1785:της Ομόσπονδης Λαϊκής Δημοκρατίας της Γιουγκοσλαβίας προς Υπουργείο Εξωτερικών, Αρ. Εγγρ. 47, Θεσσαλονίκη 15 July 1951. (translated and published by Spiros Sfetas . ΛΓ΄, Θεσσαλονίκη 2001–2002 by the Macedonian Studies ) Quote: "According to the report of General consultant of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia the total number of Macedonian refugees who came from Greece between the years 1941–1951 is 28,595. From 1941 till 1944 500 found refuge in Yugoslav Macedonia, in 1944 4,000 people, in 1945 5,000, in 1946 8,000, in 1947 6,000, in 1948 3,000, in 1949 2,000, in 1950 80, and in 1951 15 people. About 4,000 left Yugoslavia and moved to other Socialist countries (and very few went also to western countries). So in 1951 at Yugoslavia were 24,595 refugees from Greek Macedonia. 19,000 lived in Yugoslav Macedonia, 4,000 in Serbia (mainly in Gakovo-Krusevlje) and 1595 in other Yugoslav republics."
1081:
refugees remained in
Eastern Europe or left for the West. Citizenship was stripped from the evacuees without the fair hearing to an independent tribunal and other internationally accepted protocols for the seizure of citizenship such as legal representation and the opportunity to defend oneself. This process of seizing citizenship had "historically been used against people identifying as ethnic Macedonians". Despite it applying to all citizens regardless of ethnicity. It has been enforced, in all but one case, only against citizens who identified themselves as members of the "Macedonian" minority. Dual citizens who are stripped of Greek citizenship under Article 20 of the citizenship code are sometimes prevented from entering Greece using the passport of their second nationality. Although since 1998 there have been no new reported cases of this occurring.
128:. Soon many injured partisans and elderly people along with the child refugees had been evacuated to People's Republic of Albania. After 1948 the Yugoslavian Government decided to close the Yugoslav-Greek border, this in turn led many pro-Tito forces in the National Liberation Front to flee to Yugoslavia. Despite this, Slav Macedonians continued to fight in the ranks of DSE. By 1948, Slav Macedonians comprised over 30% of the DSE's fighting force according to some estimates, but these estimates have been disputed by the KKE. In the ensuing aftermath, the National Army began to consolidate its control in areas previously controlled by the Provisional Government. Many villages were destroyed in the fighting and the displaced villagers often fled the country through Albania and onto Yugoslavia. One case is the village of Pimenikon (Babčor) in the
165:
28,595 whereas some ethnic
Macedonian sources put the number of refugees at over 213,000. However, disclosed CIA documents indicated that the Greek government was willing to transfer 50,000 ethnic Macedonians to Yugoslavia from Greece in 1953. Over the course of the war thousands of Communists were killed, imprisoned or had their land confiscated. The headquarters of the Democratic Army in Greece reported that from mid-1945 to May 20, 1947, in Western Macedonia alone, 13,259 were tortured, 3,215 were imprisoned and 268 were executed without trial. In the same period 1,891 had been burnt down and 1,553 had been looted and 13,553 people had been resettled by force. Of the many Macedonians who were imprisoned many would often form their own groups within the prisons. It is claimed that the Greek Prison Camps were located on the islands of
952:
teachers who were trained in psychology did their best to train the children. In
Czechoslovakia they were taught Czech, Greek, Macedonian and Russian. Friction between the Greek and ethnic Macedonian children led to the relocation of the Greek children. Eventually the children were joined by older Partisans and ex-communist members. By 1950 and estimated 4,000 males, 3,475 females and 4,148 children had been evacuated to Czechoslovakia. By 1960 both Greek and Macedonian communities had been established. Unlike in other communist states the majority of the refugees had chosen to remain in Czechoslovakia. Much of the Greek population left in the 1980s to return to Greece. In the early 1990s a branch of the
985:) helped to attract refugees that had settled in other parts of the Eastern Bloc. According to a political report in 1962 the number of political emigrants from Greece numbered at 6,529. Unlike in the other countries in the Eastern Bloc, there were no specific organizations founded to deal with specific issues relating to the child refugees. This caused many to cooperate with the "Association of Refugee Children from the Aegean part of Macedonia", an association based in the Socialist Republic of Macedonia. Eventually many of these migrants relocated to the Republic of Macedonia with many being integrated into mainstream Bulgarian society.
1005:. It was here that many of the younger children were reunited with their parents. It is thought that 5,132 children were evacuated to Romania along with 1,981 men and 1,939 women. Of all the children evacuated to the Eastern bloc the largest number were evacuated to Romania. Special provisions were established for the children. They were taught in the Russian, Greek and Macedonian languages along Romanian. Many of the Greek refugee children returned to Greece after the Amnesty Law released in 1982, while the Slav-Macedonian refugee children were subsequently officially recognized as a
210:
took to the hills with the partisans. Widows of dead partisans soon became surrogate mothers for the children and assisted them in their journey to the
Eastern Bloc. Many people also had their children evacuated. By 1948 scores of children had already died from malnutrition, disease and injuries. It is estimated that 8,000 children were taken from the Kastoria area in the ensuing weeks. The children were sorted into groups and made way for the Albanian border. The partisan carers (often young women and men) had to help and support the children as they fled the Civil War.
334:
868:
780:. The first group of refugees to come to Buljkes came from Kumanovo on May 25, 1945. The group included 1454 refugees, mainly partisans. By June 1945 another group of 2,702 refugees had been transferred to Vojvodina. In the spring of 1946 a group of refugees from Greek Macedonia numbering around 250 people had left the camp. Many more had left the commune for adjacent villages, which left the commune primarily Greek populated. It was here that the Greek newspaper
525:
250:. It is estimated that from 28,000 children to 32,000 children were evacuated in the years 1948 and 1949. Exceptions were made for children under the age of two or three who stayed with their mothers while the rest should be evacuated. Many of these children were spread throughout the Eastern Bloc by 1950 there were 5,132 children in Romania, 4,148 in Czechoslovakia, 3,590 in Poland, 2,859 in Hungary and 672 had been evacuated to Bulgaria.
1050:. At the time it was claimed that all of these children were "Greek" but no distinction was made regarding the ethnicity of the children. There were also ethnically Macedonian and Albanian children who had also been sent to the country. Unlike the rest of Eastern Europe the Macedonian language was not taught to the children in Germany, since the majority were Greek Macedonians. Mostly, the Greek children would end up returning to Greece.
994:
108:
force. Given their important role in the battle, KKE changed its policy towards them. At the fifth Plenum of KKE on
January 31, 1949, a resolution was passed declaring that after KKE's victory, the Slav Macedonians would find their "national restoration" within a united Greek state. Although they had made a critical contribution to the KKE war effort, their contribution was not enough to turn the tide.
675:
placed in the
Socialist Republic of Macedonia. Over 2,000 homes were prepared for the children in the Socialist Republic of Macedonia. and many were placed into foster care rather than into orphanages and evacuation camps. Across the Eastern Bloc the refugees were often educated in three and often four languages; Greek, the newly codified Macedonian language, the host countries' language and Russian.
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could be found. Many of these depopulated and devastated villages and confiscated properties were given to people from outside of the area. Vlachs and Greeks were given property in the resettlement programme conducted by the Greek
Government from the period 1952–1958. Many properties were confiscated from those persons who had fled the war and had their citizenship subsequently stripped from them.
1177:. Its main aims were to lobby the Greek government in returning citizenship, and allowing visas for re-entry into Greece by the exiled Refugee Children; it was established in 1979 and helped organize the first World Reunion held by the refugees, which was held in Skopje. Chapters of ARCAM were soon established in Toronto, Adelaide, Perth, Melbourne, Skopje, Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia.
591:
its intent to "fight for the national self-determination of the repressed Slav
Macedonians (ethnic group)" and after the KKE passed a resolution at its Fifth Plenum on 31 January 1949 in which "after the KKE victory, the Slav-Macedonians would find their national restoration within a united Greek state". The ethnic Macedonians fought alongside the DSE under their own military wing, the
1085:
1946–1949 and because of it have fled abroad as political refugees". This excluded many people who were not "Greeks by genus" such as the
Bulgarians and ethnic Macedonians who had fled Greece following the Civil War. Those who identified themselves as something other than "Greek by genus" were not included in the law and were unable to resume their citizenship or property.
202:
194:
822:
refugees eventually found foster parents in the host country while many of the others were eventually transported back to
Yugoslavia especially from 1955 when Yugoslavia made efforts to attract the child refugees. By the 1970s hundreds of refugees had returned to the Socialist Republic of Macedonia from the Soviet Union. Most notably from the clusters of refugees in
1038:. They were sent across the country but still received support from the Red Cross and an education in Hungarian, Slav-Macedonian, Greek and Russian. Many chose to leave Hungary in search of relatives and family. Others chose to relocate themselves to the Socialist Republic of Macedonia while many ethnic Greeks returned to Greece after 1982.
600:
were either shut down or destroyed. Many people feared oppression and the loss of their rights under the rule of the Greek government, which in turn caused many people to flee Greece. By 1948, DSE and the Provisional Government, effectively only controlled areas of Northern Greece that Slav-Macedonian villages were also included.
1133:
third was in 2003. The most recent and fourth World Congress of the refugee children from Greek Macedonia began on the 18th of July, 2008. This event gathers child refugees from all over the world. Many participants from Romania, Canada, Poland, the Czech Republic, Australia, the United States and Vojvodina attended the event.
120:
Provisional Government, with its headquarters on Mount Vitse, soon decided to evacuate all children from the ages of 2 to 14 from all areas controlled by the Provisional Government, most of these children were from Macedonian families. By 1948 the areas controlled by the Provisional Government had been reduced to rural
761:. They joined mainstream Macedonian society, with most being highly educated. Most have never returned to Greece. The Republic of Macedonia was the primary destination of Slav-Macedonian refugees from the Greek Civil War. Some estimates put the number of refugees and their descendants at over 50,000 people.
1713:
3rd KKE congress 10–14 October 1950: Situation and problems of the political refugees in People's Republics pages 263–311 (3η Συνδιάσκεψη του Κόμματος (10–14 October 1950. Βλέπε: "III Συνδιάσκεψη του ΚΚΕ, εισηγήσεις, λόγοι, αποφάσεις – Μόνο για εσωκομματική χρήση – Εισήγηση Β. Μπαρτζιώτα: Η κατάσταση
1058:
A large proportion of the adults who had left Europe ended up in the United States, Canada and Australia. Thousands would go on to establish themselves in the hope of returning to Europe. The 1950s witnessed the arrival of over 2,000 refugee children in Canada alone. Thousands of refugees had settled
821:
Wherever the evacuees found themselves across the Eastern bloc, special provisions were made for them. Across the Eastern Bloc the ethnic Macedonian refugees were taught the newly codified Macedonian language and the host country's language; many often learned Russian. A large proportion of the child
291:
Thousands of refugees began to flee across the Eastern Bloc. Many ended up in the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia and across the Eastern Bloc. Thousands more left for Australia, the United States and Canada. This process separated many families permanently with brothers and sisters often separated from
132:
region which was allegedly eliminated by Greek bombers in 1948, displacing hundreds of people. By this time DSE effectively controlled parts of Northern Greece, along with areas of Macedonia where Macedonians represented a clear majority, along with a large tract of Epirus. By the beginning of 1949,
107:
helped the Democratic Army of Greece (DSE) to continue their struggle. The DSE recruited heavily amongst the community of Macedonia. It has been estimated that by 1949, from 40 to 60 per cent of the rank and file of the DSE was composed of Slav Macedonians, or from 11,000–14,000 of the KKE's fighting
1093:
One major effect of the Macedonian exodus from Northern Greece was the effect of depopulation on the region of Greek Macedonia. This was most markedly felt in the Florina, Kastoria, Kozani and Edessa areas where the Communist party was popular and where the largest concentrations of Slav Macedonians
603:
After the Provisional Government in 1948 announced that all children were to leave the DSE controlled areas of Greece many Slav-Macedonians left the war zone. Some sources estimate that tens of thousands of Slav-Macedonians left Greece in the ensuing period. The exodus of Slav-Macedonians from Greek
599:
from the Kastoria region were also prominent in the ranks of NOF. Under the NOF, Slav-Macedonian culture was allowed to flourish in Greece. Over 10,000 children went to 87 schools, Macedonian language newspapers were printed and theaters opened. As the Governmental forces approached these facilities
590:
in the years 1945 to 1949, many of whom fled to avoid persecution. Although these refugees have been classed as political refugees there have been claims that they were also targeted due to their ethnic and cultural identities. Many Slav Macedonians had sided with the KKE which in 1934 had expressed
1140:
took place in Skopje between 30 June and 3 July. At the reunion the Association of Child Refugees from Greek Macedonia adopted a resolution urging the Greek government to allow Macedonian political refugees who left Greece after the Greek Civil War to return to Greece. In addition a large rally was
1132:
The most notable event organized by ethnic Macedonian refugee children is the "Reunion of the Refugee Children" or the "World Congress of the Refugee Children." The first World Congress of the Refugee Children was held in July, 1988 in the city of Skopje. The second reunion was held in 1998 and the
278:
By early 1949 the situation for the communists had become dire. The Greek-Yugoslav border was closed and daily groups of refugees were fleeing across the Albanian border. From here they would disperse into the rest of the Eastern Bloc. Many of the partisans did not survive the ensuing journey with
1784:
report of General consultant of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia addressed to foreign ministry of Greece Doc 47 15-7-1951 SMIR, ΡΑ, Grcka, 1951, f-30, d-21,410429, (έκθεση του γενικού προξενείου της Γιουγκοσλαβίας στη Θεσσαλονίκη SMIR, ΡΑ, Grcka, 1951, f-30, d-21,410429, Γενικό Προξενείο
696:
was able to settle 11,000 children across Yugoslavia. Throughout Yugoslavia room was made in specially designed homes by the Red Cross for the refugees. The ten children's homes held approximately 2,000 children. The remaining 9,000 were placed with families in the Socialist Republic of Macedonia.
164:
claims that the total number of political refugees was 55,881, an estimated 28,000–32,000 children were evacuated during the Greek Civil War. A 1951 document from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia states that the total number of Slav Macedonians that left Greece during the Civil War was
951:
were at first quarantined, bathed and placed into an old German camp. Here the refugee children were given food and shelter as they were sorted into age groups. Surrogate mothers from Greek Macedonia were assigned to the younger children while the older children were placed into school. The Czech
287:
from other parts of the World. Many others were refugees whose homes and businesses had been destroyed by the civil war fighting. Others still were expelled by the Government forces for their collaboration with the Bulgarian Ohrana during the war. Thousands fled across the border before the Greek
209:
On March 4, 1948, the communist "Radio Free Greece" announced that all children under the age of 15 would be evacuated from areas under control of the Provisional Government. The older women were instructed to take the children across the border to Yugoslavia and Albania, while the younger women
1921:
Antoniou Giorgos, Kalyvas Stathis (eds.), The political refugees of the Civil War, University of Macedonia, Thessaloniki, 2015, pp. 8, 9 (Αντωνίου Γιώργος, Καλύβας Στάθης (επιμ.), Οι πολιτικοί πρόσφυγες του Εμφυλίου Πολέμου, Πανεπιστήμιο Μακεδονίας, Θεσσαλονίκη, 2015) ISBN 978-618—81891-6-4. In
674:
Many of the refugee children were placed in Evacuation camps across Europe. They often ended up in places from Poland, Bulgaria and the Soviet Union. The largest group was to end up in Yugoslavia. Here special evacuation camps and Red Cross field hospitals were set up for the children. Most were
300:
In 1947 the legal act L-2 was issued. This meant that all people who had fought against the Greek government during the Greek Civil War and had left Greece would have their citizenship confiscated and were banned from returning to the country. On January 20, 1948 the legal act M was issued which
1106:
Many people who had fled the country were also denied visa for re-entry into Greece. The refugees planned on attending weddings, funerals and other events but were denied access to Greece. These measures were even extended to Australian and Canadian citizens, many of whom have been barred from
1084:
In 1982 the Greek government enabled an Amnesty Law. Law 400/76 permitted the return and repatriation of the political refugees who had left Greece during the Greek Civil War. However, the ministerial decree stated that those free to return were "all Greeks by genus who during the Civil War of
1080:
In 1947 those who had fought the government or who had fled Greece had their citizenship stripped from them. Many of them were barred from re-entering Greece on a permanent or temporary basis. This meant that the exiles and refugees were unable to return to the land of their birth. Many of the
976:
refugees. It is estimated that approximately 2,500 children were sent to Bulgaria and 3,000 partisans fled there in the closing period of the war. There had been a larger flow of refugees into Bulgarian as the Bulgarian Army pulled out of the Drama-Serres region in 1944. A large proportion of
725:
before being relocated to larger urban centers such as Skopje and Bitola. These were joined by thousands more refugees, partisans and expellees until the border with Yugoslavia was closed. From then on refugees had to enter the country via Albania. The majority of these refugee children were
119:
members and other pro-communist citizens. Thousands of people had been executed by firing squads on claims that they had committed atrocities against the Greek state. After the defeat of DSE in Peloponnese a new wave of terror spread across areas controlled by the Government of Athens. The
1097:
Law 1540/85 of April 10, 1985 stated that political refugees could regain property taken by the Greek government as long as they were "Greek by genus". This excluded many people who were not "Greek by genus", namely the Macedonian refugees who claimed that their ethnicity was not Greek.
83:(DSE) and the Greek Government which had returned from exile. Many people chose to return their allegiances as to what they regarded as the rightful government of Greece. Soon the Greek Civil War had broken out between the two opposing sides. Many peasants, leftists, socialists,
784:, was published alongside children's books and the paper of the Communist party of Greece. A primary school was established and the commune began to print its own currency. Eventually the camp was shut down and the villagers were transferred. Other camps were established in
1067:
The removal of a large proportion of the population from Greek Macedonia dramatically changed the social and political landscape of the region. Depopulation, repatriation, discrimination and repopulation would all become issues to be resolved in the period following the
617:
1119:
The ex-partisans and refugee children have established institutions for refugee issues and the exodus of Slav Macedonians from Greece and in order to lobby the Greek government to allow their return to Greece and restoration of their human rights. Eight major
850:
in Central Asia. An estimated 11,980 Partisans were evacuated to the Soviet Union of which 8,573 were males and 3,407 were females. Many of the ethnic Greek partisans remained in the Soviet Union, while most of the ethnic Macedonian partisans would migrate to
683:
Half of all the refugees from the Greek Civil War were sent to Yugoslavia. Many of the early refugees entered Yugoslavia directly while later refugees had to pass through Albania after the border was closed. The majority of the refugees were settled in the
907:. Many Greeks decided to return to Greece after the 1982 Amnesty Law allowed their return, whereas a large proportion of Slav Macedonians ended up leaving Poland for the Socialist Republic of Macedonia. A book about the Macedonian children in Poland (
1021:
in the years 1946–1949. This included 2,161 males, 2,233 females and 2,859 children. The first group of approximately 2,000 children was evacuated to Hungary and placed into military barracks. Another group of 1,200 partisans was transferred from
812:
were repopulated by refugees. By 1946 the total population of Buljkes had reached 4,023 people. Of the remaining Slav-Macedonians in Vojvodina at this time many left for the Czechoslovakia or were resettled in the People's Republic of Macedonia.
1124:" organizations have been set up by the Refugee Children and exiled Slav Macedonians. They have traditionally been orientated towards the ethnic Macedonian refugees, as most of the ethnic Greek refugees have rejoined mainstream Greek society.
253:
The official Greek position was that these children had been forcibly taken from their parents by the Communists to be brought up under a socialist system. The abduction of children is referred to by Greek historians and politicians as the
265:
The term "political refugee" has been vague and in some cases misleading in the case of the Greek Civil War, and includes different categories of people. It is difficult to determine the number of people who left Greece because of
237:
Special Committee on the Balkans (UNSCOB) report confirms that villages with an ethnic (Slavic speaking) Macedonian population were far more willing to let their children be evacuated. They are now known as Децата Бегалци
1714:και τα προβλήματα των πολιτικών προσφύγων στις Λαϊκές Δημοκρατίες", σελ. 263 – 311") Quote: "Total number of political refugees : 55,881 (23,028 men, 14,956 women and 17,596 children, 368 unknown or not accounted)"
1111:, had little or no difficulty when entering Greece. The Greek Helsinki Monitor has called on the Greek government to stop using articles of the Citizenship code to deprive, "non-ethnic Greeks", of their citizenship.
1152:
which has been involved in coordinating the event and reuniting many people with relatives which are still living in Greece. The World Reunion of 1998 included a trip to the Republic of Greece organized by
595:(NOF). From its foundation until its merger with the DSE, the NOF had fought alongside the Greek Communist Party. By 1946 thousands of Slav-Macedonians had joined the struggle with NOF, alongside them
405:
3041:
717:. The largest group of refugee children from the Greek Civil War was to end up in the People's Republic of Macedonia. Upon crossing the Yugoslav border many children were sent to villages such as
59:. These included tens of thousands of child refugees who had been forcefully evacuated by the KKE. The war wrought widespread devastation right across Greece and particularly in the regions of
1161:
on the 19th. Although 30 people were barred entry from Greece despite having Canadian citizenship, allegedly due to their ethnic Macedonian identity and involvement in diaspora organizations.
111:
By the spring of 1947 the communist forces controlled much of the Greek rural areas but had yet to achieve significant support in the cities. At the same time, many Greek prisons were full of
776:. Most of these refugees were ELAS members and the so-called "Greek Commune" was established. Although many were Greeks, it is known that a large proportion of the "Greeks" were in fact Slav
671:. It was in Tashkent that the Headquarters of the Greek Communist Party were reestablished. Special preparations were made for the defeated army and accommodation and supplies were readied.
301:
allowed the Greek government to confiscate the property of those who were stripped of their citizenship. This effectively had exiled the defeated KKE and its supporters who had left Greece.
1646:
John S. Koliopoulos. Plundered Loyalties: World War II and Civil War in Greek West Macedonia. Foreword by C. M. Woodhouse. New York: New York University Press. 1999. p. 304. 0814747302
1556:"Incompatible Allies: Greek Communism and Macedonian Nationalism in the Civil War in Greece, 1943–1949. Andrew Rossos", The Journal of Modern History, Vol. 69, No. 1 (Mar., 1997) (
1557:
1173:(ARCAM) was founded by the refugee children in 1979 with the intention of reuniting all the former child refugees living throughout the whole world. It has worked closely with
1030:. Authorities soon split the groups by the village of origin. They were then "adopted" by the Hungarian community. A Greek village was founded in central Hungary and was named
553:
635:
After the Communist defeat the majority of communists fled to Albania before making their way to the rest of the Eastern Bloc. The majority of the remaining partisans in the
270:" as the 1951 Geneva Convention provides for the determination of a refugee. Many people left voluntarilly and others were forced to follow the guerrillas in Eastern Europe.
144:
Many people fled due to the collapse of the DSE, it has also been claimed that many Slav Macedonians fled to avoid possible persecution by the advancing National Army. The
292:
each other. It was common for mothers to lose contact with their children and never to see them again. The most visible effect of the Civil War was the mass emigration.
1107:
entering Greece. There have been claims that exiles who left Greece were prevented from re-entering Greece when other nationals from the then Republic of Macedonia, now
3046:
2448:
1820:
2534:
435:
381:
3031:
689:
513:
604:
Macedonia continued in the aftermath of the Greek Civil War. Most of the refugees were evacuated to the Eastern Bloc, after which many returned to the
2617:
772:
became the host to one of the largest refugee populations across the Eastern Bloc. In Vojvodina a special ex-German camp was set up for the refugees,
471:
104:
1220:
546:
348:
100:
1141:
held in Juna 1988 by the refugees who were forced to leave Greece in 1948. This was repeated again on August 10, 1988, the 75th anniversary of the
1529:
Speech presented by Nikos Zachariadis at the Second Congress of the NOF (National Liberation Front of the ethnic Macedonians from Greek Macedonia)
709:. This was for obvious reasons such as the short distance between the borders of Greece and Yugoslavia. Soon the flow of people reversed and many
1920:
883:. On 25 October a group of Greek refugee children originally sent to Romania were relocated to Poland. A proportion of these found their way to
2780:
2036:
466:
2843:
2046:
1855:
1453:
1336:
1205:
714:
592:
410:
899:
area while a large proportion was eventually spread across Southern and Central Poland, and soon concentrations of refugees sprung up in
830:. In 1982 the Greek government enabled an Amnesty Law, this caused many "Greeks by genus" to return to Greece in the subsequent period.
539:
461:
314:
445:
363:
2655:
2584:
1341:
1154:
497:
395:
226:
116:
96:
2959:
2826:
2432:
2302:
2220:
2103:
2078:
2006:
1978:
1950:
1905:
1880:
1804:
1769:
1698:
1668:
1628:
1586:
1513:
1416:
1379:
2660:
112:
43:
in 1949 led thousands of people to leave the country. It has been estimated that by 1949, over 100,000 people had left Greece for
969:
888:
31:
of 1946–1949, members and or supporters of the defeated Communist forces fled Greece as political refugees. The collapse of the
2894:
2729:
852:
706:
685:
605:
420:
2672:
1486:
939:) was founded in order to lobby for the Greek government to allow the free return of Civil War refugee children to Greece.
2610:
2590:
386:
2119:
957:
400:
733:
were primarily settled in deserted villages and areas across the Republic of Macedonia. A large proportion went to the
2169:
Evacuation to a Cold Country: Child Refugees from the LPP Greek Civil War in the German Democratic Republic, 1949–1989
1157:. The World Congress lasted in Skopje from 15 July to the 18th. A historic trip was scheduled for the Greek city of
972:
originally accepted few refugees, government policy changed and the Bulgarian government actively sought ethnically
2985:
2472:
2461:
1441:
880:
777:
710:
583:
323:
2831:
2821:
2770:
2684:
2645:
1351:
1149:
956:
was founded in the Czech Republic and in Slovakia. The former Greek refugees were later recognized as a national
839:
636:
284:
161:
80:
36:
32:
2954:
376:
3036:
3021:
2980:
2944:
2603:
2418:
2416:
2414:
973:
492:
2423:
Watch 1320 Helsinki, Human Rights Watch/Helsinki (Organization : U.S.); Lois Whitman; Jeri Laber (1994).
1795:
Watch 1320 Helsinki, Human Rights Watch/Helsinki (Organization : U.S.); Lois Whitman; Jeri Laber (1994).
268:
justified fear of persecution on the grounds of race, religion, nationality, social class or political beliefs
3026:
2924:
2709:
1201:
915:) was published in Skopje in 1987. Another book, "The Political refugees from Greece in Poland 1948–1975" (
2904:
2765:
1834:
1059:
themselves in European cities such as London and Paris in the hope of continuing the struggle of the DSE.
1006:
785:
529:
425:
358:
353:
2800:
134:
2990:
2914:
2899:
2775:
2734:
2724:
2591:
UK House of Commons, Oral answers to questions, Greece (Abducted Children), 27 June 1949 vol 466 cc754-6
1346:
1256:
280:
1294:(1906–1992) – Military Chief of DSE Supreme HQ, president of the Provisional Government, returned later
2750:
2521:
Elite Transformation and Democratic Transition in Macedonia and Slovenia, Balkanologie, Vol. III, n° 1
99:, and ideological communists joined the struggle on the side of the KKE and the DSE. Backing from the
2640:
1312:
1229:(1914–2005) – Brigadier General of DSE, General Secretary of KKE since 1970, returned later in Greece
214:
17:
2884:
2836:
2790:
2704:
2689:
2677:
932:
908:
855:
in the 1960s and 1970s. After the amnesty law of 1980 many Greeks returned to Greece, particularly
754:
571:
367:
333:
247:
157:
867:
2919:
2909:
2858:
2795:
2694:
2528:
2442:
2113:
1814:
1301:
1226:
978:
487:
149:
60:
2212:
2205:
1620:
1614:
1445:
372:
2487:
2368:
2949:
2929:
2863:
2848:
2785:
2760:
2719:
2699:
2580:
2428:
2318:
2298:
2216:
2207:
Ethnic Politics in Eastern Europe: A Guide to Nationality Policies, Organizations, and Parties
2099:
2074:
2042:
2002:
1974:
1946:
1901:
1876:
1851:
1800:
1765:
1694:
1664:
1624:
1582:
1509:
1482:
1449:
1412:
1375:
1268:
1232:
1023:
884:
773:
660:
2343:
2805:
2650:
2507:
1297:
1250:
1244:
1035:
440:
2393:
2934:
2868:
2853:
2755:
2626:
1404:
1331:
1291:
1274:
1238:
1108:
1069:
993:
924:
916:
856:
730:
616:
587:
430:
390:
255:
243:
222:
153:
121:
92:
88:
64:
28:
2462:
Council of Europe – Discriminatory laws against Macedonian political refugees from Greece
2473:
Council of Europe: Discriminatory laws against Macedonian political refugees from Greece
1691:
Ourselves and Others: The Development of a Greek Macedonian Cultural Identity Since 1912
2889:
2146:
Ristović, Milan (1997) Експеримент Буљкес: «грчка република» у Југославији 1945–1949 .
1434:
1306:
1286:
1280:
1262:
1158:
1027:
948:
692:, where Slav-Macedonians still constitute a minority today. The Yugoslav branch of the
234:
138:
56:
1432:
Clogg, Richard (2002). "Catastrophe and occupation and their consequences 1923–1949".
3015:
3000:
2939:
2183:"Przemiany demograficzne społeczności greckiej na Ziemi Lubuskiej w latach 1953–1998"
1318:
1214:
1190:
Organization of the Macedonian Descendants from the Aegean Part of Macedonia – Bitola
1026:
to Hungary. An initial refugee camp had been established in the Hungarian village of
896:
876:
697:
The largest group of refugees including 25,000 Slav-Macedonians moved to Yugoslavia.
84:
2041:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company Inc., Publishers. p. 116.
1047:
875:
Another large group of refugees, numbering at least 12,300, found their way to the
644:
218:
178:
48:
1943:
The Australian People: An Encyclopedia of the Nation, Its People and Their Origins
809:
789:
753:. Large enclaves of refugees and their descendants can be found in the suburbs of
288:
government was able to re-established control in former Communist held territory.
2135:
1528:
2995:
2714:
1142:
1031:
722:
259:
76:
67:, causing many people to continue to leave the country even after it had ended.
726:
Slav-Macedonian speakers, who remain in the Republic of Macedonia to this day.
2549:
2242:
2182:
1938:
1002:
596:
230:
170:
44:
1762:
One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups
923:) has also been published. In 1989 the Association of Macedonians in Poland (
891:. Facilities in Poland were well staffed and modern with assistance from the
904:
892:
769:
693:
664:
201:
193:
900:
1739:
1046:
It has been estimated that around 1,200 child refugees found their way to
2572:
2071:
Sojourners and Settlers: The Slav-Macedonian Community in Toronto to 1940
847:
843:
827:
823:
793:
750:
746:
738:
718:
659:. A commune of ex-communist partisans had been established in village of
640:
129:
40:
1835:
https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP79T00975A001000200001-7.pdf
1018:
797:
705:
Most of the post-World War Two refugees sent to Yugoslavia went to the
656:
652:
1898:
The Past in Question: Modern Macedonia and the Uncertainties of Nation
1372:
The Past in Question: Modern Macedonia and the Uncertainties of Nation
977:
Macedonian speakers emigrated there. The "Slavic Committee" in Sofia (
805:
758:
742:
734:
648:
279:
many perishing. They were stirred on by the hope of fighting for the
182:
174:
166:
125:
2295:
Sojourners and Settlers: The Macedonian Community in Toronto to 1940
1175:
The Association of the Macedonians from the Aegean Part of Macedonia
801:
2523:. Université de Budapest. pp. Vol. III, juillet 1999, page 20.
745:
and the surrounding areas, while refugee camps were established in
2595:
2293:
Petroff, Lilian; Multicultural History Society of Ontario (1995).
1873:
Becoming a Subject: Political Prisoners During the Greek Civil War
992:
866:
615:
233:
children were evacuated from the areas under communist control. A
200:
192:
1616:
Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture
1171:
Association of Refugee Children from the Aegean part of Macedonia
954:
Association of Refugee Children from the Aegean part of Macedonia
2665:
2136:
Association of Social History – The Buljkes Experiment 1945–1949
2038:
Macedonia and Greece: The Struggle to Define a New Balkan Nation
1209:
1001:
A large evacuation camp was established in the Romanian town of
668:
141:
and in Peloponnese, helped destabilize the position of the DSE.
52:
2599:
2098:. 1991: Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 127.
1543:
1541:
1253:(1912–1978) – Former president of the National Liberation Front
137:, recruiting problems for DSE, as well as major defeats in the
2577:
Dangerous Citizens: The Greek Left and the Terror of the State
152:
who left Greece as a result of the Civil War, particularly in
1315:(1903–1973) – General secretary of the Greek Communist Party
1186:
Association of the Refugee Children – Republic of Macedonia
1138:
International Reunion of Child Refugees of Aegean Macedonia
713:
from Yugoslavia entered Greece with the hope of aiding the
2508:
Georgi Donevski Visits the Macedonian Community in Toronto
1148:
The second world reunion was planned with the help of the
1180:
Other groups founded by the Refugee Children include the
879:
area in Poland. This group included both Greeks and Slav
2550:"MHRMI – Macedonian Human Rights Movement International"
2243:"MHRMI – Macedonian Human Rights Movement International"
1479:Η Τραγική αναμέτρηση, 1945–1949 – Ο μύθος και η αλήθεια
1223:(1937-) – professor, philosopher, politician and writer
79:
were defeated, fighting promptly broke out between the
2280:
Aegean Macedonians and the Bulgarian Identity Politics
2265:
Aegean Macedonians and the Bulgarian Identity Politics
1247:(1943-) – jurist, politician and painter from Kastoria
2297:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 180.
1259:(1905–1980) – Member of the CC of KKE, returned later
3042:
Humanitarian crises in the aftermath of World War II
2319:"Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Greece"
2968:
2877:
2814:
2743:
2633:
1654:
1652:
2425:Denying Ethnic Identity: The Macedonians of Greece
2204:
1971:Macedonia: The Politics of Identity and Difference
1933:
1931:
1929:
1797:Denying Ethnic Identity: The Macedonians of Greece
1642:
1640:
1433:
133:increased American aid for the National Army, the
2282:. Oxford: St Antony's College, Oxford. p. 7.
2267:. Oxford: St Antony's College, Oxford. p. 5.
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
1992:
1990:
1964:
1962:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
2482:
2480:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1235:(1927–2008) – historian, scientist and publisher
1182:Association of the Expelled Macedonians "Aegean"
1017:A large group of refugees was also evacuated to
921:Uchodźcy Polityczni z Grecji w Polsce; 1948–1975
630: A major resettlement point of the refugees
586:who were evacuated, fled or expelled during the
2001:. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 167.
1659:Kalyvas, Stathis N.; Eleni Yannakakis (2006).
1283:(Andreja Čipov) (1904–1956) – communist leader
2611:
2131:
2129:
1689:Macridge, Peter A.; Eleni Yannakakis (1997).
547:
8:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2073:. University of Toronto Press. p. 180.
1277:(1935–2003) – phonologist and dialectologist
741:areas. Another large group was to settle in
624: A refugee camp or temporary settlement
2447:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2427:. Toronto: Human Rights Watch. p. 27.
2096:Outsiders: A History of European Minorities
1945:. Cambridge University Press. p. 574.
1900:. Princeton University Press. p. 271.
1819:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1764:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 440.
1663:. Cambridge University Press. p. 312.
1374:. Princeton University Press. p. 271.
2618:
2604:
2596:
2533:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1799:. Toronto: Human Rights Watch. p. 6.
1411:. Princeton University Press. p. 54.
690:Socialist Autonomous Province of Vojvodina
554:
540:
514:Timeline of the history of North Macedonia
308:
274:Evacuations following the Communist defeat
197:Refugee children fleeing across the border
2575:, the online version of Neni Panourgiá's
1581:. Carlisle: Hesperian Press. p. 32.
960:by the Government of the Czech Republic.
895:. Many of these remained refugees in the
842:thousands of partisans were evacuated to
2171:. Toronto: Carfax Publishing. p. 3.
1848:Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History
101:Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
2666:National Republican Greek League (EDES)
1508:. Victoria: Aristoc Press. p. 91.
1362:
1321:Elefteriadu – popular Czech duo singers
887:. Another camp had been established in
505:
479:
472:History of the ethnic Macedonian people
453:
340:
322:
311:
258:(Παιδομάζωμα), alluding to the Ottoman
35:(DSE) and subsequent evacuation of the
2781:Massacre of the First Sapper Battalion
2526:
2440:
2111:
1812:
1300:(1931-) – historian and politologist,
947:The first refugee children to come to
305:Exodus of Slav-Macedonians from Greece
105:Socialist People's Republic of Albania
2844:National Liberation Front (Macedonia)
1833:Current Intelligence bulletin, pg.3,
1337:National Liberation Front (Macedonia)
1206:National Liberation Front (Macedonia)
1128:The World Reunion of Refugee Children
1034:, after the Greek Communist Fighter,
593:National Liberation Front (Macedonia)
18:Child refugees of the Greek Civil War
7:
1309:(1922–2001) – composer and architect
3047:Post–World War II forced migrations
871:A group of child refugees in Poland
1661:The Logic of Violence in Civil War
1342:Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia
929:Towarzystwo Macedończyków w Polsce
612:Establishment of refugees overseas
25:
3032:Modern history of Greek Macedonia
2827:Provisional Democratic Government
2211:. Toronto: M.E. Sharpe. pp.
1155:Slav Macedonians living in Greece
1089:Depopulation and loss of property
997:Child refugees in Romania in 1949
570:of Slav Macedonians from Greece (
146:Exodus of Macedonians from Greece
1693:. Berg Publishers. p. 148.
1533:Σαράντα Χρόνια του ΚΚΕ 1918–1958
937:Друштво на Македонците во Полска
523:
332:
2895:Archbishop Damaskinos of Athens
1875:. Berghahn Books. p. 204.
1319:Martha (1946-) and Tena (1948-)
707:Socialist Republic of Macedonia
701:Socialist Republic of Macedonia
688:while many were settled in the
686:Socialist Republic of Macedonia
606:Socialist Republic of Macedonia
2661:Greek People's Liberation Army
2148:Годишњак за друштвену историју
1726:Macedonia Its Disputed History
1506:Macedonia Its Disputed History
580:Egzodus na Makedonci od Grcija
576:Егзодус на Македонци од Грција
1:
2986:Sacred Bond of Greek Officers
2023:Πέντε Χρόνια Αγώνες 1931–1936
1850:. Hoover Press. p. 208.
1547:KKE Official documents, vol 8
970:People's Republic of Bulgaria
582:) refers to the thousands of
406:Anti-Fascist Assembly (ASNOM)
2673:Collaborationist governments
1579:The Macedonians in Australia
1204:(1909–1996) – member of the
1115:Initiatives and organization
1102:Denial of re-entry to Greece
647:, while others were sent to
242:) "the Refugee Children" in
2519:Daskalovski, Židas (1999).
1973:. Pluto Press. p. 37.
1436:A Concise History of Greece
913:Македонските деца во Полска
416:Exodus from Northern Greece
3063:
2955:Countryside Security Units
2278:Marinov, Tchavdar (2004).
2263:Marinov, Tchavdar (2004).
2150:IV, св. 2–3, стр. 179–201.
1871:Voglis, Polymeris (2002).
1442:Cambridge University Press
1042:German Democratic Republic
838:After the collapse of the
530:North Macedonia portal
248:ethnic Macedonian diaspora
158:ethnic Macedonian diaspora
148:was the experience of the
2832:Democratic Army of Greece
2822:Communist Party of Greece
2685:Greek government-in-exile
2656:National Liberation Front
2646:Axis occupation of Greece
2573:Dangerous Citizens Online
2203:Bugajski, Janusz (1993).
1352:Democratic Army of Greece
1265:(1936–2016) – folk singer
1217:(1924–2010) – philosopher
982:
936:
912:
840:Democratic Army of Greece
715:National Liberation Front
637:Democratic Army of Greece
575:
411:National Liberation Front
285:Democratic Army of Greece
91:, ethnic minorities from
81:Democratic Army of Greece
37:Communist Party of Greece
33:Democratic Army of Greece
2945:Royal Hellenic Air Force
2398:U.S. Department of State
2373:U.S. Department of State
2348:U.S. Department of State
2323:U.S. Department of State
2167:Troebst, Stefan (2004).
2118:: CS1 maint: location (
2094:Panayi, Panikos (2004).
2069:Petroff, Lilian (1995).
2025:, Athens, 2nd ed., 1946.
1999:Who are the Macedonians?
1613:Frucht, Richard (2000).
1196:List of notable refugees
401:Independent State (1944)
2925:Thrasyvoulos Tsakalotos
2710:Battle of Kilkis (1944)
1969:Cowan, Jane K. (2000).
1846:Rossos, Andrew (2007).
1760:Minahan, James (2000).
1740:"Macedonians in Greece"
1535:, Athens, 1958, p. 575.
1409:The Macedonian Conflict
349:Ottoman North Macedonia
173:, the Averof jail near
2905:Konstantinos Tsaldaris
1997:Poulton, Hugh (2000).
1724:Simpson, Neil (1994).
1504:Simpson, Neil (1994).
1143:Partition of Macedonia
998:
928:
920:
872:
804:while the villages of
639:had been evacuated to
632:
426:1963 Skopje earthquake
206:
198:
2915:Konstantinos Ventiris
2900:Themistoklis Sofoulis
1896:Brown, Keith (2003).
1619:. ABC-CLIO. pp.
1370:Keith, Brown (2003).
1347:Greek Communist Party
1257:Dimitrios Partsalidis
996:
870:
619:
281:Greek Communist Party
204:
196:
27:During and after the
2969:Impact and aftermath
2771:Capture of Ierapetra
2766:Thessaloniki bombing
2641:4th of August Regime
1577:Hill, Peter (1989).
1477:Ζαούσης Αλέξανδρος.
1313:Nikolaos Zachariadis
1202:Vangel Ajanovski-Oče
1054:Refugees in the West
431:Independent Republic
2885:George II of Greece
2878:National Government
2837:Popular Civil Guard
2791:Operation Peristera
2705:Battle of Meligalas
2678:Security Battalions
2035:Shea, John (1997).
1440:(Second ed.).
1405:Danforth, Loring M.
1076:Loss of citizenship
757:and Avtokomanda in
488:Region of Macedonia
446:2020 NATO accession
354:Karposh's Rebellion
75:After the invading
51:, particularly the
2991:Centrist Interlude
2920:Konstantinos Dovas
2910:Alexandros Papagos
2859:Charilaos Florakis
2796:Operation Pyravlos
2776:Operation Charavgi
2744:Events (1946-1949)
2695:Lebanon Conference
1302:professor emeritus
1227:Charilaos Florakis
999:
873:
853:Yugoslav Macedonia
729:The refugees from
711:ethnic Macedonians
633:
506:Lists and outlines
421:Socialist Republic
359:National awakening
207:
199:
150:ethnic Macedonians
3009:
3008:
2950:Greek Gendarmerie
2930:Dimitrios Giatzis
2864:Alexandros Rosios
2849:Nikos Zachariadis
2801:Tito–Stalin split
2786:Operation Koronis
2761:Battle of Konitsa
2720:Treaty of Varkiza
2700:Caserta Agreement
2048:978-0-7864-0228-1
1857:978-0-8179-4881-8
1455:978-0-521-00479-4
1269:Alexandros Rosios
1233:Risto Kirjazovski
983:Славянски Комитет
564:
563:
296:Exile from Greece
227:Slavic Macedonian
177:and the jails in
135:Tito–Stalin split
16:(Redirected from
3054:
2806:Operation Pyrsos
2751:Litochoro attack
2651:Greek Resistance
2620:
2613:
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2275:
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2210:
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2194:
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2191:
2189:
2179:
2173:
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2123:
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2085:
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2066:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2032:
2026:
2019:
2013:
2012:
1994:
1985:
1984:
1966:
1957:
1956:
1935:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1868:
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1843:
1837:
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1736:
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1463:
1462:
1439:
1429:
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1422:
1401:
1386:
1385:
1367:
1298:Ilios Yannakakis
1271:, returned later
1251:Paskal Mitrevski
1245:Jagnula Kunovska
1221:Dimitar Dimitrov
1036:Nikos Beloyannis
984:
938:
914:
782:Foni tou Boulkes
629:
623:
584:Slav Macedonians
577:
556:
549:
542:
528:
527:
526:
441:Prespa Agreement
368:Kruševo Republic
364:Ilinden Uprising
336:
309:
215:Greek Macedonian
205:Refugee children
189:Refugee children
97:Slav Macedonians
21:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3037:Refugees by war
3022:Greek Civil War
3012:
3011:
3010:
3005:
2964:
2935:James Van Fleet
2873:
2869:Petros Kokkalis
2854:Markos Vafiadis
2810:
2756:Truman Doctrine
2739:
2735:1946 referendum
2629:
2627:Greek Civil War
2624:
2569:
2564:
2554:
2552:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2525:
2518:
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2513:
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2492:
2490:
2488:"Press Release"
2486:
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2034:
2033:
2029:
2020:
2016:
2009:
1996:
1995:
1988:
1981:
1968:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1937:
1936:
1927:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1895:
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1890:
1883:
1870:
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1612:
1611:
1596:
1589:
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1575:
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1555:
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1546:
1539:
1531:, published in
1527:
1523:
1516:
1503:
1502:
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1456:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1403:
1402:
1389:
1382:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1332:Greek Civil War
1328:
1292:Markos Vafiadis
1275:Blagoj Shklifov
1239:Petros Kokkalis
1198:
1167:
1130:
1117:
1109:North Macedonia
1104:
1091:
1078:
1070:Greek Civil War
1065:
1056:
1044:
1015:
991:
966:
945:
865:
857:Greek Macedonia
836:
819:
767:
731:Greek Macedonia
703:
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436:2001 Insurgency
391:Vardar Banovina
326:North Macedonia
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244:North Macedonia
191:
154:North Macedonia
122:Greek Macedonia
93:Northern Greece
89:Caucasus Greeks
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71:Greek Civil War
29:Greek Civil War
23:
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15:
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5:
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2018:
2015:
2010:
2008:1-85065-534-0
2004:
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1993:
1991:
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1980:0-7453-1589-5
1976:
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1952:0-521-80789-1
1948:
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1767:
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1728:. p. 92.
1727:
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1588:0-85905-142-0
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1213:
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1150:Rainbow Party
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897:Lower Silesia
894:
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886:
882:
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877:Lower Silesia
869:
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860:
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854:
849:
845:
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833:
831:
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803:
799:
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787:
783:
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771:
764:
762:
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755:Topansko Pole
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
727:
724:
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700:
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489:
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429:
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388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
374:
371:
369:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
346:
345:
344:
341:Chronological
339:
335:
331:
330:
327:
321:
316:
310:
304:
302:
295:
293:
289:
286:
282:
273:
271:
269:
263:
261:
257:
251:
249:
245:
241:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
213:Thousands of
211:
203:
195:
188:
186:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
142:
140:
136:
131:
127:
123:
118:
114:
109:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
85:Pontic Greeks
82:
78:
70:
68:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
19:
2975:
2725:White Terror
2576:
2553:. Retrieved
2548:TJ-Hosting.
2543:
2520:
2514:
2503:
2491:. Retrieved
2468:
2457:
2424:
2401:. Retrieved
2397:
2388:
2376:. Retrieved
2372:
2363:
2351:. Retrieved
2347:
2338:
2326:. Retrieved
2322:
2313:
2294:
2288:
2279:
2273:
2264:
2258:
2246:. Retrieved
2241:TJ-Hosting.
2206:
2198:
2186:. Retrieved
2177:
2168:
2147:
2142:
2095:
2089:
2070:
2064:
2052:. Retrieved
2037:
2030:
2022:
2017:
1998:
1970:
1942:
1916:
1897:
1891:
1872:
1866:
1847:
1841:
1829:
1796:
1790:
1780:
1761:
1755:
1743:. Retrieved
1734:
1725:
1719:
1709:
1690:
1660:
1615:
1578:
1552:
1532:
1524:
1505:
1478:
1473:
1465:
1459:. Retrieved
1435:
1427:
1408:
1371:
1365:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1168:
1165:Other groups
1147:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1122:Deca Begalci
1121:
1118:
1105:
1096:
1092:
1083:
1079:
1066:
1057:
1048:East Germany
1045:
1016:
1000:
967:
953:
946:
874:
837:
834:Soviet Union
820:
817:Eastern Bloc
781:
768:
728:
704:
682:
673:
645:Soviet Union
634:
602:
579:
567:
565:
467:Demographics
415:
396:World War II
387:South Serbia
299:
290:
277:
267:
264:
252:
239:
219:Pontic Greek
212:
208:
179:Thessaloniki
145:
143:
110:
74:
49:Eastern Bloc
26:
2996:Greek junta
2715:Dekemvriana
1939:Jupp, James
1444:. pp.
1032:Beloiannisz
885:Lądek-Zdrój
881:Macedonians
778:Macedonians
382:World War I
256:Paidomazoma
115:Partisans,
77:Axis powers
3016:Categories
2815:Communists
2690:Red Terror
2634:Background
2555:27 October
2493:27 October
2403:27 October
2378:27 October
2353:27 October
2328:27 October
2248:27 October
2188:27 October
1745:27 October
1487:9607213432
1461:2008-11-24
1358:References
1136:The First
974:Macedonian
933:Macedonian
909:Macedonian
889:Krościenko
786:Bela Crkva
679:Yugoslavia
669:Yugoslavia
597:Aromanians
572:Macedonian
324:History of
171:Makronisos
45:Yugoslavia
2529:cite book
2443:cite book
2114:cite book
1815:cite book
1063:Aftermath
979:Bulgarian
905:Zgorzelec
893:Red Cross
810:Kruševlje
790:Plandište
770:Vojvodina
765:Vojvodina
694:Red Cross
665:Vojvodina
231:Aromanian
61:Macedonia
39:(KKE) to
2976:Refugees
2394:"Greece"
2369:"Greece"
2344:"Greece"
1941:(2001).
1407:(1997).
1326:See also
1241:, doctor
1188:and the
964:Bulgaria
958:minority
848:Alma Ata
844:Tashkent
828:Alma Ata
824:Tashkent
751:Strumica
747:Kumanovo
739:Gostivar
723:Brajčino
719:Ljubojno
641:Tashkent
462:Military
315:a series
313:Part of
283:and the
260:Devşirme
246:and the
156:and the
130:Kastoria
103:and the
47:and the
41:Tashkent
2054:20 June
1024:Buljkes
1019:Hungary
1013:Hungary
1003:Tulgheş
989:Romania
774:Buljkes
661:Buljkes
657:Romania
653:Hungary
643:in the
480:Related
454:Topical
373:Tikveš
160:. The
139:islands
2583:
2431:
2301:
2219:
2102:
2077:
2045:
2005:
1977:
1949:
1922:Greek.
1904:
1879:
1854:
1803:
1768:
1697:
1667:
1627:
1585:
1512:
1485:
1466:clogg.
1452:
1415:
1378:
1184:, the
1159:Edessa
925:Polish
917:Polish
901:Gdańsk
863:Poland
806:Gakovo
759:Skopje
743:Bitola
735:Tetovo
649:Poland
628:
622:
568:Exodus
317:on the
183:Larisa
175:Athens
167:Ikaria
126:Epirus
65:Epirus
2021:KKE,
1558:p. 42
794:Vršac
95:like
2581:ISBN
2557:2015
2535:link
2495:2015
2449:link
2429:ISBN
2405:2015
2380:2015
2355:2015
2330:2015
2299:ISBN
2250:2015
2217:ISBN
2190:2015
2120:link
2100:ISBN
2075:ISBN
2056:2014
2043:ISBN
2003:ISBN
1975:ISBN
1947:ISBN
1902:ISBN
1877:ISBN
1852:ISBN
1821:link
1801:ISBN
1766:ISBN
1747:2015
1695:ISBN
1665:ISBN
1625:ISBN
1583:ISBN
1510:ISBN
1483:ISBN
1450:ISBN
1413:ISBN
1376:ISBN
1210:SNOF
1169:The
903:and
846:and
826:and
808:and
800:and
798:Ečka
749:and
737:and
721:and
655:and
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