts to reduce child labour, victims of human trafficking have historically worked in the most severe types of child labour jobs. AIDS orphans are also at a
140:
In 2004, the RECLISA (Reducing
Exploitative Child Labour in Southern Africa) Project was launched in South Africa, Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia and Eswatini. Targeting both those already involved in exploitative labour and those at risk for it, the project supported 2,000 children in Eswatini. In
178:
Globally, 58.6% of child labourers work in agriculture. In
Eswatini, 84% of the country's poor population lives in rural areas, and nearly three-quarters of the total population relies on subsistence farming for survival. As a result, child labour in Eswatini is dominated by agricultural work.
36:
During the colonial period between 1914 and 1947, child labour played an important role in the
British government's control of Eswatini. Swazi labour history has previously failed to acknowledge the contributions children made to the labour industry during the colonial period, perhaps because
120:
Employment Act defines a child as a person under the age of 15. For non-industrial labour, the Act made it illegal to employ children during school hours, for night shifts, for more than 6 hours a day or 33 hours a week, or for more than four hours continuously without an hour-long break.
37:
children are often seen as extensions of their parents rather than as individuals. At the beginning, children usually performed unpaid labour, but beginning in the 1930s paid labour became more common. Like today, agriculture and farming was one of the largest sectors of child labour.
208:
During the second half of the 20th century, Eswatini tourism industry benefited from the lack of war and relative peace within the country. In order to entertain tourists, however, children are sometimes employed and made to wear traditional attire. Along the scenic highway in
943:
141:
addition to ensuring that children were enrolled in primary and secondary schools, the project worked to raise public awareness of exploitative child labour. For the first four years, the RECLISA Project was funded by
23:
is often seen as a human rights concern because it is "work that deprives children of their childhood, their potential and their dignity, and that is harmful to physical and mental development," as defined by the
188:
declined since the 1960s. Eswatini also exports textiles, but thousands of textile workers lost their jobs in 2015 when the country was removed from the U.S. fair trade agreement, due to human rights concerns.
65:
Orphaned children are at increased risk, and many orphans have lost their parents to AIDS. Eswatini has the highest HIV prevalence rate in the world, with nearly a quarter of the total population infected.
79:
for children to work, particularly in rural areas. Also, 66% of the country's population is unable to meet basic food needs so sometimes, child labour may be the only solution for a family.
162:
950:
810:
Neff, Stephen C. (1984). "Human Rights in Africa: Thoughts on the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights in the Light of Case Law from Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland".
517:
104:
91:
Globally, efforts to reduce child labour have been successful in recent years. The ILO reports that both child labour and hazardous work have decreased since 2000.
103:(OAU) was formed, with Eswatini joining in 1968. Its purpose was to agree upon a list of human rights and enforce them continentally. The group produced the
111:(AU), whose vision is that of "an integrated, prosperous and peaceful Africa, driven by its own citizens and representing a dynamic force in global arena."
196:
1166:
1955:
1538:
158:
1355:
446:"Does Illiquidity Alter Child Labor and Schooling Decisions? Evidence from Household Responses to Anticipated Cash Transfers in South Africa"
401:
1846:
1616:
662:
124:
people are prohibited from work that is underground, involves selling alcohol, or is dangerous to their physical or emotional wellbeing.
1316:
1072:
259:
25:
1601:
974:
1945:
1207:
1621:
1411:
1326:
1321:
1761:
46:
greater risk to be exploited for cheap labour. In 2006, half of all children engaged in Eswatini's sex trade were orphans.
1391:
1348:
1289:
1159:
100:
1960:
1872:
1786:
1430:
1192:
1636:
1021:
1003:
1950:
1919:
1915:
1791:
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1396:
1333:
1094:
845:
1851:
1706:
1676:
1531:
1238:
1911:
1776:
1581:
1611:
874:
142:
1771:
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227:
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426:
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1741:
1731:
1711:
1691:
1671:
1566:
1299:
916:
582:"Orphanhood and childcare patterns in sub-Saharan Africa: an analysis of national surveys from 40 countries"
1876:
1796:
1746:
1701:
1656:
1571:
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1816:
1806:
1716:
1606:
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222:
154:
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1416:
1406:
1284:
1226:
70:
more people to share their income and resources between, consequently increasing their risk of poverty.
1131:
107:
in 1981, which included an article on the protection of children. In 2002, the OAU was replaced by the
944:"Reducing Exploitive Child Labor in Southern Africa (RECLISA) The case of Save the Children Swaziland"
1477:
1442:
1267:
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1447:
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1248:
1243:
1184:
1343:
827:
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611:
540:
493:
341:
640:
131:
One of the consequences of child labour is that it prevents children from receiving an education
669:
1505:
1472:
787:
603:
397:
255:
1462:
1217:
819:
777:
769:
758:"The health impact of child labor in developing countries: evidence from cross-country data"
730:
593:
532:
485:
453:
374:
333:
1197:
518:"Child Labor: Cause, Consequence, and Cure, with Remarks on International Labor Standards"
982:
782:
757:
324:
Simelane, H. S. (1998). "Landlords, The State, and Child Labor in Colonial Swaziland".
1939:
742:
598:
581:
497:
248:
108:
615:
544:
1109:
292:
20:
19:
is a controversial issue that affects a large portion of the country's population.
127:
694:
562:
62:
because their parents were unemployed, and the family needed a source of income.
200:
sex work spread infectious diseases, perpetuating the issue of HIV in Eswatini.
489:
1311:
823:
210:
773:
1306:
1029:
1026:
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Statistics Division
975:"Ratification Table: African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child"
791:
607:
853:
536:
476:
Canagarajah, S. (May 2001). "Child Labor in Africa: A Comparative Study".
1516:
1175:
981:. African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights. 2016. Archived from
852:. African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights. 2016. Archived from
54:
1073:"Swaziland textile industry hit by removal of US free trade agreement"
882:
831:
345:
718:
1144:
734:
458:
445:
337:
478:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
126:
719:"On the Interaction between the Quantity and Quality of Children"
1520:
1148:
213:, for example, costumed children dance for tourists for a fee.
1095:"Commercial sexual exploitation of children in Swaziland"
1008:
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
326:
The International Journal of African Historical Studies
163:
African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child
1004:"Swaziland looks to a revitalized agriculture sector"
1860:
1835:
1554:
1429:
1368:
1266:
1225:
1183:
663:"Child Labour: Pull and Push Factors in Swaziland"
247:
394:Children at Work: Child Labor Practices in Africa
375:"2014 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor"
1110:"The Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children"
979:African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights
850:African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights
812:The International and Comparative Law Quarterly
846:"African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights"
668:. RECLISA Swaziland Conference. Archived from
1532:
1160:
922:. Government of Swaziland. 26 September 1980.
8:
105:African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
641:"Rural poverty in the Kingdom of Swaziland"
1539:
1525:
1517:
1435:
1374:
1272:
1231:
1167:
1153:
1145:
580:Monasch, Roeland; Boerma, J. Ties (2004).
381:. United States Department of Labor. 2014.
781:
717:Becker, Gary S.; Lewis, H. Gregg (2016).
597:
457:
396:. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
392:Kielland, Anne; Tovo, Maurizia C (2006).
1136:Mail & Guardian: Africa's Best Read
1097:. The Department of Labour (Swaziland).
238:
26:International Labour Organization (ILO)
1125:
1123:
1088:
1086:
1048:
1046:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
656:
654:
556:
554:
165:in 1992, but has not yet ratified it.
159:Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
881:. African Union. 2016. Archived from
805:
803:
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712:
710:
708:
635:
633:
631:
629:
627:
625:
379:Bureau of International Labor Affairs
7:
511:
509:
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471:
469:
427:"Growing number of children working"
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271:
1132:"Swazi tourism looks to the future"
1093:Keregero, Miriam (1 January 2006).
161:(C182) in 2002. It also signed the
444:Edmonds, Eric V. (February 2004).
14:
762:American Journal of Public Health
661:Riba, Velephi (8 November 2006).
250:Child labor in sub-Saharan Africa
1847:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
1617:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1216:
756:Roggero, Paola (February 2007).
599:10.1097/00002030-200406002-00007
563:"Swaziland: A kingdom in crisis"
561:Chothia, Farouk (12 July 2011).
246:Bass, Loretta Elizabeth (2004).
1956:Human rights abuses in Eswatini
1028:. FaoStat. 2015. Archived from
431:The inside story on emergencies
153:Eswatini ratified both the ILO
525:Journal of Economic Literature
197:Commercial sexual exploitation
87:Efforts to reduce child labour
1:
1138:. Mail & Guardian Online.
1130:Hall, James (14 April 2004).
101:Organisation of African Unity
723:Journal of Political Economy
450:NBER Working Paper No. 10265
254:. Lynne Rienner Publishers.
149:Ratifications and agreements
1071:Cowie, Sam (3 April 2015).
695:"Swaziland country profile"
143:Khulisa Management Services
1977:
917:"The Employment Act, 1980"
490:10.1177/000271620157500105
1490:
1438:
1377:
1275:
1234:
1214:
949:. RECLISA. Archived from
433:. IRIN. 10 November 2006.
74:Controversy over morality
1602:Central African Republic
774:10.2105/AJPH.2005.066829
729:(2, Part 2): S279–S288.
228:Human rights in Eswatini
17:Child labour in Eswatini
1946:Child labour by country
1548:Child labour in Africa
824:10.1093/iclqaj/33.2.331
701:. BBC. 22 January 2016.
1054:"Swaziland - Industry"
293:"What is child labour"
223:Child labour in Africa
155:Minimum Age Convention
132:
83:to be hazardous work.
1762:São Tomé and Príncipe
1622:Republic of the Congo
537:10.1257/jel.37.3.1083
169:Types of child labour
130:
1058:Nations Encyclopedia
645:Rural Poverty Portal
1961:Childhood in Africa
1837:States with limited
157:(C138) and the ILO
115:1980 Employment Act
95:Continental efforts
1951:Labour in Eswatini
1412:Telecommunications
1208:2021–2023 protests
1114:Child Prostitution
942:Mazibuko, Mandla.
875:"AU in a Nutshell"
133:
1933:
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1864:other territories
1637:Equatorial Guinea
1514:
1513:
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1424:
1364:
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1356:Political parties
1349:House of Assembly
1290:Foreign relations
1262:
1261:
1079:. Deutsche Welle.
675:on 5 January 2017
516:Basu, K. (1999).
403:978-1-58826-433-6
1968:
1925:
1924:(United Kingdom)
1920:Tristan da Cunha
1916:Ascension Island
1908:
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1862:Dependencies and
1555:Sovereign states
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1060:. Advameg. 2016.
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531:(3): 1083–1119.
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136:RECLISA Project
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1108:Patt, Martin.
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818:(2): 331–347.
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768:(2): 271–275.
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332:(3): 571–593.
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302:25 February
297:www.ilo.org
174:Agriculture
1940:Categories
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1852:Somaliland
1772:Seychelles
1737:Mozambique
1722:Mauritania
1707:Madagascar
1662:The Gambia
1597:Cape Verde
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1312:Ndlovukati
1036:2016-02-25
989:2016-03-24
960:2016-03-24
889:2016-02-25
860:2016-02-25
234:References
211:Piggs Peak
1727:Mauritius
1468:Languages
1458:Education
1417:Transport
1392:Companies
1327:Commander
1307:Ngwenyama
1285:Elections
1227:Geography
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1478:Religion
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1322:Military
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608:15319744
545:18155508
217:See also
192:Sex work
183:Industry
1903:Réunion
1899:Mayotte
1890:Madeira
1885:(Spain)
1881:Melilla
1812:Tunisia
1782:Somalia
1767:Senegal
1752:Nigeria
1742:Namibia
1732:Morocco
1697:Liberia
1692:Lesotho
1642:Eritrea
1612:Comoros
1587:Burundi
1562:Algeria
1497:Outline
1448:Culture
1431:Society
1370:Economy
1280:Cabinet
1249:Regions
1244:Geology
1185:History
783:1781398
647:. IFAD.
204:Tourism
55:Poverty
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342:JSTOR
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1463:Flag
788:PMID
699:News
681:2016
604:PMID
586:AIDS
567:News
398:ISBN
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256:ISBN
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