255:, places the Quechua language family in the Andean branch of Amerind, which is part of the larger Southern Amerind branch that encompasses all indigenous South American languages. Much of Greenberg's proposal has been disproved, and his claims regarding Quechua are equally suspect. Even at one of his lower subgroupings, the Andean language family, the idea that Andean languages such as Quechua and Aymara are related is still debated, and the common consensus is that similarities between Quechua and Aymara arose from language contact as opposed to a genetic relationship.
175:
245:
single ancestor, Proto-Quechua, there is still debate on how the modern
Quechuan languages evolved into their current states, and what this timeline would look like. As a result of this, there have been numerous suggested classifications and theories of the relatedness of specific languages and dialects of Quechua. However, the current broad division of Quechua into four main branches is generally accepted.
1627:(or by a numeral modifier preceding the noun). However, most speakers use the suffix -s, borrowed from Spanish, when the noun ends in a vowel. For example, wasi ("house") becomes wasis ("houses") or runa ("person") becomes runas ("people/persons"). The Quechua suffix -kuna is usually only used when a noun ends in a consonant, such as with yan (road), which becomes yankuna (roads). A collective marker,
293:'s Atlas of Endangered Languages categorizes South Bolivian Quechua as "vulnerable", defined as the following: "Most but not all children or families of a particular community speak the language as their first language, but it may be restricted to specific social domains (such as at home, where children interact with their parents and grandparents)."
300:
for
Quechua and other indigenous languages due to factors such as a growth in international tourism promoting cultural pride. Efforts have been made to increase the linguistic and cultural status of the Quechua language and peoples. In Bolivia, many policymakers are advocating the teaching of Quechua
258:
There are some dialectal differences in South
Bolivian Quechua across the regions of Bolivia. These dialects include Chuquisaca, Cochabamba, Oruro, Potosi, and Sucre in Bolivia, along with Northwest Jujuy in Argentina. There are perhaps still a few speakers, out of 8,000 ethnic Quechua, in Chile.
244:
The
Quechua language family spans an extremely diverse set of languages, many of which are mutually unintelligible, which is why linguists have classified Quechua as a language family as opposed to one language with many dialects. Though it is believed that all Quechuan languages descended from a
367:
South
Bolivian Quechua has three basic vowel sounds: unrounded front vowel /i/, rounded back vowel /u/, and low central vowel /a/. The front vowel /i/ is lowered to or when next to a uvular stop or when separated from a uvular stop only by a non-stop consonant. The back vowel /u/ is similarly
760:
Additional phonological alternations include fricativization of /k/ and /q/ syllable-finally, to velar and uvular respectively. The fricative /s/ has allophones and , of which the latter occurs quite infrequently. All fricatives occur only word-initially and medially, never finally.
921:"yes". There also exist some 'emotive' suffixes in the language that are always stressed, resulting in stress on the last syllable of the word. Stress on the final syllable can also occur through the dropping of some single-syllable suffixes (for instance, the yes/no question marker
1222:
Person markers differentiate between first, second, and third persons and plurality, as well as an inclusive and exclusive first person plural. Object markers and subject markers are used in the language, and object markers appear before subject markers. The object marker is
733:
There are four stops and one affricate /ch/ in the basic sound system. The five sounds contrast with both their aspirated and glottalized versions, a characteristic that occurs in many dialects of the
Quechua language family and is believed to be as a result of exposure to
280:
Spanish. In addition, the linguistic, ideological, and cultural differences among its many dialects make it difficult for policymakers to approach
Quechua as a whole, as each Quechua community provides different challenges in regard to language policy and planning.
1070:
Other suffixes are less clearly categorized as derivational or inflectional, including some aspectual suffixes as well as a class of suffixes termed “auxiliary”. For example, the causative suffix ‘’-chi’’ may seem straightforwardly inflectional in some instances:
1927:
Subordination is mostly indicated by participles, and can be marked for tense only relative to the main verb. Subordination need not be explicitly marked, as certain participles can be understood as subordinative—for example, a literal gloss of
213:, which is spoken on the northern Andean slopes of Bolivia and is phonologically distinct from the South Bolivian variety. Estimates of the number of speakers of South Bolivian Quechua range from 2.3 to 2.8 million, making it the most spoken
301:
and other indigenous languages like Aymara in all public schools and government offices. However, these revitalization efforts are often met with resistance, and their effectiveness in halting
Quechua's decline is still questionable.
2003:
Crapo and Bills refer to this category as "dental", but it is unclear whether they specifically mean dental as opposed to alveolar. Adelaar, in discussing the
Quechua language family as a whole, categorizes these consonants as
288:
lists South
Bolivian Quechua as "developing", which indicates that "the language is in vigorous use, with literature in a standardized form being used by some though this is not yet widespread or sustainable." However,
275:
declared official in the nation's constitution. South Bolivian Quechua has a large number of speakers compared to other indigenous languages. However, Quechua is still in danger of devaluing and encroachment from the
1773:. However, because nouns are marked for case, word order is in fact very flexible and is generally varied for the purposes of emphasis. For instance, the following sentences all mean "Atahuallpa had Huascar killed":
1635:"the dog, together with the cat". Possessiveness is marked by a suffix attached to the noun, with the form that the morpheme takes dependent on person, plurality, and whether it is following a vowel or consonant.
1591:. Tense suffixes can change form depending on person and can alter person marking in some cases: for instance, in the past imperfect tense, both the third person singular and plural subject markers (typically
2402:
791:
syllable-finally, there are greater restrictions on the types of consonant clusters that occur in South Bolivian Quechua. Some of the possible consonant clusters can be seen in the following examples:
1579:
are marked by a suffix directly preceding the person marking. The present subjunctive is marked with a suffix following the person marking. Examples of tense markers include the simple past suffix
376:
The following table displays the consonant sounds in South Bolivian Quechua using the orthographic system employed by Bills (1969). IPA equivalents are included in brackets where necessary.
1672:
Some suffixes in South Bolivian Quechua can be used with words of any lexical category, and are generally found at the end of the word after all other suffixes. Some examples are:
831:
Primary stress generally occurs on the penultimate syllable of the word, with secondary stresses on alternating syllables. This can be seen in the following analyses for the words
772:
South Bolivian Quechua generally has a simple CV(C) syllable structure, where the coda consonant is optional. The onset consonant is also optional word-initially, as in the words
972:
South Bolivian Quechua has many clearly derivational suffixes, where a noun, verb, or adjective is derived from a different lexical category. The following are a few examples:
1646:
in the language have no person markers, but do have plural markers that vary by person. Possessive pronouns are marked by the addition of the appropriate genitive suffix.
1231:
for a second person object. The following table details possible combinations of object and subject markers. Some person categories lack a subject and/or object marker.
2611:
3076:
764:
The three nasal sounds assimilate to the point of articulation of the following consonant sound. Word-finally, /n/ is the only nasal that occurs; it becomes .
3440:
2354:
945:, allowing the language to convey a large amount of information in a single word. As a result of this, words in South Bolivian Quechua can be very long.
3615:
649:
2945:
757:
All stops, affricates, and fricatives are voiceless with the exception of /q/, which becomes a voiced uvular fricative syllable-initially.
2604:
2879:
1803:
706:
3389:
676:
3069:
683:
585:
2211:
Holliday, Nicole; Martin, Sean (August 2018). "Vowel categories and allophonic lowering among Bolivian Quechua–Spanish bilinguals".
2480:
3433:
2347:
1154:
South Bolivian Quechua has a great amount of modal suffixes that are used to express a range of concepts. Some examples include:
485:
3689:
2597:
956:
are used. These suffixes are also highly regular, with alternations generally only occurring to maintain syllable structure.
2812:
2711:
3684:
3062:
2802:
2797:
1790:
One aspect of word order that is constant in the language is the fact that noun modifiers must directly precede the noun (
738:, which makes the same distinctions. Aspiration and glottalization can be seen to be contrastive in minimal pairs such as
2198:
620:
161:
3679:
3426:
2952:
2340:
633:
337:
277:
221:, with roughly 2 million speakers in Bolivia. In comparison, the North Bolivian dialect has roughly 116,000 speakers.
3250:
3156:
2889:
2866:
2421:
2123:
3364:
2817:
715:
478:
471:
358:
2058:
3694:
3217:
2822:
942:
502:
344:
3645:
3408:
3030:
495:
297:
3222:
2849:
2620:
2569:
2559:
938:
934:
787:
Proto-Quechua has few constraints on the combinations of consonant clusters allowed, but due to consonant
578:
571:
551:
543:
535:
527:
519:
513:
260:
238:
210:
3594:
429:
422:
2329:– Collection of audio and video in South Bolivian Quechua transcribed and translated into Spanish, 2016
3635:
3630:
3625:
3547:
3369:
3169:
3085:
2874:
2740:
602:
436:
272:
214:
780:"one", and Spanish borrowings can contain word-initial consonant clusters of the form CCV(C), as in
3293:
3267:
3262:
3131:
3002:
2987:
2979:
2807:
2512:
1770:
1132:
595:
917:
Rare exceptions exist where the final syllable of the word carries the primary stress, such as in
3570:
3542:
3449:
3332:
3299:
3209:
3118:
2836:
2789:
2722:
2694:
2493:
2363:
1148:
1144:
384:
230:
97:
3358:
2774:
2762:
2749:
263:
in Argentina, though divergent, appears to derive at least partly from South Bolivian Quechua.
3610:
3564:
3522:
3306:
3199:
3194:
3184:
3179:
2910:
2884:
2779:
2634:
2486:
2323:– Collection of audio recordings of South Bolivian Quechua recorded in Buenos Aires, 2004–2007
1140:
668:
409:
394:
252:
179:
The four branches of Quechua. South Bolivian Quechua is a dialect of Southern Quechua (II-C).
3640:
3620:
3505:
3500:
3485:
3468:
3348:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3257:
3245:
3237:
3174:
3099:
2967:
2844:
2768:
2730:
2699:
2687:
2679:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2549:
2541:
2451:
2432:
2408:
2220:
1576:
1136:
404:
389:
248:
234:
194:
105:
2294:
2172:
3577:
3495:
3490:
3463:
3342:
3288:
3283:
3189:
3164:
2940:
2915:
2905:
2756:
2517:
2394:
2185:
735:
399:
218:
89:
2326:
2320:
2310:
2276:
3660:
3553:
3536:
3404:
3337:
3141:
3136:
3126:
3045:
3014:
2962:
2388:
641:
564:
464:
66:
1209:
Some of these modal suffixes can be derivational if used with a non-verb—for example,
153:
3673:
3529:
3327:
3146:
2554:
2531:
2416:
1706:
1607:, meaning that a verb in the past imperfect with a third person subject would end in
3559:
2992:
2564:
2426:
174:
70:
2155:
2997:
2523:
784:"good morning". No more than two consonants are allowed in a consonant cluster.
700:
319:
166:
17:
2313:– Audio recordings of language lessons in South Bolivian Quechua accompanying
2224:
2160:
2078:
2073:
2038:
2033:
1791:
416:
331:
324:
285:
2935:
2371:
1649:
612:
458:
352:
202:
146:
130:
52:
137:
2957:
2589:
788:
233:, making it closely related to other Southern Quechua dialects including
3054:
2139:
1643:
453:
198:
48:
3418:
2332:
949:
290:
271:
Quechua is recognized as an official language of Bolivia, one of the
1709:
is used extensively for various purposes, and can be derivational:
3007:
953:
56:
1623:
in South Bolivian Quechua can also be pluralized with the suffix
229:
South Bolivian Quechua is a member of the Southern branch of the
1986:"First seeing me, afterwards he ran" ("After seeing me, he ran")
1620:
1128:
3422:
3058:
2593:
2336:
2240:
Bills, Garland D., Bernardo Vallejo C., and Rudolph C. Troike.
1769:
The basic word order of South Bolivian Quechua is stated to be
2140:"Revitalization of Endangered Languages: Quechua in the Andes"
1951:
In addition, subordination can also be indicated lexically by
963:
root + derivational suffixes + inflectional suffixes + clitics
1565:
1558:
1551:
1544:
1537:
1530:
1516:
1509:
1502:
1495:
1488:
1481:
1462:
1449:
1442:
1428:
1415:
1408:
1389:
1365:
1358:
1351:
1324:
1317:
1310:
1948:"because" can also be used to mark a subordinate clause.
1891:"with" on the instrument, as in the following examples:
2013:
Crapo writes these allophones as two separate phonemes.
1959:"first...afterwards...", as in the following examples:
843:"want, desire"), where stress has been numbered below:
296:
Over the past few decades, there has been a surge in
2059:"Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger, 3rd edn."
3603:
3587:
3514:
3478:
3456:
3382:
3276:
3236:
3208:
3155:
3117:
3108:
3092:
3023:
2978:
2928:
2898:
2865:
2835:
2788:
2739:
2721:
2710:
2678:
2669:
2643:
2627:
2540:
2505:
2473:
2464:
2444:
2381:
2370:
1470:
1397:
1332:
1293:
1288:
160:
144:
128:
123:
86:
76:
62:
44:
32:
2113:Ann Arbor: UMI Dissertation Services, 1991. Print.
1131:suffixes in South Bolivian Quechua. These include
2213:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
2277:"Quechua: Main Points of Interest for Linguists"
1871:Lack of a case marker indicates the nominative.
959:Morphemes within a word are ordered as follows:
2264:Bolivian Quechua Reader and Grammar-Dictionary.
925:) without a subsequent shifting of the stress.
2199:"In Bolivia, Speaking Up for Native Languages"
1652:can be made into superlatives with the suffix
1631:, also exists to denote “togetherness”, as in
3434:
3070:
2605:
2348:
2096:Adelaar, Willem F.H., and Pieter C. Muysken.
1806:. Nouns can have the following case markers:
8:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2173:"UNESCO: Language Vitality and Endangerment"
2069:
2067:
1744:Reduplicated stems can be suffixal as well:
1685:"even though, even if, and, also" (additive)
1210:
2327:Duck and Frog Stories in Chuquisaca Quechua
2242:An Introduction to Spoken Bolivian Quechua.
1879:Passives are marked by suffixes, including
1094:But in other cases it can be derivational:
241:, varieties which are both spoken in Peru.
3441:
3427:
3419:
3114:
3077:
3063:
3055:
2718:
2675:
2612:
2598:
2590:
2470:
2378:
2355:
2341:
2333:
2315:An Introduction to Spoken Bolivian Quechua
2111:Quechua Dialects and Their Classification.
2061:Paris, UNESCO Publishing. Online version."
1691:"is it so?" (non-factual, question marker)
173:
29:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2321:Quechua Collection of Patricia Dreidemie
2258:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2236:
2234:
2134:
2132:
2053:
2051:
1233:
875:
845:
378:
313:
251:, in his highly contested theory of the
2201:. The Washington Post, 30 January 2007.
2026:
1996:
1679:"please, nicely, with delight" (polite)
699:
667:
640:
611:
415:
368:lowered in this environment, to or .
2262:Crapo, Richley H., and Percy Aitken.
2100:Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2004. Print.
1236:
7:
2295:"Some Intriguing Aspects of Quechua"
1191:"have to, be able to" (obligative);
1171:"intend to, about to, do as if to";
2244:Austin: U of Texas P, 1969. Print.
2057:Moseley, Christopher (ed.). 2010.
1783:Waskara-ta Atawallpa sipi-chi-rqa.
1730:"settlement, collection of houses"
1619:Apart from case-marking suffixes,
1201:"for someone else" (benefactive);
225:History and dialect classification
25:
2124:"Origins and Diversity of Aymara"
1786:Waskar-ta sipi-chi-rqa Atawallpa.
1780:Atawallpa Waskar-ta sipi-chi-rqa.
1777:Atawallpa sipi-chi-rqa Waskar-ta.
1058:(adjective formative from verb):
948:Words in the language are purely
714:
705:
682:
675:
648:
632:
619:
601:
594:
584:
577:
570:
501:
494:
484:
477:
470:
435:
428:
421:
357:
343:
336:
3515:Extinct and endangered languages
1905:"That man was bitten by the dog"
1127:There are several categories of
209:. It is not to be confused with
2266:Ann Arbor: Karoma, 1986. Print.
1664:"good above all others, best".
1010:"to feel like eating some meat"
1973:"First he saw me, then he ran"
1575:All non-present tenses in the
1227:for a first person object and
980:is the verb infinitive marker.
215:indigenous language in Bolivia
1:
2297:, last updated 21 March 2006.
2279:, last updated 21 March 2006.
2188:, last updated 21 March 2006.
2126:, last updated 21 March 2006.
1918:"The man was hit with a rock"
1887:"from, by" on the agent, and
933:South Bolivian Quechua is an
217:, just slightly greater than
2311:A Course in Bolivian Quechua
2186:"How Endangered is Quechua?"
1603:depending on object) become
205:, where it is also known as
3616:Chile–Paraguay–Uruguay Sign
3479:Living Indigenous languages
2138:Coronel-Molina, Serafin M.
2098:The Languages of the Andes.
1934:When he comes, I will leave
1024:"to get fat, put on weight"
27:Dialect of Southern Quechua
3711:
2946:Argentinien-schwyzertütsch
1802:South Bolivian Quechua is
1113:"house builder, carpenter"
82:1,616,120 (2004-20 4)
3654:
3398:
3039:
2225:10.1017/S0025100317000512
2109:Landerman, Peter Nelson.
1940:. Other suffixes such as
1938:If he comes, I will leave
1524:
1475:
1436:
1402:
1298:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1238:
1090:"cause (someone) to hide"
452:
381:
356:
172:
37:
3407:still recognized by the
2880:Eastern Bolivian Guaraní
1930:His coming, I will leave
1751:"sound of hammer blow";
1697:"if, maybe" (dubitative)
1639:Other lexical categories
191:Central Bolivian Quechua
3031:Argentine Sign Language
2044:(subscription required)
1566:
1559:
1552:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1517:
1510:
1503:
1496:
1489:
1482:
1463:
1450:
1443:
1429:
1416:
1409:
1390:
1366:
1359:
1352:
1325:
1318:
1311:
1118:Inflectional morphology
968:Derivational morphology
943:derivational morphology
273:36 indigenous languages
39:Uralan Buliwya runasimi
3690:Languages of Argentina
3390:Bolivian Sign Language
3228:South Bolivian Quechua
3223:North Bolivian Quechua
2621:Languages of Argentina
2034:South Bolivian Quechua
1932:can be interpreted as
1755:"to hit with a hammer"
1101:"man killer, murderer"
1016:(autotransformative):
939:polysynthetic language
298:revitalization efforts
239:Cuzco Quechua language
211:North Bolivian Quechua
201:and adjacent areas of
187:South Bolivian Quechua
111:South Bolivian Quechua
33:South Bolivian Quechua
3595:Chilean Sign Language
3409:Bolivian constitution
2813:Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay
2146:, online 10 May 2012.
1955:"first...then..." or
1804:nominative–accusative
1084:"make (someone) walk"
798:"chick, baby chicken"
237:and particularly the
3685:Languages of Bolivia
3218:Cusco–Collao Quechua
3086:Languages of Bolivia
2818:Wichí Lhamtés Nocten
1668:Independent suffixes
1078:"make (someone) eat"
952:; no other types of
2823:Wichí Lhamtés Vejoz
2175:, 10–12 March 2003.
1953:ukta...chaymanta...
1587:, and past perfect
1175:"act as if to tell"
1066:"cowardly, fearful"
750:"pineapple" versus
742:"he sleeps" versus
590:⟨chʼ⟩
539:⟨ch"⟩
261:Santiagueño Quechua
253:Amerind superfamily
3680:Languages of Chile
3450:Languages of Chile
2929:Minority languages
2644:Regional languages
2628:Official languages
2364:Quechuan languages
1957:ukta...q"ipanta...
996:"to build a house"
768:Syllable structure
688:⟨ll⟩
555:⟨q"⟩
547:⟨k"⟩
531:⟨t"⟩
523:⟨p"⟩
490:⟨ch⟩
231:Quechuan languages
193:, is a dialect of
3667:
3666:
3661:extinct languages
3604:Language families
3548:Kawésqar/Alacaluf
3416:
3415:
3405:extinct languages
3378:
3377:
3093:National language
3052:
3051:
3046:extinct languages
2980:Regional dialects
2924:
2923:
2831:
2830:
2803:Iyojwa'ja Chorote
2798:Iyo'wujwa Chorote
2587:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2481:Cajamarca–Cañaris
2474:Northern Peruvian
2460:
2459:
2156:"Language Status"
2144:Droit et cultures
2042:(18th ed., 2015)
1583:, past imperfect
1573:
1572:
915:
914:
874:
873:
822:"may you go well"
731:
730:
720:⟨y⟩
654:⟨r⟩
567:
516:
467:
441:⟨ñ⟩
365:
364:
278:prestige language
184:
183:
16:(Redirected from
3702:
3695:Southern Quechua
3486:Ayacucho Quechua
3443:
3436:
3429:
3420:
3251:Eastern Bolivian
3115:
3079:
3072:
3065:
3056:
2968:Patagonian Welsh
2845:Southern Quechua
2719:
2676:
2614:
2607:
2600:
2591:
2542:Southern Quechua
2526:
2506:Northern Quechua
2496:
2489:
2471:
2435:
2411:
2397:
2379:
2357:
2350:
2343:
2334:
2298:
2293:Heggarty, Paul.
2291:
2280:
2275:Heggarty, Paul.
2273:
2267:
2260:
2245:
2238:
2229:
2228:
2208:
2202:
2195:
2189:
2184:Heggarty, Paul.
2182:
2176:
2170:
2164:
2153:
2147:
2136:
2127:
2122:Heggarty, Paul.
2120:
2114:
2107:
2101:
2094:
2083:
2082:(17th ed., 2013)
2071:
2062:
2055:
2046:
2045:
2031:
2014:
2011:
2005:
2001:
1569:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1534:
1527:
1520:
1513:
1506:
1499:
1492:
1485:
1478:
1466:
1453:
1446:
1439:
1432:
1419:
1412:
1405:
1393:
1376:
1369:
1362:
1355:
1342:
1336:
1328:
1321:
1314:
1301:
1284:
1279:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1234:
1205:"give it to him"
1181:"help someone";
1002:(desiderative):
876:
846:
721:
718:
709:
689:
686:
679:
655:
652:
636:
623:
605:
598:
591:
588:
581:
574:
563:
556:
553:
548:
545:
540:
537:
532:
529:
524:
521:
512:
505:
498:
491:
488:
481:
474:
463:
442:
439:
432:
425:
379:
361:
347:
340:
314:
249:Joseph Greenberg
195:Southern Quechua
189:, also known as
177:
167:Bolivian Quechua
156:
140:
133:
106:Southern Quechua
92:
30:
21:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3663:
3650:
3599:
3583:
3510:
3496:Chilean Quechua
3474:
3452:
3447:
3417:
3412:
3394:
3374:
3272:
3232:
3204:
3151:
3110:
3104:
3088:
3083:
3053:
3048:
3035:
3019:
2974:
2920:
2894:
2861:
2827:
2784:
2735:
2713:
2706:
2671:
2665:
2639:
2623:
2618:
2588:
2579:
2536:
2522:
2501:
2492:
2485:
2466:
2456:
2445:Other Quechua I
2440:
2431:
2407:
2393:
2382:Central Quechua
2374:
2366:
2361:
2307:
2302:
2301:
2292:
2283:
2274:
2270:
2261:
2248:
2239:
2232:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2196:
2192:
2183:
2179:
2171:
2167:
2154:
2150:
2137:
2130:
2121:
2117:
2108:
2104:
2095:
2086:
2072:
2065:
2056:
2049:
2043:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1925:
1896:Chay runa alqu-
1877:
1800:
1767:
1762:
1704:
1670:
1641:
1633:alqu michi-ntin
1617:
1525:
1476:
1473:
1437:
1403:
1400:
1374:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1299:
1296:
1291:
1282:
1277:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1165:"unknot, untie"
1125:
1120:
970:
931:
829:
820:waliqlla rirquy
770:
746:"his jug", and
719:
687:
653:
589:
554:
546:
538:
530:
522:
489:
457:
440:
374:
312:
307:
269:
267:Language status
227:
180:
152:
136:
129:
119:
93:
90:Language family
88:
79:
78:Native speakers
28:
23:
22:
18:Chilean Quechua
15:
12:
11:
5:
3708:
3706:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3672:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3591:
3589:
3588:Sign languages
3585:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3574:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3533:
3526:
3518:
3516:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3466:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3453:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3438:
3431:
3423:
3414:
3413:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3386:
3384:
3383:Sign languages
3380:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3355:
3352:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3303:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3242:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3214:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3161:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3123:
3121:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3074:
3067:
3059:
3050:
3049:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3027:
3025:
3024:Sign languages
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2984:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2938:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2871:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2855:South Bolivian
2852:
2841:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2794:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2765:
2760:
2753:
2745:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2727:
2725:
2716:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2697:
2692:
2684:
2682:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2609:
2602:
2594:
2585:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2575:South Bolivian
2572:
2567:
2562:
2560:North Bolivian
2557:
2552:
2546:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2515:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2490:
2477:
2475:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2424:
2422:Yauyos–Chincha
2419:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2385:
2383:
2376:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2352:
2345:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2306:
2305:External links
2303:
2300:
2299:
2281:
2268:
2246:
2230:
2219:(2): 199–222.
2203:
2190:
2177:
2165:
2148:
2128:
2115:
2102:
2084:
2063:
2047:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2006:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1980:q"awa-wa-spa,
1974:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1906:
1876:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1812:-q/-qpa/-qpata
1799:
1796:
1792:adjective-noun
1788:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1742:
1741:
1731:
1721:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1669:
1666:
1640:
1637:
1616:
1613:
1571:
1570:
1563:
1560:-su...-nkichiq
1556:
1549:
1542:
1535:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1514:
1511:-su...-nkichiq
1507:
1500:
1493:
1486:
1479:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1447:
1444:-wa...-nkichiq
1440:
1434:
1433:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1413:
1406:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1363:
1356:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1322:
1315:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1207:
1206:
1196:
1195:"have to tell"
1186:
1185:"help him eat"
1176:
1166:
1149:person markers
1137:object markers
1133:modal suffixes
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1092:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1068:
1067:
1053:
1044:(possessive):
1039:
1030:(obligative):
1025:
1011:
997:
969:
966:
965:
964:
930:
927:
913:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
896:
895:
892:
889:
886:
883:
880:
872:
871:
869:
866:
864:
860:
859:
856:
853:
850:
837:munankičisñaču
828:
825:
824:
823:
817:
811:
805:
799:
769:
766:
729:
728:
726:
724:
722:
712:
710:
703:
697:
696:
694:
692:
690:
680:
673:
671:
665:
664:
662:
660:
658:
656:
646:
644:
638:
637:
630:
628:
626:
624:
617:
615:
609:
608:
606:
599:
592:
582:
575:
568:
560:
559:
557:
549:
541:
533:
525:
517:
509:
508:
506:
499:
492:
482:
475:
468:
461:
450:
449:
447:
445:
443:
433:
426:
419:
413:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
373:
370:
363:
362:
355:
349:
348:
341:
334:
328:
327:
322:
317:
311:
308:
306:
303:
268:
265:
226:
223:
182:
181:
178:
170:
169:
164:
158:
157:
150:
142:
141:
134:
126:
125:
124:Language codes
121:
120:
118:
117:
116:
115:
114:
113:
96:
94:
87:
84:
83:
80:
77:
74:
73:
64:
60:
59:
46:
45:Native to
42:
41:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3707:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3662:
3658:
3653:
3647:
3646:Indo-European
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3602:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3457:Lingua franca
3455:
3451:
3444:
3439:
3437:
3432:
3430:
3425:
3424:
3421:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3397:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3107:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3080:
3075:
3073:
3068:
3066:
3061:
3060:
3057:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2668:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2615:
2610:
2608:
2603:
2601:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2533:
2530:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2463:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2434:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2410:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2358:
2353:
2351:
2346:
2344:
2339:
2338:
2335:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2296:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2197:Reel, Monte.
2194:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2027:
2020:
2010:
2007:
2000:
1997:
1990:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1923:Subordination
1922:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1883:on the verb,
1882:
1874:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1855:
1852:Instrumental
1851:
1849:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1718:llañuy llañuy
1715:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1707:Reduplication
1702:Reduplication
1701:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1645:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1568:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1339:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1287:
1281:
1276:
1275:
1253:
1242:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:"un-, undo";
1160:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:markers, and
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1111:wasi saya-chi
1109:
1107:"puma hunter"
1106:
1105:puma wañu-chi
1103:
1100:
1099:runa wañu-chi
1097:
1096:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1052:"householder"
1051:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1038:"seat, chair"
1037:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1001:
998:
995:
991:
987:
984:
983:
982:
981:
977:
973:
967:
962:
961:
960:
957:
955:
951:
946:
944:
940:
936:
935:agglutinative
928:
926:
924:
920:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
897:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
877:
870:
867:
865:
862:
861:
857:
854:
851:
848:
847:
844:
842:
838:
834:
826:
821:
818:
815:
812:
810:"you want it"
809:
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
793:
792:
790:
785:
783:
779:
775:
767:
765:
762:
758:
755:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
727:
725:
723:
717:
713:
711:
708:
704:
702:
698:
695:
693:
691:
685:
681:
678:
674:
672:
670:
666:
663:
661:
659:
657:
651:
647:
645:
643:
639:
635:
631:
629:
627:
625:
622:
618:
616:
614:
610:
607:
604:
600:
597:
593:
587:
583:
580:
576:
573:
569:
566:
562:
561:
558:
550:
542:
534:
526:
518:
515:
511:
510:
507:
504:
500:
497:
493:
487:
483:
480:
476:
473:
469:
466:
462:
460:
455:
451:
448:
446:
444:
438:
434:
431:
427:
424:
420:
418:
414:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
380:
377:
371:
369:
360:
354:
351:
350:
346:
342:
339:
335:
333:
330:
329:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
315:
309:
304:
302:
299:
294:
292:
287:
282:
279:
274:
266:
264:
262:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
240:
236:
232:
224:
222:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
176:
171:
168:
165:
163:
159:
155:
151:
149:
148:
143:
139:
135:
132:
127:
122:
112:
109:
108:
107:
104:
103:
101:
100:
99:
95:
91:
85:
81:
75:
72:
68:
65:
61:
58:
54:
50:
47:
43:
40:
36:
31:
19:
3656:
3576:
3569:
3560:Ona/Selk'nam
3552:
3535:
3528:
3521:
3400:
3357:
3347:
3305:
3298:
3227:
3157:Pano–Tacanan
3041:
2890:Mbyá Guaraní
2867:Tupi–Guarani
2854:
2767:
2755:
2748:
2700:
2688:
2574:
2314:
2271:
2263:
2241:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2193:
2180:
2168:
2159:
2151:
2143:
2118:
2110:
2105:
2097:
2077:
2037:
2029:
2009:
1999:
1984:pay chaski-n
1981:
1977:
1976:
1968:
1967:q"awa-wa-n,
1964:
1963:
1956:
1952:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1914:
1910:
1908:
1901:
1897:
1895:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1878:
1870:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1801:
1798:Case marking
1789:
1768:
1753:taq-taq-ya-y
1752:
1748:
1743:
1737:
1733:
1727:
1723:
1717:
1713:
1705:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1671:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1642:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1618:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1574:
1546:-wa...-nchiq
1497:-wa...-nchiq
1228:
1224:
1221:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1178:
1172:
1168:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1126:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1008:aycha-naya-y
1007:
1003:
999:
993:
989:
985:
979:
975:
974:
971:
958:
947:
941:with a rich
932:
922:
918:
916:
840:
836:
832:
830:
819:
813:
807:
801:
795:
786:
782:bwenos diyas
781:
777:
773:
771:
763:
759:
756:
751:
747:
743:
739:
732:
375:
366:
295:
283:
270:
257:
247:
243:
228:
206:
190:
186:
185:
145:
110:
38:
3003:Rioplatense
2875:Ava Guarani
2850:Santiagueño
2570:Santiagueño
2513:Chachapoyas
1944:"when" and
1858:Comitative
1816:Accusative
1720:"very thin"
1464:...-nkichiq
1360:...-ykichiq
1319:...-ykichiq
1250:3rd person
1247:2nd person
1244:1st person
1183:mik”u-ysi-y
1173:willa-naya-
988:(factive):
839:(root verb
808:qan munanki
776:"what" and
701:Approximant
565:Glottalized
51:; a few in
3674:Categories
3636:Alacalufan
3631:Araucanian
3626:Polynesian
3501:Mapudungun
3471:(formerly)
3469:Mapudungun
3294:Chiquitano
3109:Indigenous
2741:Guaicuruan
2670:Indigenous
2494:Lambayeque
2465:Quechua II
2161:Ethnologue
2079:Ethnologue
2039:Ethnologue
2021:References
1909:Runa rumi-
1840:Purposive
1765:Word order
1650:Adjectives
1577:indicative
1553:-su...-nku
1539:-wa...-yku
1532:-wa...-nku
1504:-su...-nki
1490:-wa...-yku
1472:3rd person
1451:-wa...-yku
1417:-wa...-yku
1410:-wa...-nki
1399:2nd person
1353:-su...-yku
1312:-su...-yki
1295:1st person
1076:mik"u-chi-
994:wasi-cha-y
929:Morphology
833:munankičis
372:Consonants
286:Ethnologue
197:spoken in
102:Quechua II
3659:indicate
3571:Tehuelche
3543:Huilliche
3403:indicate
3365:Weenhayek
3333:Kallawaya
3300:Canichana
3111:languages
3044:indicate
2936:Cocoliche
2695:Tehuelche
2672:languages
2487:Cajamarca
2375:(Waywash)
2372:Quechua I
2074:"Bolivia"
2004:alveolar.
1969:chaymanta
1864:Allative
1834:Locative
1828:Ablative
1810:Genitive
1738:rumi rumi
1736:"stone";
1728:wasi wasi
1726:"house";
1662:kosa-puni
1391:...-nchiq
1375:inclusive
1341:exclusive
1283:inclusive
1278:exclusive
1193:willa-na-
1088:paka-chi-
1082:puri-chi-
1064:mancha-li
1048:"house",
1022:wira-ya-y
992:"house",
613:Fricative
514:Aspirated
459:Affricate
305:Phonology
203:Argentina
147:Glottolog
131:ISO 639-3
63:Ethnicity
53:Argentina
3641:Quechuan
3565:Rapa Nui
3370:Yuracaré
3307:Cayubaba
3200:Yaminawa
3195:Toromona
3185:Reyesano
3180:Ese Ejja
3170:Cavineño
3119:Arawakan
3015:Tucumano
2998:Portuñol
2988:Cordobés
2958:Lunfardo
2953:Ligurian
2837:Quechuan
2790:Matacoan
2780:Toba Qom
2723:Charruan
2714:Guaicuru
2550:Ayacucho
2467:(Wampuy)
2452:Pacaraos
2433:Pacaraos
2409:Huallaga
1982:q"ipanta
1971:chaski-n
1875:Passives
1716:"thin";
1660:"good";
1656:, as in
1644:Pronouns
1483:-wa...-n
1477:singular
1404:singular
1300:singular
1266:singular
1256:singular
1163:wata-ra-
1062:"fear",
1050:wasi-yuq
1006:"meat",
950:suffixal
789:lenition
754:"wild".
385:Bilabial
235:Ayacucho
154:sout2991
98:Quechuan
67:Quechuas
3657:Italics
3611:Aymaran
3506:Quechua
3464:Spanish
3401:Italics
3354:Tonalla
3349:Puquina
3323:Itonama
3318:Chipaya
3263:Sirionó
3258:Guarayu
3246:Guaraní
3210:Quechua
3175:Chácobo
3132:Iñapari
3100:Spanish
3042:Italics
2808:Nivaclé
2769:Payaguá
2731:Balomar
2712:Mataco–
2701:Teushen
2689:Puelche
2661:Quechua
2656:Mapuche
2651:Guarani
2635:Spanish
2403:Huánuco
2395:Huaylay
1846:Causal
1822:Dative
1740:"rocky"
1567:...-nku
1430:...-nki
1367:...-yku
1290:Subject
1239:Object
1203:qu-pu-y
1036:tiya-na
1034:"sit",
1020:"fat",
954:affixes
669:Lateral
454:Plosive
410:Glottal
395:Palatal
199:Bolivia
49:Bolivia
3578:Yaghan
3530:Chango
3491:Aymara
3359:Warázu
3343:Movima
3313:Chimán
3289:Ayoreo
3284:Aymara
3238:Tupian
3190:Tacana
3165:Araona
2941:German
2916:Vilela
2906:Aymara
2899:Others
2775:Pilagá
2763:Mocoví
2757:Guachi
2750:Abipón
2680:Chonan
2518:Kichwa
2389:Ancash
2317:(1969)
1946:-rayku
1900:k"ani-
1885:-manta
1860:-tawan
1848:-rayku
1830:-manta
1760:Syntax
1714:llañuy
1609:-yka-q
1597:-nchiq
1526:plural
1438:plural
1335:plural
1326:...-ni
1271:plural
1261:plural
1145:aspect
1129:verbal
1060:mancha
827:Stress
816:"this"
804:"bird"
802:p'isqu
744:p'uñun
736:Aymara
465:Simple
405:Uvular
390:Dental
310:Vowels
291:UNESCO
219:Aymara
3554:Kunza
3537:Chono
3523:Cacán
3277:Other
3142:Pauna
3127:Baure
3008:Vesre
2963:Welsh
2911:Chané
2885:Kaiwá
2555:Cusco
2532:Lamas
2417:Wanka
1991:Notes
1913:maqa-
1898:manta
1866:-kama
1695:-chus
1654:-puni
1629:-ntin
1625:-kuna
1621:nouns
1615:Nouns
1599:, or
1518:...-n
1212:-naya
1169:-naya
1141:tense
1123:Verbs
1004:aycha
1000:-naya
976:Note:
814:kayqa
796:čilwi
752:p"iña
740:puñun
417:Nasal
400:Velar
320:Front
207:Colla
71:Kolla
57:Chile
3621:Chon
3338:Moré
3328:Leco
3268:Yuki
3147:Yine
3137:Moxo
2993:Cuyo
2565:Puno
2524:Inga
2427:Yaru
1978:Ukta
1965:Ukta
1942:-qti
1889:-wan
1881:-sqa
1854:-wan
1842:-paq
1824:-man
1734:rumi
1724:wasi
1689:-chu
1683:-pis
1658:kosa
1601:-nku
1589:-sqa
1585:-yka
1581:-rqa
1214:and
1179:-ysi
1143:and
1046:wasi
1042:-yuq
1032:tiya
1018:wira
990:wasi
986:-cha
923:-chu
858:čis
841:muna
835:and
748:piña
642:Flap
332:High
325:Back
284:The
2221:doi
2158:at
2076:at
2036:at
1936:or
1915:sqa
1911:wan
1902:sqa
1836:-pi
1818:-ta
1794:).
1771:SOV
1749:taq
1677:-ri
1229:-su
1225:-wa
1216:-na
1199:-pu
1189:-na
1159:-ra
1056:-li
1028:-na
1014:-ya
978:-y
919:ari
894:ču
888:čis
882:nan
852:nan
774:ima
586:tʃʼ
536:tʃʰ
353:Low
162:ELP
138:quh
3676::
2284:^
2249:^
2233:^
2217:48
2215:.
2142:,
2131:^
2087:^
2066:^
2050:^
1611:.
1605:-q
1595:,
1593:-n
1219:.
1151:.
1139:,
1135:,
937:,
891:ña
885:ki
879:mu
855:ki
849:mu
778:uk
603:qʼ
596:kʼ
579:tʼ
572:pʼ
552:qʰ
544:kʰ
528:tʰ
520:pʰ
486:tʃ
456:or
69:,
55:,
3442:e
3435:t
3428:v
3411:.
3078:e
3071:t
3064:v
2613:e
2606:t
2599:v
2356:e
2349:t
2342:v
2227:.
2223::
909:1
904:3
899:2
868:1
863:2
716:j
707:w
684:ʎ
677:l
650:ɾ
634:h
621:s
503:q
496:k
479:t
472:p
437:ɲ
430:n
423:m
359:a
345:u
338:i
20:)
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