Child support - Knowledge (XXG)

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since doing so creates a larger financial incentive for each state. However, as a matter of law, when the federal government mandates state action it is broadly required to reimburse the state for the cost of the required action. It has also been argued that a Defendant in a child-support matter cannot get a fair trial due to the fact that the Courts have a financial interest in keeping child-support orders higher than necessary. However, there has never been a showing that states have created or modified their child-support formulas in such a manner, nor would doing so actually increase federal reimbursements.

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child support would change significantly). For instance, if the obligor has a change in income or faces financial hardship, they may petition the court for a reduction in support payments. Examples of financial hardship include supporting other children, unemployment, extraordinary healthcare expenses, etc. Likewise, if the obligor is spending more time with the child, they may petition the court for a reduction or even a reversal in support payments. Conversely, if the child's expenses increase, the obligee may ask the court to increase payments to cover the new costs

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tuition to the obligee. Orders may also require each parent to assume a percentage of expenses for various needs. For instance, in the U.S. state of Massachusetts, custodial parents are required to pay for the first $ 100 of annual uninsured medical costs incurred by each child. Only then will the courts consider authorizing child-support money from a non-custodial parent to be used for said costs. Canadian courts provide child support through the "Federal Child Support Guidelines" based on income; however, "Extraordinary Expenses" can be ordered.

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which are then modified and adjusted based on several factors. In the United States, the federal government requires all states to have guideline calculations. Guidelines are either a percentage of income or more usually in the form of tables listing incomes and the amount needed to support one to six children. These computations are often performed by computer programs upon input of certain financial information including, earnings, visitation (overnights with the non-custodial parent (NCP)), health insurance costs, and several other factors.

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automobile insurance; AP exams; cell phones and plans; Christmas presents; educational expenses (trips, pictures, study guides, tutoring, AP and SAT exams, books, supplies, and uniforms); laptops; music lessons; parking fees; private school tuition; sports activities; and summer camps is computed and reduced to a table. Separating parents then find their incomes in the table and how much average intact families pay on children. In the widely used income shares model that amount is divided in proportion to the parents income.

1201:, who state that child-support policy violates gender equality and denies reproductive choice to men. Child support is based principally upon income and custody arrangements and not on gender, and male and female parents report similar levels of satisfaction with support awards. As child support is payable for the benefit of the children, not the parent, courts are not sympathetic to the idea that a parent should be able to refuse to support a child by claiming that he would have preferred that the child not be born. 523:

joint custody, the child is considered to have two custodial parents and no non-custodial parents, and a custodial parent with a higher income (obligor) may be required to pay the other custodial parent (obligee). In other jurisdictions, and even with legally shared residence, unless they can prove exactly equal contributions, one parent will be deemed the non-resident parent for child support and will have to pay the other parent a proportion of their income; the "resident" parent's income or needs are not assessed.

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Regarding families formerly on assistance, current support is paid to the family first, and only after said support is received, the government may then collect additional payments to reimburse itself for previously paid assistance to the obligee (receiving parent). See 42 USC 657: "(A) Current Support Payments: To the extent that the amount so collected does not exceed the amount required to be paid to the family for the month in which collected, the State shall distribute the amount so collected to the family.".

1473:"Child support is the legal right of a child to receive financial support from their parents. That right exists whether or not the child's parents were ever married and whether or not they ever lived together. That right continues until the child turns 19 years old. If the child is still dependent at age 19 or older - owing to illness or disability, or because the child is still in school, for example - then the right to financial support will continue." British Columbia Attorney General, Canada 906:

and other assistance, instead reimbursing themselves and the federal government. Most of the rest only pass along $ 50.00 per month. The bipartisan 2006 Deficit Reduction Act and other measures have sought to reduce the amount of money claimed by the government and to ensure that more funds are accessible by children and families, noting that more obligors (paying parents) are willing to pay child support when their children directly benefit from payments.

952:, which may range in age from 16 to 23 (Massachusetts and Hawaii) or graduates from high school. Some countries and states have provisions that allow support to continue past the age of majority if the child is enrolled as a full-time, degree-seeking post-secondary student. If the obligor owes back child support, they must continue to make payments until the debt is satisfied, regardless of the age of the child. 717:, there is no limitations, accountability, or other restriction on how the obligee spends the child support received, it is merely presumed that the money is spent on the child. However, in other jurisdictions, a child support recipient might legally be required to give specific details on how child support money is spent at the request of the court or the non-custodial parent. In the United States, 10 states ( 798:

social security or tax identification numbers and dates of birth. Parents may also be required to furnish details relating to their marriage and divorce, if applicable, as well as documents certifying the identity and parentage of the child(ren). Local jurisdictions may charge fees for filing such applications, however, if the filing parent is receiving any sort of public assistance, these fees may be waived.

993:. Compliance is judged by the paying party's performance in meeting the financial terms of the legal child support court order. In some circumstances, obligors found "not in compliance" or "criminally non-compliant" have even had their professional (e.g. doctors, lawyers, dentists, etc.) and other (e.g. driver's) licenses suspended or revoked in an effort to collect monies for support and shared expenses. 656:

providing it to the "Custodial" parent. While the courts recognize that the child has an "expectation of support from both parents", there is no legal precedent under the "Divorce Act" indicating that the "Custodial" parent has any obligation to support the child. In addition, courts have vehemently opposed any attempt by "Non-Custodial" parents to ensure "Child Support" is actually used for the child.

596:, 45 C.F.R. 302.56 requires each state to establish and publish a Guideline that is presumed correct (but rebuttable), and Review the Guideline, at a minimum, every four years. Child-support laws and obligations are known to be recognized in a vast majority of world nations, including the majority of countries in Europe, North America and Australia, as well as many in Africa, Asia and South America. 1088: 852:

find that the decrease in income is of no fault of the child, and will not decrease the child's expenses, and therefore should not affect him or her financially. Likewise, a court may find that an increase in the child's expenses may have been calculated by the receiving parent and is not necessary, and therefore the support obligation of the paying parent should not increase.

790:, along with other issues, such as alimony, custody and visitation. In other cases, there are several steps that must be undertaken to receive court-ordered child support. Some parents anticipating that they will receive child support may hire lawyers to oversee their child support cases for them; others may file their own applications in their local courthouses. 1168:

their children. However, courts uniformly recognize that the custodial parent will incur expenses for the care of children that a non-custodial parent might prefer not to pay, and that giving the non-custodial parent direct control over how child support is used would in many cases result in abusive or controlling behavior by the child support payor.

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also has a duty to support the children, yet in countries like Canada, it has been shown that "over a wide range of reasonable assumptions, the does not financially contribute to the support of the children but in fact receives a net wealth transfer from the system." Child-support amounts are considerably higher than the costs of raising children.

1263:, who wrote that "if a woman makes a unilateral decision to bring pregnancy to term, and the biological father does not, and cannot, share in this decision, he should not be liable for 21 years of support...autonomous women making independent decisions about their lives should not expect men to finance their choice." 1012:, child-support enforcement is also handled largely at the state level, but non-compliant parents who meet certain criteria, such as traveling across state lines to circumvent orders or owing more than two years of support payments, may be subjected to federal prosecution under the Federal Deadbeat Punishment Act. 705:

Universities all have different standards but essentially mimic the provincial standards required for student loan eligibility. While both parents are expected to provide support, "Custodial Parents" are rarely ordered to provide it whilst "Non-Custodial" parents are required to provide it under the law.

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Consequences of non-payment vary by jurisdiction, the length of time the parent has been noncompliant, and the amount owed. Typical penalties include wage garnishment and denial or suspension of drivers, hunting and professional licenses. In the United States, noncompliant parents who are more than $

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Within the United States, a 2007 study conducted through the University of Baltimore estimates that 50% of all child-support arrears are owed to the government to reimburse welfare expenses. Half of U.S. states pass along none of the child support they collect to low-income families receiving welfare

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If tables are used in the guidelines those tables are computed by economists such as Policy Studies, Inc. They examine spending patterns of couples without children and couples with children in the consumer expenditure survey. The amount of additional money spent on the children (for expenses such as

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Guidelines for support orders may be based on laws that require obligors to pay a flat percentage of their annual income toward their children's expenses. Often two approaches are combined. In the United Kingdom, for instance, there are four basic rates of child support based on the obligors' income,

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Various approaches to calculating the amount of child-support award payments exist. Many jurisdictions consider multiple sources of information when determining support, taking into account the income of the parents, the number and ages of children living in the home, basic living expenses and school

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One parent, or their attorney, must file an application or complaint with the local court for the establishment of child support. The information required varies by jurisdiction, but generally collects identifying data about both parents and the child(ren) involved in the case, including their names,

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and regulations vary around the world. Legal intervention is not mandatory: some parents have informal or voluntary agreements or arrangements that do not involve the courts, where financial child support and/or other expenses are provided to the other parent to assist in supporting their child(ren).

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When children live with both parents, courts rarely, if ever, direct the parents on how to provide financial support for their children. However, when the parents are not together, courts often order one parent to pay the other an amount set as financial support for the child. In such situations, one

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arrangements in relation to the division of parenting time. In the UK a "non-resident" parent caring for the children 174 nights a year would have to pay the other parent (4/7) 57% of the maintenance they would have paid if they had provided no care. Thus, a "non-resident" parent may be obligated to

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Some child-support laws and formulas do not adequately reflect the extent to which the child-support payor supports the children, and the expenses the payor incurs in caring for the children. Many jurisdictions have tried to develop child-support formulas and models that take into account the extent

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Some parents argue that they should be permitted to directly provide for their children, with those provisions being credited against child support or taking the place of any payment to the other parent. Some argue that being ordered to pay child support reduces their ability to directly provide for

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Payment is not made to children but between parents, and the payee is not required to account for how child-support money is spent. Critics of child support argue that, as a result, the support payments do not need to be used to support the child and can be regarded as a punishment to the parent who

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After the responsibility for child support is established and questions of paternity have been answered to the court's satisfaction, the court will notify the obligor and order that parent to make timely child support payments, fees (which may be 0, $ 60, or more) and establish any other provisions,

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Child support orders may earmark funds for specific items for the child, such as school fees, day care, and medical expenses. In some cases, obligors parents may pay for these items directly. For example, they may pay tuition fees directly to their child's school, rather than remitting money for the

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Child support is based on the policy that both parents are obliged to financially support their children, even when the children are not living with both parents. Child support includes the financial support of children and not other forms of support, such as emotional support, intellectual support,

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Critics of child support, such as fathers' rights groups, complain that the law does not necessarily require that the child support money be used for the child. Barring unusual circumstances, most jurisdictions do not require accountings on the request of a child support payor. The custodial parent

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In the United States, obligors may receive a medical order that requires them to add their children to their health insurance plans. In some states both parents are responsible for providing medical insurance for the child/children. If both parents possess health coverage, the child may be added to

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Child support paid by a non-custodial parent or obligor does not absolve the obligor of the responsibility for costs associated with their child staying with the obligor in their home during visitation. For example, if an obligor pays child support to an obligee, this does not mean that the obligee

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adequate for the children's development is a common responsibility of both parents and a fundamental human right for children, and asserts that the primary responsibility to provide such for the children rests with their parents. Other United Nations documents and decisions related to child-support

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In jurisdictions where child support is reduced or partially reduced when care is provided by both parents, there may be a financial incentive for the resident parent to restrict the amount of time the other parent can see the children. If a parent seeks a custody order with the goal of maximizing

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A major impetus to collection of child support in many places is recovery of welfare expenditure. A resident or custodial parent receiving public assistance, as in the United States, is required to assign their right to child support to the Department of Welfare before cash assistance is received.

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may be decided in the same divorce or paternity settlement, in most jurisdictions the two rights and obligations are completely separate and individually enforceable. Custodial parents may not withhold contact to "punish" a noncustodial parent for failing to pay some or all child support required.

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Child support may be ordered to be paid by one parent to another when one is a non-custodial parent and the other is a custodial parent. Similarly, child support may also be ordered to be paid by one parent to another when both parents are custodial parents (joint or shared custody) and they share

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Critics of child support suggest that support orders carry the threat of state violence to give the resident parent a degree of financial control over the non-resident parent, and even that the enforcement of child support can be considered domestic violence or abuse. No jurisdiction has accepted

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Although both parents have the right to petition the court for a support order adjustment, modifications are not automatic, and a judge may decide not to alter the amount of support after hearing the facts of the case. That is to say, simply because an obligors's income has decreased, a court may

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Once established, child-support orders typically remain static unless otherwise reviewed. Obligors and obligees reserve the right to request a court review for modification (typically six months to one year or more after the issuance of the order or if the circumstances have changed such that the

1853:"Statutes in all countries in the region provide that a man must support his legitimate and illegitimate children" (pertaining to Lesotho, Swaziland, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and Botswana) "Payments for Child Support in Southern Africa: Using Law to Promote Family Planning". Alice Armstrong, 1180:

In the United States, each state receives money from the federal government to offset some of the expenses it incurs in processing paternity, spousal support and child-support cases. It has been argued that this creates an incentive for each state to enforce larger than necessary support orders,

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While child support and contact are separate issues, in some jurisdictions, the latter may influence the former. In the United Kingdom, for example, the amount of support ordered may be reduced based on the number of nights per week the child regularly spends at the support-giving parent's home.

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Depending on the jurisdiction, a custodial parent may pay child support to a non-custodial parent. Typically one has the same duty to pay child support irrespective of sex, so a mother is required to pay support to a father just as a father must pay a mother. In some jurisdictions where there is

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Canadian courts differ in that the "Divorce Act" sets out in detail, the financial responsibilities of the "Non-Custodial" parent whilst the "Custodial" parent's responsibilities are not mentioned. Consequently, Canadian courts limit themselves to dividing the "Non-Custodial" parents income and

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is the establishment and strengthening of international treaties to further aid in child-support order enforcement across national and international boundaries. Under these agreements, orders established in one country are considered valid and enforceable in another country, and may be pursued

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The first payee for child support depends on the current welfare status of the payee. For example, if the obligee is currently receiving a monthly check from the government, all current support collected during said month is paid to the government to reimburse the monies paid to the obligee.

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The other parent is located, and served a court summons by a local sheriff, police officer, bailiff or process server. The summons informs the other parent that they are being sued for child support. Once served, the other parent must attend a mandatory court hearing to determine if they are

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Many American universities also consider non-custodial parents partially responsible for paying college costs, and will consider parents' income in their financial aid determinations. In certain states, non-custodial parents may be ordered by the court to assist with these expenses. Canadian

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to relinquish all future parental rights and financial responsibility—leaving the informed mother with the same three options. McCulley's male-abortion concept aims to equalize the legal status of unwed men and unwed women by giving the unwed man by law the ability to 'abort' his rights and

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Another criticism of child support is that it can be difficult for a man who has been mistakenly identified as a child's father, or who later discovers that he is not a child's biological parent, to be excused from an order to pay child support, and recover the money already taken from him.

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2500 in arrears may be denied passports under the Passport Denial Program. Australia, Austria, and Finland do not imprison persons for failure to pay child-support arrears. In the U.S., in contrast, non-payment of child support may be treated as a criminal offense or a civil offense, and

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Conversely, a noncustodial parent is required to pay child support even if they are partially or fully denied contact with the child. Furthermore, child support is established between parents also if joint custody is awarded, but the child spends most of the time with one of the parents.

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Accountability regulations for child support money vary by country and state. In some jurisdictions, such as Australia, child support recipients are trusted to use support payments in the best interest of the child, and thus are not required to provide details on specific purchases. In

697:, such as food, clothing, and ordinary educational needs, but that is not required. Under California law, for example, child-support money may be used to "improve the standard of living of the custodial household" and the recipient does not have to account for how the money is spent. 672:

Additionally, a non-custodial parent is responsible for child-support payments even if they do not wish to have a relationship with the child. Courts have maintained that a child's right to financial support from parents supersedes an adult's wish not to assume a parenting role.

1497:"Financial support paid by a parent to help support a child or children of whom they do not have custody. Child support can be entered into voluntarily or ordered by a court or a properly empowered administrative agency, depending on each State’s laws." OSCE, USA 1999: 1272:

and was rejected by the court, since legislation in the various jurisdictions currently sets forth guidelines for when child support is owed as well as its amount. Accordingly, legislation would be required to change the law to implement McCulley's concept.

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the more beneficial plan, or use one to supplement the other. Children of active or retired members of the U.S. armed forces are also eligible for health coverage as military dependents, and may be enrolled in the DEERS program at no cost to the obligor.

1598:"Every child has the right to basic necessities...Children should get these basic needs from their parents or relatives...This support given by parents or relatives is called maintenance." Western Cape governmental information service, South Africa 495:) is an ongoing, periodic payment made by a parent for the financial benefit of a child (state or parent, caregiver, guardian) following the end of a marriage or other similar relationship. Child maintenance is paid directly or indirectly by an 1156:

is paying child support. A response to that criticism is that if a parent is caring for the children, that parent will incur costs in providing that support, even if they have no duty to account for their expenditures in support of the child.

1219:(1996), a man who produced evidence that the mother of the child raped him while he was unconscious was nevertheless ordered to pay child support. Men who assert that a child was conceived as a result of deception, birth-control fraud or 880:

requires that the payment amounts be maintained without regard for the physical capability of the person owing child support (the obligor) to promptly document changed circumstances or regard for his awareness of the need to make the

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the child-raising responsibilities. In some cases, a parent with sole custody of their children may even be ordered to pay child support to the non-custodial parent to support the children while they are in the care of that parent.

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Most international and national child-support regulations recognize that every parent has an obligation to support their child. Under this obligation, both parents are expected to share the responsibility for their child(ren)'s

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Child-support guidelines and policies have also been criticized for requiring boys and men that are victims of sexual assault to pay child support to the women who sexually assaulted them; a precedent-setting case in US law is

1520:"What is child support? When parents separate, they need to make financial arrangements for their children. How they do this depends on when they separated and when their children were born." Australian Child Support Agency 1062:

Since the duty to provide child support is separate from the civil requirement to obey a court order regarding visitation, it is exceptionally rare for a parent to be jailed for violating that part of the court order.

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in 1998, suggesting that a father should be allowed to disclaim his obligations to an unborn child early in the pregnancy. Proponents hold that concept begins with the premise that when an unmarried woman becomes

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More than 100 nations currently have reciprocal arrangements for child support orders. Examples of reciprocal agreements include the UK Reciprocal Enforcement of Maintenance Orders (REMO) and those of Canada,

617:) is ordered to pay child support. The amount of child support may be set on a case-by-case basis or by a formula estimating the amount thought that parents should pay to financially support their children. 898:). The payments are recorded, any portion required to reimburse the government is subtracted, and then the remainder is passed on to the obligee (receiving parent), either through direct deposit or checks. 890:

Child-support payments are distributed in a variety of ways. In cases where an obligor is liable for specific expenses such as school tuition, they may pay them directly instead of through the obligee.

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is responsible for food, shelter, furniture, toiletries, clothes, toys or games, or any of the other child expenses directly associated with the child staying with the non-custodial parent or obligor.

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Regulations and laws on the enforcement of child-support orders vary by country and state. In some jurisdictions, such as Australia, enforcement is overseen by a national office. In others, such as

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obligations to the child. If a woman decides to keep the child, the father may choose not to by severing all ties legally (in the same way a sperm donor usually rescinds all parental rights).

1059:. In New York, continuous failure to provide child support is an E felony punishable by up to 4 years in prison. In addition, child-support debtors are subject to fines and property seizure. 3889:

McCulley, Melanie G. (1998). The male abortion: the putative father's right to terminate his interests in and obligations to the unborn child. The Journal of Law and Policy, Vol. VII, No. 1.

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Skinner, Christine, and Jacqueline Davidson (2009). "Recent Trends in Child Maintenance Schemes in 14 Countries," International Journal of Law, Policy, and the Family 23, pp. 25-52.

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While the US has an extremely negotiable system, Canadian laws are fairly automatic and "No-Fault". Child support is determined by the number of children and the obligor's income.

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through local court processes. The goal of such conventions is to ensure that noncompliant parents will not be able to evade support payments by crossing an international border.

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In addition, the right to child support, as well as specific implementation and enforcement measures, has been recognized by various other international entities, including the

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Within individual countries, examples of legislation pertaining to, and establishing guidelines for, the implementation and collection of child maintenance include the 1975

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Several circumstances allow for the termination of a support order for a child under the age of majority. These include the child's marriage, legal emancipation or death.

690:. What differs between jurisdictions is which "expenses" are covered by "Child Support" and which are "Extraordinary" and fall outside the definition of "Child Support". 2181: 1028: 1024: 563: 3215: 3905: 3477: 1023:

To this end, various international conventions regarding interjurisdictional enforcement of maintenance orders have been created, including the 1956 United Nations

1717: 1008:, the responsibility to enforce child-support orders rests with individual provinces, with financial and logistical assistance from the federal government. In the 1779: 817:

in contested cases. Once the identity of the father is confirmed through DNA testing, the child's birth certificate may be amended to include the father's name.

578: 2969: 2064: 4596: 636:(filiation) need to be demonstrated for a child-support obligation to be found by a competent court. Child support may also operate through the principle of 427: 1567:"Child maintenance is money paid when parents live apart...the parent with whom the child does not live is responsible for paying child maintenance." UK CSA 2517: 894:

In some jurisdictions, obligors (paying parents) are required to remit their payments to the governing federal or state child-support enforcement agency (

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child support, the effect could be to reduce the amount of contact that the children have with the other parent without regard to their needs or wishes.

1027:, the Hague Conference's 1973 Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Decisions relating to Maintenance Obligations and the 1956 United Nations 778:

Another common requirement of welfare benefits in some jurisdictions is that a custodial parent must pursue child support from the non-custodial parent.

2643: 1434: 1872: 1350: 3746: 2681: 1551:"Child support is money paid by parents who are not living with their children to help financially support their children" New Zealand Inland Revenue 3109: 3075: 3059: 3000: 2534: 2300: 3460: 2212: 3647:

Hatcher, Daniel L. (2007). "Child Support Harming Children: Subordinating the Best Interests of Children to the Fiscal Interests of the State".

4687: 4384: 3866:"Erasing Gender Privilege in Nonconsensual Procreation: An Argument for an Equitable Change to the Law Regarding the Unauthorized Use of Sperm" 1016: 831:

fees. If the child has special needs, such as treatment for a serious illness or disability, these costs may also be taken into consideration.

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that argument, and a parent ordered to pay child support will not face any legal consequence if payments are made as ordered by the court.

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The duration of support orders varies both by jurisdiction and by case. Requirements for support typically end when the child reaches the

3715:"A Critique of the Strict Liability Standard for Determining Child Support in Cases of Male Victims of Sexual Assault and Statutory Rape" 793:

While procedures vary by jurisdiction, the process of filing a motion for court ordered child support typically has several basic steps.

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In cases where parentage of a child is denied, has not been established by marriage or is not listed on the birth certificate, or where

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for the care and support of children of a relationship that has been terminated, or in some cases never existed. Often the obligor is a

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is suspected, courts may order or require establishment of paternity. Paternity may be established voluntarily if the father signs an

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The right to child support and the responsibilities of parents to provide such support have been internationally recognized. The 1992

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Statutory Instrument 1992 No. 1813: The Child Support (Maintenance Assessment Procedure) Applications for a Maintenance Assessment

2699: 1490: 4437: 3149: 921:. State use of prepaid cards has helped increase the popularity of federal benefit debit cards, such as the Direct Express Debit 4581: 4427: 1385: 1256: 4748: 2759: 2461: 4738: 3268: 2922: 2402:"Integrated Child Support Services A Division of the South Carolina Department of Social Services Frequently Asked Questions" 2178: 1535: 1380: 1109: 1105: 21: 3865: 3330: 2950: 2825: 1820: 3226: 4743: 4468: 4105: 3094: 357: 3902: 3285: 4662: 4508: 4404: 4379: 4150: 2997: 2727: 1702: 1313: 1227: 1032: 442: 3166: 3037: 2249: 4324: 3667: 2132: 4601: 2801: 1783: 1141: 432: 16:

This article is about payments made for the benefit of a child. For payments for the benefit of a former spouse, see

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Morgan, Laura W. (2000). "Whose Money Is It, Anyway? A Custodial Parent's (Non)Duty to Account for Child Support".

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Sheets, Virgil L.; Braver, Sanford L. (July 1996). "Gender Differences in Satisfaction with Divorce Settlements".

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Convention of 2 October 1973 on the Recognition and Enforcement of Decisions relating to Maintenance Obligations"

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is a binding convention signed by every member nation of the United Nations and formally ratified by all but the

397: 352: 347: 3433: 2514: 1714: 4100: 1292: 1072: 468: 422: 342: 3538: 2649: 1889: 4556: 3946: 1869: 895: 694: 687: 239: 4779: 4389: 4228: 2678: 867:) requires state courts to prohibit retroactive reduction of child-support obligations. Specifically, it: 294: 279: 183: 3587: 4718: 4279: 4203: 4130: 4095: 3489:

Harris, Leslie (2009). "The Basis for Legal Parentage and the Clash between Custody and Child Support".

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Statutory Instrument 2001 No. 157 The Child Support (Maintenance Calculation Procedure) Regulations 2000

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https://law.justia.com/cases/alabama/court-of-appeals-civil/1996/2950025-0.html SF v. State Ex Rel. TM

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A voluntary maintenance arrangement can in certain jurisdictions be approved by judicial authorities.

757:) allow courts to demand an accounting on expenses and spending from custodial parents. Additionally, 4576: 4503: 4452: 4213: 4188: 4178: 3201: 2775: 2321: 1390: 1374: 504: 447: 289: 109: 104: 79: 3914: 1435:"How child maintenance is worked out: How the Child Maintenance Service works out child maintenance" 4789: 4591: 4518: 4442: 4263: 4243: 4198: 4135: 4018: 3970: 2954: 2116: 1922: 1751: 1361: 1207: 585: 461: 173: 69: 1463: 4799: 4774: 4637: 4374: 4110: 3939: 3846: 3804: 3695: 3629: 3434:"Dismiss lawsuit by man who was wrongly jailed and forced to pay child support, U.S. judge urged" 925: 918: 787: 754: 558: 417: 206: 114: 54: 3125: 2985: 1797: 1297: 1194: 3260: 2333: 1586: 1247:, that in the earliest stages of pregnancy, the putative (alleged) father should have the same 652:

for sufficient time to establish a permanent parental relationship with the child or children.

4794: 4728: 4571: 4493: 4473: 4344: 4284: 4223: 4218: 4183: 4160: 4090: 4075: 3687: 3264: 2876: 2588: 2565: 1345: 856: 574: 531: 407: 123: 2352: 4784: 4611: 4447: 4422: 4414: 4170: 4054: 4033: 3838: 3796: 3679: 3621: 3252: 2273: 1333: 1323: 1173: 648: 508: 337: 188: 178: 143: 133: 99: 2903: 2477: 2210:

Child Support Initiative: Final Evaluation Summary, Recommendations and Management Response

1763: 1621: 4642: 4561: 4398: 4359: 4258: 4008: 3909: 3370: 3153: 3113: 3082: 3063: 3041: 3023: 3004: 2973: 2909: 2763: 2685: 2600: 2521: 2502: 2484: 2465: 2340: 2304: 2253: 2235: 2216: 2185: 2136: 2068: 1986: 1876: 1824: 1721: 1651: 1517: 1494: 1470: 1244: 969: 949: 864: 806: 629: 592:), the Child Support Act (United Kingdom) and the Maintenance and Affiliation Act (Fiji). 437: 3926: 3784: 3478:

Court finally stops trying to make Detroit man pay child support for child that isn't his

2614: 2495: 1817: 1665: 821:

such as medical orders. Generally the father will be required to pay for genetic testing.

3016: 1487: 1255:

This same concept has been supported by a former president of the feminist organization

4702: 4682: 4677: 4667: 4627: 4304: 4233: 4023: 3842: 2705: 1946: 1839: 1565: 1318: 1268: 1212: 1048: 910: 567: 516: 314: 249: 198: 3785:"Fatherhood by Conscription: Nonconsensual Insemination and the Duty of Child Support" 3146: 2427: 2376: 2364: 4768: 4697: 4606: 4546: 4488: 4319: 4155: 4140: 4125: 4038: 3998: 3850: 3808: 3408: 3253: 2744: 2046: 1308: 1287: 1009: 937: 665: 554: 402: 269: 244: 229: 138: 119: 3699: 4647: 4498: 4483: 4339: 4329: 4115: 2967:

Family Code: Chapter 154. Child Support. Subchapter A. Court-Ordered Child SupportT

2756: 2458: 2197: 1840:

List of REMO (Reciprocal Enforcement of Maintenance Orders) reciprocating countries

1305:, payments from adult children are made to impoverished parents or their caregivers 1260: 1248: 871:

automatically triggers a non-expiring lien whenever child support becomes past-due.

92: 59: 3035: 2926: 2787: 1539: 2836: 4657: 4632: 4478: 4314: 4299: 4085: 4013: 4003: 3512: 2860: 2428:"The Establishment of Child Support Orders for Low Income Non-custodial Parents" 2246: 2021: 1220: 1087: 1044: 814: 628:

In most jurisdictions, there is no need for the parents to be married, and only

539: 392: 299: 74: 64: 2947: 27:

Ongoing, periodic payment made by a parent for the financial benefit of a child

4672: 4566: 4369: 4294: 4238: 4208: 4145: 4043: 1686: 929: 922: 714: 304: 33: 2731: 978:

parent is one who has refused to provide child support payments or expenses.

761:

courts have authorized such accounting under certain specific circumstances.

4363: 4334: 4309: 4193: 4048: 3962: 3823: 3177: 1414: 1232: 1198: 1040: 933: 810: 734: 589: 535: 512: 128: 3691: 2401: 2129: 1715:

Recommendation 869 on payment by the state of advances on child maintenance

981:

US Governmental child support agencies typically refer to clients as being

786:

In divorce cases, child-support payments may be determined as part of the

4652: 4586: 3993: 3800: 1666:"Government of Somalia ratifies UN Convention on the Rights of the Child" 1240: 1236: 914: 746: 742: 738: 722: 718: 642: 637: 254: 168: 3747:"Arizona Is Requiring A Male Statutory Rape Victim To Pay Child Support" 2228: 1511: 4289: 4253: 3683: 1979: 1851: 1282: 1243:, or sole parenthood; and argues, in the context of legally recognized 1112: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 758: 730: 726: 543: 527: 193: 163: 156: 17: 3633: 1865: 1863: 4513: 4432: 4028: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3156:

Scott Sussman and Corey Mather, Center for Family Policy and Practice

1005: 750: 633: 412: 387: 40: 3167:"Yukon Territory Maintenance Enforcement Program fact sheet, Canada" 2826:"Child Support Debit Card (NC Kids Card) Frequently Asked Questions" 1818:

List of countries with reciprocal child support enforcement policies

1172:

to which parents share custody, and adjust child-support amounts in

557:. It declares that the upbringing and development of children and a 3625: 3565:"Should a man be responsible for supporting a baby he didn't want?" 1732: 1730: 3824:"'Sperm Bandits', Birth Control Fraud and the Battle of the Sexes" 3348:

Comanor Sarro and Rogers (2015). "Research in Law and Economics".

2835:. North Carolina Dept of Health and Human Services. Archived from 2264: 2262: 4120: 1215:

was required to pay child support to the mother. In the case of

3935: 2790:

Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act

877:

disallows any judicial discretion, even from bankruptcy judges.

4394: 3506: 3504: 3107:

Iowa State Legislature Chapter 33: Child Support Noncompliance

3095:

Utah State Courts regulation on law licenses and noncompliance

2317: 2315: 2313: 1081: 770: 693:

Support moneys collected are often assumed to be used for the

2377:"Fees for Services - Arizona Department of Economic Security" 2293: 2291: 1459: 1457: 1455: 1226:

Melanie McCulley, a South Carolina attorney, coined the term

570:, which has been ratified by the 64 of the UN member states. 3931: 3216:"Habeas Corpus – A Better Remedy in Visitation Denial Cases" 1223:

have also challenged their obligation to pay child support.

3204:

Western Cape governmental information service, South Africa

2957:

Web Archives National Conference of State Legislatures, USA

1942: 1940: 1975: 1973: 1177:

pay up to 17% (31%*4/7) of their income as child support.

3459:

Broadcasting Corporation, Australian (11 November 2006).

2113:"Have a Child Support Order and Been Recently Activated?" 2948:

Termination of Child Support and Support Beyond Majority

2334:

Chapter 130: Status of Children; Arrangement of Sections

2007: 909:

Most U.S. states deliver child-support benefits through

3917:- includes calculators and guides for separated parents 3331:"An Assessment of the Federal Child Support Guidelines" 2899: 2897: 2478:

Maintenance calculation, Subordinate Court of Singapore

1403:

British Columbia Family Maintenance Enforcement Program

320:

List of child abuse cases featuring long-term detention

3128:

United States Administration for Children and Families

3057:

Overview of the Canadian System of Support Enforcement

2454: 2452: 2459:

Things you should know about child support in Arizona

2871: 2869: 2071:

New York State Division of Child Support Enforcement

1577: 1575: 1573: 613:) receives child support, and the other parent (the 551:

United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child

4711: 4620: 4537: 4461: 4413: 4272: 4169: 4064: 3969: 2648:, Child Support Orange County, 2014, archived from 2566:"Economic Basis for Updated Child Support Schedule" 2156:. State of California. July 1, 1992. Archived from 1813: 1811: 1583:"Maintenance is in the Best Interests of the Child" 3147:Criminal statutes for non-payment of child support 1703:"Convention on the Recovery Abroad of Maintenance" 1698: 1696: 1694: 3044:Convention on the Rights of the Child, Article 27 2496:The federal child support guidelines step by step 538:, determination of parentage or dissolution of a 3052: 3050: 1029:Convention on the Recovery Abroad of Maintenance 1025:Convention on the Recovery Abroad of Maintenance 564:Convention on the Recovery Abroad of Maintenance 2270:"Subordinate Courts of Singapore - Maintenance" 2198:Child support for custodial mothers and fathers 2062:"Medical Support Establishment and Enforcement" 1857:Vol. 23, No. 4 (Jul. - Aug., 1992), pp. 217-228 1193:Child-support policies have been criticized by 3927:Department of Justice - Child Support (Canada) 2778:Western Cape Information Service, South Africa 2408:. South Carolina Department of Social Services 2324:Western Cape Information Service, South Africa 2229:Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) 1879:U.S Administration for Children & Families 1774: 1772: 3947: 3176:. Yukon Department of Justice. Archived from 2802:"Mothers Scrimp as States Take Child Support" 2355:Rhode Island Office of Child Support Services 2057: 2055: 2049:Rhode Island Office of Child Support Services 1835: 1833: 1798:"Guidelines for setting child support awards" 1766:1991, Office of Public Sector Information, UK 1530: 1528: 1526: 1483: 1481: 1479: 1142:Fathers' rights movement § Child support 974:With respect to child support obligations, a 874:overrides any state's statute of limitations. 526:Child support is often arranged as part of a 469: 8: 3720:. University of Pennsylvania. Archived from 3286:"Child Support Accountability: Where Is It?" 1608: 1606: 1604: 1561: 1559: 1557: 1507: 1505: 1503: 2079: 2077: 1747: 1745: 1266:The legal concept was tried in the case of 3954: 3940: 3932: 3668:"Expectant Fathers, Abortion, and Embryos" 3461:"High Court rejects father's deceit claim" 2219:Canada Department of Justice, October 2002 2085:"Department of Finance and Administration" 476: 462: 29: 2541:. Arizona Judicial Branch. Archived from 1890:"For the Public - Kansas Bar Association" 1351:California Child Support Guideline Review 1128:Learn how and when to remove this message 915:recipients who do not have a bank account 3255:The Politics of Child Support in America 2788:§ 657. Distribution of collected support 1780:"Maintenance and Affiliation Act (Fiji)" 1620:. State Courts Singapore. Archived from 3259:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 2923:"Child support - What is child support" 2728:"State of Ohio Office of Child Support" 2564:Policy Studies Inc. (6 February 2003). 2435:Department of Health and Human Services 1536:"Child support - What is child support" 1426: 802:responsible for child-support payments. 39: 32: 3366: 3355: 2596: 2586: 2515:Formula Assessment of support payments 1705:United Nations, New York, 20 June 1956 1057:it can result in a prison or jail term 1017:Declaration of the Rights of the Child 664:While the issues of child support and 562:enforcement include the 1956 New York 3672:Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 3284:Silberberg, Fred (10 November 2010). 3214:James, A. Albert; Gregory A. Brodek. 1688:Convention on the Rights of the Child 1645:Convention on the Rights of the Child 1147:Implementation flaws and side effects 605:physical care, or spiritual support. 7: 3921:US Federal Child Support Enforcement 3915:Child Support Agency (CSA) Australia 2669:Department of Revenue, Massachusetts 2615:"Child Support Guidelines Worksheet" 2179:1.1.M.15 Maintenance agreement (FTB) 1197:advocacy groups, as well as by some 1110:adding citations to reliable sources 49:Marriage and other unions and status 3385:"How we work out child maintenance" 3076:Statement of Intent - 2004 - Part 1 3026:United States Department of Justice 1870:Chapter 8 - Paternity Establishment 1642:United Nations Treaty Collection. 1329:List of largest divorce settlements 913:, but many states make payments to 4754:Parents Against Child Exploitation 3903:History of child support in the UK 3843:10.1111/j.1748-121X.2001.tb00176.x 2645:Child Support Lawyer Orange County 2535:"Arizona Child Support Guidelines" 2188:Family Assistance Guide, Australia 1356:Child support in the United States 594:Child support in the United States 566:created under the auspices of the 363:Hague Convention (child abduction) 14: 4724:Mothers Apart from Their Children 3588:"Make fatherhood a man's choice!" 959:Compliance and enforcement issues 2200:United States Census Bureau 2000 1737:Maintenance claims across the EU 1086: 546:(spousal support) arrangements. 4582:Management of domestic violence 4428:Corporal punishment in the home 3537:Shrage, Laurie (Jun 12, 2013). 3202:"Enforcing a Maintenance Order" 2998:"Enforcement of support orders" 2704:. Family Law OC. Archived from 2150:"Family Code Section 4050-4076" 1386:Shared residency in English law 1257:National Organization for Women 1188: 1097:needs additional citations for 1015:One focus of Article 27 of the 4739:National Fatherhood Initiative 3413:Social Security Administration 3329:Sarlo, Christopher A. (2014). 3312:American Journal of Family Law 2912:Subordinate Court of Singapore 2766:Child Support Agency Australia 2701:Child Support in Orange County 2698:Joseph B. Downs (March 2014). 2272:. State Courts. Archived from 2139:Australia Child Support Agency 1989:Australia Child Support Agency 1381:Child Support Agency Australia 1067:Laws in specific jurisdictions 368:Hague Convention (maintenance) 22:Child support (disambiguation) 1: 4744:National Parents Organization 4469:Adverse childhood experiences 3873:Suffolk University Law Review 3563:Roiphe, Katie (Jun 8, 2012). 3511:Young, Kathy (Oct 19, 2000). 3126:FPLS: Passport Denial Program 2776:Enforcing a maintenance order 2745:Child support payment options 2679:When to contact Child Support 2575:. State of Arizona. p. 2 2468:Supreme Court of Arizona, USA 1960:"California Family Code 4053" 681:Use of child support payments 577:, the European Union and the 507:. The obligee is typically a 358:International child abduction 4509:Effects of domestic violence 4151:Social emotional development 3539:"Is Forced Fatherhood Fair?" 3251:Crowley, Jocelyn E. (2003). 3066:Canada Department of Justice 3007:Canada Department of Justice 2505:Canada Department of Justice 2247:Department of Child Services 2130:FAQ on expenses and payments 1488:Definition of child support: 1464:Definition of child support: 1314:Parental Alienation Syndrome 1047:, the United States and the 1033:Hague Maintenance Convention 443:Paternal rights and abortion 4325:Identification (psychology) 3923:- child support enforcement 3783:Higdon, Michael J. (2011). 3586:March, Anna (Nov 2, 2013). 2800:Erik Eckholm (2007-12-01). 2322:Getting a maintenance order 2234:September 27, 2006, at the 2022:"Divorce and Financial Aid" 1855:Studies in Family Planning, 1211:, whereby a male victim of 353:Hague Convention (adoption) 4816: 4749:Parent–teacher association 4524:Parental abuse by children 4405:Positive Parenting Program 4355:Parent management training 4350:Normative social influence 3085:New Zealand Inland Revenue 2938:New Zealand Inland Revenue 2688:New Zealand Inland Revenue 2624:. Commonwealth of Virginia 2524:New Zealand Inland Revenue 2353:Establishment of Paternity 2307:New Zealand Inland Revenue 2298:Applying for child support 1754:The Hague Conference, 1973 1303:Filial responsibility laws 1139: 1070: 967: 944:Duration of support orders 855:In United States law, the 212:Parenting coordinator (US) 15: 4734:National Childbirth Trust 4529:Stress in early childhood 4249:Taking children seriously 4081:Applied behavior analysis 3513:"A man's right to choose" 3017:Child support enforcement 813:or may be proven through 660:Child support vs. contact 380:Family and criminal code 338:Private international law 332:Private international law 4390:The talk (sex education) 4101:Developmental psychology 3666:Purvis, Dara E. (2015). 1947:Child support fact sheet 1827:U.S. Department of State 1655:. Retrieved 21 May 2009. 1293:Costs of raising a child 1235:, she has the option of 1073:Child support by country 991:criminally non-compliant 886:Distribution and payment 423:Parental child abduction 270:Contact & visitation 157:Dissolution of marriages 4597:Parental responsibility 4557:Cost of raising a child 3864:Faille, Nicole (2015). 2747:Hawaii Attorney General 2343:Commonwealth of Bahamas 1980:Child support agreement 1915:"Uniform Parentage Act" 1842:UK Child Support Agency 1724:1979, Council of Europe 1189:A man's right to choose 896:State Disbursement Unit 843:Change of circumstances 765:Obtaining child support 3713:London, Ellen (2004). 3649:Wake Forest Law Review 3365:Cite journal requires 1919:Uniform Law Commission 1802:edocket.access.gpo.gov 826:Calculating the amount 285:UN Rights of the Child 280:Grandparent visitation 207:Custody evaluator (US) 184:Matrimonial Causes Act 20:. For other uses, see 4719:Families Need Fathers 4280:After-school activity 4204:Concerted cultivation 4199:Buddha-like parenting 4131:Nature versus nurture 4096:Cognitive development 2881:www.justice.gov.ab.ca 2734:on December 31, 2007. 2047:Medical support order 666:visitation or contact 265:Filial responsibility 260:Tender years doctrine 235:DNA paternity testing 93:Validity of marriages 4577:Right to family life 4504:Dysfunctional family 4214:Free-range parenting 4189:Attachment parenting 4179:Achievement ideology 3801:10.2139/ssrn.1761333 2119:on October 10, 2007. 1925:on 26 September 2016 1375:Child Support Agency 1106:improve this article 505:non-custodial parent 448:Right to family life 110:Prenuptial agreement 105:Marriage certificate 80:Domestic partnership 4592:Parental alienation 4519:Narcissistic parent 4443:Positive discipline 4264:Work at home parent 4244:Strict father model 4229:Nurturant parenting 4136:Parental investment 3971:Kinship terminology 3822:Sheldon, S (2001). 3232:on 16 December 2013 2955:Library of Congress 2545:on 26 February 2014 1966:on August 17, 2010. 1786:on January 6, 2007. 1739:European Commission 1614:"FAQs: Maintenance" 1362:Hermesmann v. Seyer 1208:Hermesmann v. Seyer 865:§ 666(a)(9)(c) 542:and may supplement 174:Grounds for divorce 70:Common-law marriage 4638:T. Berry Brazelton 4375:Social integration 4111:Identity formation 3908:2011-10-02 at the 3789:Georgia Law Review 3753:. 2 September 2014 3684:10.1111/jlme.12249 3543:The New York Times 3491:Indiana Law Review 3290:huffingtonpost.com 3152:2007-11-27 at the 3112:2007-11-27 at the 3081:2008-05-08 at the 3062:2007-10-16 at the 3040:2010-06-11 at the 3022:2006-01-11 at the 3003:2007-10-16 at the 2976:State of Texas USA 2972:2007-10-18 at the 2953:2009-07-18 at the 2908:2007-06-22 at the 2833:ncchildsupport.com 2762:2008-06-10 at the 2684:2008-04-30 at the 2599:has generic name ( 2520:2007-10-05 at the 2501:2007-11-30 at the 2483:2007-11-01 at the 2464:2007-10-12 at the 2339:2007-10-11 at the 2303:2008-05-07 at the 2276:on 10 October 2013 2252:2007-10-14 at the 2215:2008-05-29 at the 2184:2007-09-16 at the 2135:2009-03-26 at the 2067:2012-10-03 at the 1985:2009-10-14 at the 1875:2007-09-13 at the 1823:2010-03-08 at the 1720:2007-11-20 at the 1650:2014-02-11 at the 1624:on 8 February 2012 1516:2011-02-23 at the 1493:2008-01-04 at the 1469:2012-12-29 at the 964:"Deadbeat" parents 926:prepaid debit card 919:prepaid debit card 788:divorce settlement 559:standard of living 532:marital separation 418:Legality of incest 124:Voidable marriages 115:Matrimonial regime 55:Types of marriages 4762: 4761: 4572:Family disruption 4494:Cinderella effect 4474:Child abandonment 4448:Tactical ignoring 4345:Moral development 4224:Helicopter parent 4219:Gatekeeper parent 4184:Atlas personality 4161:Social psychology 4106:Human development 4091:Child development 4076:Attachment theory 3727:on April 27, 2019 2877:"Alberta Justice" 2652:on March 25, 2014 2160:on 17 August 2010 1764:Child Support Act 1391:Children's centre 1369:UK and Australia: 1346:Bradley Amendment 1138: 1137: 1130: 987:not in compliance 857:Bradley Amendment 575:Council of Europe 493:child maintenance 486: 485: 408:Domestic violence 382:(or criminal law) 290:Children's rights 224:Children's issues 4807: 4612:Shared parenting 4423:Blanket training 4415:Child discipline 4055:In loco parentis 4034:Shared parenting 3956: 3949: 3942: 3933: 3890: 3887: 3881: 3880: 3870: 3861: 3855: 3854: 3828: 3819: 3813: 3812: 3780: 3774: 3769: 3763: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3751:Business Insider 3743: 3737: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3726: 3719: 3710: 3704: 3703: 3663: 3657: 3656: 3644: 3638: 3637: 3614:Family Relations 3609: 3603: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3560: 3554: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3534: 3528: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3508: 3499: 3498: 3486: 3480: 3475: 3469: 3468: 3456: 3450: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3430: 3424: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3405: 3399: 3398: 3396: 3395: 3389: 3381: 3375: 3374: 3368: 3363: 3361: 3353: 3345: 3339: 3338: 3335:Fraser Institute 3326: 3320: 3319: 3307: 3301: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3281: 3275: 3274: 3258: 3248: 3242: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3231: 3225:. 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Archived from 2724: 2718: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2708:on 25 March 2014 2695: 2689: 2676: 2670: 2667: 2661: 2660: 2659: 2657: 2640: 2634: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2619: 2611: 2605: 2604: 2598: 2594: 2592: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2570: 2561: 2555: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2531: 2525: 2512: 2506: 2493: 2487: 2475: 2469: 2456: 2447: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2432: 2424: 2418: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2398: 2392: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2373: 2367: 2362: 2356: 2350: 2344: 2331: 2325: 2319: 2308: 2295: 2286: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2266: 2257: 2244: 2238: 2226: 2220: 2207: 2201: 2195: 2189: 2176: 2170: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2146: 2140: 2127: 2121: 2120: 2115:. Archived from 2109: 2103: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2092:www.arkansas.gov 2089: 2081: 2072: 2059: 2050: 2044: 2038: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2018: 2012: 2011: 2010:on May 29, 2007. 2006:. Archived from 1996: 1990: 1977: 1968: 1967: 1962:. Archived from 1956: 1950: 1944: 1935: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1921:. Archived from 1911: 1905: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1886: 1880: 1867: 1858: 1849: 1843: 1837: 1828: 1815: 1806: 1805: 1794: 1788: 1787: 1782:. Archived from 1776: 1767: 1761: 1755: 1749: 1740: 1734: 1725: 1712: 1706: 1700: 1689: 1684: 1678: 1677: 1675: 1673: 1662: 1656: 1640: 1634: 1633: 1631: 1629: 1618:subcourts.gov.sg 1610: 1599: 1597: 1595: 1594: 1585:. Archived from 1579: 1568: 1563: 1552: 1550: 1548: 1547: 1538:. Archived from 1532: 1521: 1509: 1498: 1485: 1474: 1461: 1450: 1449: 1447: 1445: 1431: 1334:Unfunded mandate 1324:Shared parenting 1174:shared parenting 1133: 1126: 1122: 1119: 1113: 1090: 1082: 782:Court procedures 695:child's expenses 649:in loco parentis 579:Hague Conference 509:custodial parent 478: 471: 464: 189:Legal separation 179:No-fault divorce 144:Amatonormativity 134:Marriageable age 100:Marriage licence 30: 4815: 4814: 4810: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4805: 4804: 4765: 4764: 4763: 4758: 4707: 4688:Matthew Sanders 4643:Rudolf Dreikurs 4616: 4602:Parents' rights 4562:Deadbeat parent 4539: 4533: 4457: 4409: 4385:The talk (race) 4268: 4259:Tiger parenting 4165: 4060: 4009:Extended family 3965: 3960: 3910:Wayback Machine 3899: 3894: 3893: 3888: 3884: 3868: 3863: 3862: 3858: 3826: 3821: 3820: 3816: 3782: 3781: 3777: 3770: 3766: 3756: 3754: 3745: 3744: 3740: 3730: 3728: 3724: 3717: 3712: 3711: 3707: 3665: 3664: 3660: 3646: 3645: 3641: 3611: 3610: 3606: 3596: 3594: 3585: 3584: 3580: 3570: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3557: 3547: 3545: 3536: 3535: 3531: 3521: 3519: 3510: 3509: 3502: 3488: 3487: 3483: 3476: 3472: 3458: 3457: 3453: 3443: 3441: 3440:. 26 March 2013 3432: 3431: 3427: 3417: 3415: 3409:"42 U.S.C. 655" 3407: 3406: 3402: 3393: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3382: 3378: 3364: 3354: 3347: 3346: 3342: 3328: 3327: 3323: 3309: 3308: 3304: 3294: 3292: 3283: 3282: 3278: 3271: 3250: 3249: 3245: 3235: 3233: 3229: 3218: 3213: 3212: 3208: 3200: 3196: 3186: 3184: 3180: 3169: 3165: 3164: 3160: 3154:Wayback Machine 3145: 3141: 3136: 3132: 3124: 3120: 3114:Wayback Machine 3105: 3101: 3093: 3089: 3083:Wayback Machine 3074: 3070: 3064:Wayback Machine 3055: 3048: 3042:Wayback Machine 3034: 3030: 3024:Wayback Machine 3015: 3011: 3005:Wayback Machine 2996: 2992: 2984: 2980: 2974:Wayback Machine 2965: 2961: 2946: 2942: 2932: 2930: 2921: 2920: 2916: 2910:Wayback Machine 2902: 2895: 2885: 2883: 2875: 2874: 2867: 2859: 2855: 2845: 2843: 2842:on 11 June 2014 2839: 2828: 2824: 2823: 2819: 2810: 2808: 2799: 2798: 2794: 2786: 2782: 2774: 2770: 2764:Wayback Machine 2757:Payment options 2755: 2751: 2743: 2739: 2726: 2725: 2721: 2711: 2709: 2697: 2696: 2692: 2686:Wayback Machine 2677: 2673: 2668: 2664: 2655: 2653: 2642: 2641: 2637: 2627: 2625: 2617: 2613: 2612: 2608: 2595: 2585: 2578: 2576: 2568: 2563: 2562: 2558: 2548: 2546: 2533: 2532: 2528: 2522:Wayback Machine 2513: 2509: 2503:Wayback Machine 2494: 2490: 2485:Wayback Machine 2476: 2472: 2466:Wayback Machine 2457: 2450: 2440: 2438: 2430: 2426: 2425: 2421: 2411: 2409: 2400: 2399: 2395: 2385: 2383: 2375: 2374: 2370: 2363: 2359: 2351: 2347: 2341:Wayback Machine 2332: 2328: 2320: 2311: 2305:Wayback Machine 2296: 2289: 2279: 2277: 2268: 2267: 2260: 2254:Wayback Machine 2245: 2241: 2236:Wayback Machine 2227: 2223: 2217:Wayback Machine 2208: 2204: 2196: 2192: 2186:Wayback Machine 2177: 2173: 2163: 2161: 2148: 2147: 2143: 2137:Wayback Machine 2128: 2124: 2111: 2110: 2106: 2096: 2094: 2087: 2083: 2082: 2075: 2069:Wayback Machine 2060: 2053: 2045: 2041: 2031: 2029: 2020: 2019: 2015: 1998: 1997: 1993: 1987:Wayback Machine 1978: 1971: 1958: 1957: 1953: 1945: 1938: 1928: 1926: 1913: 1912: 1908: 1898: 1896: 1888: 1887: 1883: 1877:Wayback Machine 1868: 1861: 1850: 1846: 1838: 1831: 1825:Wayback Machine 1816: 1809: 1796: 1795: 1791: 1778: 1777: 1770: 1762: 1758: 1750: 1743: 1735: 1728: 1722:Wayback Machine 1713: 1709: 1701: 1692: 1685: 1681: 1671: 1669: 1664: 1663: 1659: 1652:Wayback Machine 1641: 1637: 1627: 1625: 1612: 1611: 1602: 1592: 1590: 1581: 1580: 1571: 1564: 1555: 1545: 1543: 1534: 1533: 1524: 1518:Wayback Machine 1510: 1501: 1495:Wayback Machine 1486: 1477: 1471:Wayback Machine 1462: 1453: 1443: 1441: 1433: 1432: 1428: 1423: 1298:Debtor's prison 1279: 1245:gender equality 1195:fathers' rights 1191: 1149: 1144: 1134: 1123: 1117: 1114: 1103: 1091: 1080: 1075: 1069: 1002: 972: 970:Deadbeat parent 966: 961: 950:age of majority 946: 888: 845: 828: 807:paternity fraud 784: 767: 683: 662: 646:parent that is 602: 482: 453: 452: 438:Paternity fraud 433:Parents' rights 428:Parental duties 383: 381: 373: 372: 333: 325: 324: 225: 217: 216: 159: 149: 148: 95: 85: 84: 50: 28: 25: 12: 11: 5: 4813: 4811: 4803: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4767: 4766: 4760: 4759: 4757: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4729:Mothers' Union 4726: 4721: 4715: 4713: 4709: 4708: 4706: 4705: 4703:Benjamin Spock 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4683:Penelope Leach 4680: 4678:Annette Lareau 4675: 4670: 4668:Alan E. Kazdin 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4628:Mary Ainsworth 4624: 4622: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4543: 4541: 4540:social aspects 4535: 4534: 4532: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4465: 4463: 4459: 4458: 4456: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4419: 4417: 4411: 4410: 4408: 4407: 4402: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4305:Dishabituation 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4276: 4274: 4270: 4269: 4267: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4234:Slow parenting 4231: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4175: 4173: 4167: 4166: 4164: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4072: 4070: 4065:Theories 4062: 4061: 4059: 4058: 4051: 4046: 4044:Blended family 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4024:Nuclear family 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3975: 3973: 3967: 3966: 3961: 3959: 3958: 3951: 3944: 3936: 3930: 3929: 3924: 3918: 3912: 3898: 3897:External links 3895: 3892: 3891: 3882: 3856: 3837:(3): 460–480. 3814: 3775: 3764: 3738: 3705: 3678:(2): 330–340. 3658: 3639: 3626:10.2307/585506 3604: 3578: 3555: 3529: 3500: 3481: 3470: 3451: 3425: 3400: 3376: 3367:|journal= 3340: 3321: 3302: 3276: 3269: 3243: 3206: 3194: 3158: 3139: 3130: 3118: 3099: 3087: 3068: 3046: 3028: 3009: 2990: 2988:United Kingdom 2978: 2959: 2940: 2914: 2893: 2865: 2863:United Kingdom 2853: 2817: 2806:New York Times 2792: 2780: 2768: 2749: 2737: 2719: 2690: 2671: 2662: 2635: 2606: 2556: 2526: 2507: 2488: 2470: 2448: 2419: 2393: 2368: 2357: 2345: 2326: 2309: 2287: 2258: 2239: 2221: 2202: 2190: 2171: 2154:leginfo.ca.gov 2141: 2122: 2104: 2073: 2051: 2039: 2013: 1991: 1969: 1951: 1936: 1906: 1881: 1859: 1844: 1829: 1807: 1789: 1768: 1756: 1741: 1726: 1707: 1690: 1679: 1657: 1635: 1600: 1569: 1553: 1522: 1499: 1475: 1451: 1425: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1418: 1417: 1406: 1405: 1394: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1366: 1365: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1337: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1319:Parenting plan 1316: 1311: 1306: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1278: 1275: 1269:Dubay v. Wells 1213:statutory rape 1190: 1187: 1148: 1145: 1136: 1135: 1094: 1092: 1085: 1079: 1076: 1071:Main article: 1068: 1065: 1049:European Union 1001: 998: 968:Main article: 965: 962: 960: 957: 945: 942: 911:direct deposit 887: 884: 883: 882: 878: 875: 872: 861:42 U.S.C. 844: 841: 827: 824: 823: 822: 818: 803: 799: 783: 780: 769:Child-support 766: 763: 682: 679: 661: 658: 601: 598: 586:Family Law Act 568:United Nations 484: 483: 481: 480: 473: 466: 458: 455: 454: 451: 450: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 384: 379: 378: 375: 374: 371: 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 345: 340: 334: 331: 330: 327: 326: 323: 322: 317: 315:Paper abortion 312: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 252: 250:Legal guardian 247: 242: 237: 232: 226: 223: 222: 219: 218: 215: 214: 209: 204: 201: 199:Parenting plan 196: 191: 186: 181: 176: 171: 166: 160: 155: 154: 151: 150: 147: 146: 141: 136: 131: 126: 117: 112: 107: 102: 96: 91: 90: 87: 86: 83: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 51: 48: 47: 44: 43: 37: 36: 26: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4812: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4780:Child support 4778: 4776: 4773: 4772: 4770: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4716: 4714: 4712:Organizations 4710: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4698:B. F. Skinner 4696: 4694: 4693:William Sears 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4663:Thomas Gordon 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4625: 4623: 4619: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4552:Child support 4550: 4548: 4547:Child custody 4545: 4544: 4542: 4536: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4489:Child neglect 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4466: 4464: 4460: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4412: 4406: 4403: 4400: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4365: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4320:Homeschooling 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4277: 4275: 4271: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4168: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4156:Socialization 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4141:Paternal bond 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4126:Maternal bond 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4063: 4057: 4056: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4039:Single parent 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3999:Alloparenting 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3957: 3952: 3950: 3945: 3943: 3938: 3937: 3934: 3928: 3925: 3922: 3919: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3907: 3904: 3901: 3900: 3896: 3886: 3883: 3878: 3874: 3867: 3860: 3857: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3831:Legal Studies 3825: 3818: 3815: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3779: 3776: 3773: 3768: 3765: 3752: 3748: 3742: 3739: 3723: 3716: 3709: 3706: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3662: 3659: 3654: 3650: 3643: 3640: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3608: 3605: 3593: 3589: 3582: 3579: 3566: 3559: 3556: 3544: 3540: 3533: 3530: 3518: 3514: 3507: 3505: 3501: 3496: 3492: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3474: 3471: 3466: 3462: 3455: 3452: 3439: 3435: 3429: 3426: 3414: 3410: 3404: 3401: 3386: 3380: 3377: 3372: 3359: 3351: 3344: 3341: 3336: 3332: 3325: 3322: 3317: 3313: 3306: 3303: 3291: 3287: 3280: 3277: 3272: 3266: 3262: 3257: 3256: 3247: 3244: 3228: 3224: 3217: 3210: 3207: 3203: 3198: 3195: 3179: 3175: 3168: 3162: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3148: 3143: 3140: 3134: 3131: 3127: 3122: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3108: 3103: 3100: 3096: 3091: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3077: 3072: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3058: 3053: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3036: 3032: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3018: 3013: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2999: 2994: 2991: 2987: 2982: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2968: 2963: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2949: 2944: 2941: 2929:on 2007-10-27 2928: 2924: 2918: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2904: 2900: 2898: 2894: 2882: 2878: 2872: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2857: 2854: 2838: 2834: 2827: 2821: 2818: 2807: 2803: 2796: 2793: 2789: 2784: 2781: 2777: 2772: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2758: 2753: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2738: 2733: 2729: 2723: 2720: 2707: 2703: 2702: 2694: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2680: 2675: 2672: 2666: 2663: 2651: 2647: 2646: 2639: 2636: 2623: 2616: 2610: 2607: 2602: 2590: 2574: 2567: 2560: 2557: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2530: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2516: 2511: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2497: 2492: 2489: 2486: 2482: 2479: 2474: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2460: 2455: 2453: 2449: 2436: 2429: 2423: 2420: 2407: 2403: 2397: 2394: 2382: 2381:www.azdes.gov 2378: 2372: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2358: 2354: 2349: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2335: 2330: 2327: 2323: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2299: 2294: 2292: 2288: 2275: 2271: 2265: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2248: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2233: 2230: 2225: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2211: 2206: 2203: 2199: 2194: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2180: 2175: 2172: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2145: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2131: 2126: 2123: 2118: 2114: 2108: 2105: 2093: 2086: 2080: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2063: 2058: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2040: 2027: 2023: 2017: 2014: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1995: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1981: 1976: 1974: 1970: 1965: 1961: 1955: 1952: 1948: 1943: 1941: 1937: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1910: 1907: 1895: 1894:www.ksbar.org 1891: 1885: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1871: 1866: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1845: 1841: 1836: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1819: 1814: 1812: 1808: 1803: 1799: 1793: 1790: 1785: 1781: 1775: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1760: 1757: 1753: 1748: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1716: 1711: 1708: 1704: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1680: 1667: 1661: 1658: 1654: 1653: 1649: 1646: 1639: 1636: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1609: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1589:on 2012-07-22 1588: 1584: 1578: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1542:on 2007-10-27 1541: 1537: 1531: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1512: 1508: 1506: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1489: 1484: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1465: 1460: 1458: 1456: 1452: 1440: 1436: 1430: 1427: 1420: 1416: 1413: 1412: 1411: 1410: 1404: 1401: 1400: 1399: 1398: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1372: 1371: 1370: 1364: 1363: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1343: 1342: 1341: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1309:Joint custody 1307: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1288:Child custody 1286: 1284: 1281: 1280: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1270: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1253: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1229: 1228:male abortion 1224: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1209: 1202: 1200: 1196: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1175: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1146: 1143: 1132: 1129: 1121: 1118:November 2020 1111: 1107: 1101: 1100: 1095:This section 1093: 1089: 1084: 1083: 1077: 1074: 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