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from 1 April 2007. The standards noted the importance of service-user feedback and the active engagement and participation of children in their case planning process. Cafcass asserted the importance of including children's views in the decision making processes involved in court proceedings. Young people could offer a "Needs, Wishes and
Feelings" statement directly to the judge. However, Cafcass admitted that they do not conform to any National Standards.
333:"The review announced by the Home Secretary on 16 July 1997 into the relationship between the Prison Service and probation service may herald important changes to the structure, organisation, management, working practices, human resources and funding of the probation service. Both the prison-probation review and the Comprehensive Spending Review should result in steps which should improve public confidence in community penalties."
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423:. The Cafcass Board is made up of non-executive members appointed in accordance with the Membership, Committee and Procedure Regulations 2005. The Cafcass Board establishes the overall strategic aims and objectives for Cafcass consistent with the strategic policy objectives determined by the Secretary of State. It meets quarterly to monitor the performance of Cafcass and is accountable for Cafcass fulfilling its functions.
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England. All members have either had direct experience of the family justice system or have an interest in children’s rights and the family courts. The FJYPB is a permanent sub-group of the national Family
Justice Board (FJB) and is responsible to this board. Two members of the FJYPB regularly attend FJB meetings.
379:
We have been impressed by the valuable work undertaken by the
Cafcass Young People’s Board. They provide an important perspective on the work of the family justice system and offer an intelligent and energetic challenge to the board of Cafcass. We believe that this work should be maintained through a
366:
that led to a draft set of
National Standards. These standards set out what service users, partner agencies and practitioners in the family justice system could expect. The standards updated the 2003 Cafcass Service Standards and Principles, and after piloting in the North-East Region, were phased in
540:
Between April 2015 and March 2016, Cafcass received 12,741 care applications. This figure is 14.2% (1,582 applications) higher than the same period the previous year and 20% (2,121 applications) higher when compared with the same period in 2013. On average
Cafcass has received in excess of 1,000 new
459:
During 2015–16, Cafcass worked with 116,104 children and young people across
England. Cafcass is asked by family courts to become involved in public and private law cases as the independent voice of the child, advising the court on the issues children are facing, usually through recommendations they
340:
The government then announced the setting-up of a unified family court welfare service. Among many key areas to be addressed were ensuring: Cafcass's statutory basis; funding to cover start-up, transitional and ongoing costs; change management of the merger of 114 autonomous bodies into a single
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The Young People’s Board was expanded to cover the family justice system on a national scale and is now called The Family
Justice Young People's Board. The Family Justice Young People’s Board (FJYPB) is a group of over 40 children and young people aged between 8 and 25 years old who live across
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Cafcass's functions were to “(a) safeguard and promote the welfare of the children, (b) give advice to the court about any application made to it in such proceedings, (c) make provision for children to be represented in such proceedings, (d) provide information, advice and other support for the
443:
The Chief
Executive and Accounting Officer for Cafcass is responsible and accountable to Parliament for the day-to-day operations, management and leadership of Cafcass and its handling of public funds administered to it. Jacky Tiotto became Chief Executive in autumn 2019. She was previously
554:
has a duty to inspect
Cafcass under section 143 of the Education and Inspections Act 2006 which requires the Chief Inspector of Education, Children’s Services and Skills to inspect the performance of Cafcass functions. The current Cafcass inspection framework replaced the previous tri- annual
645:"the service area does not ensure that consistent consideration of the impact of family breakdown on outcomes for children is embedded in all aspects of case planning and reporting to court. The impact of ... the service in ensuring that all children are safe or feel safe is inadequate."
370:
The
Children's Rights Team spearheaded the formation of a Young People's Board for Cafcass. This board consists of 12 young people with experience of Cafcass's services. Since the board's formation in August 2006 they helped to shape Cafcass policies and procedures.
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640:). They found Cafcass to be inadequate in equality, diversity, value for money, complaints handling, service responsiveness, performance management, self-evaluation, safeguarding children and improving outcomes for children. The report stated that:
322:’s Department and the Department of Health concluded that a new integrated service subsuming these functions could improve service to the courts, better safeguard the interests of children, reduce wasteful overlaps and increase efficiency.
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In 2012 Cafcass published its Operating Framework which sets out how Cafcass meets its responsibilities as a family court social work service to children and young people, to courts and to family members, as required by legislation.
341:
organisation; maintenance of current casework. These were addressed by a project team, drawn from the three relevant government departments and supplemented by consultants dealing with, for example, IT, payroll, estates and finance.
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The services spanned England and Wales and included: Family Court Welfare (FCW) (54 areas); the Guardian ad litem and Reporting Officer (GALRO) Service (59 panels) and the children’s work of the Official Solicitor’s (OS) Department.
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The Criminal Justice and Court Services Bill was led by the Home Office as most of the Bill’s provisions concerned the establishment of a National Probation Service for England and Wales. A few parts concerned Cafcass arrangements.
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Cafcass received a total of 37,649 private law cases between April and March. This figure is 10.3% higher (3,530 cases) than 2014–15. On average Cafcass received in excess of 3,100 new private law cases per month during 2015–16.
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556:
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39:
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Support Services in Family Proceedings – Future Organisation of Court Welfare Services (Department of Health, Home Office, Lord Chancellor’s Department, Welsh Office) (July 1998): Consultation closed on 13 November
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concluded that case records often did not show how Cafcass had come to its conclusions. In a post-inspection review in 2009, Ofsted found that in four of nine recommendations, progress was inadequate.
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The Bill completed its parliamentary stages in autumn 2000. The Act’s Cafcass provisions were set to commence on 1 April 2001. The short timeline created problems that took Cafcass years to resolve.
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The Home Office Prison-Probation review consultation paper did not mention family court welfare given that family court welfare was to move to a new unified family court welfare service.
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In November 2010 a parliamentary Commons Public Affairs Committee found that "Cafcass as an organisation is not fit for purpose" and that it did not make "child-based decisions".
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set out in reports to court. The primary aim is to reduce the risks to a child’s health and wellbeing and to promote their welfare and development. Cafcass has published a
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DNA scheme Regulations came into effect on 23 November 2015 with Cafcass and Cafcass Cymru funding a new DNA scheme under section 20 of the Family Law Reform Act 1969.
86:
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A High Court judge said in 2014 that it appeared to be a practice "widespread across the country" that children were taken into foster care based on reports which
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The Performance Committee which monitors national performance against KPIs and Cafcass’ impact on the whole family justice system key performance measures (KPMs).
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Cafcass is set Key Performance Indicator (KPI) targets by their sponsor department, the Ministry of Justice. The table below shows the KPI figures for 2015/16.
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65:
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241:
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Young People’s Board for the Family Justice Service, with a remit to consider issues in both public and private law and to report directly to the service.’
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72:
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Cafcass publishes an annual report of its activities together with its audited accounts after the end of each financial year. Cafcass provides to the
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Letter re. "Post-inspection review: Ofsted inspection of the experience of Cafcass service users in the family courts in South Yorkshire 2008"
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1482:
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The Audit and Risk Assurance Committee (ARAC) which gives assurance to the effectiveness of the internal control and risk management systems.
1628:
1623:
1608:
1591:
1569:
567:
414:
249:
196:
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1737:
1727:
401:. Following the changes within Welsh Government in 2007, CAFCASS Cymru became part of the Department for Health and Social Services.
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105:
79:
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As of 1 April 2005, responsibility for the functions of Cafcass in Wales, known as CAFCASS Cymru, became the responsibility of the
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245:
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Other parental applications under Section 8 of the Children Act 1989, such as a Prohibited Steps Order or a Specific Issue Order
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3188:
3089:
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1742:
1667:
1168:
1134:
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2369:
2023:
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43:
666:"cut and pasted" into their own rulings, without giving the parents the opportunity to view the reports or respond to them.
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2606:
1976:
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1692:
229:
154:
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1409:
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In 2009/10 The Annual Report of Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Education, Children's Services and Skills found that
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289:“In respect of family proceedings in which the welfare of children is or may be in question, it is a function of to:
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for a Child Arrangements Order, including where a child lives, spends time, or otherwise has contact with each parent
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Reporting to Courts on the Safeguarding and welfare of children involved in Public and Private law Family proceedings
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and the overall judgement was ‘good’ with an ‘outstanding’ judgement for leadership and governance. Cafcass had its
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In 2011, presenters to a Justice Select Committee said that Cafcass was "beyond reform" and "should be abolished".
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32:
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2131:
1859:
1796:
685:
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Cafcass is represented on the national Family Justice Board and chairs 10 out of 42 local Family Justice Boards.
252:. Cafcass is independent of the courts, social services, education, health authorities and all similar agencies.
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2312:
2302:
2099:
1825:
445:
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In 2011 the Family Justice Review, in its final report, stated the following about the Young People’s Board:
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2274:
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1487:
652:"(Cafcass) is performing poorly, with four out of the five service areas inspected judged to be inadequate."
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2520:
2384:
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1932:
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977:
1390:"The Annual Report of Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Education, Children's Services and Skills 2009/10"
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2194:
2167:
2077:
1986:
1905:
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633:
555:
inspection of each of the 17 Cafcass service areas with one annual national inspection. Cafcass had its
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675:
3611:
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2590:
2565:
2254:
2094:
2067:
2062:
1959:
1732:
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2823:
2585:
2434:
2428:
2354:
2269:
2214:
2089:
1954:
1900:
1752:
1191:"Information for Courts: Cafcass / CAFCASS Cymru funding for DNA tests in Child Arrangements Cases"
1040:"Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service | I want to learn about CAFCASS Cymru"
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children and their families.” Subordinate legislation set out the duties of Cafcass practitioners.
420:
Edward Timpson CBE is the current Chair of the Cafcass Board, which includes eleven other members.
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Children who are subject to a social services application for a care and/ or supervision order.
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3326:
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3017:
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2694:
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2199:
2189:
2109:
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1996:
1801:
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714:
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2209:
2184:
1991:
1981:
1971:
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697:
1264:"Ofsted inspections of the Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service – GOV.UK"
1064:
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The work of the Board is supported by three main sub-committees chaired by Board members:
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750:
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The Quality Committee which scrutinises the quality of safeguarding practice and casework.
319:
311:
1430:"Family Law Week: Commons Public Accounts Committee brands Cafcass 'not fit for purpose'"
807:
282:
904:
Criminal Justice and Court Services Act 2000 Chapter 11 (sections 11–17) and Schedule 2.
600:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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301:(d) provide information, advice and other support for the children and their families.”
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but on 1 April 2005 Cafcass Cymru was created with responsibility transferred to the
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295:(b) give advice to any court about any application made to it in such proceedings
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The provisions of court welfare services were the subject of two reviews. The
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which sets out its strategic priorities and its programmes to deliver these.
440:
There is also a Remuneration Committee which is convened as and when needed.
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637:
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On 1 April 2014, responsibility for Cafcass in England transferred from the
298:(c) make provision for the children to be represented in such proceedings
127:
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3810:
3513:
3398:
3195:
2739:
2570:
1456:"Family Law Week: Justice Committee told that Cafcass is 'beyond reform'"
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3321:
3137:
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1966:
735:
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233:
174:
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MSCI Reports on Cafcass Inspections, though Ofsted now inspect Cafcass
570:
its finalised (audited) accounts in line with HM Treasury guidelines.
448:. The Chief Executive is supported by the Corporate Management Team.
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3668:
3413:
3304:
3299:
3245:
2916:
2546:
2543:
1393:
1377:"Ofsted’s inspection of Cafcass: Lancashire and Cumbria service area"
551:
236:
set up to promote the welfare of children and families involved in
3756:
3700:
3606:
3447:
3250:
2749:
1817:
497:
Average working days to allocate Children’s Guardian to care case
1614:
Minister of State for Prisons, Probation and Reducing Reoffending
1483:"Cut-and-paste rulings 'let children be taken away from mothers'"
1396:. 23 November 2010. Archived from the original on 7 November 2014
510:
Private law cases allocated to Family Court Adviser at month end
260:
Court proceedings for which Cafcass may provide support include:
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3442:
2840:
2756:
2512:
1139:
Cafcass – Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service
1069:
Cafcass – Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service
484:
Public care cases allocated to Children’s Guardian at month end
3945:
Non-departmental public bodies of the United Kingdom government
2683:
2516:
1821:
1542:
2710:
2008:
580:
15:
1535:
on safeguarding children within which all CAFCASS staff work.
1528:
Committee on the Lord Chancellor's Department: CAFCASS Report
462:
strategic plan for 2015–2020 ‘a stronger voice for the child’
1637:
1512:
355:
In 2004 Cafcass published a policy and procedure concerning
1523:
Napo (trade union representing Cafcass and Probation staff)
1522:
617:
In 2008, an Ofsted inspection of Cafcass service users in
283:
Section 12(1) Criminal Justice and Court Services Act 2000
240:. It was formed in April 2001 under the provisions of the
207:
55:"Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service"
1326:"Inspection of Cafcass as a national organisation 2018"
1290:"Inspection of Cafcass as a national organisation 2014"
1135:"Jacky Tiotto announced as new Cafcass Chief Executive"
314:(CSR) and a subsequent review conducted jointly by the
2679:
1703:
Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service
1513:
Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service
362:
In 2005/06 Cafcass produced the consultation document
292:(a) safeguard and promote the welfare of the children
222:
Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service
121:
Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service
1624:
Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Sentencing
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Organisations based in the London Borough of Camden
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895:
Presented to the House of Commons on 15 March 2000.
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Prison- Probation Review: Home Office (August 1998)
523:Private law section 7 reports filed by agreed date
202:
190:
180:
168:
160:
150:
142:
134:
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1629:Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Victims
1619:Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Justice
1110:"Cafcass annual report and accounts 2015 to 2016"
1414:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
777:
775:
1609:Minister of State for Courts and Legal Services
561:second national Ofsted inspection in March 2018
331:
287:
808:"Criminal Justice and Court Services Act 2000"
557:first national Ofsted inspection in March 2014
2695:
2528:
1833:
1554:
264:Parental applications under Section 8 of the
8:
1787:Administrative Justice and Tribunals Council
541:care applications per month during 2015–16.
242:Criminal Justice and Court Services Act 2000
120:
563:and Ofsted rated Cafcass as 'outstanding'.
2702:
2688:
2680:
2535:
2521:
2513:
1840:
1826:
1818:
1561:
1547:
1539:
126:
119:
3920:2001 establishments in the United Kingdom
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
3847:History of the American legal profession
1658:Criminal Injuries Compensation Authority
1339:"More criticism for CAFCASS from Ofsted"
858:Annual report 1998/1999, paragraph 13.15
670:Similar organisations in other countries
469:
771:
444:Director of Children’s Services at the
1407:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
978:"Family Justice Young People's Board"
7:
3940:Ministry of Justice (United Kingdom)
2471:
942:"Family Justice Review Final Report"
44:adding citations to reliable sources
624:In 2009, Ofsted inspected Cafcass:
1738:Parole Board for England and Wales
1481:Cheston, Paul (18 February 2014).
1228:"Cafcass strategic plan 2015–2020"
14:
3955:Organizations established in 2001
2831:Restitution and unjust enrichment
3935:Family law in the United Kingdom
3878:
3877:
3863:
2494:
2483:
2470:
2459:
2458:
1723:Judicial Appointments Commission
1713:Criminal Cases Review Commission
585:
281:Cafcass' function is set out in
20:
3842:History of the legal profession
2413:List of social science journals
1743:Prisons and Probation Ombudsman
1663:HM Courts and Tribunals Service
1432:. November 2010. Archived from
951:. November 2011. Archived from
31:needs additional citations for
2370:Science and technology studies
1600:Secretary of State for Justice
913:Royal assent 30 November 2000.
680:Raad voor de Kinderbescherming
1:
3930:Divorce in the United Kingdom
1807:Sentencing Guidelines Council
1678:Office of the Public Guardian
1004:"Cafcass Operating Framework"
312:Comprehensive Spending Review
1718:Independent monitoring board
230:non-departmental public body
155:Non-departmental public body
1161:"Corporate management team"
886:House of Lords 27 July 1999
713:Cafcass originally covered
399:National Assembly for Wales
3971:
3509:International legal theory
2988:International slavery laws
2983:International human rights
2978:International criminal law
473:Key Performance Indicator
3857:
3562:Administration of justice
2454:
1855:
1797:Legal Services Commission
1635:
1576:
1237:. Cafcass. Archived from
1167:. Cafcass. Archived from
686:Child Protective Services
594:This section needs to be
125:
3925:Child welfare in England
3339:Basic structure doctrine
3189:Natural and legal rights
3070:Public international law
849:Footnote 6 paragraph 1.4
632:service area (including
446:London Borough of Bexley
411:Department for Education
329:The Home Office stated:
3519:Principle of typicality
2993:International trade law
2648:Parental responsibility
2058:international relations
1488:London Evening Standard
1363:28 October 2014 at the
1344:29 October 2014 at the
2385:Quantum social science
1642:
812:www.legislation.gov.uk
648:
335:
303:
244:and is accountable to
3514:Principle of legality
3273:Delegated legislation
2973:Intellectual property
2422:Other categorizations
2275:International studies
2260:History of technology
2195:Communication studies
2078:public administration
1708:Civil Justice Council
1641:
1108:Cafcass (July 2016).
761:Professor Carol Smart
642:
634:Blackburn with Darwen
3732:Barristers' chambers
3674:Legal representation
3612:Justice of the peace
2958:Financial regulation
2591:Right to family life
2255:Historical sociology
1733:Legal Services Board
1462:on 26 September 2015
1436:on 22 September 2020
500:< 3 working days
479:2015/16 Performance
40:improve this article
3767:Election commission
3479:Expressive function
3008:Landlord–tenant law
2907:Consumer protection
2586:Reproductive rights
2435:Geisteswissenschaft
2429:Behavioral sciences
2355:Political sociology
2270:Information science
2215:Development studies
1762:Other organisations
1753:Youth Justice Board
1570:Ministry of Justice
958:on November 2, 2013
694:Austria and Germany
568:Ministry of Justice
415:Ministry of Justice
250:Ministry of Justice
197:Ministry of Justice
192:Parent organization
122:
3725:Legal institutions
3592:Lawsuit/Litigation
3582:Dispute resolution
3387:Catholic canon law
3095:State of emergency
3058:Will and testament
2782:Law of obligations
2735:Constitutional law
2725:Administrative law
2653:Parental liability
2571:Matrimonial rights
2490:Society portal
1977:auxiliary sciences
1748:Sentencing Council
1650:Executive agencies
1643:
1410:cite press release
1348:, Family Law Week.
1306:on 21 October 2016
1244:on 21 October 2016
1235:www.cafcass.gov.uk
1207:on 21 October 2016
1198:www.cafcass.gov.uk
1171:on 21 October 2016
1165:www.cafcass.gov.uk
1011:www.cafcass.gov.uk
787:www.cafcass.gov.uk
3907:
3906:
3567:Constitutionalism
3489:Law and economics
3327:Act of parliament
3065:Product liability
3018:Legal archaeology
2943:Environmental law
2937:Entertainment law
2777:International law
2677:
2676:
2566:Children's rights
2510:
2509:
2350:Political economy
2345:Political ecology
2200:Community studies
2190:Cognitive science
2153:Interdisciplinary
2053:Political science
1815:
1814:
1802:Tribunals Service
1792:HM Courts Service
1683:Probation Service
1668:HM Prison Service
1392:(Press release).
1297:www.ofsted.gov.uk
1044:cafcass.gov.wales
715:England and Wales
615:
614:
535:
534:
364:Every Day Matters
357:domestic violence
266:Children Act 1989
218:
217:
116:
115:
108:
90:
3962:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3868:
3867:
3691:Question of fact
3572:Criminal justice
2902:Construction law
2897:Conflict of laws
2862:Agricultural law
2704:
2697:
2690:
2681:
2600:Rights movements
2537:
2530:
2523:
2514:
2498:
2488:
2487:
2474:
2473:
2462:
2461:
2365:Regional science
2210:Cultural studies
2185:Business studies
1842:
1835:
1828:
1819:
1693:Non-departmental
1673:Legal Aid Agency
1580:102 Petty France
1563:
1556:
1549:
1540:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1458:. Archived from
1452:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1413:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1386:
1380:
1379:, December 2009.
1374:
1368:
1355:
1349:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1305:
1299:. Archived from
1294:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1243:
1232:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1206:
1200:. Archived from
1195:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1105:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1065:"Our management"
1061:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1020:on 23 March 2016
1019:
1013:. Archived from
1008:
1002:Cafcass (2014).
999:
993:
992:
990:
988:
974:
968:
967:
965:
963:
957:
946:
938:
932:
929:
923:
920:
914:
911:
905:
902:
896:
893:
887:
884:
878:
874:
868:
865:
859:
856:
850:
847:
841:
838:
832:
829:
823:
822:
820:
818:
804:
798:
797:
795:
793:
779:
712:
676:Bureau Jeugdzorg
610:
607:
601:
589:
588:
581:
470:
214:
211:
209:
130:
123:
111:
104:
100:
97:
91:
89:
48:
24:
16:
3970:
3969:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3959:
3910:
3909:
3908:
3903:
3876:
3862:
3853:
3830:
3821:Political party
3794:Legal education
3782:Law enforcement
3762:Court of equity
3720:
3696:Question of law
3649:Practice of law
3629:Judicial review
3543:
3494:Legal formalism
3474:Comparative law
3469:Contract theory
3452:
3372:Legal pluralism
3343:
3332:Act of Congress
3256:Executive order
3222:
3124:
3043:Nationality law
2968:Immigration law
2892:Competition law
2845:
2713:
2708:
2678:
2673:
2657:
2631:
2617:Mothers' rights
2595:
2576:Mothers' rights
2549:
2541:
2511:
2506:
2482:
2450:
2417:
2401:
2375:Science studies
2159:Administration
2148:
1874:
1851:
1849:Social sciences
1846:
1816:
1811:
1780:former agencies
1779:
1773:
1757:
1694:
1687:
1644:
1633:
1604:Lord Chancellor
1586:
1572:
1567:
1509:
1504:
1494:
1492:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1465:
1463:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1439:
1437:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1406:
1399:
1397:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1375:
1371:
1367:, 23 July 2009.
1365:Wayback Machine
1356:
1352:
1346:Wayback Machine
1337:
1333:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1292:
1288:Ofsted (2014).
1287:
1286:
1282:
1272:
1270:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1230:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1174:
1172:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1144:
1142:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1118:
1116:
1107:
1106:
1083:
1073:
1071:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1048:
1046:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1006:
1001:
1000:
996:
986:
984:
976:
975:
971:
961:
959:
955:
944:
940:
939:
935:
930:
926:
921:
917:
912:
908:
903:
899:
894:
890:
885:
881:
875:
871:
866:
862:
857:
853:
848:
844:
839:
835:
830:
826:
816:
814:
806:
805:
801:
791:
789:
783:"About Cafcass"
781:
780:
773:
769:
756:Residence (ENG)
751:Paternity (law)
746:Parental rights
727:
709:
707:
672:
619:South Yorkshire
611:
605:
602:
599:
590:
586:
579:
457:
407:
395:
320:Lord Chancellor
308:
258:
206:
193:
183:
182:Chief Executive
171:
112:
101:
95:
92:
49:
47:
37:
25:
12:
11:
5:
3968:
3966:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3912:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3894:
3887:
3873:
3870:Law portal
3858:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3838:
3836:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3728:
3726:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3706:Trial advocacy
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3614:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3553:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3353:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3314:
3313:
3312:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3243:
3238:
3236:Ballot measure
3232:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3213:Legal treatise
3210:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3181:
3179:Letters patent
3176:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3140:
3134:
3132:
3130:Sources of law
3126:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3115:Unenforced law
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2887:Commercial law
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2699:
2692:
2684:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2550:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2517:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2492:
2480:
2468:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2431:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2318:social science
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2250:Global studies
2247:
2245:Gender studies
2242:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2228:social science
2224:Environmental
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2006:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1923:macroeconomics
1920:
1918:microeconomics
1910:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1822:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1783:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1728:Law Commission
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1699:
1697:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1654:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1596:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1578:Headquarters:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1558:
1551:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1508:
1507:External links
1505:
1503:
1502:
1473:
1447:
1421:
1381:
1369:
1350:
1331:
1317:
1280:
1255:
1218:
1182:
1152:
1126:
1081:
1056:
1031:
994:
969:
933:
931:Section 12 (1)
924:
915:
906:
897:
888:
879:
869:
860:
851:
842:
833:
824:
799:
770:
768:
765:
764:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
726:
723:
719:Welsh Assembly
706:
703:
702:
701:
695:
689:
683:
671:
668:
613:
612:
593:
591:
584:
578:
575:
533:
532:
527:
524:
520:
519:
514:
511:
507:
506:
501:
498:
494:
493:
488:
485:
481:
480:
477:
474:
456:
453:
438:
437:
434:
431:
406:
403:
394:
391:
307:
304:
285:which states:
279:
278:
275:
274:Adoption cases
272:
269:
257:
254:
216:
215:
204:
200:
199:
194:
191:
188:
187:
184:
181:
178:
177:
172:
170:Region served
169:
166:
165:
162:
158:
157:
152:
148:
147:
144:
140:
139:
136:
132:
131:
114:
113:
96:September 2008
28:
26:
19:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3967:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3900:
3899:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3866:
3860:
3859:
3856:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3833:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3792:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3752:Civil society
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3723:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3711:Trier of fact
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3597:Legal opinion
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3577:Court-martial
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3549:Jurisprudence
3546:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3438:Statutory law
3436:
3434:
3433:Socialist law
3431:
3427:
3426:Byzantine law
3424:
3423:
3422:
3419:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3377:Religious law
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3349:Legal systems
3346:
3340:
3337:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3317:Statutory law
3315:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3194:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3147:Statutory law
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3105:Transport law
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
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2019:legal history
2017:
2015:
2014:jurisprudence
2012:
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1141:. 22 May 2019
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731:Child custody
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57: –
56:
52:
51:Find sources:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
3896:
3889:
3875:
3861:
3634:Jurisdiction
3602:Legal remedy
3557:Adjudication
3457:Legal theory
3295:Ratification
3290:Promulgation
3261:Proclamation
3241:Codification
3174:Human rights
3162:Divine right
3152:Constitution
3120:Women in law
3038:Military law
3033:Marriage law
3028:Maritime law
2927:Election law
2867:Aviation law
2857:Abortion law
2809:Property law
2745:Criminal law
2669:Human rights
2627:Grandparents
2581:Youth rights
2561:Fetal rights
2499:
2475:
2463:
2433:
2240:Food studies
2180:Area studies
1933:mathematical
1928:econometrics
1886:Anthropology
1769:Crown Office
1702:
1493:. Retrieved
1491:. p. 25
1486:
1476:
1466:25 September
1464:. Retrieved
1460:the original
1450:
1438:. Retrieved
1434:the original
1424:
1398:. Retrieved
1384:
1372:
1353:
1334:
1320:
1308:. Retrieved
1301:the original
1296:
1283:
1271:. Retrieved
1267:
1258:
1246:. Retrieved
1239:the original
1234:
1221:
1209:. Retrieved
1202:the original
1197:
1185:
1173:. Retrieved
1169:the original
1164:
1155:
1143:. Retrieved
1138:
1129:
1117:. Retrieved
1113:
1072:. Retrieved
1068:
1059:
1047:. Retrieved
1043:
1034:
1022:. Retrieved
1015:the original
1010:
997:
985:. Retrieved
981:
972:
960:. Retrieved
953:the original
948:
936:
927:
918:
909:
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891:
882:
872:
863:
854:
845:
836:
831:11 June 1997
827:
815:. Retrieved
811:
802:
790:. Retrieved
786:
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708:
661:
658:
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651:
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643:
623:
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572:
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545:Private law:
544:
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529:
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466:
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309:
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297:
294:
291:
288:
280:
259:
248:through the
238:family court
225:
221:
219:
186:Jacky Tiotto
146:1 April 2001
135:Abbreviation
117:
102:
93:
83:
76:
69:
62:
50:
38:Please help
33:verification
30:
3806:Legislature
3737:Bureaucracy
3534:Rule of man
3529:Rule of law
3504:Libertarian
3367:Chinese law
3268:Legislation
3218:Regulations
3206:Law reports
3184:Natural law
3080:Reparations
3075:Refugee law
2998:Jurimetrics
2939:(Media law)
2877:Banking law
2872:Amnesty law
2850:Disciplines
2787:Private law
2501:Wikiversity
2392:Social work
2280:Linguistics
2205:Criminology
2122:criminology
2105:personality
2063:comparative
2041:Linguistics
2034:private law
1891:archaeology
1778:Significant
1584:Westminster
1400:15 February
962:October 20,
840:Autumn 1997
792:16 February
682:Netherlands
538:Public law:
455:Performance
316:Home Office
3914:Categories
3799:Law school
3679:Prosecutor
3617:Magistrate
3404:Jewish law
3362:Common law
3283:Rulemaking
3278:Regulation
3228:Law making
3167:Divine law
3143:Legal code
3090:Sports law
3013:Law of war
2963:Health law
2948:Family law
2932:Energy law
2882:Bankruptcy
2819:Punishment
2814:Public law
2643:Family law
2607:Children's
2446:Humanities
2380:historical
2313:psychology
2285:Management
2127:demography
2085:Psychology
2068:philosophy
2029:public law
1960:integrated
1533:Guidelines
1310:20 October
1273:20 October
1268:www.gov.uk
1248:20 October
1211:20 October
1175:20 October
1119:20 October
1114:www.gov.uk
1049:20 October
1024:20 October
987:20 October
982:www.gov.uk
949:www.gov.uk
922:Section 80
817:20 October
767:References
741:Family law
626:Lancashire
405:Governance
256:Activities
246:Parliament
66:newspapers
3777:Judiciary
3772:Executive
3747:The bench
3684:Solicitor
3659:Barrister
3539:Sociology
3524:Pseudolaw
3464:Anarchist
3421:Roman law
3409:Parsi law
3394:Hindu law
3382:Canon law
3357:Civil law
3310:Concordat
3201:Precedent
3110:Trust law
3085:Space law
2922:Drugs law
2792:Procedure
2730:Civil law
2324:Planning
2303:economics
2220:Education
2117:Sociology
2095:cognitive
2046:semiotics
1997:political
1955:technical
1940:Geography
1913:Economics
1592:Ministers
1226:Cafcass.
692:Jugendamt
638:Blackpool
577:Criticism
143:Formation
3884:Category
3826:Tribunal
3811:Military
3654:Attorney
3624:Judgment
3484:Feminist
3399:Jain law
3196:Case law
2917:Cyberlaw
2824:Corporal
2802:Criminal
2772:Evidence
2762:Doctrine
2740:Contract
2636:See also
2622:Parents'
2612:Fathers'
2554:Elements
2465:Category
2333:regional
2328:land use
2163:business
2132:internet
2090:abnormal
1992:military
1982:economic
1972:cultural
1945:physical
1906:physical
1896:cultural
1495:18 April
1440:18 April
1361:Archived
1342:Archived
725:See also
504:0.7 days
3898:Outline
3835:History
3742:The bar
3716:Verdict
3664:Counsel
3644:Justice
3499:History
3322:Statute
3138:Charter
3100:Tax law
3048:Probate
2662:Related
2477:Commons
2308:history
2298:science
2233:studies
1967:History
1879:Primary
1865:History
1860:Outline
736:Divorce
630:Cumbria
596:updated
476:Target
413:to the
306:History
234:England
228:) is a
226:Cafcass
208:cafcass
203:Website
175:England
161:Purpose
138:Cafcass
80:scholar
3816:Police
3787:Agency
3669:Lawyer
3414:Sharia
3305:Treaty
3300:Repeal
3246:Decree
3157:Custom
3053:Estate
3003:Labour
2767:Equity
2547:rights
2544:Family
2168:public
2110:social
2002:social
1901:social
1394:Ofsted
1145:3 June
1074:3 June
698:CISMAI
552:Ofsted
318:, the
82:
75:
68:
61:
53:
3891:Index
3757:Court
3701:Trial
3607:Judge
3448:Yassa
3251:Edict
2797:Civil
2750:Crime
2338:urban
2142:urban
2137:rural
1987:human
1950:human
1870:Index
1304:(PDF)
1293:(PDF)
1242:(PDF)
1231:(PDF)
1205:(PDF)
1194:(PDF)
1018:(PDF)
1007:(PDF)
956:(PDF)
945:(PDF)
877:1998.
705:Notes
700:Italy
530:98.8%
517:98.7%
491:99.7%
393:Wales
87:JSTOR
73:books
3639:Jury
3587:Fiqh
3443:Xeer
2841:Tort
2757:Deed
2406:List
1602:and
1497:2020
1468:2015
1442:2020
1416:link
1402:2021
1312:2016
1275:2016
1250:2016
1213:2016
1177:2016
1147:2019
1121:2016
1076:2019
1051:2016
1026:2016
989:2016
964:2016
819:2016
794:2021
678:and
636:and
628:and
526:97%
513:97%
487:97%
220:The
210:.gov
151:Type
59:news
2711:Law
2009:Law
688:USA
232:in
212:.uk
42:by
3916::
3145:/
1582:,
1485:.
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